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Polymorphisms in the Renin-Angiotensin System and eNOS Glu298Asp Genes Are Associated with Increased Risk for Essential Hypertension in a Mexican Population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:4944238. [PMID: 36845669 PMCID: PMC9957645 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4944238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Essential hypertension is the result of modifiable and genetic factors, and it is associated with increased risk for atherothrombosis. Some polymorphisms are associated with hypertensive disease. The objective was to analyze the association between eNOS Glu298Asp, MTHR C677T, AGT M235T, AGT T174M, and A1166C and ACE I/D polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the Mexican population. Materials and Methods In the present study, 224 patients with essential hypertension and 208 subjects without hypertension were included. The Glu298Asp, C677T, M235T, T174M, A1166C, and I/D polymorphisms were determined by the PCR-RFLP technique. Results We found statistical differences in age, gender, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol between control and cases. However, we found no significant differences in HbA1c and triglycerides between both groups. We observed statistical significant differences in the genotype distribution of Glu298Asp (P = 0.001), I/D (P = 0.02), and M235T (P = 0.004) polymorphisms between both groups. In contrast, there were no differences related to distribution of genotypes of MTHFR C677T (P = 0.12), M174T (P = 0.46), and A1166C (P = 0.85) between cases and control groups. Conclusions We identified that Glu298Asp, I/D, and M234T polymorphisms represented an increased risk for essential hypertension and those genetic variants could contribute to the presence of endothelial dysfunction and vasopressor effect, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells, which had an impact for hypertension. In contrast, we found no association between C677C, M174T, and A1166C polymorphisms and hypertensive disease. We suggested that those genetic variants could be identified in individuals with high risk to avoid hypertension and thrombotic disease.
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Kolovou V, Lagou E, Mihas C, Vasiliki G, Katsiki N, Kollia A, Triposkiadis F, Degiannis D, Mavrogeni S, Kolovou G. Angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, AGT T174M and Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE) I/D Gene Polymorphisms in Essential Hypertension: Effects on Ramipril Efficacy. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2015; 9:118-26. [PMID: 27006715 PMCID: PMC4768660 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401509010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, one of the most important risk factors for premature cardiovascular disease, is a
major worldwide public health problem. Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensinogen (AGT) gene
polymorphisms are thought to be associated with primary hypertension. In the present study, we examined the frequency
of these gene polymorphisms in an adult population with and without essential hypertension. Furthermore, we evaluated
the effect of ACE and AGT gene polymorphisms on ramipril treatment efficacy in the hypertensive patients. Methods: A total of 166 adults (83 hypertensives and 83 normotensives) were involved in the study and genotyped for
AGTM235T (rs699), AGTT174M (rs4762) and ACEI/D (rs1799752) gene polymorphisms. Results: The genotype and allele distribution of the AGTM235T variant significantly differed between hypertensives and
normotensives [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57% (T vs M allele), 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.01 - 2.44; p=0.045 for
hypertensives]. However, none of the 3 studied Simple Nucleotide Polymorphisms were associated with the blood
pressure-lowering response to ramipril. Conclusion: These results suggest that AGTM235T gene polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension.
However, none of the AGTM235T, AGTT174M and ACEI/D gene polymorphisms influenced ramipril effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vana Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece; Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lagou
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Mihas
- Internal Medicine Department, General Hospital of Kimi, Evia Island, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kollia
- Orthopedic and Urologic Departments, Veterans Administration Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Degiannis
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
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Amrani A, Mesli Tale F, Baba Hamed M. Relationship between Angiotensinogen gene T174M Polymorphism and Essential
Hypertension in a Sample of Algerian Population: Case Control Study. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2014.168.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Chen WJ, Huang YL, Shiue HS, Chen TW, Lin YF, Huang CY, Lin YC, Han BC, Hsueh YM. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system related gene polymorphisms and urinary total arsenic is related to chronic kidney disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:95-102. [PMID: 24907556 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with high urinary total arsenic levels. However, whether genomic instability is related to CKD remains unclear. An association between CKD and genetic polymorphisms of regulation enzymes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has not been shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between arsenic, genetic polymorphisms of RAAS enzymes and CKD. A total of 233 patients and 449 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited from the Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital and the Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital. Concentrations of urinary arsenic were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator, and atomic absorption spectrometry. Polymorphisms of ACE(I/D), AGT(A[-20]C), (T174M), (M235T), AT1R(A1166C) and CYP11B2(C[-344]T) were examined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Subjects carrying the CYP11B2 TT genotype had a higher odds ratio (OR), 1.39 (0.96-2.01), of CKD; while those with the AGT(A[-20]C) CC genotype had an inverse OR of CKD (0.20 (0.05-0.81)), and a high-risk genotype was defined as A/A+A/C for AGT(A[-20C]) and T/T for CYP11B2(C[-344]T). The trend test showed a higher OR for CKD in patients who had either high urinary total arsenic levels or carried the high-risk genotype, or both, compared to patients with low urinary total arsenic levels, who carried the low-risk genotype, and could also be affected by the hypertension or diabetes status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Sheng Shiue
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Wen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Shung Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Examination, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Cheng Han
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Hsueh
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Basak AA, Sipahi T, Ustundag S, Ozgen Z, Budak M, Sen S, Sener S. Association of Angiotensinogen T174M and M235T Gene Variants with Development of Hypertension in Turkish Subjects of Trakya Region. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Li H, Du Z, Zhang L, Wu T, Deng Z, Li J, Cong M, Liu J, Qiu C. The relationship between angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension in a Northern Han Chinese population. Angiology 2013; 65:614-9. [PMID: 23716723 DOI: 10.1177/0003319713491309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system are involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. We genotyped 4 polymorphisms of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene A-20C (rs5050), A-6G (rs5051), C3889T (rs4762), and C4072T (rs699) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 652 patients and 780 controls to examine the association of AGT and hypertension in a Northern Han Chinese population. There were significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies at C4072T between the patients and the controls (both P < .01); patients with CC genotype had a higher risk of hypertension (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4-2.1). The distribution of genotypes at A-6G was significantly different between patients and controls (P < .05). No other significant differences in genotypes or frequencies were observed. No association was observed between the haplotypes of AGT and hypertension. The AGT-6A and 4072C alleles are associated with susceptibility to hypertension in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhirong Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingping Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingyu Cong
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jicheng Liu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Gu W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Liu K, Lou Y, Niu Q, Wang H, Liu J, Wen S. Association between the angiotensinogen gene T174M polymorphism and hypertension risk in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis. Hypertens Res 2011; 35:70-6. [PMID: 21881578 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
No consensus has been reached on the association between the angiotensinogen gene polymorphism T174M and hypertension risk in the Chinese population. We conducted a meta-analysis to systematically pursue their possible association. Case-control studies in the Chinese and English publications were identified by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases. The fixed-effects model and the random-effects model were applied for dichotomous outcomes to combine the results of the individual studies. After this, we selected 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In total, the selected studies contributed a study population containing 3828 hypertensive patients and 3251 normotensive controls. We found no statistical association between the T174M polymorphism and hypertension risk in all subjects, in a Han Chinese subgroup or in non-Han Chinese minorities. However, a statistically significant association was observed between the T174M polymorphism and a hypertensive group (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mm Hg) in the dominant genetic model (MM+MT vs. TT: P=0.03, odds ratio=1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.74, P(heterogeneity)=0.27, I(2)=24%, fixed-effects model). No evidence of publication bias was observed. More studies, especially studies stratified for different stages of hypertension, should be performed in the future to fully examine this question. Studies investigating gene-gene interactions, gene-environment interactions, as well as their mutual interactions will also be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, PR China
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Gopi Chand M, Srinath J, Rao RS, Lakkakula BVKS, Kumar S, Rao VR. Association between the M268T polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene and essential hypertension in a South Indian population. Biochem Genet 2011; 49:474-482. [PMID: 21312059 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-011-9423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a complex multifactorial disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. It is an independent determinant of cardiovascular risk. The main aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of angiotensinogen M268T polymorphisms on hypertension in two endogamous caste populations of South India. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, anthropometric variables, and lipid profiles were assessed. Direct sequencing of PCR products was adopted for genotyping. This polymorphism was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patients and controls of both populations. Binary odds ratios showed significant association between the M268T polymorphism and hypertension in both populations. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in body mass index, chest girth, calf circumference, skinfold measurements, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels between these genotypes in the Gavara and Vaishya populations. These data further support the hypothesis that hypertension is influenced by the AGT M268T polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gopi Chand
- Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Culture, Kolkata
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Song SB, Jin HS, Hong KW, Lim JE, Moon JY, Jeong KH, Ihm CG, Lee TW, Oh B, Lee SH. Association between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related genes and blood pressure in a Korean population. Blood Press 2011; 20:204-10. [PMID: 21342026 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2011.555074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS. Blood pressure control is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, and genetic susceptibility is important in the development of essential hypertension. Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has a key role in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and sodium and electrolyte balance, it is central in blood pressure control and so is an appropriate target in hypertension treatments. The present study assessed the association of RAAS-related genes with blood pressure and hypertension in a Korean population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, n = 114) in nine RAAS-related genes (AGT, REN, ACE, ACE2, AGTR1, CYP11B2, NR3C2, MAS1, and CMA1) were assessed for their correlation with blood pressure and hypertension using genotype data of 8842 individuals from the Korea Association Resource subject pool. MAJOR FINDINGS. Linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association with blood pressure of 10 SNPs in six genes (ACE, ACE2, CYP11B2, NR3C2, MAS1, and CMA1). An additional hypertension case-control study identified 10 SNPs in NR3C2 and ACE that were linked to hypertension. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION. Three SNPs (rs11737660, rs6810951, and rs10519963) in NR3C2 correlate with both blood pressure and hypertension. Genetic polymorphisms in RAAS-related genes appear to be associated with hypertension in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Bin Song
- Department of Nephrology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ying CQ, Wang YH, Wu ZL, Fang MW, Wang J, Li YS, Zhang YH, Qiu CC. Association of the renin gene polymorphism, three angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and the haplotypes with essential hypertension in the Mongolian population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32:293-300. [PMID: 20662730 DOI: 10.3109/10641960903443517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renin is a rate-limiting enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system and plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP). Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the precursor of potent vasoactive hormone angiotensin II and the AGT gene has been incriminated as a marker for genetic predisposition to essential hypertension (EH) in some ethnic groups. The purpose of the study is to explore the association of a new genetic marker of renin gene, and AGT gene M235T, A-6G, and A-20C polymorphisms and their haplotypes with EH in the Mongolian population. On the basis of the prevalence survey, 243 hypertensives and 258 normotensives who had no blood relationship with each other were selected as subjects. All the subjects were interviewed with questionnaires and their blood specimens were collected. Renin gene insertion/ deletion (I/D) polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AGT gene M235T, A-6G, and A-20C polymorphisms were genotyped by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformation polymorphism. The frequencies of renin genotype DD and allele D in hypertensives (36.21%, 63.79%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in normotensives (29.84%, 57.17%, respectively, P < 0.05). The odds ratios (OR) of renin genotype ID, DD to renin genotype II on hypertension were 1.98 (OR 95% CI 1.08-3.72) and 2.51 (OR 95% CI 1.33-4.88), respectively. There were no significant differences in the distributions of genotypes and alleles for AGT gene M235T, A-6G, and A-20C polymorphisms and all different haplotypes between the two groups. Renin gene I/D polymorphism is associated with EH, whereas AGT gene M235T, A-6G, and A-20C polymorphisms and the haplotypes are not associated with EH in the Mongolian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Ying
- Department of Sanitary Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Fang YJ, Deng HB, Thomas GN, Tzang CH, Li CX, Xu ZL, Yang M, Tomlinson B. Linkage of angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms with hypertension in a sibling study of Hong Kong Chinese. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1203-9. [PMID: 20216084 PMCID: PMC2908179 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283384b07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The angiotensinogen gene has been linked with human essential hypertension in whites but the relationship in Asian populations has been less consistent. This study aimed to examine genetic associations between hypertension and the M235T, T174M, and G-217A polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene in Chinese siblings. METHODS We studied members of 126 families with a hypertensive proband, including 434 siblings, of which 178 were hypertensive. Parental history of hypertension was recorded. The M235T, T174M, and G-217A polymorphisms were examined using a microarray method, validated by sequencing. The transmission disequilibrium test was applied to identify whether the genetic polymorphism loci were related to hypertension. Haplotype analysis of the combined polymorphisms was applied using the TRANSMIT program. Linkage study was conducted by applying the affected pedigree member method. RESULTS A significant overtransmission was observed for the T235 allele at the M235T polymorphism and hypertension (chi2 = 4.41, P = 0.036) but not for the T174M and G-217A polymorphisms. The haplotype analysis showed a significant association with the haplotypes of paired markers (T174 and T235) with chi2 value of 8.131 (P = 0.004; global test chi2 = 9.131, P = 0.028). Linkage between M235T and hypertension was detected (T = -2.25, P = 0.019), and a tendency for linkage with central obesity-related hypertension was found for the M235T and T174M polymorphisms (P = 0.0087 and P = 0.01). CONCLUSION The M235T and T174M variants, especially the T235 allele, contribute to an increased risk of hypertension in these Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Fang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Han-Bing Deng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - G Neil Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chi Hung Tzang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Medical Statistics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Li Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Gene variants of the renin–angiotensin system and hypertension: from a trough of disillusionment to a welcome phase of enlightenment? Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 118:487-506. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20090498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence to suggest that BP (blood pressure) is an inherited trait. The introduction of gene technologies in the late 1980s generated a sharp phase of over-inflated prospects for polygenic traits such as hypertension. Not unexpectedly, the identification of the responsible loci in human populations has nevertheless proved to be a considerable challenge. Common variants of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) genes, including of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and AGT (angiotensinogen) were some of the first shown to be associated with BP. Presently, ACE and AGT are the only gene variants with functional relevance, where linkage studies showing relationships with hypertension have been reproduced in some studies and where large population-based and prospective studies have demonstrated these genes to be predictors of hypertension or BP. Nevertheless, a lack of reproducibility in other linkage and association studies has generated scepticism that only a concerted effort to attempt to explain will rectify. Without these explanations, it is unlikely that this knowledge will translate into the clinical arena. In the present review, we show that many of the previous concerns in the field have been addressed, but we also argue that a considerable amount of careful thought is still required to achieve enlightenment with respect to the role of RAS genes in hypertension. We discuss whether the previously identified problems of poor study design have been completely addressed with regards to the impact of ACE and AGT genes on BP. In the context of RAS genes, we also question whether the significance of ‘incomplete penetrance’ through associated environmental, phenotypic or physiological effects has been duly accounted for; whether appropriate consideration has been given to epistatic interactions between genes; and whether future RAS gene studies should consider variation across the gene by evaluating ‘haplotypes’.
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Kumar R, Nejatizadeh A, Arif E, Akhtar S, Gupta M, Tyagi S, Goyal AK, Jain SK, Qadar Pasha MA. Multi-locus interactions of vascular homeostasis genes in essential hypertension: a gender-based study. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 405:87-93. [PMID: 19379721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on genes of endothelial and vascular homeostasis are inadequate in females. METHODS We investigated the role of 7 variants of ACE, AGT and NOS3 and their correlation with NO(x) levels and ACE activity in hypertension susceptibility in 910 case-controls of both genders. RESULTS Prevalence of alleles D of ACE I/D; -6A of AGT -6G/A; -786C, 894T and 4a of NOS3 -786T/C, 894G/T and 4b/4a polymorphisms was observed in patients (P< or =0.05). The 3 genotypes-combinations containing 6+5 wild-type alleles of AGT and NOS3 were significantly less prevalent in patients (P< or =0.0003). The haplotypes 235T/174T/-6A of AGT (P=4E-3) and -786T/894G/4a and -786C/894G/4a of NOS3 (P=2E-3, P=0.011, respectively) were significantly more prevalent in patients. The AGT and NOS3 findings were similar in males. Genotypes-combinations with 6+5 wild-type alleles of AGT correlated with higher NO(x) levels (P=0.03). The NOS3 genotypes-combinations having 6 and 6+5 wild-type alleles correlated with decreased ACE activity (P=0.025, P=0.0015, respectively) and increased NO(x) levels (P=0.001, P=0.0001, respectively) in patients. In gene-gene interactions, ACE D allele associated with < or =4 wild-type alleles containing genotypes-combinations of AGT and NOS3 in patients (P< or =0.04). CONCLUSION Within gene and between genes interactions of variants influence ACE activity and NO(x) levels and associate with EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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14
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Gil JH, Lee JA, Park EY, Hong YM. Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive adolescents. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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RAS gene polymorphisms, classical risk factors and the advent of coronary artery disease in the Portuguese population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008; 8:15. [PMID: 18637188 PMCID: PMC2483949 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several polymorphisms within the renin-angiotensin system cluster of genes have been associated with the advent of coronary artery disease (CAD) or related pathologies. We investigated the distribution of 5 of these polymorphisms in order to find any association with CAD development and distinguish if any of the biochemical and behavioural factors interact with genetic polymorphisms in the advent of the disease. Methods ACE I/D (rs4340), ACE A11860G (rs4343), AT1R A1166C (rs5186), AGT T174M (rs4762) and AGT M235T (rs699) gene polymorphisms were PCR-RFLP analysed in 298 CAD patients and 510 controls from Portugal. Several biochemical and behavioural markers were obtained. Results ACE I/D DD and ACE11860 GG genotypes are risk factors for CAD in this population. The simultaneous presence of ACE I/D I and ACE11860 A alleles corresponds to a significant trend towards a decrease in CAD incidence. We found several synergistic effects between the studied polymorphisms and classical risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidaemia: the presence of the DD genotype of ACE I/D (and also ACE11860 GG) increases the odds of developing CAD when associated to each one of these classical risk factors, particularly when considering the male and early onset CAD subgroup analysis; AGT235 TT also increases the CAD risk in the presence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and AT1R1166 interacts positively with hypertension, smoking and obesity. Conclusion ACE polymorphisms were shown to play a major role in individual susceptibility to develop CAD. There is also a clear interaction between RAS predisposing genes and some biochemical/environmental risk factors in CAD onset, demonstrating a significant enhancement of classical markers particularly by ACE I/D and ACE11860.
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Say YH, Ling KH, Duraisamy G, Isaac S, Rosli R. Angiotensinogen M235T gene variants and its association with essential hypertension and plasma renin activity in Malaysian subjects: a case control study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2005; 5:7. [PMID: 15811183 PMCID: PMC1090564 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide where its prevalence accounts for various cerebrovascular diseases. A common molecular variant of angiotensinogen (AGT), the precursor of potent vasoactive hormone angiotensin II, has been incriminated as a marker for genetic predisposition to essential hypertension in some ethnics. This case-control study was designed not only to determine the association of the AGT M235T gene variants with essential hypertension, but also its relationship to Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) in subjects attending the Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. METHODS The study involved 188 subjects, 101 hypertensives and 87 normotensives. Consents were obtained from all the participated subjects. M235T gene variants were investigated using allele specific polymerase chain reaction and PRA was determined by radioimmunoassay. Hypertensinogenic factors such as dietary habits, physical activity, smoking and drinking habits were assessed using a pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS The genotype and allele distribution of the M235T variant differed significantly in hypertensives and normotensives (chi2 = 23.184, P < 0.001 and chi2 = 21.482, P < 0.001, respectively). The odds ratio for hypertension was 1.36 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.80) for subjects with homozygous mutated allele TT of the M235T variant compared with other genotypes or 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.46-2.67) for those carrying T allele compared to those carrying M allele. Plasma Renin Activity is also significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (PRA = 3.8 +/- 2.5 ngAI/ml/hr for hypertensives, PRA = 2.6 +/- 1.3 ngAI/ml/hr for normotensives, P < 0.001), but was not significantly different between groups of genotypes (P = 0.118). CONCLUSION The M235T variant of the AGT is significantly associated with essential hypertension whereas the genotype TT or allele T is a possible genetic marker or risk factor for hypertension in Malaysian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-How Say
- Department of Human Growth and Development, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Human Growth and Development, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Gnanasothie Duraisamy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Suzanne Isaac
- Health Clinic, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Department of Human Growth and Development, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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Abstract
Hypertension is a complex genetic disorder caused by interplay between several "risk" genes and environmental factors (genetic heritability approximately 30%). Most genetic studies of hypertension use a candidate gene approach and two conclusions have been made: there is no association or linkage with the genes studied, or the hypertension phenotype is heterogeneous and subgroups with hypertension related to certain polymorphisms cannot be identified because of background noise. Studies using intermediate phenotypes suggest the latter is most likely. Another problem is the reliability of gene structure assessment: usually only one or two gene polymorphisms are assessed. The use of intermediate phenotypes and dense mapping of candidate genes would provide a better approach for identifying genotype-phenotype correlations, which might enable the use of genotypes to identify more-specific therapeutic and preventative measures for hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Agarwal
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Williams SM, Ritchie MD, Phillips JA, Dawson E, Prince M, Dzhura E, Willis A, Semenya A, Summar M, White BC, Addy JH, Kpodonu J, Wong LJ, Felder RA, Jose PA, Moore JH. Multilocus analysis of hypertension: a hierarchical approach. Hum Hered 2004; 57:28-38. [PMID: 15133310 DOI: 10.1159/000077387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While hypertension is a complex disease with a well-documented genetic component, genetic studies often fail to replicate findings. One possibility for such inconsistency is that the underlying genetics of hypertension is not based on single genes of major effect, but on interactions among genes. To test this hypothesis, we studied both single locus and multilocus effects, using a case-control design of subjects from Ghana. Thirteen polymorphisms in eight candidate genes were studied. Each candidate gene has been shown to play a physiological role in blood pressure regulation and affects one of four pathways that modulate blood pressure: vasoconstriction (angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme - ACE, angiotensin II receptor), nitric oxide (NO) dependent and NO independent vasodilation pathways and sodium balance (G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK4). We evaluated single site allelic and genotypic associations, multilocus genotype equilibrium and multilocus genotype associations, using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR). For MDR, we performed systematic reanalysis of the data to address the role of various physiological pathways. We found no significant single site associations, but the hypertensive class deviated significantly from genotype equilibrium in more than 25% of all multilocus comparisons (2,162 of 8,178), whereas the normotensive class rarely did (11 of 8,178). The MDR analysis identified a two-locus model including ACE and GRK4 that successfully predicted blood pressure phenotype 70.5% of the time. Thus, our data indicate epistatic interactions play a major role in hypertension susceptibility. Our data also support a model where multiple pathways need to be affected in order to predispose to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Williams SM, Haines JL, Moore JH. The use of animal models in the study of complex disease: all else is never equal or why do so many human studies fail to replicate animal findings? Bioessays 2004; 26:170-9. [PMID: 14745835 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the genetics of complex human disease has met with limited success. Many findings with candidate genes fail to replicate despite seemingly overwhelming physiological data implicating the genes. In contrast, animal model studies of the same genes and disease models usually have more consistent results. We propose that one important reason for this is the ability to control genetic background in animal studies. The fact that controlling genetic background can produce more consistent results suggests that the failure to replicate human findings in the same diseases is due to variation in interacting genes. Hence, the contrasting nature of the findings from the different study designs indicates the importance of non-additive genetic effects on human disease. We discuss these issues and some methodological approaches that can detect multilocus effects, using hypertension as a model disease. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265-9247/suppmat/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Katori M, Majima M. The renal kallikrein-kinin system: its role as a safety valve for excess sodium intake, and its attenuation as a possible etiologic factor in salt-sensitive hypertension. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:43-115. [PMID: 12627748 DOI: 10.1080/713609329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The distal tubules of the kidney express the full set of the components of the kallikrein-kinin system, which works independently from the plasma kallikrein-kinin system. Studies on the role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system, using congenitally kininogen-deficient Brown-Norway Katholiek rats and also bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice, revealed that this system starts to function and to induce natriuresis and diuresis when sodium accumulates in the body as a result of excess sodium intake or aldosterone release, for example, by angiotensin II. Thus, it can be hypothesized that the system works as a safety valve for sodium accumulation. The large numbers of studies on hypertensive animal models and on essential hypertensive patients, particularly those with salt sensitivity, indicate a tendency toward the reduced excretion of urinary kallikrein, although this reduction is modified by potassium intake and impaired renal function. We hypothesize that the reduced excretion of the renal kallikrein may be attributable to a genetic defect of factor(s) in renal kallikrein secretion process and may cause salt-sensitive hypertension after salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Katori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 228-8555, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Lifton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Medicine, and Molecular Biophysics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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