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Di Martino E, Rayasam A, Vexler ZS. Brain Maturation as a Fundamental Factor in Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:69-86. [PMID: 36705821 PMCID: PMC10796425 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injuries in the developing brain cause significant long-term neurological deficits. Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of neonatal and childhood stroke share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage, but also have distinct molecular signatures and cellular pathways. The focus of this review is on two different diseases-neonatal and childhood stroke-with emphasis on similarities and distinctions identified thus far in rodent models of these diseases. This includes the susceptibility of distinct cell types to brain injury with particular emphasis on the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating stroke outcome. Furthermore, we discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we comment on the current state of treatments geared toward inducing neuroprotection and promoting brain repair after injury and highlight that future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for stroke should be age-specific and consider gender differences in order to achieve optimal translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Martino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA.
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2
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Zhu Y, Xiong Y, Xu X, Zhang J, Tong H, Yang H, Niu X, Shi X, Tang J, Li J. A reliable and cost-effective protocol for creating bilirubin cerebral palsy model in rhesus macaque. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12691. [PMID: 38345330 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy is a severe motor disability in childhood that poses challenges for children, families, and society. Rhesus macaques are the preferred animals for cerebral palsy model, but surgical excision of motor cortex has low success rate and high cost. In this work, we created cerebral palsy rhesus macaque models by intrathecal injection of bilirubin. METHODS The puncture point for injection was identified as the intervertebral disc space two, located below the intersection of the iliac crest line and the posterior median line. RESULTS The models showed abnormal posture and increased muscle tension. Diffuse deposits of bilirubin were found in the basal ganglia from the magnetic resonance imaging. Pathological slides also revealed the presence of brain lesions, such as vacuole formation, contraction of neuronal nuclei, and deep staining of nuclei in the histopathological sections of the hippocampus and basal ganglia. CONCLUSION The model's symptoms closely resemble those observed in humans with spastic cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Xiong
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Tong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Niu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaming Shi
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiulai Tang
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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3
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She HQ, Sun YF, Chen L, Xiao QX, Luo BY, Zhou HS, Zhou D, Chang QY, Xiong LL. Current analysis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy research issues and future treatment modalities. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1136500. [PMID: 37360183 PMCID: PMC10288156 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1136500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of long-term neurological disability in neonates and adults. Through bibliometric analysis, we analyzed the current research on HIE in various countries, institutions, and authors. At the same time, we extensively summarized the animal HIE models and modeling methods. There are various opinions on the neuroprotective treatment of HIE, and the main therapy in clinical is therapeutic hypothermia, although its efficacy remains to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, we discussed the progress of neural circuits, injured brain tissue, and neural circuits-related technologies, providing new ideas for the treatment and prognosis management of HIE with the combination of neuroendocrine and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing She
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Translational Neurology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- WANG TINGHUA Translation Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi-Fei Sun
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Xiao
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo-Yan Luo
- WANG TINGHUA Translation Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong-Su Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Translational Neurology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- WANG TINGHUA Translation Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Quan-Yuan Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Translational Neurology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- WANG TINGHUA Translation Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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4
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Guan Y, Zhou H, Luo B, Hussain S, Xiong L. Research progress of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in nonhuman primate models. IBRAIN 2023; 9:183-194. [PMID: 37786551 PMCID: PMC10528769 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the important complications of neonatal asphyxia, which not only leads to neurological disability but also seriously threatens the life of neonates. Over the years, animal models of HIE have been a research hotspot to find ways to cope with HIE and thereby reduce the risk of neonatal death or disability in moderate-to-severe HIE. By reviewing the literature related to HIE over the years, it was found that nonhuman primates share a high degree of homology with human gross neural anatomy. The basic data on nonhuman primates are not yet complete, so it is urgent to mine and develop new nonhuman primate model data. In recent years, the research on nonhuman primate HIE models has been gradually enriched and the content is more novel. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to further summarize the methods for establishing the nonhuman primate HIE model and to better elucidate the relevance of the nonhuman primate model to humans by observing the behavioral manifestations, neuropathology, and a series of biomarkers of HIE in primates HIE. Finally, the most popular and desirable treatments studied in nonhuman primate models in the past 5 years are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Huan Guan
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Hong‐Su Zhou
- Department of Experimental AnimalsKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Bo‐Yan Luo
- School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Sajid Hussain
- NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and HumanitiesNational University of TechnologyIslamabadPakistan
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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5
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Rasineni GK, Panigrahy N, Rath SN, Chinnaboina M, Konanki R, Chirla DK, Madduri S. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of the “Omics” in Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100498. [PMID: 36290466 PMCID: PMC9598631 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy remain major causes of neonatal mortality, despite the improved availability of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, contributing to neurological and intellectual disabilities worldwide. An approach using a combination of clinical data, neuroimaging, and biochemical parameters is the current strategy towards the improved diagnosis and prognosis of the outcome in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using bioengineering methods. Traditional biomarkers are of little use in this multifactorial and variable phenotype-presenting clinical condition. Novel systems of biology-based “omics” approaches (genomics, transcriptome proteomics, and metabolomics) may help to identify biomarkers associated with brain and other tissue injuries, predicting the disease severity in HIE. Biomarker studies using omics technologies will likely be a key feature of future neuroprotective treatment methods and will help to assess the successful treatment and long-term efficacy of the intervention. This article reviews the roles of different omics as biomarkers of HIE and outlines the existing knowledge of our current understanding of the clinical use of different omics molecules as novel neonatal brain injury biomarkers, which may lead to improved interventions related to the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Kumar Rasineni
- LCMS Division, Tenet Medcorp Pvt. Ltd., 54 Kineta Towers Road No 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Nalinikanta Panigrahy
- Department of Neonatology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (S.N.R.)
| | - Subha Narayan Rath
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502284, India
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (S.N.R.)
| | - Madhurarekha Chinnaboina
- LCMS Division, Tenet Medcorp Pvt. Ltd., 54 Kineta Towers Road No 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chirla
- Department of Neonatology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration, University of Geneva, University Hospital Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Evaluation of Rhesus Macaque Models for Cerebral Palsy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091243. [PMID: 36138978 PMCID: PMC9496883 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play a central role in all areas of biomedical research. The similarities in anatomical structure and physiological characteristics shared by non-human primates (NHPs) and humans make NHPs ideal models with which to study human disorders, such as cerebral palsy (CP). However, the methodologies for systematically evaluating NHP models of CP have rarely been assessed, despite the long history of using NHP models to understand CP. Such models should be evaluated using multidisciplinary approaches prior to being used to research the diagnosis and treatment of CP. In this study, we evaluated rhesus macaque CP models established by partial resection of the motor cortex and intrathecal injection of bilirubin. Abnormal posture, motor dysfunction, gross and fine motor behavior, and muscular tension were evaluated, and changes in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia were observed using 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. The results clearly demonstrated the utility of the established evaluation methodology for assessing CP models. This model evaluation methodology may guide researchers through the model building process.
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7
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Martinello KA, Meehan C, Avdic-Belltheus A, Lingam I, Mutshiya T, Yang Q, Akin MA, Price D, Sokolska M, Bainbridge A, Hristova M, Tachtsidis I, Tann CJ, Peebles D, Hagberg H, Wolfs TGAM, Klein N, Kramer BW, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Golay X, Robertson NJ. Hypothermia is not therapeutic in a neonatal piglet model of inflammation-sensitized hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1416-1427. [PMID: 34050269 PMCID: PMC8160560 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal inflammation combined with hypoxia-ischemia (HI) exacerbates injury in the developing brain. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is standard care for neonatal encephalopathy; however, its benefit in inflammation-sensitized HI (IS-HI) is unknown. METHODS Twelve newborn piglets received a 2 µg/kg bolus and 1 µg/kg/h infusion over 52 h of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HI was induced 4 h after LPS bolus. After HI, piglets were randomized to HT (33.5 °C 1-25 h after HI, n = 6) or normothermia (NT, n = 6). Amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) was recorded and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was acquired at 24 and 48 h. At 48 h, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive brain cell death, microglial activation/proliferation, astrogliosis, and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) were quantified. Hematology and plasma cytokines were serially measured. RESULTS Two HT piglets died. aEEG recovery, thalamic and white matter MRS lactate/N-acetylaspartate, and TUNEL-positive cell death were similar between groups. HT increased microglial activation in the caudate, but had no other effect on glial activation/proliferation. HT reduced CC3 overall. HT suppressed platelet count and attenuated leukocytosis. Cytokine profile was unchanged by HT. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe protection with HT in this piglet IS-HI model based on aEEG, MRS, and immunohistochemistry. Immunosuppressive effects of HT and countering neuroinflammation by LPS may contribute to the observed lack of HT efficacy. Other immunomodulatory strategies may be more effective in IS-HI. IMPACT Acute infection/inflammation is known to exacerbate perinatal brain injury and can worsen the outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy. Therapeutic HT is the current standard of care for all infants with NE, but the benefit in infants with coinfection/inflammation is unknown. In a piglet model of inflammation (LPS)-sensitized HI, we observed no evidence of neuroprotection with cooling for 24 h, based on our primary outcome measures: aEEG, MRS Lac/NAA, and histological brain cell death. Additional neuroprotective agents, with beneficial immunomodulatory effects, require exploration in IS-HI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Martinello
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Ingran Lingam
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tatenda Mutshiya
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mustafa Ali Akin
- Department of Paediatrics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - David Price
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sokolska
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan Bainbridge
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cally J Tann
- Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Donald Peebles
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Klein
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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8
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Landucci E, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Facchinetti F. Experimental Models for Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:937. [PMID: 35625674 PMCID: PMC9138693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Representing an important cause of long-term disability, term neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) urgently needs further research aimed at repurposing existing drug as well as developing new therapeutics. Since various experimental in vitro and in vivo models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, it becomes important to select the appropriate preclinical screening cascade for testing the efficacy of novel pharmacological treatments. As therapeutic hypothermia is already a routine therapy for neonatal encephalopathy, it is essential that hypothermia be administered to the experimental model selected to allow translational testing of novel or repurposed drugs on top of the standard of care. Moreover, a translational approach requires that therapeutic interventions must be initiated after the induction of the insult, and the time window for intervention should be evaluated to translate to real world clinical practice. Hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, in particular, are an invaluable intermediate between simpler cell lines and in vivo models, as they largely maintain structural complexity of the original tissue and can be subjected to transient oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and subsequent reoxygenation to simulate ischemic neuronal injury and reperfusion. Progressing to in vivo models, generally, rodent (mouse and rat) models could offer more flexibility and be more cost-effective for testing the efficacy of pharmacological agents with a dose-response approach. Large animal models, including piglets, sheep, and non-human primates, may be utilized as a third step for more focused and accurate translational studies, including also pharmacokinetic and safety pharmacology assessments. Thus, a preclinical proof of concept of efficacy of an emerging pharmacological treatment should be obtained firstly in vitro, including organotypic models, and, subsequently, in at least two different animal models, also in combination with hypothermia, before initiating clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy;
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9
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Campion S, Inselman A, Hayes B, Casiraghi C, Joseph D, Facchinetti F, Salomone F, Schmitt G, Hui J, Davis-Bruno K, Van Malderen K, Morford L, De Schaepdrijver L, Wiesner L, Kourula S, Seo S, Laffan S, Urmaliya V, Chen C. The benefits, limitations and opportunities of preclinical models for neonatal drug development. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275112. [PMID: 35466995 PMCID: PMC9066504 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased research to improve preclinical models to inform the development of therapeutics for neonatal diseases is an area of great need. This article reviews five common neonatal diseases – bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and neonatal sepsis – and the available in vivo, in vitro and in silico preclinical models for studying these diseases. Better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of specialized neonatal disease models will help to improve their utility, may add to the understanding of the mode of action and efficacy of a therapeutic, and/or may improve the understanding of the disease pathology to aid in identification of new therapeutic targets. Although the diseases covered in this article are diverse and require specific approaches, several high-level, overarching key lessons can be learned by evaluating the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the available models. This Review is intended to help guide current and future researchers toward successful development of therapeutics in these areas of high unmet medical need. Summary: This article reviews and analyzes the available preclinical models for five common neonatal diseases to direct therapeutic development in these areas of high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Campion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amy Inselman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Biology, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Belinda Hayes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - David Joseph
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salomone
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hui
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Nonclinical Research and Development, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Karen Davis-Bruno
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Karen Van Malderen
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Department DG PRE authorization, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - LaRonda Morford
- Eli Lilly, Global Regulatory Affairs, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | - Lutz Wiesner
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Clinical Trials, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kourula
- Janssen R&D, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Suna Seo
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Susan Laffan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Non-Clinical Safety, Collegeville, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Connie Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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10
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Perrone S, Lembo C, Gironi F, Petrolini C, Catalucci T, Corbo G, Buonocore G, Gitto E, Esposito SMR. Erythropoietin as a Neuroprotective Drug for Newborn Infants: Ten Years after the First Use. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040652. [PMID: 35453337 PMCID: PMC9031072 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective strategies against perinatal brain injury represent a major challenge for modern neonatology. Erythropoietin (Epo) enhances endogenous mechanisms of repair and angiogenesis. In order to analyse the newest evidence on the role of Epo in prematurity, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and perinatal stroke, a critical review using 2020 PRISMA statement guidelines was conducted. This review uncovered 26 clinical trials examining the use of Epo for prematurity and brain injury-related outcomes. The effects of Epo on prematurity were analysed in 16 clinical trials. Erythropoietin was provided until 32–35 weeks of corrected postnatal age with a dosage between 500–3000 UI/kg/dose. Eight trials reported the Epo effects on HIE term newborn infants: Erythropoietin was administered in the first weeks of life, at different multiple doses between 250–2500 UI/kg/dose, as either an adjuvant therapy with hypothermia or a substitute for hypothermia. Two trials investigated Epo effects in perinatal stroke. Erythropoietin was administered at a dose of 1000 IU/kg for three days. No beneficial effect in improving morbidity was observed after Epo administration in perinatal stroke. A positive effect on neurodevelopmental outcome seems to occur when Epo is used as an adjuvant therapy with hypothermia in the HIE newborns. Administration of Epo in preterm infants still presents inconsistencies with regard to neurodevelopmental outcome. Clinical trials show significant differences mainly in target population and intervention scheme. The identification of specific markers and their temporal expression at different time of recovery after hypoxia-ischemia in neonates might be implemented to optimize the therapeutic scheme after hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain. Additional studies on tailored regimes, accounting for the risk stratification of brain damage in newborns, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafina Perrone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.P.); (S.M.R.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Lembo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.L.); (F.G.); (T.C.); (G.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Federica Gironi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.L.); (F.G.); (T.C.); (G.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Chiara Petrolini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.P.); (S.M.R.E.)
| | - Tiziana Catalucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.L.); (F.G.); (T.C.); (G.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Corbo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.L.); (F.G.); (T.C.); (G.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.L.); (F.G.); (T.C.); (G.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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11
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Victor S, Rocha-Ferreira E, Rahim A, Hagberg H, Edwards D. New possibilities for neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:875-887. [PMID: 34820702 PMCID: PMC8897336 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Around 0.75 million babies worldwide suffer from moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) each year resulting in around 400,000 babies with neurodevelopmental impairment. In 2010, neonatal HIE was associated with 2.4% of the total Global Burden of Disease. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), a treatment that is now standard of care in high-income countries, provides proof of concept that strategies that aim to improve neurodevelopment are not only possible but can also be implemented to clinical practice. While TH is beneficial, neonates with moderate or severe HIE treated with TH still experience devastating complications: 48% (range: 44-53) combined death or moderate/severe disability. There is a concern that TH may not be effective in low- and middle-income countries. Therapies that further improve outcomes are desperately needed, and in high-income countries, they must be tested in conjunction with TH. We have in this review focussed on pharmacological treatment options (e.g. erythropoietin, allopurinol, melatonin, cannabidiol, exendin-4/exenatide). Erythropoietin and allopurinol show promise and are progressing towards the clinic with ongoing definitive phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled trials. However, there remain global challenges for the next decade. Conclusion: There is a need for more optimal animal models, greater industry support/sponsorship, increased use of juvenile toxicology, dose-ranging studies with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling, and well-designed clinical trials to avoid exposure to harmful medications or abandoning putative treatments. What is Known: • Therapeutic hypothermia is beneficial in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. • Neonates with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia still experience severe sequelae. What is New: • Erythropoietin, allopurinol, melatonin, cannabidiol, and exendin-4/exenatide show promise in conjunction with therapeutic hypothermia. • There is a need for more optimal animal models, greater industry support/sponsorship, increased use of juvenile toxicology, dose-ranging studies with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling, and well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Victor
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 1st Floor, South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westmister Bridge Road, London, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahad Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 1st Floor, South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westmister Bridge Road, London, UK
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12
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging Changes Do Not Affect Long-Term Neurodevelopment following Early Erythropoietin among Extremely Preterm Infants in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101360. [PMID: 34679424 PMCID: PMC8533828 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in infants born extremely preterm, to determine the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) on DTI, and to correlate DTI with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age for infants in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial. Infants who underwent MRI with DTI at 36 weeks postmenstrual age were included. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between DTI parameters and treatment group, and then with neurodevelopmental outcomes. A total of 101 placebo- and 93 Epo-treated infants underwent MRI. DTI white matter mean diffusivity (MD) was lower in placebo- compared to Epo-treated infants in the cingulate and occipital regions, and occipital white matter fractional isotropy (FA) was lower in infants born at 24-25 weeks vs. 26-27 weeks. These values were not associated with lower BSID-III scores. Certain decreases in clustering coefficients tended to have lower BSID-III scores. Consistent with the PENUT Trial findings, there was no effect on long-term neurodevelopment in Epo-treated infants even in the presence of microstructural changes identified by DTI.
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13
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Wassink G, Davidson JO, Crisostomo A, Zhou KQ, Galinsky R, Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Recombinant erythropoietin does not augment hypothermic white matter protection after global cerebral ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab172. [PMID: 34409290 PMCID: PMC8364665 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy provides partial white matter protection. Recombinant erythropoietin reduces demyelination after hypoxia-ischaemia, but it is unclear whether adjunct erythropoietin treatment can further improve outcomes after therapeutic hypothermia. Term-equivalent fetal sheep received sham-ischaemia (n = 9) or cerebral ischaemia for 30 min (ischaemia-vehicle, n = 8), followed by intravenous infusion of recombinant erythropoietin (ischaemia-Epo, n = 8; 5000 IU/kg bolus dose, then 833.3 IU/kg/h), cerebral hypothermia (ischaemia-hypothermia, n = 8), or recombinant erythropoietin plus hypothermia (ischaemia-Epo-hypothermia, n = 8), from 3 to 72 h post-ischaemia. Foetal brains were harvested at 7 days after cerebral ischaemia. Ischaemia was associated with marked loss of total Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes with reduced density of myelin and linearity of the white matter tracts (P < 0.01), and microglial induction and increased caspase-3-positive apoptosis. Cerebral hypothermia improved the total number of oligodendrocytes and restored myelin basic protein (P < 0.01), whereas recombinant erythropoietin partially improved myelin basic protein density and tract linearity. Both interventions suppressed microgliosis and caspase-3 (P < 0.05). Co-treatment improved 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase-myelin density compared to hypothermia, but had no other additive effect. These findings suggest that although hypothermia and recombinant erythropoietin independently protect white matter after severe hypoxia-ischaemia, they have partially overlapping anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, with little additive benefit of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alyssa Crisostomo
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Q Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lear
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Wood TR, Vu PT, Comstock BA, Law JB, Mayock DE, Heagerty PJ, Burbacher T, Bammler TK, Juul SE. Cytokine and chemokine responses to injury and treatment in a nonhuman primate model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia and erythropoietin. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2054-2066. [PMID: 33554708 PMCID: PMC8327104 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21991439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Predicting long-term outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains an ongoing clinical challenge. We investigated plasma biomarkers and their association with 6-month outcomes in a nonhuman primate model of HIE with or without therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and erythropoietin (Epo). Twenty-nine Macaca nemestrina were randomized to control cesarean section (n = 7) or 20 min of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO, n = 22) with either no treatment (n = 11) or TH/Epo (n = 11). Initial injury severity was scored using 30-min arterial pH, base deficit, and 10-min Apgar score. Twenty-four plasma cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were measured 3, 6, 24, 72, and 96 h after UCO. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) differentiated the normal/mild from moderate/severe injury groups. Treatment with TH/Epo was associated with increased monocyte chemotactic protein-4 (MCP-4) at 3 h-6h, and significantly lower MCP-4 and MDC at 24 h-72h, respectively. IL-12p40 was lower at 24 h-72h in animals with death/cerebral palsy (CP) compared to survivors without CP. Baseline injury severity was the single best predictor of death/CP, and predictions did not improve with the addition of biomarker data. Circulating chemokines associated with the peripheral monocyte cell lineage are associated with severity of injury and response to therapy, but do not improve ability to predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phuong T Vu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan A Comstock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janessa B Law
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dennis E Mayock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Joseph A, Nyambura CW, Bondurant D, Corry K, Beebout D, Wood TR, Pfaendtner J, Nance E. Formulation and Efficacy of Catalase-Loaded Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1131. [PMID: 34452092 PMCID: PMC8400001 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the leading cause of permanent brain injury in term newborns and currently has no cure. Catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, is a promising therapeutic due to its ability to scavenge toxic reactive oxygen species and improve tissue oxygen status. However, upon in vivo administration, catalase is subject to a short half-life, rapid proteolytic degradation, immunogenicity, and an inability to penetrate the brain. Polymeric nanoparticles can improve pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic cargo, although encapsulation of large proteins has been challenging. In this paper, we investigated hydrophobic ion pairing as a technique for increasing the hydrophobicity of catalase and driving its subsequent loading into a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticle. We found improved formation of catalase-hydrophobic ion complexes with dextran sulfate (DS) compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or taurocholic acid (TA). Molecular dynamics simulations in a model system demonstrated retention of native protein structure after complexation with DS, but not SDS or TA. Using DS-catalase complexes, we developed catalase-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles and evaluated their efficacy in the Vannucci model of unilateral hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in postnatal day 10 rats. Catalase-loaded nanoparticles retained enzymatic activity for at least 24 h in serum-like conditions, distributed through injured brain tissue, and delivered a significant neuroprotective effect compared to saline and blank nanoparticle controls. These results encourage further investigation of catalase and PLGA-PEG nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for the treatment of neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Chris W. Nyambura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Danielle Bondurant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Kylie Corry
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (K.C.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Denise Beebout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (K.C.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.J.); (C.W.N.); (D.B.); (D.B.); (J.P.)
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16
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Dumbuya JS, Chen L, Wu JY, Wang B. The role of G-CSF neuroprotective effects in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): current status. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:55. [PMID: 33612099 PMCID: PMC7897393 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of permanent damage to central nervous system (CNS) that may result in neonatal death or manifest later as mental retardation, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, or developmental delay. The primary cause of this condition is systemic hypoxemia and/or reduced cerebral blood flow with long-lasting neurological disabilities and neurodevelopmental impairment in neonates. About 20 to 25% of infants with HIE die in the neonatal period, and 25-30% of survivors are left with permanent neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The mechanisms of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) include activation and/or stimulation of myriad of cascades such as increased excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor hyperexcitability, mitochondrial collapse, inflammation, cell swelling, impaired maturation, and loss of trophic support. Different therapeutic modalities have been implicated in managing neonatal HIE, though translation of most of these regimens into clinical practices is still limited. Therapeutic hypothermia, for instance, is the most widely used standard treatment in neonates with HIE as studies have shown that it can inhibit many steps in the excito-oxidative cascade including secondary energy failure, increases in brain lactic acid, glutamate, and nitric oxide concentration. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein that has been implicated in stimulation of cell survival, proliferation, and function of neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils. Extensive studies both in vivo and ex vivo have shown the neuroprotective effect of G-CSF in neurodegenerative diseases and neonatal brain damage via inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation. Yet, there are still few experimentation models of neonatal HIE and G-CSF's effectiveness, and extrapolation of adult stroke models is challenging because of the evolving brain. Here, we review current studies and/or researches of G-CSF's crucial role in regulating these cytokines and apoptotic mediators triggered following neonatal brain injury, as well as driving neurogenesis and angiogenesis post-HI insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sieh Dumbuya
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Drug delivery platforms for neonatal brain injury. J Control Release 2021; 330:765-787. [PMID: 33417984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), initiated by the interruption of oxygenated blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in newborns. The pathogenesis of HIE involves a complex interplay of excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress that results in acute to long term brain damage and functional impairments. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only approved treatment for HIE but has limited effectiveness for moderate to severe brain damage; thus, pharmacological intervention is explored as an adjunct therapy to hypothermia to further promote recovery. However, the limited bioavailability and the side-effects of systemic administration are factors that hinder the use of the candidate pharmacological agents. To overcome these barriers, therapeutic molecules may be packaged into nanoscale constructs to enable their delivery. Yet, the application of nanotechnology in infants is not well examined, and the neonatal brain presents unique challenges. Novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to magnify therapeutic effects in the damaged brain, mitigate side-effects associated with high systemic doses, and evade mechanisms that remove the drugs from circulation. Encouraging pre-clinical data demonstrates an attenuation of brain damage and increased structural and functional recovery. This review surveys the current progress in drug delivery for treating neonatal brain injury.
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18
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Rodriguez J, Li T, Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhu C. Role of apoptosis-inducing factor in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:205-213. [PMID: 32859765 PMCID: PMC7896227 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal complications, such as asphyxia, can cause brain injuries that are often associated with subsequent neurological deficits, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation. The mechanisms of perinatal brain injury are not fully understood, but mitochondria play a prominent role not only due to their central function in metabolism but also because many proteins with apoptosis-related functions are located in the mitochondrion. Among these proteins, apoptosis-inducing factor has already been shown to be an important factor involved in neuronal cell death upon hypoxia-ischemia, but a better understanding of the mechanisms behind these processes is required for the development of more effective treatments during the early stages of perinatal brain injury. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, specifically on the importance of apoptosis-inducing factor. The relevance of apoptosis-inducing factor is based not only because it participates in the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway but also because it plays a crucial role in mitochondrial energetic functionality, especially with regard to the maintenance of electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation and in oxidative stress, acting as a free radical scavenger. We also discuss all the different apoptosis-inducing factor isoforms discovered, focusing especially on apoptosis-inducing factor 2, which is only expressed in the brain and the functions of which are starting now to be clarified. Finally, we summarized the interaction of apoptosis-inducing factor with several proteins that are crucial for both apoptosis-inducing factor functions (pro-survival and pro-apoptotic) and that are highly important in order to develop promising therapeutic targets for improving outcomes after perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Pang R, Avdic-Belltheus A, Meehan C, Martinello K, Mutshiya T, Yang Q, Sokolska M, Torrealdea F, Hristova M, Bainbridge A, Golay X, Juul SE, Robertson NJ. Melatonin and/or erythropoietin combined with hypothermia in a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. Brain Commun 2020; 3:fcaa211. [PMID: 33604569 PMCID: PMC7876304 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As therapeutic hypothermia is only partially protective for neonatal encephalopathy, safe and effective adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Melatonin and erythropoietin show promise as safe and effective neuroprotective therapies. We hypothesized that melatonin and erythropoietin individually augment 12-h hypothermia (double therapies) and hypothermia + melatonin + erythropoietin (triple therapy) leads to optimal brain protection. Following carotid artery occlusion and hypoxia, 49 male piglets (<48 h old) were randomized to: (i) hypothermia + vehicle (n = 12), (ii) hypothermia + melatonin (20 mg/kg over 2 h) (n = 12), (iii) hypothermia + erythropoietin (3000 U/kg bolus) (n = 13) or (iv) tripletherapy (n = 12). Melatonin, erythropoietin or vehicle were given at 1, 24 and 48 h after hypoxia–ischaemia. Hypoxia–ischaemia severity was similar across groups. Therapeutic levels were achieved 3 hours after hypoxia–ischaemia for melatonin (15–30 mg/l) and within 30 min of erythropoietin administration (maximum concentration 10 000 mU/ml). Compared to hypothermia + vehicle, we observed faster amplitude-integrated EEG recovery from 25 to 30 h with hypothermia + melatonin (P = 0.02) and hypothermia + erythropoietin (P = 0.033) and from 55 to 60 h with tripletherapy (P = 0.042). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy lactate/N-acetyl aspartate peak ratio was lower at 66 h in hypothermia + melatonin (P = 0.012) and tripletherapy (P = 0.032). With hypothermia + melatonin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelled-positive cells were reduced in sensorimotor cortex (P = 0.017) and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 labelled-positive counts increased in hippocampus (P = 0.014) and periventricular white matter (P = 0.039). There was no reduction in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelled-positive cells with hypothermia + erythropoietin, but increased oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 labelled-positive cells in 5 of 8 brain regions (P < 0.05). Overall, melatonin and erythropoietin were safe and effective adjunct therapies to hypothermia. Hypothermia + melatonin double therapy led to faster amplitude-integrated EEG recovery, amelioration of lactate/N-acetyl aspartate rise and reduction in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelled-positive cells in the sensorimotor cortex. Hypothermia + erythropoietin doubletherapy was in association with EEG recovery and was most effective in promoting oligodendrocyte survival. Tripletherapy provided no added benefit over the double therapies in this 72-h study. Melatonin and erythropoietin influenced cell death and oligodendrocyte survival differently, reflecting distinct neuroprotective mechanisms which may become more visible with longer-term studies. Staggering the administration of therapies with early melatonin and later erythropoietin (after hypothermia) may provide better protection; each therapy has complementary actions which may be time critical during the neurotoxic cascade after hypoxia–ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymand Pang
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adnan Avdic-Belltheus
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Meehan
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Martinello
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tatenda Mutshiya
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sokolska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Francisco Torrealdea
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Bainbridge
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Xavier Golay
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, Queen's Square, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Zhou KQ, Davidson JO, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Combination treatments with therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic neuroprotection. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:1131-1137. [PMID: 32614467 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is now proven to reduce death or disability in term and near-term born infants with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Nevertheless, many infants still survive with disability, despite treatment with hypothermia. Recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest that current protocols for therapeutic hypothermia are near-optimal. The obvious strategy, in addition to improving early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia after birth, is to combine hypothermia with other neuroprotective agents. We review evidence that the mechanisms of action of many promising agents overlap with the anti-excitotoxic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of hypothermia, leading to a lack of benefit from combination treatment. Moreover, even apparently beneficial combinations have failed to translate in clinical trials. These considerations highlight the need for preclinical studies to test clinically realistic protocols of timing and duration of treatment, before committing to large randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Q Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Murden S, Borbélyová V, Laštůvka Z, Mysliveček J, Otáhal J, Riljak V. Gender differences involved in the pathophysiology of the perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage. Physiol Res 2020; 68:S207-S217. [PMID: 31928039 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a neonatal condition that occurs as a consequence of perinatal asphyxia, which is caused by a number of factors, commonly via compression of the umbilical cord, placental abruption, severe meconium aspiration, congenital cardiac or pulmonary anomalies and birth trauma. Experimental studies have confirmed that male rat pups show a higher resistance to HIE treatment. Moreover, the long-term consequences of hypoxia in male are more severe in comparison to female rat pups. These sex differences can be attributed to the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia, whereby studies are beginning to establish such gender-specific distinctions. The current and sole treatment for HIE is hypothermia, in which a reduction in temperature prevents long-term effects, such as cerebral palsy or seizures. However, in most cases hypothermia is not a sufficient treatment as indicated by a high mortality rate. In the present review, we discuss the gender differences within the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia and delve into the role of gender in the incidence, progression and severity of the disease. Furthermore, this may result in the development of potential novel treatment approaches for targeting and preventing the long-term consequences of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murden
- Department of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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22
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Martini S, Austin T, Aceti A, Faldella G, Corvaglia L. Free radicals and neonatal encephalopathy: mechanisms of injury, biomarkers, and antioxidant treatment perspectives. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:823-833. [PMID: 31655487 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), most commonly a result of the disruption of cerebral oxygen delivery, is the leading cause of neurologic disability in term neonates. Given the key role of free radicals in brain injury development following hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion, several oxidative biomarkers have been explored in preclinical and clinical models of NE. Among these, antioxidant enzyme activity, uric acid excretion, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and non-protein-bound iron have shown promising results as possible predictors of NE severity and outcome. Owing to high costs and technical complexity, however, their routine use in clinical practice is still limited. Several strategies aimed at reducing free radical production or upregulating physiological scavengers have been proposed for NE. Room-air resuscitation has proved to reduce oxidative stress following perinatal asphyxia and is now universally adopted. A number of medications endowed with antioxidant properties, such as melatonin, erythropoietin, allopurinol, or N-acetylcysteine, have also shown potential neuroprotective effects in perinatal asphyxia; nevertheless, further evidence is needed before these antioxidant approaches could be implemented as standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Topun Austin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy with Erythropoietin Alone, and Erythropoietin Combined with Hypothermia: History, Current Status, and Future Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041487. [PMID: 32098276 PMCID: PMC7073127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Moderate hypothermia (33.5 °C) is currently the sole established standard treatment. However, there are a large number of infants for whom this therapy is ineffective. This inspired global research to find neuroprotectants to potentiate the effect of moderate hypothermia. Here we examine erythropoietin (EPO) as a prominent candidate. Neonatal animal studies show that immediate, as well as delayed, treatment with EPO post-injury, can be neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative. The observed improvements of EPO therapy were generally not to the level of control uninjured animals, however. This suggested that combining EPO treatment with an adjunct therapeutic strategy should be researched. Treatment with EPO plus hypothermia led to less cerebral palsy in a non-human primate model of perinatal asphyxia, leading to clinical trials. A recent Phase II clinical trial on neonatal infants with HIE reported better 12-month motor outcomes for treatment with EPO plus hypothermia compared to hypothermia alone. Hence, the effectiveness of combined treatment with moderate hypothermia and EPO for neonatal HIE currently looks promising. The outcomes of two current clinical trials on neurological outcomes at 18–24 months-of-age, and at older ages, are now required. Further research on the optimal dose, onset, and duration of treatment with EPO, and critical consideration of the effect of injury severity and of gender, are also required.
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Wassink G, Davidson JO, Fraser M, Yuill CA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Non-additive effects of adjunct erythropoietin therapy with therapeutic hypothermia after global cerebral ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep. J Physiol 2020; 598:999-1015. [PMID: 31912503 DOI: 10.1113/jp279131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo) is neuroprotective in immature animals, but it is unclear whether the combination of high-dose rEpo therapy with therapeutic hypothermia can further improve outcomes. Hypothermia and rEpo independently improved neuronal survival, with greater improvement with hypothermia, and similarly reduced numbers of caspase-3 positive cells and reactive microglia after 7 days recovery. Hypothermia, but not rEpo, was associated with markedly improved EEG power, whereas both interventions improved recovery of EEG frequency. There was no significant improvement in any outcome after combined rEpo and hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone, and of concern, the combination was associated with increased numbers of cortical caspase-3-positive cells compared with ischaemia-hypothermia. These data suggest that the mechanisms of neuroprotection with hypothermia and rEpo overlap and, thus, high-dose rEpo infusion does not appear to be an effective adjunct therapy for therapeutic hypothermia. ABSTRACT Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) provides incomplete neuroprotection. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo) is neuroprotective in immature animals, but it is unclear whether adjunct rEpo therapy with therapeutic hypothermia can further improve outcomes. Near-term fetal sheep received sham-ischaemia (n = 9) or global cerebral ischaemia for 30 min (ischaemia-vehicle, n = 8), followed by intravenous infusion of rEpo (ischaemia-Epo, n = 8; 5000 U/kg loading dose, then 833.3 U/kg/h), cerebral hypothermia (ischaemia-hypothermia, n = 8), or rEpo plus hypothermia (ischaemia-Epo-hypothermia, n = 8), from 3 to 72 h post ischaemia. Fetal brains were collected 7 days after cerebral ischaemia. Cerebral ischaemia was associated with severe neuronal loss and microglial induction in the parasagittal cortex and subcortical regions. Hypothermia reduced overall neuronal loss, cortical caspase-3 and reactive microglia in the striatum and cortex, with greater recovery of electroencephalographic (EEG) power and spectral edge (SEF) from 48 h onwards. rEpo independently improved neuronal survival in the parasagittal cortex, hippocampal CA4 and thalamus, and reduced cortical caspase-3 and activated microglia in striatal and cortical areas, with greater SEF from 120 h onwards. However, ischaemia-Epo-hypothermia did not further improve outcomes compared with ischaemia-hypothermia and was associated with increased numbers of cortical caspase-3-positive cells. These findings suggest that although delayed, prolonged treatment with both hypothermia and rEpo are independently neuroprotective, they have overlapping anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, such that the delayed, high-dose rEpo infusion for 3 days did not materially augment neuroprotection with therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Wassink
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caroline A Yuill
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Anuriev AM, Gorbachev VI. [Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in premature newborns]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:63-69. [PMID: 31825364 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911908263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the main causes of cerebral dysfunction in premature newborns is hypoxia. High mortality and lifelong morbidity in these children is a frequent result of neonatal hypoxic brain damage. The article presents some data on the prevalence of neurological diseases that have arisen in the perinatal period, and highlights the key etiological factors leading to hypoxia in both the intranatal and early postnatal periods. The pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain lesions in premature infants is described in detail. At the same time, more careful consideration is given to the glutathione system, which protects against lipid peroxidation, the glutamate-calcium cascade, and the excitotoxicity mediated by it, as well as the processes of necrosis and apoptosis of nerve cells. The advantages and disadvantages of modern methods for diagnosing cerebral lesions are noted, and the principles of treatment of these disorders are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Anuriev
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education - Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - V I Gorbachev
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education - Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Irkutsk, Russia
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26
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Tsafaras GP, Ntontsi P, Xanthou G. Advantages and Limitations of the Neonatal Immune System. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 32047730 PMCID: PMC6997472 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During early post-natal life, neonates must adjust to the transition from the sheltered intra-uterine environment to the microbe-laden external world, wherein they encounter a constellation of antigens and the colonization by the microbiome. At this vulnerable stage, neonatal immune responses are considered immature and present significant differences to those of adults. Pertinent to innate immunity, functional and quantitative deficiencies in antigen-presenting cells and phagocytes are often documented. Exposure to environmental antigens and microbial colonization is associated with epigenetic immune cell reprogramming and activation of effector and regulatory mechanisms that ensure age-depended immune system maturation and prevention of tissue damage. Moreover, neonatal innate immune memory has emerged as a critical mechanism providing protection against infectious agents. Still, in neonates, inexperience to antigenic exposure, along with enhancement of tissue-protective immunosuppressive mechanisms are often associated with severe immunopathological conditions, including sepsis and neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite significant advances in the field, adequate vaccination in newborns is still in its infancy due to elemental restrictions associated also with defective immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview of neonatal innate immune cells, highlighting phenotypic and functional disparities with their adult counterparts. We also discuss the effects of epigenetic modifications and microbial colonization on the regulation of neonatal immunity. A recent update on mechanisms underlying dysregulated neonatal innate immunity and linked infectious and neurodevelopmental diseases is provided. Understanding of the mechanisms that augment innate immune responsiveness in neonates may facilitate the development of improved vaccination protocols that can protect against pathogens and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Tsafaras
- Cellular Immunology Lab, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Ntontsi
- Second Respiratory Medicine Department, 'Attikon' University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Lab, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Wood T, Nance E. Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:040901. [PMID: 31673672 PMCID: PMC6811362 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disease is killing us. While there have long been attempts to develop therapies for both acute and chronic neurological diseases, no current treatments are curative. Additionally, therapeutic development for neurological disease takes 15 years and often costs several billion dollars. More than 96% of these therapies will fail in late stage clinical trials. Engineering novel treatment interventions for neurological disease can improve outcomes and quality of life for millions; however, therapeutics should be designed with the underlying physiology and pathology in mind. In this perspective, we aim to unpack the importance of, and need to understand, the physiology of neurological disease. We first dive into the normal physiological considerations that should guide experimental design, and then assess the pathophysiological factors of acute and chronic neurological disease that should direct treatment design. We provide an analysis of a nanobased therapeutic intervention that proved successful in translation due to incorporation of physiology at all stages of the research process. We also provide an opinion on the importance of keeping a high-level view to designing and administering treatment interventions. Finally, we close with an implementation strategy for applying a disease-directed engineering approach. Our assessment encourages embracing the complexity of neurological disease, as well as increasing efforts to provide system-level thinking in our development of therapeutics for neurological disease.
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Wood T, Moralejo D, Corry K, Snyder JM, Traudt C, Curtis C, Nance E, Parikh P, Juul SE. A Ferret Model of Encephalopathy of Prematurity. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:475-489. [PMID: 31079096 DOI: 10.1159/000498968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for relevant animal models in which to test therapeutic interventions for infants with neurological sequelae of prematurity. The ferret is an attractive model species as it has a gyrified brain with a white-to-gray matter ratio similar to that in the human brain. A model of encephalopathy of prematurity was developed in postnatal day 10 (P10) ferret kits, considered to be developmentally equivalent to infants of 24-26 weeks' gestation. Cross-fostered P10 ferret kits received 5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before undergoing consecutive hypoxia-hyperoxia-hypoxia (60 min at 9%, 120 min at 60%, and 30 min at 9%). Control animals received saline vehicle followed by normoxia. The development of basic reflexes (negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, and righting) as well as gait coordination on an automated catwalk were assessed between P28 and P70, followed by ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemical analysis. Compared to controls, injured animals had slower overall reflex development between P28 and P40, as well as smaller hind-paw areas consistent with "toe walking" at P42. Injured animals also displayed significantly greater lateral movement during CatWalk assessment as a result of reduced gait coordination. Ex vivo MRI showed widespread white-matter hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging as well as altered connectivity patterns. This coincided with white-matter dysmaturation characterized by increased intensity of myelin basic protein staining, white-matter thinning, and loss of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2)-positive cells. These results suggest both pathological and motor deficits consistent with premature white-matter injury. This newborn ferret model can therefore provide an additional platform to assess potential therapies before translation to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,
| | - Daniel Moralejo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kylie Corry
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Traudt
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chad Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pratik Parikh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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29
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Abstract
It is well-documented in the literature that infants who suffer from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are at high risk for neurologic sequelae or even death. With the addition of therapeutic hypothermia into the treatment regimen for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, newborns afflicted with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were given the opportunity for a better outcome. Questions linger as to the most optimal treatment strategy of therapeutic hypothermia for these newborns. The goal of this article is to discuss current management strategies, as well as future trends, for infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Schump
- Overland Park Regional Medical Center, NICU, 10500 Quivira Road, Overland Park, KS 66215, USA.
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30
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Liang X, Liu X, Lu F, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Ferriero DM. HIF1α Signaling in the Endogenous Protective Responses after Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-10. [PMID: 30836371 PMCID: PMC6728223 DOI: 10.1159/000495879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a key regulator of oxygen homeostasis, and its target genes mediate adaptive, protective, and pathological processes. The role of HIF1α in neuronal survival is controversial and the brain maturation stage is important in determining its function in brain ischemia or hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In this study, we used neuron-specific HIF1α knockout mice at postnatal day 9 (P9), and immature cortical neurons (days 7-8 in vitro) treated with the HIF1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) or stabilizer dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), to examine the function of neuronal HIF1α in neonatal HI in vivo (Vannucci model) and in vitro (oxygen glucose deprivation, OGD). Inhibition of HIF1α with 2ME2 in primary neurons or deletion of neuronal HIF1α in P9 mice increased both necrotic and apoptotic cell death following HI, as evaluated by the protein levels of 145/150-kDa and 120-kDa spectrin breakdown products 24 h after HI. DMOG attenuated neuronal death right after OGD. Acute pharmacological manipulation of HIF1α synchronously regulated the expression of its targets, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (Epo), in the same manner. The in vivo findings agree with our previous data using the same HIF1α-deficient mice at an earlier age. This study confirms the role of neuronal HIF1α signaling in the endogenous protective responses following HI in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Central Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,
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Abstract
Despite notable advances in the care and survival of preterm infants, a significant proportion of preterm neonates will have life-long cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits, and robustly effective neuroprotective strategies are still missing. These therapies must target the pathophysiologic mechanisms observed in contemporaneous infants and rely on modern epidemiology, imaging, and experimental models and assessment techniques. Two drugs, magnesium sulfate and caffeine, are already in use in several units, and although their targets are apnea of prematurity and myometrial contractility (respectively), they do offer improved odds of positive outcomes. Nevertheless, these drugs have limited efficacy, and NICU-to-NICU administration varies greatly. As such, there is an obvious need for additional specific neurotherapeutic strategies to further enhance the outcome of this very fragile population of neonates. The chapter reviews these issues, highlights bottlenecks that need to be solved for meaningful progress in the field, and proposes future innovative avenues for intervention, including delayed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Fleiss
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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32
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Toro-Urrego N, Vesga-Jiménez DJ, Herrera MI, Luaces JP, Capani F. Neuroprotective Role of Hypothermia in Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury: Combined Therapies using Estrogen. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:874-890. [PMID: 30520375 PMCID: PMC7052835 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181206101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a complex network of factors, which is mainly characterized by a decrease in levels of oxygen concentration and blood flow, which lead to an inefficient supply of nutrients to the brain. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can be found in perinatal asphyxia and ischemic-stroke, which represent one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in children and adults worldwide. Therefore, knowledge of underlying mechanisms triggering these insults may help establish neuroprotective treatments. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Selective Tissue Estrogenic Activity Regulators exert several neuroprotective effects, including a decrease of reactive oxygen species, maintenance of cell viability, mitochondrial survival, among others. However, these strategies represent a traditional approach of targeting a single factor of pathology without satisfactory results. Hence, combined therapies, such as the administration of therapeutic hypothermia with a complementary neuroprotective agent, constitute a promising alternative. In this sense, the present review summarizes the underlying mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and compiles several neuroprotective strategies, including Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Selective Tissue Estrogenic Activity Regulators, which represent putative agents for combined therapies with therapeutic hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Toro-Urrego
- Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; E-mail:
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Koehler RC, Yang ZJ, Lee JK, Martin LJ. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in large animal models: Relevance to human neonatal encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2092-2111. [PMID: 30149778 PMCID: PMC6282216 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18797328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia resulting in death or lifelong disabilities remains a major clinical disorder. Neonatal models of hypoxia-ischemia in rodents have enhanced our understanding of cellular mechanisms of neural injury in developing brain, but have limitations in simulating the range, accuracy, and physiology of clinical hypoxia-ischemia and the relevant systems neuropathology that contribute to the human brain injury pattern. Large animal models of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia, such as partial or complete asphyxia at the time of delivery of fetal monkeys, umbilical cord occlusion and cerebral hypoperfusion at different stages of gestation in fetal sheep, and severe hypoxia and hypoperfusion in newborn piglets, have largely overcome these limitations. In monkey, complete asphyxia produces preferential injury to cerebellum and primary sensory nuclei in brainstem and thalamus, whereas partial asphyxia produces preferential injury to somatosensory and motor cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Mid-gestational fetal sheep provide a valuable model for studying vulnerability of progenitor oligodendrocytes. Hypoxia followed by asphyxia in newborn piglets replicates the systems injury seen in term newborns. Efficacy of post-insult hypothermia in animal models led to the success of clinical trials in term human neonates. Large animal models are now being used to explore adjunct therapy to augment hypothermic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Koehler
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zeng-Jin Yang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 The Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lee J Martin
- 2 The Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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34
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Davidson JO, Dhillon SK, Wassink G, Zhou KQ, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Endogenous neuroprotection after perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia: the resilient developing brain. J R Soc N Z 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2018.1529685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne O. Davidson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simerdeep K. Dhillon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Q. Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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36
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Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Juul S, Robertson NJ, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia. J Physiol 2018; 596:5571-5592. [PMID: 29774532 DOI: 10.1113/jp274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury around birth is associated with nearly half of all cases of cerebral palsy. Although brain injury is multifactorial, particularly after preterm birth, acute hypoxia-ischaemia is a major contributor to injury. It is now well established that the severity of injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is determined by a dynamic balance between injurious and protective processes. In addition, mothers who are at risk of premature delivery have high rates of diabetes and antepartum infection/inflammation and are almost universally given treatments such as antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulphate to reduce the risk of death and complications after preterm birth. We review evidence that these common factors affect responses to fetal asphyxia, often in unexpected ways. For example, glucocorticoid exposure dramatically increases delayed cell loss after acute hypoxia-ischaemia, largely through secondary hyperglycaemia. This critical new information is important to understand the effects of clinical treatments of women whose fetuses are at risk of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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37
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Snyder JM, Wood TR, Corry K, Moralejo DH, Parikh P, Juul SE. Ontogeny of white matter, toll-like receptor expression, and motor skills in the neonatal ferret. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 70:25-33. [PMID: 29791868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by perinatal infection, superimposed with hypoxia and/or hyperoxia, appears to be important in the pathogenesis of preterm neonatal encephalopathy, with white matter particularly vulnerable during the third trimester. The associated inflammatory response is at least partly mediated through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and behavioral studies were used to characterize white matter development and determine TLR3 and TLR4 expression and accumulation in the neonatal ferret brain. Expression of markers of white matter development increased significantly between postnatal day (P)1 and P10 (NG2, PDGFRα) or P15 (Olig2), and either remained elevated (NG2), or decreased again at P40 (PDGFRα, Olig2). Olig2 immunostaining within the internal capsule was also greatest at P15. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining and mRNA expression increased markedly from P15 to P40 and into adulthood, which correlated with increasing performance on behavioral tests (negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, righting reflex, and catwalk gait analysis). TLR4 and TLR3 positive staining was low at all ages, but TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA expression both increased significantly from P1 to P40. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure at P10, meningeal and parenchymal inflammation was seen, including an increase in TLR4 positive cells. These data suggest that the neuroinflammation associated with prematurity could be modeled in the newborn ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kylie Corry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel H Moralejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pratik Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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38
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Ahn SY, Chang YS, Sung DK, Sung SI, Park WS. Hypothermia broadens the therapeutic time window of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7665. [PMID: 29769612 PMCID: PMC5955959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated that concurrent hypothermia and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation synergistically improved severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The current study was designed to determine whether hypothermia could extend the therapeutic time window of MSC transplantation for severe neonatal HIE. To induce HIE, newborn rat pups were exposed to 8% oxygen for 2 h following unilateral carotid artery ligation on postnatal day (P) 7. After approving severe HIE involving >50% of the ipsilateral hemisphere volume, hypothermia (32 °C) for 2 days was started. MSCs were transplanted 2 days after HIE modeling. Follow-up brain MRI, sensorimotor function tests, assessment of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and histological evaluation of peri-infarction area were performed. HIE induced progressively increasing brain infarction area over time, increased cell death, reactive gliosis and brain inflammation, and impaired sensorimotor function. All these damages observed in severe HIE showed better, robust improvement with a combination treatment of hypothermia and delayed MSC transplantation than with either stand-alone therapy. Hypothermia itself did not significantly reduce brain injury, but broadened the therapeutic time window of MSC transplantation for severe newborn HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Ahn
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Sung
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se In Sung
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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39
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Trollmann R, Mühlberger T, Richter M, Boie G, Feigenspan A, Brackmann F, Jung S. Differential regulation of angiogenesis in the developing mouse brain in response to exogenous activation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor system. Brain Res 2018; 1688:91-102. [PMID: 29548688 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis due to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury represents a crucial compensatory mechanism of the developing brain that is mainly regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). Pharmacological stimulation of HIF is suggested as a neuroprotective option, however, studies of its effects on vascular development are limited. We analyzed the influence of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI), FG-4497, and erythropoietin (rhEPO) on post-hypoxic angiogenesis (angiogenic growth factors, vessel structures) in the developing mouse brain (P7) assessed after a regeneration period of 72 h. Exposure to systemic hypoxia (8% O2, 6 h) was followed by treatment (i.p.) with rhEPO (2500/5000 IU/kg) at 0, 24 and 48 h or FG-4497 (60/100 mg/kg) compared to controls. In response to FG-4497 treatment cortical and hippocampal vessel area and branching were significantly increased compared to controls. This was associated with elevated ANGPT-2 as well as decreased ANGPT-1 and TIE-2 mRNA levels. In response to rhEPO, mildly increased angiogenesis was associated with elevated ANGPT-2 but also TIE-2 mRNA levels in comparison to controls. In conclusion, present data demonstrate a differential regulation of the angiopoietin/TIE-2 system in response to PHI and rhEPO in the post-hypoxic developing brain pointing to potential functional consequences for vascular regeneration and vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Theresa Mühlberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mandy Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Boie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Feigenspan
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Brackmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susan Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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40
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Juul SE, Comstock BA, Heagerty PJ, Mayock DE, Goodman AM, Hauge S, Gonzalez F, Wu YW. High-Dose Erythropoietin for Asphyxia and Encephalopathy (HEAL): A Randomized Controlled Trial - Background, Aims, and Study Protocol. Neonatology 2018; 113. [PMID: 29514165 PMCID: PMC5980685 DOI: 10.1159/000486820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains an important cause of neonatal death and frequently leads to significant long-term disability in survivors. Therapeutic hypothermia, while beneficial, still leaves many treated infants with lifelong disabilities. Adjunctive therapies are needed, and erythropoietin (Epo) has the potential to provide additional neuroprotection. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to review the current incidence, mechanism of injury, and sequelae of HIE, and to describe a new phase III randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Epo neuroprotection in term and near-term infants with moderate to severe HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS This article presents an overview of HIE, neuroprotective functions of Epo, and the design of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of high-dose Epo administration, enrolling 500 neonates ≥36 weeks of gestation with moderate or severe HIE diagnosed by clinical criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Epo has robust neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and phase I/II trials suggest that multiple high doses of Epo may provide neuroprotection against brain injury in term infants. The High Dose Erythropoietin for Asphyxia and Encephalopathy (HEAL) Trial will evaluate whether high-dose Epo reduces the combined outcome of death or neurodevelopmental disability when given in conjunction with hypothermia to newborns with moderate/severe HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryan A Comstock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick J Heagerty
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis E Mayock
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy M Goodman
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Hauge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne W Wu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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41
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Viaroli F, Cheung PY, O'Reilly M, Polglase GR, Pichler G, Schmölzer GM. Reducing Brain Injury of Preterm Infants in the Delivery Room. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:290. [PMID: 30386757 PMCID: PMC6198082 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular injury is one of the major detrimental consequences of preterm birth. Recent studies have focused their attention on factors that contribute to the development of brain lesions immediately after birth. Among those factors, hypothermia and lower cerebral oxygen saturation during delivery room resuscitation and high tidal volumes delivered during respiratory support are associated with increased risk of severe neurologic injury. In preterm infants, knowledge about causes and prevention of brain injury must be applied before and at birth. Preventive and therapeutic approaches, including correct timing of cord clamping, monitoring of physiological changes during delivery room resuscitation using pulse oximetry, respiratory function monitoring, near infrared spectroscopy, and alpha EEG, may minimize brain injury, Furthermore, postnatal administration of caffeine or other potential novel treatments (e.g., proangiogenic therapies, antioxidants, hormones, or stem cells) might improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Viaroli
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Po-Yin Cheung
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan O'Reilly
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerhard Pichler
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg M Schmölzer
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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42
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Phillips AJ, Yeo RA, Caprihan A, Cannon DC, Patel S, Winter S, Steffen M, Campbell R, Wiedmeier S, Baker S, Gonzales S, Lowe J, Ohls RK. Neuroimaging in former preterm children who received erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:685-690. [PMID: 28553989 PMCID: PMC5599329 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundIn premature children, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may improve developmental outcome. It is not clear which of the several potential mechanisms are responsible for this improvement. High-resolution MRI and diffusion tensor imaging characterize brain structure and white matter organization, offering possible insight into the long-term effect of ESAs on brain development.MethodsMRI scans were performed at 3.5-4 years of age on former preterm infants treated with ESAs or placebo, and on healthy term controls. Mean cortical thickness, surface area, and fractional anisotropy (FA) were compared across study groups, and were correlated with general IQ measures.ResultsUnivariate analysis found no significant effect of ESAs on cortical thickness (P=0.366), surface area (P=0.940), or FA (P=0.150); however, there was a greater increase in FA among ESA-treated girls. Group analysis found significant correlations between FA and Full-Scale IQ (P=0.044) and Verbal IQ (P=0.036), although there was no significant relationship between Full-Scale IQ and FA among just the preterm children.ConclusionESA treatment may have a preferential effect on white matter development in girls, although factors other than just whole-brain FA are involved in mediating cognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Authors: John Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico,Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ronald A. Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Daniel C Cannon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shrena Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael Steffen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Susan Wiedmeier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Jean Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robin K. Ohls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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43
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Harriman T, Bradshaw WT, Blake SM. The Use of Whole Body Cooling in the Treatment of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Neonatal Netw 2017; 36:273-279. [PMID: 28847350 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.36.5.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy occurs as a result of a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic event just prior to or during delivery. Therapeutic hypothermia using whole body cooling is the current treatment of choice to reduce brain injury and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for neonates with HIE. All English language articles published since 2005 in PubMed and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were analyzed for existing evidence-based methods for whole body cooling. Whole body cooling is effective in the treatment of HIE in term and near-term neonates. Further research is needed to investigate the use of adjunctive therapies in conjunction with whole body cooling for improved neuroprotection.
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44
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McDougall ARA, Hale N, Rees S, Harding R, De Matteo R, Hooper SB, Tolcos M. Erythropoietin Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microgliosis and Abnormal Granule Cell Development in the Ovine Fetal Cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:224. [PMID: 28804448 PMCID: PMC5532439 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) ameliorates inflammation-induced injury in cerebral white matter (WM). However, effects of inflammation on the cerebellum and neuroprotective effects of EPO are unknown. Our aims were to determine: (i) whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intrauterine inflammation causes injury to, and/or impairs development of the cerebellum; and (ii) whether recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) mitigates these changes. At 107 ± 1 days gestational age (DGA; ~0.7 of term), fetal sheep received LPS (~0.9 μg/kg; i.v.) or an equivalent volume of saline, followed 1 h later with 5000 IU/kg rhEPO (i.v.) or an equivalent volume of saline (i.v.). This generated the following experimental groups: control (saline + saline; n = 6), LPS (LPS + saline, n = 8) and LPS + rhEPO (n = 8). At necropsy (116 ± 1 DGA; ~0.8 of term) the brain was perfusion-fixed and stained histologically (H&E) and immunostained to identify granule cells (Neuronal Nuclei, NeuN), granule cell proliferation (Ki67), Bergmann glia (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), astrogliosis (GFAP) and microgliosis (Iba-1). In comparison to controls, LPS fetuses had an increased density of Iba-1-positive microglia (p < 0.005) in the lobular WM; rhEPO prevented this increase (p < 0.05). The thickness of both the proliferative (Ki67-positive) and post-mitotic zones (Ki67-negative) of the EGL were increased in LPS-exposed fetuses compared to controls (p < 0.05), but were not different between controls and LPS + rhEPO fetuses. LPS also increased (p < 0.001) the density of granule cells (NeuN-positive) in the internal granule layer (IGL); rhEPO prevented the increase (p < 0.01). There was no difference between groups in the areas of the vermis (total cross-section), molecular layer (ML), IGL or WM, the density of NeuN-positive granule cells in the ML, the linear density of Bergmann glial fibers, the areal density or somal area of the Purkinje cells, the areal coverage of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lobular and deep WM, the density of Iba-1-positive microglia in the deep WM or the density of apopotic cells in the cerebellum. LPS-induced intrauterine inflammation caused microgliosis and abnormal development of granule cells. rhEPO ameliorated these changes, suggesting that it is neuroprotective against LPS-induced inflammatory effects in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R A McDougall
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Rees
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Harding
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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45
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Martinello K, Hart AR, Yap S, Mitra S, Robertson NJ. Management and investigation of neonatal encephalopathy: 2017 update. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2017; 102:F346-F358. [PMID: 28389438 PMCID: PMC5537522 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses an approach to determining the cause of neonatal encephalopathy, as well as current evidence on resuscitation and subsequent management of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Encephalopathy in neonates can be due to varied aetiologies in addition to hypoxic-ischaemia. A combination of careful history, examination and the judicious use of investigations can help determine the cause. Over the last 7 years, infants with moderate to severe HIE have benefited from the introduction of routine therapeutic hypothermia; the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome is 7 (95% CI 5 to 10). More recent research has focused on optimal resuscitation practices for babies with cardiorespiratory depression, such as delayed cord clamping after establishment of ventilation and resuscitation in air. Around a quarter of infants with asystole at 10 min after birth who are subsequently cooled have normal outcomes, suggesting that individualised decision making on stopping resuscitation is needed, based on access to intensive treatment unit and early cooling. The full benefit of cooling appears to have been exploited in our current treatment protocols of 72 hours at 33.5°C; deeper and longer cooling showed adverse outcome. The challenge over the next 5-10 years will be to assess which adjunct therapies are safe and optimise hypothermic brain protection in phase I and phase II trials. Optimal care may require tailoring treatments according to gender, genetic risk, injury severity and inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Martinello
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, UK
| | - Anthony R Hart
- Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sufin Yap
- Department of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Subhabrata Mitra
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, UK
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, UK
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Effects of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibition in a Neonatal Rodent Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2924848. [PMID: 28698869 PMCID: PMC5494065 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2924848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypoxia ischemia (HI) to the developing brain occurs in 1–6 in 1000 live births. Large numbers of survivors have neurological long-term sequelae. However, mechanisms of recovery after HI are not understood and preventive measures or clinical treatments are not effective. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 is overactivated in response to ischemia. In neonatal mice HI activates PARP-1 but its role in perinatal brain injury remains uncertain. Objective Aim of this study was to explore the effect of TES448 (PARP-1-inhibitor) and hypothermia after an ischemic insult. Design and Methods 10-day-old Wistar rats underwent HI. TES448 was given 10 min, 3 hrs, and 6 hrs after hypoxia. Hypothermia was started 30 min after HI and brains were dissected at P12. Western blotting and histological staining were used to evaluate for degree of injury. Results Protein expression of PARP-1 levels was diminished after TES448 treatment. Cresyl violet and TUNEL staining revealed decreased injury in male rat pups following TES448 and combined treatment. Female rats showed increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells after combined therapy. TES448 inhibited microglia activation after hypoxic-ischemic injury. A cellular response including NeuN, Olig2, and MBP was not affected by PARP-1-inhibition. Conclusions Inhibition of PARP-1 and hypothermia lead to an alteration of injury but this effect is sexually dimorphic.
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47
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Jiang LY, Yu X, Pang QJ. Research in the precaution of recombinant human erythropoietin to steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the rat femoral head. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:1324-1331. [PMID: 28606016 PMCID: PMC5625529 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517707076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats. Methods Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats each. The rats in the positive control group were injected with dexamethasone at 1 mg/kg twice a week for 5 weeks. The rats in the negative control group were injected with sodium chloride alone. The rats in the experimental group were injected with dexamethasone at 1 mg/kg twice a week for 5 weeks and rHuEPO (500 u/d/kg) daily for 5 weeks. The femoral head on one side was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and that on the other side was examined by CD31 staining of the capillaries. Results Hematoxylin and eosin staining in the positive control group showed that the bony trabeculae had become obviously narrow and sparse with discontinuity of the integrity. The integrity of the trabeculae was better in the experimental group than positive control group. The CD31 expression was lower in the positive control group than in the other two groups. Conclusion rHuEPO can effectively prevent osteocyte apoptosis, delaying or decreasing osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qing-jiang Pang
- Qing-jiang Pang, Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China.
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McAdams RM, Fleiss B, Traudt C, Schwendimann L, Snyder JM, Haynes RL, Natarajan N, Gressens P, Juul SE. Long-Term Neuropathological Changes Associated with Cerebral Palsy in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:124-140. [PMID: 28486224 DOI: 10.1159/000470903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood, with a worldwide prevalence of 1.5-4/1,000 live births. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) contributes to the burden of CP, but the long-term neuropathological findings of this association remain limited. METHODOLOGY Thirty-four term Macaca nemestrina macaques were included in this long-term neuropathological study: 9 control animals delivered by cesarean section and 25 animals with perinatal asphyxia delivered by cesarean section after 15-18 min of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). UCO animals were randomized to saline (n = 11), therapeutic hypothermia (TH; n = 6), or TH + erythropoietin (Epo; n = 8). Epo was given on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Animals had serial developmental assessments and underwent magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging at 9 months of age followed by necropsy. Histology and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of brain and brainstem sections were performed. RESULTS All UCO animals demonstrated and met the standard diagnostic criteria for human neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE. Four animals developed moderate-to-severe CP (3 UCO and 1 UCO + TH), 9 had mild CP (2 UCO, 3 UCO + TH, 3 UCO + TH + Epo, and 1 control), and 2 UCO animals died. None of the animals treated with TH + Epo died, had moderate-to-severe CP, or demonstrated signs of long-term neuropathological toxicity. Compared to animals grouped together as having no CP (no-CP; controls and mild CP only), animals with CP (moderate and severe) demonstrated decreased fractional anisotropy of multiple white-matter tracts including the corpus callosum and internal capsule, when using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Animals with CP had decreased staining for cortical neurons and increased brainstem glial scarring compared to animals without CP. The cerebellar cell density of the internal granular layer and white matter was decreased in CP animals compared to that in control animals without CP. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this nonhuman primate HIE model, animals treated with TH + Epo had less brain pathology noted on TBSS and IHC staining, which supports the long-term safety of TH + Epo in the setting of HIE. Animals that developed CP showed white-matter changes noted on TBSS, subtle histopathological changes in both the white and gray matter, and brainstem injury that correlated with CP severity. This HIE model may lend itself to further study of the relationship between brainstem injury and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McAdams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sheldon RA, Windsor C, Lee BS, Arteaga Cabeza O, Ferriero DM. Erythropoietin Treatment Exacerbates Moderate Injury after Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Superoxide Dismutase Transgenic Mice. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:228-237. [PMID: 28445874 DOI: 10.1159/000472710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress as developing endogenous antioxidant mechanisms are overwhelmed. In the neonate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) overexpression worsens hypoxic-ischemic injury due to H2O2 accumulation in the brain. Erythropoietin (EPO) is upregulated in 2 phases after HI, early (4 h) and late (7 days), and exogenous EPO has been effective in reducing the injury, possibly through reducing oxidative stress. We hypothesized that exogenous EPO would limit injury from excess H2O2 seen in SOD1-overexpressing mice, and thus enhance recovery after HI. We first wanted to confirm our previous findings in postnatal day 7 (P7) SOD-tg (CD1) mice using a P9 model of the Vannucci procedure of HI with SOD-tg mice from a different background strain (C57Bl/6), and then determine the efficacy of EPO treatment in this strain and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Thus, mice overexpressing copper/zinc SOD1 were subjected to HI, modified for the P9 mouse, and recombinant EPO (5 U/g) or vehicle (saline) was administered intraperitoneally 3 times: at 0 h, 24 h, and 5 days. Injury was assessed 7 days after HI. In addition, protein expression for EPO and EPO receptor was assessed in the cortex and hippocampus 24 h after HI. With the moderate insult, the SOD-tg mice had greater injury than the WT overall, confirming our previous results, as did the hippocampus and striatum when analyzed separately, but not the cortex or thalamus. EPO treatment worsened injury in SOD-tg overall and in the WT and SOD-tg hippocampus and striatum. With the more severe insult, all groups had greater injury than with the moderate insult, but differences between SOD-tg and WT were no longer observed and EPO treatment had no effect. Increased protein expression of EPO was observed in the cortex of SOD-tg mice given recombinant human EPO compared to SOD-tg given vehicle. This study confirms our previous results showing greater injury with SOD overexpression in the neonatal brain after HI at P7 in a different strain. These results also suggest that EPO treatment cannot ameliorate the damage seen in situations where there is excess H2O2 accumulation, and it may exacerbate injury in settings of extreme oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ann Sheldon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jung S, Boie G, Doerr HG, Trollmann R. Oxygen-sensitive regulation and neuroprotective effects of growth hormone-dependent growth factors during early postnatal development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R539-R548. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00477.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia severely disrupts metabolic and somatotrophic development, as well as cerebral maturational programs. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) represent the most important endogenous adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia, activating a broad spectrum of growth factors that contribute to cell survival and energy homeostasis. To analyze effects of systemic hypoxia and growth hormone (GH) therapy (rhGH) on HIF-dependent growth factors during early postnatal development, we compared protein (using ELISA) and mRNA (using quantitative RT PCR) levels of growth factors in plasma and brain between normoxic and hypoxic mice (8% O2, 6 h; postnatal day 7, P7) at P14. Exposure to hypoxia led to reduced body weight ( P < 0.001) and length ( P < 0.04) compared with controls and was associated with significantly reduced plasma levels of mouse GH ( P < 0.01) and IGF-1 ( P < 0.01). RhGH abrogated these hypoxia-induced changes of the GH/IGF-1 axis associated with normalization of weight and length gain until P14 compared with controls. In addition, rhGH treatment increased cerebral IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-2, and erythropoietin mRNA levels, resulting in significantly reduced apoptotic cell death in the hypoxic, developing mouse brain. These data indicate that rhGH may functionally restore hypoxia-induced systemic dysregulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis and induce upregulation of neuroprotective, HIF-dependent growth factors in the hypoxic developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jung
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Gudrun Boie
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Helmuth-Guenther Doerr
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
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