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Su Y, Yi J, Zhang Y, Leng D, Huang X, Shi X, Zhang Y. EML4-ALK fusion protein in Lung cancer cells enhances venous thrombogenicity through the pERK1/2-AP-1-tissue factor axis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:67-81. [PMID: 37940761 PMCID: PMC10830642 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence links the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement to venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. METHOD High-throughput sequencing analysis of H3122 human ALK-positive NSCLC cells treated with ALK inhibitor/ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was performed to identify coagulation-associated differential genes between EML4-ALK fusion protein inhibited cells and control cells. Sequentially, we confirmed its expression in NSCLC patients' tissues and in the plasma of a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. An inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation model was used to assess clot formation potential. Additionally, pathways involved in tissue factor (TF) regulation were explored in ALK-positive cell lines H3122 and H2228. Statistical significance was determined by Student t-test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS. RESULTS Sequencing analysis identified a significant downregulation of TF after inhibiting EML4-ALK fusion protein activity in H3122 cells. In clinical NSCLC cases, TF expression was increased especially in ALK-positive NSCLC tissues. Meanwhile, H3122 and H2228 with high TF expression exhibited shorter plasma clotting time and higher TF activity versus ALK-negative H1299 and A549 in cell culture supernatant. Mice bearing H2228 tumor showed a higher concentration of tumor-derived TF and TF activity in plasma and the highest adjusted IVC clot weights. Limiting EML4-ALK protein phosphorylation downregulated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)-activating the protein-1(AP-1) signaling pathway and thus attenuated TF expression. CONCLUSION EML4-ALK fusion protein may enhance venous thrombogenicity by regulating coagulation factor TF expression. There was potential involvement of the pERK1/2-AP-1 pathway in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jiawen Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Dong Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Basic Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Functional Characteristics and Regulated Expression of Alternatively Spliced Tissue Factor: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184652. [PMID: 34572880 PMCID: PMC8471299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and mouse, alternative splicing of tissue factor's primary transcript yields two mRNA species: one features all six TF exons and encodes full-length tissue factor (flTF), and the other lacks exon 5 and encodes alternatively spliced tissue factor (asTF). flTF, which is oftentimes referred to as "TF", is an integral membrane glycoprotein due to the presence of an alpha-helical domain in its C-terminus, while asTF is soluble due to the frameshift resulting from the joining of exon 4 directly to exon 6. In this review, we focus on asTF-the more recently discovered isoform of TF that appears to significantly contribute to the pathobiology of several solid malignancies. There is currently a consensus in the field that asTF, while dispensable to normal hemostasis, can activate a subset of integrins on benign and malignant cells and promote outside-in signaling eliciting angiogenesis; cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; and monocyte recruitment. We provide a general overview of the pioneering, as well as more recent, asTF research; discuss the current concepts of how asTF contributes to cancer progression; and open a conversation about the emerging utility of asTF as a biomarker and a therapeutic target.
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Isolated tumour microparticles induce endothelial microparticle release in vitro. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 31:35-42. [PMID: 31789658 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: Cancer induces a hypercoagulable state, resulting in an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. One of the mechanisms driving this is tissue factor (TF) production by the tumour, released in small lipid bound microparticles. We have previously demonstrated that tumour cell line media-induced procoagulant changes in HUVEC. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tumour microparticles and recombinant human TF (rhTF) on the endothelium. Procoagulant microparticles from the PANC-1 cell line were harvested by ultrafiltration. HUVEC were then incubated with these procoagulant microparticles or rhTF. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the effect of endothelial cell surface protein expression and microparticle release. Microparticles but not soluble TF was responsible for the procoagulant activity of cell-free tumour media. We also demonstrated an increase in endothelial microparticle release with exposure to tumour microparticles, with a positive linear relationship observed (R = 0.6630 P ≤ 0.0001). rhTF did not induce any of the changes observed with microparticles. Here we demonstrate that procoagulant activity of tumour cell line media is dependent on microparticles, and that exposure of endothelial cells to these microparticles results in an increase in microparticle release from HUVEC. This suggests a mechanism of transfer of procoagulant potential from the cancer to the remote endothelium.
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Østerud B, Bouchard BA. Detection of tissue factor in platelets: why is it so troublesome? Platelets 2019; 30:957-961. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1624708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Østerud
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Deparment of Medical Biology, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Beth A. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Pan L, Yu Y, Yu M, Yao S, Mu Q, Luo G, Xu N. Expression of flTF and asTF splice variants in various cell strains and tissues. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2077-2086. [PMID: 30664196 PMCID: PMC6390075 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) expressed at the protein level includes two isoforms: The membrane-bound full-length TF (flTF) and the soluble alternatively spliced TF (asTF). flTF is the major thrombogenic form of TF, whereas asTF is more closely associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and cell growth. In order to further investigate the different expression and functions of TF splice variants, the expression of these two splice variants were detected in numerous cell strains and tissues in the present study. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the transcript levels of the TF variants in 11 human cell lines, including cervical cancer, breast cancer, hepatoblastoma, colorectal cancer and umbilical vein cells, and five types of tissue specimen, including placenta, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer (alongside normal cervical tissues) and non-small cell lung cancer (alongside adjacent and normal tissues). Furthermore, the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and apolipoprotein M (apoM) on the two variants were investigated. The results demonstrated that flTF was the major form of TF, and the mRNA expression levels of flTF were higher than those of asTF in all specimens tested. CDCA significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of the two variants. Furthermore, overexpression of apoM promoted the expression levels of asTF in Caco-2 cells. The mRNA expression levels of asTF in cervical cancer tissues were significantly higher than in the corresponding normal tissues. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to compare the expression of flTF and asTF in various samples. The results demonstrated that CDCA and apoM may modulate TF isoforms in different cell lines, and suggested that asTF may serve a role in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying cervical cancer development. In conclusion, the TF isoforms serve important and distinct roles in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Pan
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Miaomei Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Qinfeng Mu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Changzhou Key Lab of Individualized Diagnosis and Treatment Associated with High Technology Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, S‑221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:709-725. [PMID: 29437578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for factor (F)VII/VIIa. The TF-FVIIa complex is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays an essential role in hemostasis. TF is expressed on perivascular cells and epithelial cells at organ and body surfaces where it forms a hemostatic barrier. TF also provides additional hemostatic protection to vital organs, such as the brain, lung, and heart. Under pathological conditions, TF can trigger both arterial and venous thrombosis. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques contain high levels of TF on macrophage foam cells and microvesicles that drives thrombus formation after plaque rupture. In sepsis, inducible TF expression on monocytes leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In cancer patients, tumors release TF-positive microvesicles into the circulation that may contribute to venous thrombosis. TF also has nonhemostatic roles. For instance, TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade generates coagulation proteases, such as FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin, which induce signaling in a variety of cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors. This review will focus on the roles of TF in protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Rousseau A, Larsen AK, Van Dreden P, Sabbah M, Elalamy I, Gerotziafas GT. Differential contribution of tissue factor and Factor XII to thrombin generation triggered by breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1747-1756. [PMID: 29075790 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells trigger thrombin generation (TG) to various extent. In the present study, we dissected the mechanisms responsible for the procoagulant activity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (BXPC3), a highly thrombogenic cancer type, and breast cancer cells (MCF7), a less thombogenic tumor type. TG of normal plasma was assessed by the Thrombinoscope (CAT®) in the presence or absence of cancer cells. TG was also assessed in plasma depleted of clotting factors, in plasma spiked with tissue factor (TF) and/or procoagulant phospholipids, in plasma spiked with an anti-TF monoclonal antibody or with corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI). The presence of alternatively spliced TF (asTF), TF activity (TFa) and cancer procoagulant (CP) levels were determined. TFa and asTF were highly expressed by BXPC3 cells, compared to MCF7 cells, while CP levels were higher in MCF7 cells. BXPC3 cells had a stronger effect on TG than MCF7 cells. Accordingly, anti-TF had more inhibitory activity on TG triggered by BXPC3 cells while CTI had more pronounced inhibitory effect on TG triggered by MCF7 cells. TG enhancement by both BXPC3 and MCF7 cells was mediated by FVII and intrinsic tenase while FXII and FXI were also important for MCF7 cells. The induction of TG by BXPC3 cells was mainly driven by the TF pathway while TG generation triggered by MCF7 cells was also driven by FXII activation. Therefore, hypercoagulability results from a combination of the inherent procoagulant properties of cancer cell-associated TF as well as of procoagulant phospholipids in the plasma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rousseau
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - Annette K Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | | | - Michele Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - Ismail Elalamy
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
| | - Grigoris T Gerotziafas
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
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9
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Ünlü B, Bogdanov VY, Versteeg HH. Interplay between alternatively spliced Tissue Factor and full length Tissue Factor in modulating coagulant activity of endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2017; 156:1-7. [PMID: 28570958 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full length Tissue factor (flTF) is a key player in hemostasis and also likely contributes to venous thromboembolism (VTE), the third most common cardiovascular disease. flTF and its minimally coagulant isoform, alternatively spliced TF (asTF), have been detected in thrombi, suggesting participation of both isoforms in thrombogenesis, but data on participation of asTF in hemostasis is lacking. Therefore, we assessed the role of asTF in flTF cofactor activity modulation, using a co-expression system. OBJECTIVE To investigate the interplay between flTF and asTF in hemostasis on endothelial cell surface. METHODS Immortalized endothelial (ECRF) cells were adenovirally transduced to express asTF and flTF, after which flTF cofactor activity was measured on cells and microvesicles (MVs). To study co-localization of flTF/asTF proteins, confocal microscopy was performed. Finally, intracellular distribution of flTF was studied in the presence or absence of heightened asTF levels. RESULTS Levels of flTF antigen and cofactor activity were not affected by asTF co-expression. asTF and flTF were found to localize in distinct subcellular compartments. Only upon heightened overexpression of asTF, lower flTF protein levels and cofactor activity were observed. Heightened asTF levels also induced a shift of flTF from non-raft to lipid raft plasma membrane fractions, and triggered the expression of ER stress marker BiP. Proteasome inhibition resulted in increased asTF - but not flTF - protein expression. CONCLUSION At moderate levels, asTF appears to have negligible impact on flTF cofactor activity on endothelial cells and MVs; however, at supra-physiological levels, asTF is able to reduce the levels of flTF protein and cofactor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ünlü
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V Y Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - H H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Wu M, Chen L, Xu T, Xu B, Jiang J, Wu C. Prognostic values of tissue factor and its alternatively splice transcripts in human gastric cancer tissues. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53137-53145. [PMID: 28881799 PMCID: PMC5581098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the higher expression of TF in human esophageal cancer tissues was significantly associated with tumor invasion, intratumoral microvessel density and patients' postoperative prognoses. Besides its trans-membranous form, TF also has alternatively spliced transcripts. In the present study, the transcripts of the two TF isoforms, flTF and asTF, in human gastric cancer tissues were determined by real-time PCR, and the correlation between the expression of TF isoforms and patient's clinicopathological features was also analyzed. Our results showed that the relative mRNA expression levels of flTF and asTF in human gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than those in normal tissues (P=0.035 and P=0.006, respectively). The relative mRNA expression level of asTF was significantly associated with age (P=0.018), meanwhile, we could not find that flTF or asTF expression level was correlated with any other characteristics of the patients, including gender, TNM stage, pathological grade, tumor size, histological type, or chemotherapy sensitivity. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the overall survival rate of gastric cancer patients with lower flTF or asTF expression level was greater than those with higher expression level (P=0.018 and =0.038, respectively). Multivariate COX model analysis also demonstrated that flTF expression (P=0.048) or asTF expression (P=0.002) could be used as independent prognostic predictors in human gastric cancer. Thus, both flTF and asTF mRNA expression levels in cancer tissues could be used as useful risk factors for evaluating the prognoses of patients suffering from gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
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11
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Hypercoagulation and complement: Connected players in tumor development and metastases. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:578-586. [PMID: 27876232 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercoagulation is a common feature of several tumors to the extent that individuals with coagulation defects often present with occult visceral cancers. Recent evidence has shown that hypercoagulation is not just a mere secondary effect due to the presence of the tumor, rather it actively contributes to tumor development and dissemination. Among the numerous mechanisms that can contribute to cancer-associated hypercoagulation, the ones involving immune-mediated processes are gaining increasing attention. In particular, complement cascade and hypercoagulation are one inducing the other in a vicious circle that involves neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. Together, in this feedback loop, they can promote the protumorigenic phenotype of immune cells and the protection of tumor cells from immune attack, ultimately favouring tumor development, progression and metastases formation. In this review, we summarize the role of these processes in cancer development and highlight new possible intervention strategies based on anticoagulants that can arrest this vicious circle.
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12
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Kocatürk B, Tieken C, Vreeken D, Ünlü B, Engels CC, de Kruijf EM, Kuppen PJ, Reitsma PH, Bogdanov VY, Versteeg HH. Alternatively spliced tissue factor synergizes with the estrogen receptor pathway in promoting breast cancer progression. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1683-93. [PMID: 26179105 PMCID: PMC4560996 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procoagulant full-length tissue factor (flTF) and its minimally coagulant alternatively spliced isoform (asTF), promote breast cancer (BrCa) progression via different mechanisms. We previously showed that flTF and asTF are expressed by BrCa cells, resulting in autoregulation in a cancer milieu. BrCa cells often express hormone receptors such as the estrogen receptor (ER), leading to the formation of hormone-regulated cell populations. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether TF isoform-specific and ER-dependent pathways interact in BrCa. METHODS Tissue factor isoform-regulated gene sets were assessed using ingenuity pathway analysis. Tissues from a cohort of BrCa patients were divided into ER-positive and ER-negative groups. Associations between TF isoform levels and tumor characteristics were analyzed in these groups. BrCa cells expressing TF isoforms were assessed for proliferation, migration and in vivo growth in the presence or absence of estradiol. RESULTS Ingenuity pathway analysis pointed to similarities between ER- and TF-induced gene expression profiles. In BrCa tissue specimens, asTF expression was associated with grade and stage in ER-positive but not in ER-negative tumors. flTF was only associated with grade in ER-positive tumors. In MCF-7 cells, asTF accelerated proliferation in the presence of estradiol in a β1 integrin-dependent manner. No synergy between asTF and the ER pathway was observed in a migration assay. Estradiol accelerated the growth of asTF-expressing tumors but not control tumors in vivo in an orthotopic setting. CONCLUSION Tissue factor isoform and estrogen signaling share downstream targets in BrCa; the concomitant presence of asTF and estrogen signaling is required to promote BrCa cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kocatürk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Tieken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - D Vreeken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B Ünlü
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C C Engels
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E M de Kruijf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P J Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P H Reitsma
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - V Y Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Han X, Guo B, Li Y, Zhu B. Tissue factor in tumor microenvironment: a systematic review. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:54. [PMID: 25084809 PMCID: PMC4237870 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant hemostasis is a common manifestation of cancer, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the second leading cause of cancer patients’ mortality. Tissue factor (TF), comprising of a 47-kDa transmembrane protein that presents in subendothelial tissues and leukocytes and a soluble isoform, have distinct roles in the initiation of extrinsic coagulation cascade and thrombosis. Laboratory and clinical evidence showed the deviant expression of TF in several cancer systems and its tumor-promoting effects. TF contributes to myeloid cell recruitment in tumor stroma, thereby remodeling of tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the number of TF-positive-microparticles (TF+MP) from tumor origins correlates with the VTE rates in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the TF regulation and roles in tumor progression and clinical complications.
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Sluka SHM, Akhmedov A, Vogel J, Unruh D, Bogdanov VY, Camici GG, Lüscher TF, Ruf W, Tanner FC. Alternatively spliced tissue factor is not sufficient for embryonic development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97793. [PMID: 24879059 PMCID: PMC4039448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) triggers blood coagulation and is translated from two mRNA splice isoforms, encoding membrane-anchored full-length TF (flTF) and soluble alternatively-spliced TF (asTF). The complete knockout of TF in mice causes embryonic lethality associated with failure of the yolk sac vasculature. Although asTF plays roles in postnatal angiogenesis, it is unknown whether it activates coagulation sufficiently or makes previously unrecognized contributions to sustaining integrity of embryonic yolk sac vessels. Using gene knock-in into the mouse TF locus, homozygous asTF knock-in (asTFKI) mice, which express murine asTF in the absence of flTF, exhibited embryonic lethality between day 9.5 and 10.5. Day 9.5 homozygous asTFKI embryos expressed asTF protein, but no procoagulant activity was detectable in a plasma clotting assay. Although the α-smooth-muscle-actin positive mesodermal layer as well as blood islands developed similarly in day 8.5 wild-type or homozygous asTFKI embryos, erythrocytes were progressively lost from disintegrating yolk sac vessels of asTFKI embryos by day 10.5. These data show that in the absence of flTF, asTF expressed during embryonic development has no measurable procoagulant activity, does not support embryonic vessel stability by non-coagulant mechanisms, and fails to maintain a functional vasculature and embryonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna H. M. Sluka
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dusten Unruh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Y. Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giovanni G. Camici
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Felix C. Tanner
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ünlü B, Versteeg HH. Effects of tumor-expressed coagulation factors on cancer progression and venous thrombosis: is there a key factor? Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 2:S76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Cimmino G, Conte S, Morello A, D’Elia S, Marchese V, Golino P. The complex puzzle underlying the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes: from molecular basis to clinical manifestations. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 10:1533-43. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane cofactor that binds and promotes the catalytic activity of factor (F) VIIa. The TF/VIIa complex activates FX by limited proteolysis to initiate blood coagulation and helps provide the thrombin burst that is important for a stable thrombus. TF is present both in the extravascular compartment, where it functions as a hemostatic envelope, and the intravascular compartment, where it contributes to thrombus formation, particularly when endothelial disruption is minimal. The regulation of its cofactor function appears to differ in the two compartments. Intravascular TF derives predominately from leucocytes, with either monocytes or neutrophils implicated in different models of thrombosis. This TF exists mostly in a non-coagulant or cryptic form and acute events lead to local decryption of TF and FX activation. A variety of experimental observations imply that decryption of leucocyte surface TF involves both a dithiol/disulfide switch and exposure of phosphatidylserine. The dithiol/disulfide switch appears to involve the Cys186-Cys209 disulfide bond in the membrane-proximal domain of TF, although this has not been demonstrated in vivo. Activation of a purinergic receptor or complement has recently been observed to decrypt TF on myeloid cells and a dithiol/disulfide switch and the oxidoreductase, protein disulfide isomerase, have been implicated in both systems. The molecular mechanism of action of protein disulfide isomerase in TF encryption/decryption, though, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Chen
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kocatürk B, Versteeg HH. Tissue factor-integrin interactions in cancer and thrombosis: every Jack has his Jill. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:285-93. [PMID: 23809132 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a 47 kDa membrane protein that initiates coagulation by binding to FVII(a) and FX(a) and is a risk factor for thrombosis in many disease states. In addition to its coagulant activity, TF also influences cancer progression by triggering signaling effects via a group of G-protein coupled receptors named protease-activated receptors (PARs). TF localizes to cytoskeletal structures in migrating cells, influences cytoskeleton reorganization and promotes migration. Recently, integrins, important mediators of cell motility, have emerged as important binding partners for TF and influence both TF coagulant and PAR-2-dependent signaling functions. Direct binding of TF to integrins also impacts processes such as cell migration and signaling independent of PAR-2. A recently discovered alternatively spliced, soluble TF isoform also ligates integrins to augment angiogenesis, thus fuelling cancer progression. To date, the literature describes a complex interplay between different integrin subunits and distinct TF isoforms, but our understanding of TF-integrin bidirectional regulation remains clouded. In this review, we aim to summarize the existing knowledge on integrin-TF interaction and speculate on its relevance to physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kocatürk
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Hemostasis encompasses the tightly regulated processes of blood clotting, platelet activation, and vascular repair. After wounding, the hemostatic system engages a plethora of vascular and extravascular receptors that act in concert with blood components to seal off the damage inflicted to the vasculature and the surrounding tissue. The first important component that contributes to hemostasis is the coagulation system, while the second important component starts with platelet activation, which not only contributes to the hemostatic plug, but also accelerates the coagulation system. Eventually, coagulation and platelet activation are switched off by blood-borne inhibitors and proteolytic feedback loops. This review summarizes new concepts of activation of proteases that regulate coagulation and anticoagulation, to give rise to transient thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation. It further speculates on the (patho)physiological roles of intra- and extravascular receptors that operate in response to these proteases. Furthermore, this review provides a new framework for understanding how signaling and adhesive interactions between endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets can regulate thrombus formation and modulate the coagulation process. Now that the key molecular players of coagulation and platelet activation have become clear, and their complex interactions with the vessel wall have been mapped out, we can also better speculate on the causes of thrombosis-related angiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri H. Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Levi
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Reitsma
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Butenas S. Tissue factor structure and function. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:964862. [PMID: 24278763 PMCID: PMC3820524 DOI: 10.6064/2012/964862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein that is essential to life. It is a component of the factor VIIa-TF complex enzyme and plays a primary role in both normal hemostasis and thrombosis. With a vascular injury, TF becomes exposed to blood and binds plasma factor VIIa, and the resulting complex initiates a series of enzymatic reactions leading to clot formation and vascular sealing. Many cells, both healthy, and tumor cells, produce detectable amounts of TF, especially when they are stimulated by various agents. Despite the relative simplicity and small size of TF, there are numerous contradictory reports about the synthesis and presentation of TF on blood cells and circulation in normal blood either on microparticles or as a soluble protein. Another subject of controversy is related to the structure/function of TF. It has been almost commonly accepted that cell-surface-associated TF has low (if any) activity, that is, is "encrypted" and requires specific conditions/reagents to become active, that is, "decrypted." However there is a lack of agreement related to the mechanism and processes leading to alterations in TF function. In this paper TF structure, presentation, and function, and controversies concerning these features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Butenas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 208 South Park Drive, Room 235A, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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22
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Date K, Hall J, Greenman J, Maraveyas A, Madden LA. Tumour and microparticle tissue factor expression and cancer thrombosis. Thromb Res 2012; 131:109-15. [PMID: 23237339 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is frequently complicated by venous thromboembolic events (VTE), which pose a significant health burden due to the associated high morbidity and mortality rates, yet the exact details of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their development are yet to be fully elucidated. Tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of coagulation, is often overexpressed in malignancy and as such is a prime candidate in predicting the hypercoagulable state. Further exploration of this potential role has identified increases in the number of TF-expressing microparticles (MP) in the circulation of cancer patients, in particular in those known to have high incidences of thromboembolic complications. The risk of VTE in cancer is found to be further elevated by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may, in eliciting cancer cell apoptosis, result in an increase in release of circulating procoagulant MP. We discuss a potential role of elevated tumour TF expression and increased circulating TF-positive MP in predicting VTE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Date
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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24
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Cimmino G, Golino P, Badimon JJ. Pathophysiological role of blood-borne tissue factor: should the old paradigm be revisited? Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6:29-34. [PMID: 20607451 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The term "vulnerable plaque" identifies atherosclerotic lesions prone to rupture. Plaque disruption facilitates the interaction of the inner components of the lesion, tissue factor (TF) among them, with the flowing blood. This results in activation of the coagulation cascade, ultimately leading to thrombus formation, and abrupt vascular occlusion. Despite the central role of vulnerable plaques in the onset of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), there are certain conditions (e.g., eroded plaques) where a hyperactive, "vulnerable" blood, may play a predominant pathophysiological role. Recently, two distinct pools of circulating TF have been identified. One, associated with cell-derived microparticles probably originating from apoptotic cells, such as macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelium. The most recent, blood-borne TF, circulates in an "inactive" form (encryption) and has to be activated (decryption) to exert its thrombogenic activity. Certain pathological conditions associated with an increased rate of thrombotic complications have been associated with high levels of circulating TF. It is thought that the blood-borne TF perpetuates the initial thrombogenic stimulus, leading to the formation of larger or more stable thrombus, and thus, more severe ACS. Thus, the concept of vulnerable blood could represent a new link between the vulnerable lesion and the high-risk patient. Therefore, the assessment of selected biomarkers associated with "vulnerable or hyperreactive blood", e.g., blood-borne tissue factor, may represent a useful tool to identify patients with a high-risk profile of developing major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Atherothrombosis Research Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Mitroulis I, Kambas K, Anyfanti P, Doumas M, Ritis K. The multivalent activity of the tissue factor–thrombin pathway in thrombotic and non-thrombotic disorders as a target for therapeutic intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 15:75-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.532788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Kim J, Min JK, Park JA, Doh HJ, Choi YS, Rho J, Kim YM, Kwon YG. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand Is a Novel Inducer of Tissue Factor in Macrophages. Circ Res 2010; 107:871-6. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.221168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Jeong Ae Park
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Doh
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Choi
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- From the College of Life Science and Biotechnology (J.K., J.A.P., Y.-S.C., Y.-G.K.), Yonsei University, Seoul; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (J.-K.M.) and College of Natural Sciences (J.R.), Chungnam National University, Daejeon; Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (H.-J.D.), Yonsei University Health System, Seoul; and Department of Dermatology (Y.-M.K.), Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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27
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Regulation and Differential Role of the Tissue Factor Isoforms in Cardiovascular Biology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2010; 20:199-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Rollin J, Regina S, Gruel Y. Tumor expression of alternatively spliced tissue factor is a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:607-10. [PMID: 19995406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Holy EW, Tanner FC. Tissue factor in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 59:259-92. [PMID: 20933205 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)59009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the major trigger of the coagulation cascade and thereby crucially involved in the maintenance of vascular hemostasis. By binding factor VIIa, the resulting TF:VIIa complex activates the coagulation factors IX and X ultimately leading to fibrin and clot formation. In the vessel wall, TF expression and activity is detectable in vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and, at a much lower level, in endothelial cells and can be induced by various stimuli including cytokines. In addition, TF is found in the bloodstream in circulating cells such as monocytes, in TF containing microparticles, and as a soluble splicing isoform. Besides its well-known extracellular role as a trigger of coagulation, TF also functions as a transmembrane receptor, and TF-dependent intracellular signaling events regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular responses such as proliferation and migration. TF indeed appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of neointima formation and tumor growth, and increased levels of TF have been detected in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or coronary artery disease as well as in those with cancer. Therefore, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TF may be an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Different strategies for inhibition of TF have been developed such as inhibition of TF synthesis and blockade of TF action. Clinical applications of such strategies need to be tested in appropriate trials, in particular for evaluating the advantages of targeted versus systemic delivery of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Holy
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Tissue Factor Pathway. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
The coagulation cascade represents a system of proteases responsible to maintain vascular integrity and to induce rapid clot formation after vessel injury. Tissue factor (TF), the key initiator of the coagulation cascade, binds to factor VIIa and thereby activates factor IX and factor X, resulting in thrombus formation. Different stimuli enhance TF gene expression in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition to these vascular cells, TF has recently been detected in the bloodstream in circulating cells such as leukocytes and platelets, as a component of microparticles, and as a soluble, alternatively spliced form of TF. Various cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increase levels of TF. In line with this observation, enhanced vascular TF expression occurs during atherogenesis, particularly in patients with acute coronary syndromes. (Circ J 2010; 74: 3 - 12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Breitenstein
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA.
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35
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Alternatively spliced tissue factor induces angiogenesis through integrin ligation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19497-502. [PMID: 19875693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905325106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiator of coagulation, full-length tissue factor (flTF), in complex with factor VIIa, influences angiogenesis through PAR-2. Recently, an alternatively spliced variant of TF (asTF) was discovered, in which part of the TF extracellular domain, the transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains are replaced by a unique C terminus. Subcutaneous tumors produced by asTF-secreting cells revealed increased angiogenesis, but it remained unclear if and how angiogenesis is regulated by asTF. Here, we show that asTF enhances angiogenesis in matrigel plugs in mice, whereas a soluble form of flTF only modestly enhances angiogenesis. asTF dose-dependently upregulates angiogenesis ex vivo independent of either PAR-2 or VIIa. Rather, asTF was found to ligate integrins, resulting in downstream signaling. asTF-alphaVbeta3 integrin interaction induces endothelial cell migration, whereas asTF-dependent formation of capillaries in vitro is dependent on alpha6beta1 integrin. Finally, asTF-dependent aortic sprouting is sensitive to beta1 and beta3 integrin blockade and a TF-antibody that disrupts asTF-integrin interaction. We conclude that asTF, unlike flTF, does not affect angiogenesis via PAR-dependent pathways but relies on integrin ligation. These findings indicate that asTF may serve as a target to prevent pathological angiogenesis.
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Abstract
TF (tissue factor) is the main trigger of the coagulation cascade; by binding Factor VIIa it activates Factor IX and Factor X, thereby resulting in fibrin formation. Various stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors and biogenic amines, induce TF expression and activity in vascular cells. Downstream targets of these mediators include diverse signalling molecules such as MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and PKC (protein kinase C). In addition, TF can be detected in the bloodstream, known as circulating or blood-borne TF. Many cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and smoking, are associated with increased expression of TF. Furthermore, in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, elevated levels of circulating TF are found. Apart from its role in thrombosis, TF has pro-atherogenic properties, as it is involved in neointima formation by inducing vascular smooth muscle cell migration. As inhibition of TF action appears to be an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, therapeutic strategies are under investigation to specifically interfere with the action of TF or, alternatively, promote the effects of TFPI (TF pathway inhibitor).
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Böing AN, Hau CM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Human alternatively spliced tissue factor is not secreted and does not trigger coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1423-6. [PMID: 19552681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Butenas S, Orfeo T, Mann KG. Tissue factor in coagulation: Which? Where? When? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1989-96. [PMID: 19592470 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.177402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein, normally separated from the blood by the vascular endothelium, which plays a key role in the initiation of blood coagulation. With a perforating vascular injury, TF becomes exposed to blood and binds plasma factor VIIa. The resulting complex initiates a series of enzymatic reactions leading to clot formation and vascular sealing. In some pathological states, circulating blood cells express TF as a result of exposure to an inflammatory stimulus leading to intravascular clotting, vessel occlusion, and thrombotic pathology. Numerous controversies have arisen related to the influence of structural features of TF, its presentation, and its function. There are contradictory reports about the synthesis and presentation of TF on blood cells and the presence (or absence) of functionally active TF circulating in normal blood either on microparticles or as a soluble protein. In this review we discuss TF structure-function relationships and the role of TF during various phases of the blood coagulation process. We also highlight controversies concerning the expression/presence of TF on various cells and in blood in normal and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Butenas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 208 South Park Drive, Suite 2, Room 235A, Colchester, VT 05446, USA.
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Hartmann M, Ozlügedik S, Peters J. Thiopental inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:109-13. [PMID: 19439685 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a27cfb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During Gram-negative sepsis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates toll-like receptor 4, resulting in an activation of the immune system and the expression of tissue factor on monocytes. As a consequence, intravascular coagulation, ischemia, and multiorgan dysfunction may occur. Because thiopental has been described to modulate the immune system, we tested the hypothesis that thiopental alters the LPS-induced tissue factor expression. METHODS (i) Citrated whole blood samples were incubated with thiopental (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/mL) and LPS (100 microg/mL) for 4 h. After recalcification, clotting time (CT) was determined by rotational thrombelastometry. (ii) The mechanism of the LPS-induced shortening of CT was investigated using the tissue factor blocker active-site inhibited factor VIIa and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. (iii) A concentration response curve for the effect of tissue factor on CT was generated. RESULTS LPS shortened CT from 618 +/- 122 s to 192 +/- 33 s (n = 6; P < 0.05). Shortening of CT was mediated by synthesis of tissue factor, because both inhibition of protein synthesis and blockade of tissue factor effects abolished this effect of LPS. Thiopental markedly inhibited the LPS-induced shortening of CT (372 +/- 86 s; n = 6; P < 0.001). Comparison of CT with a tissue factor standard curve demonstrated that thiopental reduced the LPS-induced tissue factor activity up to 86%. A direct effect of thiopental on coagulation was excluded, because tissue factor-induced CT was not affected by the barbiturate. CONCLUSIONS Thiopental markedly inhibits the LPS-induced tissue factor expression in whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartmann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougald M Monroe
- 932 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, CB#7035, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7035, USA.
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Davila M, Amirkhosravi A, Coll E, Desai H, Robles L, Colon J, Baker CH, Francis JL. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles derived from tumor cells: impact on coagulation activation. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1517-24. [PMID: 18433463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles (MP) from different origins are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated thrombosis. However, the role of circulating tumor cell-derived TF is not well understood. METHODS TF antigen and activity were measured in MP generated in vitro from human TF-expressing cancer cells by ELISA and clotting or thrombin generation assays, respectively. TF antigen and activity were also measured in vivo in cell-free plasmas from mice previously injected with in vitro-generated MP or in cell-free plasmas from nude mice bearing orthotopically injected human cancer cells. RESULTS Tumor cell-derived MP (TMP) exhibited strong TF-dependent procoagulant activity (PCA) in vitro and in vivo. Injection of TMP into mice was associated with acute thrombocytopenia and signs of shock, which were prevented by prior heparinization. Human TF antigen and activity could be detected in mouse cell-free plasmas up to 30 min after TMP injections. Human TF was detected in the spleen of injected mice and its clearance from circulation was delayed in splenectomized mice, suggesting the involvement of the spleen in the rapid clearance of circulating MP in vivo. Detectable levels of TF-dependent PCA and thrombin-antithrombin complex were found in cell-free plasmas from mice growing pancreatic human tumors, suggesting that circulating tumor-derived TF causes coagulation activation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS MP derived from certain cancer cells exhibit TF-dependent PCA both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide new information about the specific contribution of tumor-derived MP to the hypercoagulable state observed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davila
- Institute of Translational Research, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Bluff JE, Brown NJ, Reed MWR, Staton CA. Tissue factor, angiogenesis and tumour progression. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:204. [PMID: 18373885 PMCID: PMC2397518 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor, the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, maintains vascular integrity in response to injury. It is now recognised that, in addition to the role as a procoagulant activator, tissue factor participates in many tumour-related processes that contribute to malignant disease progression. The present review details the recent evidence supporting a role for tissue factor in tumour haemostasis, angiogenesis, metastasis and malignant cell survival. Furthermore, future research directions are discussed that may enhance our understanding of the role and regulation of this protein, which could ultimately lead to the innovative design and development of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Bluff
- Microcirculation Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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Alternatively spliced human tissue factor promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a pancreatic cancer tumor model. Thromb Res 2008; 120 Suppl 2:S13-21. [PMID: 18023707 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(07)70126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue Factor (TF) expression is observed in many types of cancer, associated with more aggressive disease, and thrombosis. Alternatively-spliced human tissue factor (asHTF) has recently been identified in which exon 5 is deleted. asHTF is soluble due to the substitution of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of exon 6 with a unique COOH-terminal domain. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examine the expression and function of asHTF and full-length Tissue Factor ((FL)TF) in six human pancreatic cancer cells. Further, we transfected asHTF, (FL)TF, and control expression vectors into a non-expressing, human pancreatic cancer line (MiaPaCa-2). We studied the procoagulant activity of asHTF and (FL)TF and the effect on tumor growth in mice. RESULTS asHTF is expressed in 5 of 6 human pancreatic cancer cell lines, but not in normal human fibroblasts, nor the MiaPaCa-2 line. (FL)TF conferred procoagulant activity, but asHTF did not. Transfected cells were injected subcutaneously in athymic mice. Interestingly, compared with control transfection, (FL)TF expression was associated with reduced tumor growth (mean 7 mg vs 85 mg), while asHTF-expression was associated with enhanced tumor growth (mean 389 mg vs. 85 mg). asHTF expression resulted in increased mitotic index and microvascular density. CONCLUSIONS These data suggests that asHTF expression promotes tumor growth, and is associated with increased tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo. Our results raise a new perspective on the understanding of the relationship between TF expression and cancer growth, by showing a dissociation of the procoagulant activity of (FL)TF and the cancer-promoting activity of asHTF.
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