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Wang B, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Yin N, Song T. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Developing Palate in Mice. J Dent Res 2024; 103:546-554. [PMID: 38619065 PMCID: PMC11145300 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241232317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate formation of the palate involves a series of complex events, yet its mechanistic basis remains uncertain. To explore major cell populations in the palate and their roles during development, we constructed a spatiotemporal transcription landscape of palatal cells. Palate samples from C57BL/6 J mice at embryonic days 12.5 (E12.5), 14.5 (E14.5), and 16.5 (E16.5) underwent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify distinct cell subsets. In addition, spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing (stereo-seq) was used to characterize the spatial distribution of these subsets. Integrating scRNA-seq and stereo-seq with CellTrek annotated mesenchymal and epithelial cellular components of the palate during development. Furthermore, cellular communication networks between these cell subpopulations were analyzed to discover intercellular signaling during palate development. From the analysis of the middle palate, both mesenchymal and epithelial populations were spatially segregated into 3 domains. The middle palate mesenchymal subpopulations were associated with tooth formation, ossification, and tissue remodeling, with initial state cell populations located proximal to the dental lamina. The nasal epithelium of the palatal shelf exhibited richer humoral immune responses than the oral side. Specific enrichment of Tgfβ3 and Pthlh signals in the midline epithelial seam at E14.5 suggested a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In summary, this study provides high-resolution transcriptomic information, contributing to a deeper mechanistic understanding of palate biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Wang
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Center for Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - J. Zhao
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Ma
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Wang
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - N. Yin
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - T. Song
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Maternal folic acid supplementation reduces the severity of cleft palate in Tgf-β 3 null mutant mice. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:566-573. [PMID: 30683931 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate (CP) constitutes the most frequently seen orofacial cleft and is often associated with low folate status. Folate plays an essential role in the human body as a major coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism, including DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Whether the administration of isolated folic acid (FA) supplements prevents the CP caused by genetic mutations is unknown, as is its effect on the mechanisms leading to palate fusion. METHODS FA was administered to females from two different strains of transforming growth factor β3 heterozygous mice. Null mutant progeny of these mice exhibit CP in 100% of cases of varying severity. We measured cleft length, height of palatal shelf adhesion, and the number of proliferating mesenchymal cells. Immunohistochemistry was also carried for collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, cytokeratin-17, and EGF. RESULTS FA supplementation significantly reduced CP severity and improved palatal shelf adhesion in both strains both in vivo and in vitro. Medial edge epithelium proliferation increased, and its differentiation was normalized as indicated by the presence and disposition of collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, and cytokeratin-17. CONCLUSIONS A maternal FA supplementation reduces the CP appearance by improving the mechanisms leading to palatal shelf adhesion.
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Li R, Chen Z, Yu Q, Weng M, Chen Z. The Function and Regulatory Network of Pax9 Gene in Palate Development. J Dent Res 2018; 98:277-287. [PMID: 30583699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518811861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common congenital deformity, can arise from disruptions in any stage of palatogenesis, including palatal shelf growth, elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) is recognized as a vital regulator of palatogenesis with great relevance to cleft palate in humans and mice. Pax9-deficient murine palatal shelves displayed deficient elongation, postponed elevation, failed contact, and fusion. Pax9 is expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme, exhibiting a dynamic expression pattern that changes according to the proceeding of palatogenesis. Recent studies highlighted the Pax9-related genetic interactions and their critical roles during palatogenesis. During palate growth, PAX9 interacts with numerous molecules and members of pathways (e.g., OSR2, FGF10, SHOS2, MSX1, BARX1, TGFβ3, LDB1, BMP, WNT β-catenin dependent, and EDA) in the mesenchyme and functions as a key mediator in epithelial-mesenchymal communications with FGF8, TBX1, and the SHH pathway. During palate elevation, PAX9 is hypothesized to mediate the time point of the elevation event in the anterior and posterior parts of the palatal shelves. The delayed elevation of Pax9 mutant palatal shelves probably results from abnormal expressions of a series of genes ( Osr2 and Bmpr1a) leading to deficient palate growth, abnormal tongue morphology, and altered hyaluronic acid distribution. The interactions between PAX9 and genes encoding the OSR2, TGFβ3, and WNT β-catenin-dependent pathways provide evidence that PAX9 might participate in the regulation of palate fusion. This review summarizes the current understanding of PAX9’s functions and emphasizes the interactions between PAX9 and vital genes during palatogenesis. We hope to provide some clues for further exploration of the function and mechanism of PAX9, especially during palate elevation and fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Suazo J, Santos JL, Colombo A, Pardo R. Gene-gene interaction for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chilean case-parent trios. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 91:91-95. [PMID: 29694940 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a birth defect for which several genes susceptibility genes been proposed. Consequently, it has been suggested that many of these genes belong to common inter-related pathways during craniofacial development gene-gene interaction. We evaluated the presence of gene-gene interaction for single nucleotide polymorphisms within interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and transforming growth factor 3 (TGFB3) genes in NSCL/P risk in Chilean case-parent trios. DESIGN From previous studies, we retrieved genotypes for 13 polymorphic variants within these four genes in 152 case-parent trios. Using the trio package (R) we evaluate the gene-gen interaction in genetic markers pairs applying a 1°-of-freedom test (1df) and a confirmatory 4°-of-freedom (4df) test for epistasis followed by both a permutation test and a Benjamini-Hochberg test for multiple comparisons adjustment. RESULTS We found evidence of gene-gene interaction for rs6446693 (MSX1) and rs2268625 (TGFB3) (4df p = 0.024; permutation p = 0.015, Benjamini-Hochberg p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A significant gene-gene interaction was detected for rs6446693 (MSX1) and rs2268625 (TGFB3). This finding is concordant with research in animal models showing that MSX1 and TGFB3 are expressed in common molecular pathways acting in an epistatic manner during maxillofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Suazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone #943, Santiago, Chile.
| | - José Luis Santos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira #44, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia #1027, Santiago, Chile; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa Pardo
- Sección de Genética, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Genética, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Concha y Toro #3459, Santiago, Chile
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Wu BX, Li A, Lei L, Kaneko S, Wallace C, Li X, Li Z. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) positively regulates transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 and is essential for mouse palatogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18091-18097. [PMID: 28912269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) (encoded by the Lrrc32 gene) plays important roles in cell-surface docking and activation of TGFβ. However, GARP's role in organ development in mammalian systems is unclear. To determine the function of GARP in vivo, we generated a GARP KO mouse model. Unexpectedly, the GARP KO mice died within 24 h after birth and exhibited defective palatogenesis without apparent abnormalities in other major organs. Furthermore, we observed decreased apoptosis and SMAD2 phosphorylation in the medial edge epithelial cells of the palatal shelf of GARP KO embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), indicating a defect in the TGFβ signaling pathway in the GARP-null developing palates. Of note, the failure to develop the secondary palate and concurrent reduction of SMAD phosphorylation without other defects in GARP KO mice phenocopied TGFβ3 KO mice, although GARP has not been suggested previously to interact with TGFβ3. We found that GARP and TGFβ3 co-localize in medial edge epithelial cells at E14.5. In vitro studies confirmed that GARP and TGFβ3 directly interact and that GARP is indispensable for the surface expression of membrane-associated latent TGFβ3. Our findings indicate that GARP is essential for normal morphogenesis of the palate and demonstrate that GARP plays a crucial role in regulating TGFβ3 signaling during embryogenesis. In conclusion, we have uncovered a novel function of GARP in positively regulating TGFβ3 activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill X Wu
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Anqi Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Liming Lei
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Caroline Wallace
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Xue Li
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Zihai Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, .,the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Gao Z, Bu Y, Liu X, Wang X, Zhang G, Wang E, Ding S, Liu Y, Shi R, Li Q, Fu J, Yu Z. TCDD promoted EMT of hFPECs via AhR, which involved the activation of EGFR/ERK signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 298:48-55. [PMID: 26971374 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One critical step of second palatal fusion is the newly formed medial epithelia seam (MES) disintegration, which involves apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell migration. Although the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces cleft palate at high rates, little is known about the effects of TCDD exposure on the fate of palatal epithelial cells. By using primary epithelial cells isolated from human fetal palatal shelves (hFPECs), we show that TCDD increased cell proliferation and EMT, as demonstrated by increased the epithelial markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin14) and enhanced the mesenchymal markers (vimentin and fibronectin), but had no effect on cell migration and apoptosis. TCDD exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in Slug protein expression. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that TCDD promoted AhR to form a protein complex with Slug. ChIP assay confirmed that TCDD exposure recruited AhR to the xenobiotic responsive element of Slug promoter. Knockdown of AhR by siRNA remarkably weakened TCDD-induced binding of AhR to the XRE promoter of slug, thereby suppressed TCDD-induced vimentin. Further experiment showed that TCDD stimulated EGFR phosphorylation did not influence the TGFβ3/Smad signaling; whereas TCDD increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 with no effect on activation of JNK. By using varieties of inhibitors, we confirmed that TCDD promoted proliferation and EMT of hFPECs via activation of EGFR/ERK pathway. These data make a novel contribution to the molecular mechanism of cleft palate by TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Yongjun Bu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, 471023, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Erhui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Shibin Ding
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Ruling Shi
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Jianhong Fu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China.
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Hu L, Liu J, Li Z, Ozturk F, Gurumurthy C, Romano RA, Sinha S, Nawshad A. TGFβ3 regulates periderm removal through ΔNp63 in the developing palate. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1212-25. [PMID: 25358290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The periderm is a flat layer of epithelium created during embryonic development. During palatogenesis, the periderm forms a protective layer against premature adhesion of the oral epithelia, including the palate. However, the periderm must be removed in order for the medial edge epithelia (MEE) to properly adhere and form a palatal seam. Improper periderm removal results in a cleft palate. Although the timing of transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) expression in the MEE coincides with periderm degeneration, its role in periderm desquamation is not known. Interestingly, murine models of knockout (-/-) TGFβ3, interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) (-/-), and truncated p63 (ΔNp63) (-/-) are born with palatal clefts because of failure of the palatal shelves to adhere, suggesting that these genes regulate palatal epithelial differentiation. However, despite having similar phenotypes in null mouse models, no studies have analyzed the possible association between the TGFβ3 signaling cascade and the IRF6/ΔNp63 genes during palate development. Recent studies indicate that regulation of ΔNp63, which depends on IRF6, facilitates epithelial differentiation. We performed biochemical analysis, gene activity and protein expression assays with palatal sections of TGFβ3 (-/-), ΔNp63 (-/-), and wild-type (WT) embryos, and primary MEE cells from WT palates to analyze the association between TGFβ3 and IRF6/ΔNp63. Our results suggest that periderm degeneration depends on functional TGFβ3 signaling to repress ΔNp63, thereby coordinating periderm desquamation. Cleft palate occurs in TGFβ3 (-/-) because of inadequate periderm removal that impedes palatal seam formation, while cleft palate occurs in ΔNp63 (-/-) palates because of premature fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Hu
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska; Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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