1
|
Jha AK, Gairola S, Kundu S, Doye P, Syed AM, Ram C, Kulhari U, Kumar N, Murty US, Sahu BD. Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Nootkatone: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2244-2259. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220214092005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Plant-based drugs have a significant impact on modern therapeutics due to their vast array of pharmacological activities. The integration of herbal plants in the current healthcare system has emerged as a new field of research. It can be used for the identification of novel lead compound candidates for future drug development. Nootkatone is a sesquiterpene derivative and an isolate of grapefruit. Shreds of evidence illustrate that nootkatone targets few molecular mechanisms to exhibit its pharmacological activity and yet needs more exploration to be established. The current review is related to nootkatone, drafted through a literature search using research articles and books from different sources, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, and Scopus. It has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective. Although preclinical studies in experimental animal models suggest that nootkatone has therapeutic potential, it is further warranted to evaluate its toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters before being applied to humans. Hence in the present review, we have summarized the scientific knowledge on nootkatone with a particular emphasis on its pharmacological properties to encourage researchers for further exploration in preclinical and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Shobhit Gairola
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Pakpi Doye
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Abu Mohammad Syed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Chetan Ram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Uttam Kulhari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Bidya Dhar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, PIN-781101, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Sawalha NA, Gaugazeh HT, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF. Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 128:315-321. [PMID: 32946675 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is common among pregnant and breastfeeding women. Herein, the effects of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on milk composition, hormonal levels and biochemical profile in dams and pups were investigated. Lactating Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either WTS (2 hours per day) or fresh air (control group). Milk was collected on day 21 and analysed for protein, lactose and total fat. Blood, from dams and pups, was analysed for insulin, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, prolactin and corticosterone. WTS exposure during lactation increased the blood level of HDL and corticosterone in dams (P < .05). However, the level of milk lactose and blood glucose was reduced in dams after the exposure to WTS during lactation (P < .05). WTS during lactation significantly increased levels of triglycerides, LDL and leptin (P < .05), and a trend of increase in blood level of nicotine and prolactin in pups. Levels of other parameters were not affected by WTS exposure in dams and pups. In conclusion, WTS exposure during lactation altered the milk composition and altered lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and hormonal levels in dams and pups. It is necessary to adopt strategies to enhance tobacco cessation during breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hasanh T Gaugazeh
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Sawalha NA, Pokkunuri ID, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Almomani BN. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Exposure during Lactation-Susceptibility of Reproductive Hormones and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Male Progeny Rats. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:37-42. [PMID: 32748221 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence for the public health hazards associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). While the adverse effects of WTS exposure during pregnancy on the offspring are widely reported, its impact during breastfeeding remains less understood. The effects of WTS exposure during lactation on the reproductive hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers of adult male progeny were examined. Lactating rats received either fresh air (controls) or mainstream WTS for 1 h twice/day from day 4 to day 21 of lactation. The offspring was then followed up until week 20. The data indicated that WTS exposure in the lactating animals reduced the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (P < 0.05), luteinizing hormone (LH) (P = 0.1146), and estradiol (P = 0.0773) in the blood in male progeny. While the activities of testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and blood levels of testosterone (P >0.05) remained unaltered, the activity of catalase increased significantly indicating an increased oxidant load in the WTS exposed rats compared to the controls. WTS exposure during lactation impairs male reproductive hormonal profile, augments oxidative damage, and potentially affects male fertility in male offspring rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | | | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Bashar N Almomani
- Ministry of Health, National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abi-Gerges A, Dagher-Hamalian C, Abou-Khalil P, Chahine JB, Hachem P, Khalil C. Evaluation of waterpipe smoke toxicity in C57BL/6 mice model. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101940. [PMID: 32889155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is a popular pastime worldwide with statistics pointing to an alarming increase in consumption. In the current paper, the evaluation of sub-chronic waterpipe smoke exposure was undertaken using C57BL/6 female mice using a dynamic exposure setting to emulate smoke exposure. Mice were daily subjected to either one (single exposure, SE) or two sessions (double exposure, DE) of waterpipe-generated smoke (two-apple flavor) for a period of two months. Although lungs histopathological examination pointed to a minor inflammation in smoke-exposed mice compared to control air-exposed (CON) group, the lung weights of the waterpipe-exposed mice were significantly higher (+72% in SE and +39% in DE) (p < 0.01) when compared to CON group. Moreover, changes in the protein expression of several proteins such as iNOS and JNK were noted in the lungs of smoke-exposed mice. However, no changes in p38 and EGFR protein levels were noted between the three groups of mice. Our results mainly showed a significant increase in urea serum levels (+28%) in SE mice along with renal pathological damage in both SE and DE mice compared to CON. Additionally, severe significant DNA damages (p < 0.05) were reported in the lungs, kidneys, bone marrow and liver of waterpipe-exposed animals, using MTS and COMET assays. These findings highlighted the significant risks posed by sub-chronic waterpipe smoke exposure in the selected animal model and the pressing need for future better management of waterpipe indoor consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniella Abi-Gerges
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Carole Dagher-Hamalian
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Pamela Abou-Khalil
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Joe Braham Chahine
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Pia Hachem
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Christian Khalil
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ali BH, Al-Salam S, Al Balushi KA, Al Za’abi M, Adham SA, Beegam S, Yuvaraju P, Manoj P, Nemmar A. Ameliorative Effect of Gum Acacia on Hookah Smoke-Induced Testicular Impairment in Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050762. [PMID: 32414135 PMCID: PMC7277429 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated some reproductive actions of hookah smoke (HS) exposure (30 min/day, for 30 days) in male mice, and the possible mitigative effect of the prebiotic agent gum acacia (GA) thereon. Control mice were air-exposed (AE). Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the levels of some plasma reproductive hormones, biochemical markers of inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress and testicular histopathology were assessed. The urinary level of cotinine, a major nicotine metabolite, was also measured. HS exposure induced significant decreases in testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and androgen binding protein, as well as glutathione reductase activity and levels of nitrite and total nitrite. Plasma inhibin B, alkaline phosphatase, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation, 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine, and cytochrome C were significantly increased following HS exposure. In testicular homogenate, nuclear factor-κB (NF-ĸB), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β1(TGF- β1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) were all significantly elevated, and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) significantly decreased. Histopathologically, there was slight impairment and disorganization of spermatogenesis. Urinary cotinine concentration was elevated significantly in the HS-exposed group compared with the air-exposed group. GA co-administration mitigated the adverse actions of HS measured. In conclusion, daily exposure to HS at the above dose induced adverse actions on the reproductive system of male mice. GA co-administration significantly mitigated these effects by reducing the inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, via a mechanism involving Nrf2, and reduction of StAR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badreldin H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman; (B.H.A.); (K.A.A.B.); (M.A.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE;
| | - Khalid A. Al Balushi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman; (B.H.A.); (K.A.A.B.); (M.A.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Mohammed Al Za’abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman; (B.H.A.); (K.A.A.B.); (M.A.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Sirin A. Adham
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (S.B.); (P.Y.)
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (S.B.); (P.Y.)
| | - Priyadarsini Manoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman; (B.H.A.); (K.A.A.B.); (M.A.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (S.B.); (P.Y.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, UAE
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-371-375-33
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Testicular Toxicity of Water Pipe Smoke Exposure in Mice and the Effect of Treatment with Nootkatone Thereon. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2416935. [PMID: 31341528 PMCID: PMC6614988 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2416935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a worldwide increase in the popularity of water pipe (shisha) tobacco smoking including in Europe and North America. However, little is known about the effects of water pipe smoke (WPS) exposure on male reproductivity. We have recently demonstrated that WPS exposure in mice induces testicular toxicity including inflammation and oxidative stress. Nootkatone, a sesquiterpenoid found in grapefruit, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the possible protective effect of nootkatone on WPS-induced testicular toxicity has not been reported before. Here, we tested the effects of treatment of mice with nootkatone on WPS-induced testicular toxicity. Mice were exposed to normal air or WPS (30 minutes/day, for 30 days). Nootkatone (90 mg/kg) was given orally to mice by gavage, 1 h before WPS or air exposure. Nootkatone treatment significantly ameliorated the WPS-induced increase in plasma levels of inhibin, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Nootkatone also significantly mitigated the decrease in testosterone, androgen-binding protein, and estradiol concentrations in the plasma induced by WPS. In testicular homogenates, WPS exposure caused a decrease in the total nitric oxide level and an increase in the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β level and oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde, cytochrome C, and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. All the latter effects were significantly alleviated by nootkatone treatment. Moreover, in testicular homogenate, nootkatone inhibited the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by WPS. Likewise, histological examination of mouse testes showed that nootkatone treatment ameliorated the deterioration of spermatogenesis induced by WPS exposure. We conclude that nootkatone ameliorated the WPS-induced testicular inflammation and oxidative stress and hormonal and spermatogenesis alterations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Al‐Sawalha NA, Almahmmod YM, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Alyacoub WN. Influence of prenatal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure on reproductive hormones and oxidative stress of adult male offspring rats. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13318. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nour A. Al‐Sawalha
- Faculty of Pharmacy Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Yehya M. Almahmmod
- Faculty of Pharmacy Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Omar F. Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Weam N. Alyacoub
- Faculty of Pharmacy Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ali BH, Al Balushi KA, Ashique M, Shalaby A, Al Kindi MA, Adham SA, Karaca T, Beegam S, Yuvaraju P, Nemmar A. Chronic Water-Pipe Smoke Exposure Induces Injurious Effects to Reproductive System in Male Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:158. [PMID: 28420996 PMCID: PMC5378788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a global increase in the popularity of water-pipe tobacco smoking including in Europe and North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the male reproductive effects of water-pipe smoke (WPS), especially after long-term exposure. Here, we assessed effects of WPS exposure (30 min/day) in male mice for 6 months. Control mice were exposed to air-only for the same period of time. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, testicular histopathology, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and the tyrosine-protein kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) were assessed in testicular homogenates. Moreover, plasma testosterone, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were also measured. Chronic WPS exposure induced a significant decrease of testosterone and estradiol, and a slight but significant increase of LH. Glutathione reductase, catalase, and ascorbic acid were significantly decreased following WPS exposure. Plasma concentration of leptin was significantly decreased by WPS exposure, whereas that of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 was significantly increased. Histopathological analysis of the testes revealed the presence of a marked reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules with reduced spermatogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed irregular thickening and wrinkling of the basement membranes with abnormal shapes and structures of the spermatozoa. VEGFR1 was overexpressed in the testis of the mice exposed to WPS and was not detected in the control. The urine concentration of cotinine, the predominant metabolite of nicotine, was significantly increased in the WPS-exposed group compared with the control group. We conclude that chronic exposure to WPS induces damaging effects to the reproductive system in male mice. If this can be confirmed in humans, it would be an additional concern to an already serious public health problem, especially with the increased use of WPS use all over the world, especially in young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Khalid A Al Balushi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Mohammed Ashique
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Asem Shalaby
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Mohammed A Al Kindi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Sirin A Adham
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityAl Khod, Oman
| | - Turan Karaca
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TrakyaEdirne, Turkey
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|