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Lu K, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Schoeny R, Gentry R, Starr TB. A Review of Stable Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry Methods to Distinguish Exogenous from Endogenous DNA Adducts and Improve Dose-Response Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 35:7-29. [PMID: 34910474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains the second most frequent cause of death in human populations worldwide, which has been reflected in the emphasis placed on management of risk from environmental chemicals considered to be potential human carcinogens. The formation of DNA adducts has been considered as one of the key events of cancer, and persistence and/or failure of repair of these adducts may lead to mutation, thus initiating cancer. Some chemical carcinogens can produce DNA adducts, and DNA adducts have been used as biomarkers of exposure. However, DNA adducts of various types are also produced endogenously in the course of normal metabolism. Since both endogenous physiological processes and exogenous exposure to xenobiotics can cause DNA adducts, the differentiation of the sources of DNA adducts can be highly informative for cancer risk assessment. This review summarizes a highly applicable methodology, termed stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry (SILMS), that is superior to previous methods, as it not only provides absolute quantitation of DNA adducts but also differentiates the exogenous and endogenous origins of DNA adducts. SILMS uses stable isotope-labeled substances for exposure, followed by DNA adduct measurement with highly sensitive mass spectrometry. Herein, the utilities and advantage of SILMS have been demonstrated by the rich data sets generated over the last two decades in improving the risk assessment of chemicals with DNA adducts being induced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, such as formaldehyde, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and ethylene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny LLC, 726 Fifth Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002, United States
| | - Robinan Gentry
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Thomas B Starr
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,TBS Associates, 7500 Rainwater Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27615, United States
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2
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Kumar M, Singh G, Bhardwaj P, Dhatwalia SK, Dhawan DK. Understanding the role of 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid in conditions of oxidative-stress mediated hepatic dysfunction during benzo(a)pyrene induced toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:871-878. [PMID: 28363852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was planned to see whether 3-O-Acetyl-11- keto-β-boswellic acid has any protective effects against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced toxicity or not. In vitro studies show concentration dependent linear association of radical scavenging activity of AK which is comparable to ascorbic acid taken as reference compound. For in vivo studies, the animals were divided randomly into five groups which included a) normal control, b) vehicle treated (olive oil), c) BaP treated, d) AK treated and e) AK + BaP (combined treated). BaP was administered at a dose of 50mg/kg in olive oil twice a week orally for 4 weeks and AK (50mg/kg) was given in olive oil thrice a week for 4 weeks before and after BaP exposure. BaP treated animals showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl contents (PCC) in hepatic tissue. Further, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the liver marker enzymes as well as citrulline and nitric oxide levels in the hepatic tissue was also observed. Interestingly, AK when supplemented to BaP treated animals ameliorated the above said biochemical indices appreciately. The histopathological observations also showed appreciable improvement when BaP treated animals were supplemented with AK, thus emphasing the protective potential of AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Priti Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | | | - D K Dhawan
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
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3
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Weston A, Manchester DK, Povey A, Harris CC. Detection of Carcinogen–Macromolecular Adducts in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818909018052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A major concern of molecular epidemiology is the identification of individuals at increased risk of cancer by obtaining evidence of high exposure to carcinogens that may lead to pathobiological lesions in target cells. DNA is considered to be a target for modification by mutagens and carcinogens; therefore, damage to DNA can be used as an internal, molecular dosimeter of carcinogen exposure. The reactive species of these carcinogens may bind either directly to DNA to form adducts or indirectly to cause secondary DNA lesions through free radicals and aldehydes. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to measure DNA lesions and DNA repair products that are found in biological specimens from humans exposed to carcinogens in the environment. For example, DNA adducts have been measured in cells and tissues from people exposed environmentally to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or alkylating agents. Antibodies recognizing carcinogen-DNA adducts have also been detected in human sera. Carcinogen-protein adducts are also being used as molecular dosimeters of carcinogen exposure. The advantages and limitations of the various methods used to measure carcinogen-macromolecular adducts are discussed here. The use of two or more complementary assays to obtain confirmatory results is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Weston
- Building 37, Room 2CO5 National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - D. K. Manchester
- Building 37, Room 2CO5 National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - A. Povey
- Building 37, Room 2CO5 National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - C. C. Harris
- Building 37, Room 2CO5 National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD 20892
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4
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Sehgal A, Kumar M, Jain M, Dhawan DK. Modulatory Effects of Curcumin in Conjunction with Piperine on Benzo(A)Pyrene-Mediated DNA Adducts and Biotransformation Enzymes. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:885-90. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.805421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sehgal
- a Department of Zoology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - M. Kumar
- a Department of Zoology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - M. Jain
- a Department of Zoology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - D. K. Dhawan
- b Department of Biophysics , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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5
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Kumar M, Jain M, Sehgal A, Sharma V. Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and DNA adducts level by green and white tea in Balb/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Abstract
The binding of chemical carcinogens to DNA is well established as the initiating step in the process of carcinogenesis. While early studies in animals or cells in culture took advantage of radiolabeled model carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene, interest in measuring DNA damage levels in humans necessitated the development of alternative methods. Among these, immunologic methods using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to carcinogen-DNA adducts have proven extremely useful in monitoring human exposure as well as being applicable to animal and cell culture studies. Here we describe the use of antibodies for immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections, biopsies, or intact cells and for quantitation of carcinogen binding in DNA isolated from blood and tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
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7
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Käfferlein HU, Marczynski B, Mensing T, Brüning T. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of benzo[a]pyrene in humans—Analytical methods, exposure assessment, and recommendations for future directions. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:126-50. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903283633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Jacob J, Seidel A. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:31-47. [PMID: 12376115 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites in human urine is the method of choice to determine occupational and/or environmental exposure of an individual to PAH, in particular, when multiple routes of exposure have to be taken into account. Requirements for methods of biomonitoring PAH metabolites in urine are presented. Studies using 1-hydroxypyrene or phenanthrene metabolites including its phenols and dihydrodiols are summarized. The role of these PAH metabolites as established biomarkers and also more recent developments of PAH biomonitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jacob
- Biochemisches Institut für Umweltcarcinogene-Prof Dr Gernot Grimmer-Stiftung, Lurup 4, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Rundle A, Tang D, Hibshoosh H, Estabrook A, Schnabel F, Cao W, Grumet S, Perera FP. The relationship between genetic damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast tissue and breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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10
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Marafie EM, Marafie I, Emery SJ, Waters R, Jones NJ. Biomonitoring the human population exposed to pollution from the oil fires in Kuwait: analysis of placental tissue using (32)P-postlabeling. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2000; 36:274-282. [PMID: 11152560 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:4<274::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a readily available source of material for molecular epidemiological investigations. As such, DNA damage in this tissue can be indicative of maternal exposure to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Previous reports have demonstrated that (32)P-postlabeling (PPL) is able to detect the presence of aromatic adducts in human placenta that are associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. Using PPL we have assayed the DNA damage in placental samples from Kuwaiti mothers who were exposed to environmental pollution during pregnancy. This pollution arose in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which left hundreds of oil wells burning. For comparison, further Kuwaiti samples were obtained approximately 1 year after the oil well fires and, as such, are from individuals unexposed to the airborne pollution from the oil well fires during pregnancy. In addition, placental samples were obtained from subjects in the United Kingdom. Adduct levels were measured in all samples using both the nuclease P1 and butanol extraction enhancement procedures. No elevation of adduct levels was observed in the placenta of mothers exposed to the oil well fires (n = 40) with either procedure (144 +/- 30 attomol/microg DNA for nuclease P1 enrichment, 245 +/- 50 attomol/microg DNA for butanol extraction), when compared with the nonexposed Kuwaiti mothers (180 +/- 32 and 281 +/- 39 attomol/microg DNA, respectively, n = 24). Similar adduct levels were observed in UK mothers who smoked cigarettes (178 +/- 30 and 284 +/- 52 attomol/microg DNA, n = 30), which in turn were approximately twice those observed in nonsmoking mothers (90 +/- 14 and 141 +/- 15 attomol/microg DNA, n = 12), although there is no significant difference in the distribution of adduct levels when statistical analysis is performed. Comprehensive interpretation of the Kuwaiti data is difficult as precise information on PAH levels is unavailable, although the data do seem to indicate that exposure to PAHs was not biologically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Marafie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, United Kingdom
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11
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Fontana RJ, Lown KS, Paine MF, Fortlage L, Santella RM, Felton JS, Knize MG, Greenberg A, Watkins PB. Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:89-98. [PMID: 10381914 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in chargrilled meat are substrates for inducible CYP1A and CYP3A enzymes and for P-glycoprotein. We examined whether consumption of a chargrilled meat diet results in induction of these proteins. METHODS Ten healthy adults were fed a diet enriched with chargrilled meat for 7 days. Duodenal biopsy specimens were obtained on days 1, 5, and 12 and analyzed for CYP1A, CYP3A, and P-glycoprotein messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. On days 5 and 12, hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activities were measured and colon biopsies were performed. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured on days 1, 4, 11, and 26. RESULTS There was no detectable induction of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, or P-glycoprotein mRNAs or protein in small intestine or colon and no induction of hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme activity. In contrast, the chargrilled meat diet resulted in unequivocal induction of CYP1A enzymes in the liver and small intestine of each subject. There was an inverse correlation between the level of peripheral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts measured on day 11 and both liver CYP1A2 activity (P = 0.027) and enterocyte CYP1A1 protein concentration (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of chargrilled meat results in induction of CYP1A enzymes but not CYP3A4 or P-glycoprotein. This observation, combined with the correlation between adduct levels and CYP1A expression, supports an adaptive role for CYP1A but not CYP3A4 or P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fontana
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Zhang YJ, Weksler BB, Wang L, Schwartz J, Santella RM. Immunohistochemical detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA damage in human blood vessels of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 1998; 140:325-31. [PMID: 9862275 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cigarette smoking-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts was investigated in human arterial tissue using an immunoperoxidase staining method with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes benzo(a)pyrene and structurally related PAH diol epoxide-DNA adducts. This is the first time that immunohistochemical methods for detection of PAH-DNA damage have been applied to human endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. Internal mammary artery specimens from a total of 37 smokers and non-smokers were tested. Positive nuclear staining was observed in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, with higher staining in the endothelium. The correlation between smoking status, available for 33 subjects, and detectable PAH-DNA adducts in endothelium did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio = 3.38, 95% confidence interval is 0.47-27.60) in this small series. While no causal role can be inferred from our results, they support the theory that endothelial injury caused by cigarette smoking and other environmental exposures may be an early event in the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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13
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Whyatt RM, Santella RM, Jedrychowski W, Garte SJ, Bell DA, Ottman R, Gladek-Yarborough A, Cosma G, Young TL, Cooper TB, Randall MC, Manchester DK, Perera FP. Relationship between ambient air pollution and DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1998; 106 Suppl 3:821-6. [PMID: 9646044 PMCID: PMC1533078 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Industrialized regions in Poland are characterized by high ambient pollution, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal burning for industry and home heating. In experimental bioassays, certain PAHs are transplacental carcinogens and developmental toxicants. Biologic markers can facilitate evaluation of effects of environmental PAHs on the developing infant. We measured the amount of PAHs bound to DNA (PAH-DNA adducts) in maternal and umbilical white blood cells. The cohort consisted of 70 mothers and newborns from Krakow, Poland, an industrialized city with elevated air pollution. Modulation of adduct levels by genotypes previously linked to risk of lung cancer, specifically glutathione S-transferase MI (GSTM1) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) Msp restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), was also investigated. There was a dose-related increase in maternal and newborn adduct levels with ambient pollution at the women's place of residence among subjects who were not employed away from home (p < or = 0.05). Maternal smoking (active and passive) significantly increased maternal (p < or = 0.01) but not newborn adduct levels. Neither CYP1A1 Msp nor GSTM1 polymorphisms was associated with maternal adducts. However, adducts were significantly higher in newborns heterozygous or homozygous for the CYP1A1 Msp RFLP compared to newborns without the RFLP (p = 0.04). Results indicate that PAH-induced DNA damage in mothers and newborns is increased by ambient air pollution. In the fetus, this damage appears to be enhanced by the CYP1A1 Mspl polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Whyatt
- Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Frenkel K, Klein CB. Methods used for analyses of "environmentally" damaged nucleic acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 618:289-314. [PMID: 8227261 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present various techniques, currently applied in many laboratories, which are useful in the detection of "environmentally"-induced damage to DNA. These techniques include: (a) chromatographic methods, which allow determination of chemical changes within DNA, be they formation of adducts with or oxidation of bases in DNA; (b) electrophoretic methods, which facilitate finding the site(s) in DNA where that chemical modification occurred; and (c) immunological assays, which help to detect DNA damage using externally produced antibodies that recognize the specific chemical changes in DNA or its fragments, as well as by detection of autoantibodies that develop in response to environmental exposures of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frenkel
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016-6451
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15
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Lee BM, Strickland PT. Antibodies to carcinogen-DNA adducts in mice chronically exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Immunol Lett 1993; 36:117-23. [PMID: 8349308 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts have previously been reported in human sera. In this study, we examined the association between mixed PAH exposure and PAH-DNA adduct specific antibodies in BALB/c mice. Mice were treated either by i.p. injection or by intragastric (i.g.) intubation with a mixture of seven different PAHs [benzo(a)pyrene (BP), benz(a)anthracene (BA), fluoranthene (FA), dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA), 3-methyl-cholanthrene (MC), chrysene (Ch), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BF)] at three doses (0, 15, 150 micrograms of each PAH) twice a week for 8 weeks. Sera were screened by direct ELISA for antibodies recognizing DNA modified by diolepoxides or epoxides of each PAH injected. In i.p. treated mice, the sera were slightly more reactive to DNAs modified with diolepoxides of BP, BA, or Ch or an epoxide of DBA than to unmodified DNA. In i.g. treated mice, the sera were more reactive to DNAs modified with diolepoxides of BA or BF than to unmodified DNA. For some PAHs, a dose-response effect was observed between sera reactivity to PAH metabolites and the dose of PAH administered. However, there was considerable variation in the immune responses among individual mice within each treatment group. When tested by competitive ELISA, none of the sera could discriminate between modified and unmodified DNA. This animal study suggests that an assessment of previous carcinogen exposure by measuring DNA adduct-specific antibodies requires further validation prior to its application to the human monitoring of carcinogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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16
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Abstract
The binding of benzo[a]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,c]anthracene and phenanthrene to calf thymus DNA in vitro in the absence of enzymatic or chemical activation was investigated using the 32P-postlabeling assay. Reactions were performed in the dark or under white light in 1 ml of Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), containing 150 mM KCl, 250 micrograms of DNA and 0.12 nmol-600 nmol of hydrocarbon. Reactions were incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C and the extent of hydrocarbon:DNA adduct formation was determined. With the exception of phenanthrene, all of the hydrocarbons investigated formed DNA adducts that were easily detected with the 32P-postlabeling assay. The multiplicity and level of hydrocarbon:DNA adducts varied for each hydrocarbon. A dose related increase in adduct formation was observed. Adduct levels ranged from 0.07 to 15.28 adducts per 10(7) nucleotides. Highest adduct levels were detected with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a]-pyrene (B[a]P). Hydrocarbon: DNA adduct formation was enhanced when reactions were performed under white light. A comparison of the adduct levels formed from auto-oxidation and enzymatic activation suggests that 0.05 and 0.26% of the adducts detected in the enzymatic activation of B[a]P and DMBA, can be attributed to auto-oxidation, respectively. These data demonstrate that in the absence of enzymatic or chemical activation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can undergo auto-oxidation in vitro and form hydrocarbon:DNA adducts that are detectable with the 32P-postlabeling assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bryla
- Rutgers, State University of New Jersey College of Pharmacy, Piscataway 08855-0789
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17
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Tice RR, Strauss GH, Peters WP. High-dose combination alkylating agents with autologous bone-marrow support in patients with breast cancer: preliminary assessment of DNA damage in individual peripheral blood lymphocytes using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 271:101-13. [PMID: 1372680 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(92)91083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The single cell gel (SCG) assay is a sensitive electrophoretic technique for detecting the presence of DNA single strand breaks and alkali-labile damage in individual cells. This technique was used to evaluate the levels of DNA damage in cryopreserved peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from 11 breast cancer patients treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin and provided autologous bone marrow transplantation after treatment. PBL specimens for the SCG study were obtained just prior to treatment, following the administration of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin for 2 days, and upon lymphocytic recovery. Based on a concurrent analysis of DNA damage in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved PBL samples from three patients, the mean level of DNA migration or the dispersion of damage among cells was not affected by the process of cryopreservation. The pre-treatment samples of several patients contained PBL with increased levels of DNA damage, presumably reflecting persistent DNA damage induced by previous treatment regimens. Chemotherapy resulted in a significant but variable increase in DNA damage in PBL samples from all patients. In this limited study, the level of damage did not correlate with serum levels of cyclophosphamide or with lymphocyte toxicity. Among the post-treatment samples, increased levels of DNA damage were absent in most but not all patients. The presence of damaged cells in the post-treatment samples may be indicative of an inadequate therapy regimen or of DNA damage resulting from non-therapy related processes. Because of its simplicity and short processing time, the SCG assay can be used to evaluate levels of DNA damage during the course of therapy, allowing the dose schedule to be altered to achieve a desired effect level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Tice
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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18
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Santella RM, Zhang YJ, Young TL, Lee BM, Lu XQ. Monitoring human exposure to environmental carcinogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 283:165-81. [PMID: 2068984 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5877-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Santella
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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19
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Cosma G, Miller C, Costa M. The detection of DNA-protein complexes in vitro by an immunological assay. Toxicol In Vitro 1990; 4:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(90)90004-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/1989] [Revised: 06/03/1989] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Santella RM, Yang XY, Hsieh LL, Young TL, Lu XQ, Stefanidis M, Perera FP. Immunologic methods for the detection of carcinogen adducts in humans. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1990; 53:33-44. [PMID: 2282041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0637-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Santella
- Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Reddy MV, Kenny PC, Randerath K. 32P-assay of DNA adducts in white blood cells and placentas of pregnant women: lack of residential wood combustion-related adducts but presence of tissue-specific endogenous adducts. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1990; 10:373-84. [PMID: 1981949 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Residential wood combustion (RWC), which has been increasingly used as a heating source, is of health concern because emissions from RWC contain carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). To assess health risk, the possible formation of PAH-DNA adducts in white blood cells (WBC) and placentas of nonsmoking women exposed to RWC smoke during pregnancy was measured by a nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-postlabeling assay having a sensitivity limit of one lesion per 10(9-10) DNA nucleotides. DNA samples isolated from 12 exposed specimens (8 WBC, 4 placentas) and 13 unexposed control specimens (8 WBC, 5 placentas) were hydrolyzed to mononucleotides, which were then 32P-labeled and separated by high-resolution thin-layer chromatography. Comparison of autoradiograms of exposed DNA samples with those of controls failed to show exposure-related adducts. All placental DNA maps exhibited one major (47 +/- 10%) and 12 minor extra spots, however, that were not seen on WBC-DNA maps. These derivatives corresponded to an average of 12 (+/- 6) modifications in 10(9) nucleotides. Similarly, WBC DNA showed four spots that were absent in placental DNA and were not quantified because of their low levels. Neither placental nor WBC DNA adducts coincided chromatographically with the product formed by the reaction of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide I with N2 of guanine in DNA. Although these results suggest that RWC smoke does not elicit detectable levels of aromatic DNA adducts in humans, lack of evaluation of RWC exposure levels leaves some uncertainty in this conclusion. The results, however, clearly show that placental and WBC DNA contain covalent modifications that are unrelated to RWC exposure. These DNA derivatives may be caused by ingestion and/or inhalation of, or skin contact with, low levels of environmental genotoxicants or may arise from endogenous electrophiles of as yet unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Medical Center, Houston
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22
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Abstract
Sensitive immunologic techniques are now available for the detection and quantitation of carcinogen-DNA adducts. We have developed a number of specific monoclonal antibodies which recognize DNA modified by particular carcinogens, including benzo[a]pyrene, aminopyrene, 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA light and vinyl chloride. These antibodies can be used in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to quantitate adducts in DNA isolated from biological samples. Samples from treated animals as well as from humans with occupational or environmental exposure to carcinogens have been studied. In addition, antibodies can be used in indirect immunohistochemical studies to localize adduct formation in various tissues or cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Santella
- Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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23
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Santella RM. Application of new techniques for the detection of carcinogen adducts to human population monitoring. Mutat Res 1988; 205:271-82. [PMID: 3285191 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several techniques have recently been developed for the detection and quantitation of carcinogen-DNA or -protein adducts without the requirement for radioactive carcinogens. These assays can be used to detect adducts in animals or cultured cells exposed to test compounds or in humans exposed to environmental carcinogens. Immunologic, 32P-postlabeling and fluorescence techniques, used on human samples for DNA adduct measurement, are reviewed here. Methods for the detection of carcinogen-protein adducts on human samples are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Santella
- Division of Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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24
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Abstract
During the last decade, progress in chemical carcinogenesis research has been substantial, and understanding the cellular changes and molecular causes of initiation, promotion, and malignant conversion appears to be within reach. Cancer begins as a carcinogen-induced genetic change in a single cell. The interaction of a particular carcinogen with specific genetic sites results, in part, from selectivity of metabolically activated carcinogens for particular nucleosides or gene sequences. In turn, modification of the molecular structure at specific genetic loci will have tissue-specific and species-specific consequences dependent on the expression of a particular gene, its sequence, and the function of the gene product in the target cell. It is likely that inactivation of regulatory regions, genomic rearrangements, and point mutations in coding sequences all can result in an altered cell phenotype. The rasH gene (and perhaps other members of the ras gene family) appears to be a common target for coding sequence mutations in the initiation of carcinogenesis in several organ sites and species by specific carcinogens. Whatever genetic mechanisms are involved, an initiated cell phenotype common to many epithelial cell types is observed. Initiated cells have an altered program of terminal differentiation, are resistant to cytotoxic substances or show altered requirements for specific growth factors or nutrients. These cells would have a selective growth advantage in cytostatic or cytotoxic situations or under conditions favoring terminal differentiation. Tumor promoters, some acting through specific cellular receptors, produce a tissue environment conductive to the selective clonal outgrowth of the initiated cell population resulting in a clinically evident premalignant lesion. The tissue specificity for most promoters depends on the ability of a particular agent to produce the selective conditions required for the initiated phenotype of that organ. At the molecular level, phorbol ester tumor promoters bind to and activate protein kinase C and transduce signals through this second-messenger pathway. Heterogeneity in the species of protein kinase C molecule expressed by normal and initiated epidermal cells could account for the differential response pattern observed in these cell types during skin tumor promotion. Malignant conversion of benign tumors requires further genetic changes in the tumor cell. Such changes could result from inherent instability in the genome of initiated cells, from spontaneous mutations more likely to occur in the expanding population of proliferating benign tumor cells, or by additional exposure to exogenous genotoxic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Yuspa
- Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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