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Mahbub NU, Islam MM, Hong ST, Chung HJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348279. [PMID: 38435303 PMCID: PMC10904658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause of protein aggregation, brain injury, and cognitive loss in prion illnesses is the misfolding of normal cellular prion proteins (PrPC) into an infectious form (PrPSc). Aggregation of α-synuclein causes disruptions in cellular processes in Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to loss of dopamine-producing neurons and motor symptoms. Alteration in the composition or activity of gut microbes may weaken the intestinal barrier and make it possible for prions to go from the gut to the brain. The gut-brain axis is linked to neuroinflammation; the metabolites produced by the gut microbiota affect the aggregation of α-synuclein, regulate inflammation and immunological responses, and may influence the course of the disease and neurotoxicity of proteins, even if their primary targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores the complex interactions that exist between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative illnesses, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disorders. The involvement of the gut microbiota, a complex collection of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., in various neurological illnesses is becoming increasingly recognized. The gut microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, and intestinal barrier integrity through the gut-brain axis, which contributes to the development and progression of disease. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms that underlie these relationships, emphasizing the effects of microbial metabolites such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating brain functioning. Additionally, it looks at how environmental influences and dietary decisions affect the gut microbiome and whether they could be risk factors for neurodegenerative illnesses. This study concludes by highlighting the critical role that the gut microbiota plays in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disease. It also provides a promising direction for future research and possible treatment approaches. People afflicted by these difficult ailments may find hope in new preventive and therapeutic approaches if the role of the gut microbiota in these diseases is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Uddin Mahbub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Minarul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tiwari H, Kumar A, Barik MR, Kaur H, Mahajan S, Shukla MK, Gupta M, Yadav G, Nargotra A. Repositioning the existing drugs for neuroinflammation: a fusion of computational approach and biological validation to counter the Parkinson's disease progression. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10708-5. [PMID: 37542020 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by the deficiency of striatal dopamine and the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Neuroinflammation associated with oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the death of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc and advancement of Parkinson's disease. Two molecular targets, i.e., nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-kB) and α-synuclein play a substantial role in neuroinflammation progression. Therefore, the compounds targeting these neuroinflammatory targets hold a great potential to combat Parkinson's disease. Thereby, in this study, molecular docking and Connectivity Map (CMap) based gene expression profiling was utilized to reposition the approved drugs as neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease. With in silico screening, two drugs namely theophylline and propylthiouracil were selected for anti-neuroinflammatory activity evaluation in in vivo models of chronic neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory effect of the identified compounds was confirmed by quantifying the expression of three important neuroinflammatory mediators, i.e. IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta on brain tissue using ELISA assay. The ELISA experiment demonstrated that both compounds significantly decreased the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators, highlighting the compounds' potential in neuroinflammation management. Furthermore, the drug and disease interaction network of the two identified drugs and diseases (neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease) suggested that the two drugs might interact with various targets namely adenosine receptors, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thyroid peroxidase through multiple pathways associated with neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease. Computational studies suggest that a particular drug may be effective in managing Parkinson's disease associated with neuroinflammation. However, further research is needed to confirm this in biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Tiwari
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Mutagenicity Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Barik
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Harjot Kaur
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Shubham Mahajan
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Monu Kumar Shukla
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Monika Gupta
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Govind Yadav
- Mutagenicity Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Amit Nargotra
- Discovery Informatics, NPMC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.
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Liu X, Huang R, Wan J. Puerarin: a potential natural neuroprotective agent for neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114581. [PMID: 36966665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is an isoflavone compound derived from Pueraria lobata in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulating evidence has indicated that puerarin demonstrates multiple pharmacological effects and exhibits treatment potential for various neurological disorders. Based on the latest research progress on puerarin as a neuroprotective agent, its pharmacological activity, molecular mechanism, and therapeutic application were systematically reviewed with emphasis on pre-clinical studies. The related information was extracted and compiled from major scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, using 'Puerarin', 'Neuroprotection', 'Apoptosis', 'Autophagy', 'Antioxidant', 'Mitochondria', 'Anti-inflammation' as keywords. This review complied with The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews criteria. Forty-three articles met established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Puerarin has shown neuroprotective effects against a variety of neurological disorders, including ischemic cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epilepsy, cognitive disorders, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, depression, diabetic neuropathy, and neuroblastoma/glioblastoma. Puerarin demonstrates anti-apoptosis, proinflammatory mediator inhibitory, autophagy regulatory, anti-oxidative stress, mitochondria protection, Ca2+ influx inhibitory, and anti-neurodegenerative activities. Puerarin exerts noticeable neuroprotective effects on various models of neurological disorders in vivo (animal). This review will contribute to the development of puerarin as a novel clinical drug candidate for the treatment of neurological disorders. However, well-designed, high-quality, large-scale, multicenter randomized clinical studies are needed to determine the safety and clinical utility of puerarin in patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiye Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Anti-Parkinson Effects of Holothuria leucospilota-Derived Palmitic Acid in Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030141. [PMID: 36976190 PMCID: PMC10051922 DOI: 10.3390/md21030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease which is still incurable. Sea cucumber-derived compounds have been reported to be promising candidate drugs for treating age-related neurological disorders. The present study evaluated the beneficial effects of the Holothuria leucospilota (H. leucospilota)-derived compound 3 isolated from ethyl acetate fraction (HLEA-P3) using Caenorhabditis elegans PD models. HLEA-P3 (1 to 50 µg/mL) restored the viability of dopaminergic neurons. Surprisingly, 5 and 25 µg/mL HLEA-P3 improved dopamine-dependent behaviors, reduced oxidative stress and prolonged lifespan of PD worms induced by neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Additionally, HLEA-P3 (5 to 50 µg/mL) decreased α-synuclein aggregation. Particularly, 5 and 25 µg/mL HLEA-P3 improved locomotion, reduced lipid accumulation and extended lifespan of transgenic C. elegans strain NL5901. Gene expression analysis revealed that treatment with 5 and 25 µg/mL HLEA-P3 could upregulate the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (gst-4, gst-10 and gcs-1) and autophagic mediators (bec-1 and atg-7) and downregulate the fatty acid desaturase gene (fat-5). These findings explained the molecular mechanism of HLEA-P3-mediated protection against PD-like pathologies. The chemical characterization elucidated that HLEA-P3 is palmitic acid. Taken together, these findings revealed the anti-Parkinson effects of H. leucospilota-derived palmitic acid in 6-OHDA induced- and α-synuclein-based models of PD which might be useful in nutritional therapy for treating PD.
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Anwar MM, Fathi MH. Early approaches of YKL-40 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:85-99. [PMID: 36644988 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether the estimation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain YKL-40 levels may be used as an efficient biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was injected into the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats were divided into: control group, early LPS-induced PD group (14 days), and advanced LPS-induced PD group (28 days). YKL-40 and other related factors were detected in CSF and brain tissue. Results: Increased expression of YKL-40 was observed in brain tissue and CSF of PD-induced rats associated with triggered inflammatory cytokine release. Conclusion: The current study was limited to detecting YKL-40 and other inflammatory factors in brain and CSF. YKL-40 may be considered as an early biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Fathi
- Department of Nucleic Acid & Protein structure, Center of Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Cairo, Egypt
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García-Martín E, Pastor P, Gómez-Tabales J, Alonso-Navarro H, Alvarez I, Buongiorno M, Cerezo-Arias MDLO, Aguilar M, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Association between LAG3/CD4 gene variants and risk of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13847. [PMID: 36224715 PMCID: PMC9787747 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Several recent studies suggest a possible role of lymphocyte activation 3 (LAG3) protein. LAG3 can behave as an α-synuclein ligand, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid-soluble LAG3 levels have been proposed as a marker of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there is an association between 3 common single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the LAG3 gene and its closely related CD4 molecule gene and the risk of PD in a Caucasian Spanish population. Two of them have been previously associated with the risk of PD in Chinese females. METHODS We analysed genotypes and allele frequencies for CD4 rs1922452, CD4 951818 and LAG3 rs870849 SNVs, by using specifically designed TaqMan assays, in a cohort composed of 629 PD patients and 865 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS The frequencies of the CD4 rs1922452 A/A genotype, according to the dominant and recessive genetic models, and of the CD4 rs1922452/A allelic variant were significantly lower, and the frequencies of the CD4 rs951818 A/A genotype, according to the dominant genetic model, and of the CD4 rs951818/A allele, were significantly higher in PD patients than in controls. The differences were not significant after stratifying by sex. These two SNVs showed strong linkage. Regression models showed a lack of relation between the 3 SNVs studied and the age at onset of PD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a possible role of CD4 rs1922452 and CD4 rs951818 polymorphisms in the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mariateresa Buongiorno
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Aguilar
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, ARADyAL, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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The Effect of Aggregated Alpha Synuclein on Synaptic and Axonal Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease—A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091199. [PMID: 36139038 PMCID: PMC9496556 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is a core component of Lewy bodies, one of the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease. Aggregated α-synuclein can impair both synaptic functioning and axonal transport. However, understanding the pathological role that α-synuclein plays at a cellular level is complicated as existing findings are multifaceted and dependent on the mutation, the species, and the quantity of the protein that is involved. This systematic review aims to stratify the research findings to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the role of aggregated α-synuclein on synaptic and axonal proteins in Parkinson’s disease models. A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted and a total of 39 studies were included for analysis. The review provides evidence for the dysregulation or redistribution of synaptic and axonal proteins due to α-synuclein toxicity. However, due to the high quantity of variables that were used in the research investigations, it was challenging to ascertain exactly what effect α-synuclein has on the expression of the proteins. A more standardized experimental approach regarding the variables that are employed in future studies is crucial so that existing literature can be consolidated. New research involving aggregated α-synuclein at the synapse and regarding axonal transport could be advantageous in guiding new treatment solutions.
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8
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Sahoo S, Padhy AA, Kumari V, Mishra P. Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathways in α-Synuclein Aggregate Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5379-5407. [PMID: 35699874 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synuclein aggregation in neuronal cells is the primary underlying cause of synucleinopathies. Changes in gene expression patterns, structural modifications, and altered interactions with other cellular proteins often trigger aggregation of α-synuclein, which accumulates as oligomers or fibrils in Lewy bodies. Although fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are primarily considered pathological, recent studies have revealed that even the intermediate states of aggregates are neurotoxic, complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways play a significant role in maintaining the soluble levels of α-synuclein inside cells; however, the heterogeneous nature of the aggregates presents a significant bottleneck to its degradation by these cellular pathways. With studies focused on identifying the proteins that modulate synuclein aggregation and clearance, detailed mechanistic insights are emerging about the individual and synergistic effects of these degradation pathways in regulating soluble α-synuclein levels. In this article, we discuss the impact of α-synuclein aggregation on autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways and the therapeutic strategies that target various aspects of synuclein aggregation or degradation via these pathways. Additionally, we also highlight the natural and synthetic compounds that have shown promise in alleviating the cellular damage caused due to synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Sahoo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Amrita Arpita Padhy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Parul Mishra
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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9
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Vidović M, Rikalovic MG. Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111732. [PMID: 35681426 PMCID: PMC9179656 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Following Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, sharing an unclear pathophysiology, a multifactorial profile, and massive social costs worldwide. Despite this, no disease-modifying therapy is available. PD is tightly associated with α-synuclein (α-Syn) deposits, which become organised into insoluble, amyloid fibrils. As a typical intrinsically disordered protein, α-Syn adopts a monomeric, random coil conformation in an aqueous solution, while its interaction with lipid membranes drives the transition of the molecule part into an α-helical structure. The central unstructured region of α-Syn is involved in fibril formation by converting to well-defined, β-sheet rich secondary structures. Presently, most therapeutic strategies against PD are focused on designing small molecules, peptides, and peptidomimetics that can directly target α-Syn and its aggregation pathway. Other approaches include gene silencing, cell transplantation, stimulation of intracellular clearance with autophagy promoters, and degradation pathways based on immunotherapy of amyloid fibrils. In the present review, we sum marise the current advances related to α-Syn aggregation/neurotoxicity. These findings present a valuable arsenal for the further development of efficient, nontoxic, and non-invasive therapeutic protocols for disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vidović
- Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-16-4276-3221
| | - Milena G. Rikalovic
- Environment and Sustainable Development, Singidunum Univeristy, Danijelova 32, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Bungau S. Demystifying the Neuroprotective Role of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease: A Newfangled and Eloquent Therapeutic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094565. [PMID: 35562956 PMCID: PMC9099669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) refers to one of the eminently grievous, preponderant, tortuous nerve-cell-devastating ailments that markedly impacts the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cells of the midbrain region, namely the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). Even though the exact etiopathology of the ailment is yet indefinite, the existing corroborations have suggested that aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental toxins tremendously influence the PD advancement. Additionally, pathophysiological mechanisms entailed in PD advancement encompass the clumping of α-synuclein inside the lewy bodies (LBs) and lewy neurites, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuronal-inflammation, and abnormalities in the operation of mitochondria, autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP), and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The ongoing therapeutic approaches can merely mitigate the PD-associated manifestations, but until now, no therapeutic candidate has been depicted to fully arrest the disease advancement. Neuropeptides (NPs) are little, protein-comprehending additional messenger substances that are typically produced and liberated by nerve cells within the entire nervous system. Numerous NPs, for instance, substance P (SP), ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), nesfatin-1, and somatostatin, have been displayed to exhibit consequential neuroprotection in both in vivo and in vitro PD models via suppressing apoptosis, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, neuronal toxicity, microglia stimulation, attenuating disease-associated manifestations, and stimulating chondriosomal bioenergetics. The current scrutiny is an effort to illuminate the neuroprotective action of NPs in various PD-experiencing models. The authors carried out a methodical inspection of the published work procured through reputable online portals like PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Frontier, by employing specific keywords in the subject of our article. Additionally, the manuscript concentrates on representing the pathways concerned in bringing neuroprotective action of NPs in PD. In sum, NPs exert substantial neuroprotection through regulating paramount pathways indulged in PD advancement, and consequently, might be a newfangled and eloquent perspective in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
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Miller SJ, Campbell CE, Jimenez-Corea HA, Wu GH, Logan R. Neuroglial Senescence, α-Synucleinopathy, and the Therapeutic Potential of Senolytics in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824191. [PMID: 35516803 PMCID: PMC9063319 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for PD and the complicated intricacies of the pathology are still being worked out. Much of the research on PD has focused on neurons, since the disease is characterized by neurodegeneration. However, neuroglia has become recognized as key players in the health and disease of the central nervous system. This review provides a current perspective on the interactive roles that α-synuclein and neuroglial senescence have in PD. The self-amplifying and cyclical nature of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, α-synucleinopathy, neuroglial senescence, neuroglial chronic activation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. Finally, the compelling role that senolytics could play as a therapeutic avenue for PD is explored and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Miller
- Pluripotent Diagnostics Corp. (PDx), Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Guan-Hui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Robert Logan
- Pluripotent Diagnostics Corp. (PDx), Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Eastern Nazarene College, Quincy, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Logan,
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Hsu YL, Hung HS, Tsai CW, Liu SP, Chiang YT, Kuo YH, Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Fu RH. Peiminine Reduces ARTS-Mediated Degradation of XIAP by Modulating the PINK1/Parkin Pathway to Ameliorate 6-Hydroxydopamine Toxicity and α-Synuclein Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease Models In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910240. [PMID: 34638579 PMCID: PMC8549710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disease that can cause motor, cognitive, and behavioral disorders. The treatment strategies being developed are based on the typical pathologic features of PD, including the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the accumulation of α-synuclein in neurons. Peiminine (PMN) is an extract of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq that has antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. We used Caenorhabditis elegans and SH-SY5Y cell models of PD to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of PMN and address its corresponding mechanism of action. We found that pretreatment with PMN reduced reactive oxygen species production and DA neuron degeneration caused by exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and therefore significantly improved the DA-mediated food-sensing behavior of 6-OHDA-exposed worms and prolonged their lifespan. PMN also diminished the accumulation of α-synuclein in transgenic worms and transfected cells. In our study of the mechanism of action, we found that PMN lessened ARTS-mediated degradation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) by enhancing the expression of PINK1/parkin. This led to reduced 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, enhanced activity of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and increased autophagy, which diminished the accumulation of α-synuclein. The use of small interfering RNA to down-regulate parkin reversed the benefits of PMN in the PD models. Our findings suggest PMN as a candidate compound worthy of further evaluation for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
| | - Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
| | - Yun-Hua Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 12217, Taiwan;
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Ru-Huei Fu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-P.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-C.S.)
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-422052121-7826
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Piancone F, Saresella M, La Rosa F, Marventano I, Meloni M, Navarro J, Clerici M. Inflammatory Responses to Monomeric and Aggregated α-Synuclein in Peripheral Blood of Parkinson Disease Patients. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:639646. [PMID: 33867921 PMCID: PMC8044810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.639646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether different forms of α-synuclein (α-syn) proteins can induce inflammation and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, we stimulated with monomeric or aggregated α-syn peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson disease (PD) patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). ASC-speck formation, i.e., the intracellular generation of functionally active inflammasome complexes, as well as the production of inflammasome-related [caspase-1, interleukin 1β (IL-18), and IL-1β], and pro–IL-6, or anti–IL-10 inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Gastrointestinal permeability, suggested to be altered in PD, was also investigated by measuring plasma concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and I-FABP (fatty acid–binding protein). ASC-speck expression, as well as IL-18 and caspase-1 production and LPS and I-FABP plasma concentration, was comparable in PD and HC, indicating that α-syn does not stimulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and that PD does not associate with alterations of intestinal permeability. Interestingly, though, IL-1β and IL-6 production was increased, whereas that of IL-10 was reduced in α-syn–stimulated cells of PD compared to HC, suggesting that PD-associated neuroinflammation is not the consequence of the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome but rather of an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Piancone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Meloni
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione don C Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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Thach A, Jones E, Pappert E, Pike J, Wright J, Gillespie A. Real-world assessment of "OFF" episode-related healthcare resource utilization among patients with Parkinson's disease in the United States. J Med Econ 2021; 24:540-549. [PMID: 33819121 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2021.1913009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Within 5 years of initiating carbidopa/levodopa, ∼50% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience "OFF" episodes; little is known about the cost burden. We investigated the association of "OFF" episodes with patient characteristics, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and healthcare costs. METHODS Analyses used neurologist-provided data from the US-specific 2017 and 2019 Adelphi Real World Disease Specific Programme for PD, including duration of "OFF" episodes and HCRU for 10-12 consecutive patients. Patients were grouped by presence/absence of "OFF" episodes and by average hours of daily "OFF" time. Between-group differences were assessed for demographics, personal circumstances, and clinical characteristics. Regression analyses modeled the relationship of "OFF" episodes with HCRU and costs. RESULTS Of 1,309 patients, 41% experienced "OFF" episodes, 25% of whom were "OFF" ≥4 h/day. Patients having "OFF" episodes had more severe PD, were diagnosed for longer, and were younger than those without "OFF" (p < .0001). "OFF" episodes were associated with a greater number of prescribed PD drugs (p < .0001). Patients without "OFF" episodes were more likely to have full-time employment and less likely to be retired or unemployed because of PD (p < .001). Patients with and without "OFF" episodes had different living situations (p < .001): patients experiencing "OFF" were less likely to live alone and more likely to live in a nursing home and have a professional caregiver (p < .001). In the past 12 months, the number of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions, and emergency room visits; nights hospitalized; costs of consultations and hospitalizations; and total direct costs were all higher for patients experiencing "OFF" episodes (p < .05). CONCLUSION Patients with PD and "OFF" episodes had higher HCRU and costs than those without "OFF," suggesting that "OFF" episodes contribute to the economic burden of PD. Further research is warranted to examine the extent that current PD treatments and treatment patterns impact HCRU and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thach
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | - Eric Pappert
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
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