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Zhang H, Xu L, He Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu Q, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang A, Wang K, Fang Y, Chen S. Tat-NR2B9c attenuates oxidative stress via inhibition of PSD95-NR2B-nNOS complex after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109905. [PMID: 38521229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Tat-NR2B9c has shown efficacy as a neuroprotective agent in several studies. Here, we identified the neuroprotective role of Tat-NR2B9c after SAH and its related mechanisms. The results showed that Tat-NR2B9c treatment attenuated oxidative stress, therefore alleviated neuronal apoptosis and neurological deficits after SAH. Tat-NR2B9c treatment could alleviate mitochondrial vacuolization induced by SAH. Compared to SAH + vehicle group, Tat-NR2B9c resulted in the decrease of Acetylated superoxide dismutase2 (Ac-SOD2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase3 (CC3) protein expression, and the up-regulation of Sirtunin 3 (Sirt3) and Bcl-2 protein level. Moreover, Tat-NR2B9c attenuated excitotoxicity by inhibiting the interaction of PSD95-NR2B-nNOS. Our results demonstrated that Tat-NR2B9c inhibited oxidative stress via inhibition of PSD95-NR2B-nNOS complex formation after SAH. Tat-NR2B9c may serve as a potential treatment for SAH induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longbiao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yezhao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Stavchansky VV, Yuzhakov VV, Sevan'kaeva LE, Fomina NK, Koretskaya AE, Denisova AE, Mozgovoy IV, Gubsky LV, Filippenkov IB, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Melanocortin Derivatives Induced Vascularization and Neuroglial Proliferation in the Rat Brain under Conditions of Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2071-2092. [PMID: 38534749 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. The development of new therapeutic agents focused on restoring vascular function and neuroprotection of viable tissues is required. In this study the neuroprotective activity of melanocortin-like ACTH(4-7)PGP and ACTH(6-9)PGP peptides was investigated in rat brain at 24 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The severity of ischemic damage, changes in the proliferative activity of neuroglial cells and vascularization of rat brain tissue were analyzed. The administration of peptides resulted in a significant increase in the volume density of neurons in the perifocal zone of infarction compared to rats subjected to ischemia and receiving saline. Immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferative activity of neuroglia cells using PCNA antibodies showed a significant increase in the number of proliferating cells in the penumbra and in the intact cerebral cortex of rats receiving peptide treatment. The effect of peptides on vascularization was examined using CD31 antibodies under tMCAO conditions, revealing a significant increase in the volume density of vessels and their sizes in the penumbra after administration of ACTH(4-7)PGP and ACTH(6-9)PGP. These findings confirm the neuroprotective effect of peptides due to the activation of neuroglia proliferation and the enhancement of collateral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V Stavchansky
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vadim V Yuzhakov
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4B, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Larisa E Sevan'kaeva
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4B, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Natalia K Fomina
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4B, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Koretskaya
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4B, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Alina E Denisova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan V Mozgovoy
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Leonid V Gubsky
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Nikolay F Myasoedov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Dergunova
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
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3
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Luan X, Li G, Ding Y, Sun J, Li X, Jiang W, Shi Y, He M, Guo J, Fan R, Zheng J, Li Y, Duan X, Zhang G. Serum apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) is a novel stroke biomarker. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 553:117734. [PMID: 38128818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) is a promising stroke biomarker. However, a large study of human serum ASC has not yet to be reported; additionally, the diagnostic value of prehospital concentration and practicality of ASC remains unknown. METHODS We recruited 774 Chinese stroke patients, including 523 with ischemic stroke (IS) and 251 with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) within 14 days following symptom onset in the emergency department, alongside 481 healthy individuals and 64 cognitive impairment patients as controls. Serum ASC concentrations were determined using automated chemiluminescence immunoassay, exploring the relationship between serum ASC concentration and subtypes, severity, and sampling timepoints of stroke. RESULTS ASC concentrations were significantly higher in stroke patients compared with all controls (P < 0.001). HS patients had greater ASC concentrations than IS patients (P < 0.05). With increasing ASC concentration, the proportion of severe cases increased. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for differentiating between healthy individuals and stroke patients in the hyperacute phase was 0.78; this markedly improved (0.90) when considering samples from healthy individuals and patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ≤ 3 h from last-known-well (LKW). CONCLUSIONS Serum ASC is a valuable biomarker for stroke differentiation and aids in the clinical diagnosis of stroke severity and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luan
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Guoge Li
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yaowei Ding
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jialu Sun
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Wencan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Min He
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Jiageng Zheng
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Xuejun Duan
- Beijing North Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., NO. A20 Panjiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics, Beijing 100070, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing 100070, China.
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Taboada-Rosell K, Castro-García FA, Medina-Saldivar C, Cruz-Visalaya SR, Pacheco-Otalora LF. The novel FAAH inhibitor, MCH1, reduces the infarction area in the motor cortex-related region but does not affect the sensorimotor function or memory and spatial learning in rats exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148636. [PMID: 37865139 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Macamides, amides of fatty acids first isolated from maca (Lepidium meyenii) are potentially responsible for the reduction of ischemic injury in the stroke animal model followed by maca extract administration. This deduction comes from its ability to inhibit the fatty acid amide hydrolase activity, an enzyme related to the endocannabinoid anandamide hydrolysis. However, no study about the effects of isolated macamides on in-vivo models has been published yet. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a 10-day 30 mg/kg i.p. MCH1 administration, the macamide with the higher FAAH inhibition capability, on the neurological recovery and brain infarction area of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Our results showed that the group receiving MCH1 for 10 days did not improve Garcia's neurological score compared to receiving the vehicle only. Likewise, the MCH1 group did not improve their sensorimotor dysfunction as indicated by the latency to detect and remove the tape from the contralateral forepaw in the adhesive removal test, and a similar number of errors with the contralateral forepaw in the foot fault test compared to the vehicle group at the 10th day. Evaluation of the spatial memory and learning using the Barnes test showed longer latency to reach the escape box in the Vehicle and MCH1 groups compared to the control group (no MCAO) only in the retrieval test, while no effect of MCAO procedure or MCH1 administration was observed in the reversal learning test. Despite the lack of behavioral effect of MCH1, analysis of the infarcted areas in the brain using the 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method in the seven consecutive coronal sections revealed that the infarcted area in the first (bregma + 4.2 mm) and fifth (bregma -3.8 mm) coronal sections of the MCAO + MCH1 group remained similar to the Control group. These results provide evidence that MCH1 can limit damage from ischemic stroke, although it is not reflected in neurological or sensorimotor behavior and spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taboada-Rosell
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - F A Castro-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - C Medina-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - S R Cruz-Visalaya
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - L F Pacheco-Otalora
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.
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Juarez D, Arteaga I, Cortes H, Vazquez-Roque R, Lopez-Lopez G, Flores G, Treviño S, Guevara J, Diaz A. Chronic resveratrol administration reduces oxidative stress and brain cell loss and improves memory of recognition in old rats. Synapse 2023; 77:e22271. [PMID: 37130656 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive functions of people over 60 years of age have been diminished, due to the structural and functional changes that the brain has during aging. The most evident changes are at the behavioral and cognitive level, with decreased learning capacity, recognition memory, and motor incoordination. The use of exogenous antioxidants has been implemented as a potential pharmacological option to delay the onset of brain aging by attenuating oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Resveratrol (RSVL) is a polyphenol present in various foods, such as red fruits, and drinks, such as red wine. This compound has shown great antioxidant capacity due to its chemical structure. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic RSVL treatment on oxidative stress and cell loss in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of 20-month-old rats, as well as its impact on recognition memory and motor behavior. Rats treated with RSVL showed an improvement in locomotor activity and in short- and long-term recognition memory. Likewise, the concentration of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in the group with RSVL, coupled with an improvement in the activity of the antioxidant system. Finally, with the help of hematoxylin and eosin staining, it was shown that chronic treatment with RSVL prevented cell loss in the brain regions studied. Our results demonstrate the antioxidant and neuroprotective capacity of RSVL when administered chronically. This strengthens the proposal that RSVL could be an important pharmacological option to reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases that affect older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Juarez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ivan Arteaga
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Haisha Cortes
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Roque
- Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Lopez-Lopez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Du Y, Huo Y, Yang Q, Han Z, Hou L, Cui B, Fan K, Qiu Y, Chen Z, Huang W, Lu J, Cheng L, Cai W, Kang L. Ultrasmall iron-gallic acid coordination polymer nanodots with antioxidative neuroprotection for PET/MR imaging-guided ischemia stroke therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220041. [PMID: 37323619 PMCID: PMC10190924 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a reperfusion injury factor that can lead to cell damage and death. Here, ultrasmall iron-gallic acid coordination polymer nanodots (Fe-GA CPNs) were developed as antioxidative neuroprotectors for ischemia stroke therapy guided by PET/MR imaging. As proven by the electron spin resonance spectrum, the ultrasmall Fe-GA CPNs with ultrasmall size, scavenged ROS efficiently. In vitro experiments revealed that Fe-GA CPNs could protect cell viability after being treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and displayed the effective elimination of ROS by Fe-GA CPNs, which subsequently restores oxidation balance. When analyzing the middle cerebral artery occlusion model, the neurologic damage displayed by PET/MR imaging revealed a distinct recovery after treatment with Fe-GA CPNs, which was proved by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining indicated that Fe-GA CPNs inhibited apoptosis through protein kinase B (Akt) restoration, whereas western blot and immunofluorescence indicated the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway following Fe-GA CPNs application. Therefore, Fe-GA CPNs exhibit an impressive antioxidative and neuroprotective role via redox homeostasis recovery by Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation, revealing its potential for clinical ischemia stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Du
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhihui Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Linqian Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Bixiao Cui
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kevin Fan
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yongkang Qiu
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wenpeng Huang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologySoochow UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
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Morris GP, Gowing EK, Courtney J, Coombe HE, King NE, Rewell SSJ, Howells DW, Clarkson AN, Sutherland BA. Vascular perfusion differs in two distinct PDGFRβ-positive zones within the ischemic core of male mice 2 weeks following photothrombotic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:278-292. [PMID: 36412274 PMCID: PMC10952185 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke therapy has largely focused on preventing damage and encouraging repair outside the ischemic core, as the core is considered irreparable. Recently, several studies have suggested endogenous responses within the core are important for limiting the spread of damage and enhancing recovery, but the role of blood flow and capillary pericytes in this process is unknown. Using the Rose Bengal photothrombotic model of stroke, we illustrate blood vessels are present in the ischemic core and peri-lesional regions 2 weeks post stroke in male mice. A FITC-albumin gel cast of the vasculature revealed perfusion of these vessels, suggesting cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be partially present, without vascular leakage. The length of these vessels is significantly reduced compared to uninjured regions, but the average width is greater, suggesting they are either larger vessels that survived the initial injury, smaller vessels that have expanded in size (i.e., arteriogenesis), or that neovascularization begins with larger vessels. Concurrently, we observed an increase in platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ, a marker of pericytes) expression within the ischemic core in two distinct patterns, one which resembles pericyte-derived fibrotic scarring at the edge of the core, and one which is vessel associated and may represent blood vessel recovery. We find little evidence for dividing cells on these intralesional blood vessels 2 weeks post stroke. Our study provides evidence flow is present in PDGFRβ-positive vessels in the ischemic core 2 weeks post stroke. We hypothesize intralesional CBF is important for limiting injury and for encouraging endogenous repair following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Morris
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Emma K. Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New ZealandUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Jo‐Maree Courtney
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Hannah E. Coombe
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Natalie E. King
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Sarah S. J. Rewell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourne Brain Centre, Austin CampusHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - David W. Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New ZealandUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Brad A. Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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A Novel Improved Thromboembolism-Based Rat Stroke Model That Meets the Latest Standards in Preclinical Studies. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121671. [PMID: 36552131 PMCID: PMC9776070 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal thromboembolic model of ischemia perfectly mimics human ischemic stroke which remains the leading cause of disability and mortality in humans. The development of new treatment strategies was therefore imperative. The purpose of this study is to improve the thromboembolic stroke model in rats in order to design experiments that use motor tests, and are in accordance with the 3R principles to prevent complications and maintain the same size of the infarct repeatedly. Tail vein dye application, a protective skull mask and a stress minimization protocol were used as additional modifications to the animal stroke model. These modifications significantly minimized the pain and stress severity of the procedures in this model. In our experimental group of Long-Evans rats, a photo-induced stroke was caused by the application of a photosensitive dye (Rose Bengal) activated with white-light irradiation, thus eliminating the need to perform a craniotomy. The animals' neurological status was evaluated using a runway elevated test. Histological examination of the brain tissue was performed at 12, 24 and 48 h, and seven days post-stroke. Tissue examination revealed necrotic foci in the cortex and the subcortical regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere in all experimental groups. Changes in the area, width and depth of the necrotic focus were observed over time. All the experimental groups showed motor disturbances after stroke survival. In the proposed model, photochemically-induced stroke caused long-term motor deficits, showed high reproducibility and low mortality rates. Consequently, the animals could participate in motor tests which are particularly suitable for assessing the efficacy of neuro-regenerative therapies, while remaining in line with the latest trends in animal experimental design.
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Neuroprotective Effect of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136975. [PMID: 35805977 PMCID: PMC9267067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in vivo is unclear. We investigated whether the MIF promotes neurological recovery in an in vivo mouse model of ischemic stroke. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was performed to make ischemic stroke mouse model. Male mice were allocated to a sham vehicle, a sham MIF, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) vehicle, and MCAO+MIF groups. Transient MCAO (tMCAO) was performed in the MCAO groups, and the vehicle and the MIF were administered via the intracerebroventricular route. We evaluated the neurological functional scale, the rotarod test, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The expression level of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), Bcl2, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were further measured by Western blot assay. The Garcia test was significantly higher in the MCAO+MIF group than in the MCAO+vehicle group. The MCAO+MIF group exhibited significantly better performance on the rotarod test than the MCAO+vehicle group, which further had a significantly reduced total infarct volume on T2-weighted MRI imaging than the MCAO vehicle group. Expression levels of BDNF, and MAP2 tended to be higher in the MCAO+MIF group than in the MCAO+vehicle group. The MIF exerts a neuroprotective effect in an in vivo ischemic stroke model. The MIF facilitates neurological recovery and protects brain tissue from ischemic injury, indicating a possibility of future novel therapeutic agents for stroke patients.
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Dergunova LV, Dmitrieva VG, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, Sevan’kaeva LE, Valieva LV, Sudarkina OY, Gubsky LV, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA. The Peptide Drug ACTH(4–7)PGP (Semax) Suppresses mRNA Transcripts Encoding Proinflammatory Mediators Induced by Reversible Ischemia of the Rat Brain. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
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Brain Protein Expression Profile Confirms the Protective Effect of the ACTH (4-7)PGP Peptide (Semax) in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126179. [PMID: 34201112 PMCID: PMC8226508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) peptide is a synthetic melanocortin derivative that is used in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Previously, studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of Semax using models of cerebral ischemia in rats showed that the peptide enhanced the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptors and modulated the expression of genes involved in the immune response. A genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis revealed that, in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, Semax suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes and activated the expression of neurotransmitter genes. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Semax in this model via the brain expression profiling of key proteins involved in inflammation and cell death processes (MMP-9, c-Fos, and JNK), as well as neuroprotection and recovery (CREB) in stroke. At 24 h after tMCAO, we observed the upregulation of active CREB in subcortical structures, including the focus of the ischemic damage; downregulation of MMP-9 and c-Fos in the adjacent frontoparietal cortex; and downregulation of active JNK in both tissues under the action of Semax. Moreover, a regulatory network was constructed. In conclusion, the suppression of inflammatory and cell death processes and the activation of recovery may contribute to the neuroprotective action of Semax at both the transcriptome and protein levels.
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Dettori I, Fusco I, Bulli I, Gaviano L, Coppi E, Cherchi F, Venturini M, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Pugliese AM, Pedata F. Protective effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition in brain ischaemia in vitro and in vivo models. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:964-976. [PMID: 34056989 PMCID: PMC8168743 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1907575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. One of the major pathogenic mechanisms after ischaemia includes the switch to the glycolytic pathway, leading to tissue acidification. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) contributes to pH regulation. A new generation of CA inhibitors, AN11-740 and AN6-277 and the reference compound acetazolamide (ACTZ) were investigated in two models of brain ischaemia: in rat hippocampal acute slices exposed to severe oxygen, glucose deprivation (OGD) and in an in vivo model of focal cerebral ischaemia induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAo) in the rat. In vitro, the application of selective CAIs significantly delayed the appearance of anoxic depolarisation induced by OGD. In vivo, sub-chronic systemic treatment with AN11-740 and ACTZ significantly reduced the neurological deficit and decreased the infarct volume after pMCAo. CAIs counteracted neuronal loss, reduced microglia activation and partially counteracted astrocytes degeneration inducing protection from functional and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Bulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Gaviano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Trotman-Lucas M, Gibson CL. A review of experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia focusing on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. F1000Res 2021; 10:242. [PMID: 34046164 PMCID: PMC8127011 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, but current pharmacological therapies are limited in their utility and effectiveness.
In vitro and
in vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed which allow us to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury and investigate potential drug targets.
In vitro models permit mechanistic investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of injury but are reductionist and do not mimic the complexity of clinical stroke.
In vivo models of ischemic stroke directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used
in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology. However, the iMCAO model produces lesion volumes with large standard deviations even though rigid surgical and data collection protocols are followed. There is a need to refine the MCAO model to reduce variability in the standard outcome measure of lesion volume. The typical approach to produce vessel occlusion is to induce an obstruction at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and reperfusion is reliant on the Circle of Willis (CoW). However, in rodents the CoW is anatomically highly variable which could account for variations in lesion volume. Thus, we developed a refined approach whereby reliance on the CoW for reperfusion was removed. This approach improved reperfusion to the ischemic hemisphere, reduced variability in lesion volume by 30%, and reduced group sizes required to determine an effective treatment response by almost 40%. This refinement involves a methodological adaptation of the original surgical approach which we have shared with the scientific community via publication of a visualised methods article and providing hands-on training to other experimental stroke researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Neuroprotective effect of magnesium supplementation on cerebral ischemic diseases. Life Sci 2021; 272:119257. [PMID: 33631176 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic encephalopathy is associated with a high mortality and rate of disability. The most common type of ischemic encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, is the second leading cause of death in the world. At present, the main treatment for ischemic stroke is to reopen blocked blood vessels. However, despite revascularization, many patients are not able to achieve good functional results. At the same time, the strict time window (<4.5 h) of thrombolytic therapy limits clinical application. Therefore, it is important to explore effective neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Magnesium is a natural calcium antagonist, which exerts neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms. However, while most basic studies have shown that magnesium supplementation can help treat cerebral ischemia, intravenous magnesium supplementation in large clinical trials has failed to improve prognosis of ischemic patients. Therefore, we review the basic and clinical studies of magnesium supplementation for cerebral ischemia. According to the route of administration, treatment can be divided into intraperitoneal magnesium supplementation, intravenous magnesium supplementation, arterial magnesium supplementation and intracranial magnesium supplementation. We also summarized the potential influencing factors of magnesium ion intervention in cerebral ischemia injury. Finally, in combination with influencing factors derived from basic research, this article proposes three future research directions, including magnesium supplementation into the circulatory system combined with magnesium supplementation in the lateral ventricle, magnesium supplementation in the lateral ventricle combined with hypothermia therapy, and lateral ventricle magnesium supplementation combined with intracarotid magnesium supplementation combined with selective hypothermia.
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Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH (4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060681. [PMID: 32580520 PMCID: PMC7350263 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia is the most common cause of impaired brain function. Biologically active peptides represent potential drugs for reducing the damage that occurs after ischaemia. The synthetic melanocortin derivative, ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax), has been used successfully in the treatment of patients with severe impairment of cerebral blood circulation. However, its molecular mechanisms of action within the brain are not yet fully understood. Previously, we used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model to study the damaging effects of ischaemia-reperfusion on the brain transcriptome in rats. Here, using RNA-Seq analysis, we investigated the protective properties of the Semax peptide at the transcriptome level under tMCAO conditions. We have identified 394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (>1.5-fold change) in the brains of rats at 24 h after tMCAO treated with Semax relative to saline. Following tMCAO, we found that Semax suppressed the expression of genes related to inflammatory processes and activated the expression of genes related to neurotransmission. In contrast, ischaemia-reperfusion alone activated the expression of inflammation-related genes and suppressed the expression of neurotransmission-related genes. Therefore, the neuroprotective action of Semax may be associated with a compensation of mRNA expression patterns that are disrupted during ischaemia-reperfusion conditions.
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Oshita J, Okazaki T, Mitsuhara T, Imura T, Nakagawa K, Otsuka T, Kurose T, Tamura T, Abiko M, Takeda M, Kawahara Y, Yuge L, Kurisu K. Early Transplantation of Human Cranial Bone-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Functional Recovery in Ischemic Stroke Model Rats. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2020; 60:83-93. [PMID: 31956170 PMCID: PMC7040434 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2019-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the cell characteristics, neuroprotective, and transplantation effects of human cranial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hcMSCs) in ischemic stroke model rats compared with human iliac bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSCs). The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as neurotrophic factors were analyzed in both MSCs. hiMSCs or hcMSCs were intravenously administered into ischemic stroke model rats at 3 or 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and neurological function was evaluated. The survival rate of neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) after 3 or 24 h oxidative or inflammatory stress and the neuroprotective effects of hiMSCs or hcMSCs-conditioned medium (CM) on 3 or 24 h oxidative or inflammatory stress-exposed NG108-15 cells were analyzed. The expressions of BDNF and VEGF were higher in hcMSCs than in hiMSCs. hcMSCs transplantation at 3 h after MCAO resulted in significant functional recovery compared with that in the hiMSCs or control group. The survival rate of stress-exposed NG108-15 was lower after 24 h stress than after 3 h stress. The survival rates of NG108-15 cells cultured with hcMSCs-CM after 3 h oxidative or inflammatory stress were significantly higher than in the control group. Our results suggest that hcMSCs transplantation in the early stage of ischemic stroke suppresses the damage of residual nerve cells and leads to functional recovery through the strong expressions of neurotrophic factors. This is the first report demonstrating a functional recovery effect after ischemic stroke following hcMSCs transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Oshita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takahito Okazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takafumi Mitsuhara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takeshi Imura
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takashi Otsuka
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Tomoyuki Kurose
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Masaru Abiko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masaaki Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Louis Yuge
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd
| | - Kaoru Kurisu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Shah FA, Li T, Kury LTA, Zeb A, Khatoon S, Liu G, Yang X, Liu F, Yao H, Khan AU, Koh PO, Jiang Y, Li S. Pathological Comparisons of the Hippocampal Changes in the Transient and Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rat Models. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1178. [PMID: 31798514 PMCID: PMC6868119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are categorized by permanent or transient obstruction of blood flow, which impedes delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to brain. In the last decade, the therapeutic window for tPA has increased from 3 to 5-6 h, and a new technique, involving the mechanical removal of the clot (endovascular thrombectomy) to allow reperfusion of the injured area, is being used more often. This last therapeutic approach can be done until 24 h after stroke onset. Due to this fact, more acute ischemic stroke patients are now being recanalized, and so tMCAO is probably the "best" model to address these patients that have a potential good outcome in terms of survival and functional recovery. However, permanent occlusion patients are also important, not only to increase survival rate but also to improve functional outcomes, although these are more difficult to achieve. So, both models are important, and which target different stroke patients in the clinical scenario. Hippocampus has a vital role in memory and cognition, is prone to ischemic induced neurodegeneration. This study was designed to delineate the molecular, pathological, and neurological changes in rat models of t-MCAO, permanent MCAO (pMCAO), and pMCAO with diabetic conditions in hippocampal tissue. Our results showed that these three models showed distinct discrepancies at numerous pathological process, including key signaling molecules involved in neuronal apoptosis, glutamate induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic changes. Our result suggests that the two commonly used MCAO models exhibited tremendous differences in terms of neuronal cell loss, glutamate excitotoxic related signaling, synaptic transmission markers, neuron inflammatory and oxidative stress molecules. These differences may reflect the variations in different models, which may provide valuable information for mechanistic and therapeutic inconsistences as experienced in both preclinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Tariq Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alam Zeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Khatoon
- Department of Anatomy, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gongping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Arif-Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, South Korea
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Cancer Centre, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wood T, Nance E. Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:040901. [PMID: 31673672 PMCID: PMC6811362 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disease is killing us. While there have long been attempts to develop therapies for both acute and chronic neurological diseases, no current treatments are curative. Additionally, therapeutic development for neurological disease takes 15 years and often costs several billion dollars. More than 96% of these therapies will fail in late stage clinical trials. Engineering novel treatment interventions for neurological disease can improve outcomes and quality of life for millions; however, therapeutics should be designed with the underlying physiology and pathology in mind. In this perspective, we aim to unpack the importance of, and need to understand, the physiology of neurological disease. We first dive into the normal physiological considerations that should guide experimental design, and then assess the pathophysiological factors of acute and chronic neurological disease that should direct treatment design. We provide an analysis of a nanobased therapeutic intervention that proved successful in translation due to incorporation of physiology at all stages of the research process. We also provide an opinion on the importance of keeping a high-level view to designing and administering treatment interventions. Finally, we close with an implementation strategy for applying a disease-directed engineering approach. Our assessment encourages embracing the complexity of neurological disease, as well as increasing efforts to provide system-level thinking in our development of therapeutics for neurological disease.
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Luo Y, Ma H, Zhou JJ, Li L, Chen SR, Zhang J, Chen L, Pan HL. Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Induce Brain Injury Through α2δ-1-Bound NMDA Receptors. Stroke 2019; 49:2464-2472. [PMID: 30355118 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Glutamate NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) play a major role in the initiation of ischemic brain damage. However, NMDAR antagonists have no protective effects in stroke patients, possibly because they impair physiological functions of NMDARs. α2δ-1 (encoded by Cacna2d1) is strongly expressed in many brain regions. We determined the contribution of α2δ-1 to NMDAR hyperactivity and brain injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Methods- Mice were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Neurological deficits, brain infarct volumes, and calpain/caspase-3 activity in brain tissues were measured. NMDAR activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons was measured in an in vitro ischemic model. Results- Middle cerebral artery occlusion increased α2δ-1 protein glycosylation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that ischemia rapidly enhanced the α2δ-1-NMDAR physical interaction in the mouse brain tissue. Inhibiting α2δ-1 with gabapentin, uncoupling the α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction with an α2δ-1 C terminus-interfering peptide, or genetically ablating Cacna2d1 had no effect on basal NMDAR currents but strikingly abolished oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced NMDAR hyperactivity in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Systemic treatment with gabapentin or α2δ-1 C-terminus-interfering peptide or Cacna2d1 genetic knock-out reduced middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced infarct volumes, neurological deficit scores, and calpain/caspase-3 activation in brain tissues. Conclusions- α2δ-1 is essential for brain ischemia-induced neuronal NMDAR hyperactivity, and α2δ-1-bound NMDARs mediate brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Targeting α2δ-1-bound NMDARs, without impairing physiological α2δ-1-free NMDARs, may be a promising strategy for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.).,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (Y.L.)
| | - Huijie Ma
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.).,Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (H.M.)
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Lingyong Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Lin Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
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Shabanzadeh AP, D'Onofrio PM, Magharious M, Choi KAB, Monnier PP, Koeberle PD. Modifying PTEN recruitment promotes neuron survival, regeneration, and functional recovery after CNS injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:567. [PMID: 31358730 PMCID: PMC6662832 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) regulates apoptosis and axonal growth in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that human PTEN C-terminal PDZ interactions play a critical role in neuronal apoptosis and axon regeneration after traumatic CNS injury and stroke, highlighted by the findings that antagonizing the PDZ-motif interactions of PTEN has therapeutic applicability for these indications. Interestingly, the death-inducing function of PTEN following ischemic insult depends on a PDZ-domain interaction with MAGI-2 and MAST205, PDZ proteins that are known to recruit PTEN to the plasma membrane and stabilize its interaction with PIP3. Treatments with a human peptide that prevents PTEN association with MAGI-2 or MAST205 increased neuronal survival in multiple stroke models, in vitro. A pro-survival effect was also observed in models of retinal ischemia, optic nerve transection, and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult rats. The human PTEN peptide also improved axonal regeneration in the crushed optic nerve. Furthermore, human PTEN peptide therapy promoted functional improvement after MCAO or retinal ischemia induced via ophthalmic artery ligation. These findings show that the human peptide-based targeting of C-terminal PTEN PDZ interactions has therapeutic potential for insults of the CNS, including trauma and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Pirsaraei Shabanzadeh
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Philippe Matteo D'Onofrio
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark Magharious
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyung An Brian Choi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philippe Patrick Monnier
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paulo Dieter Koeberle
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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22
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Differences in structural and functional networks between young adult and aged rat brains before and after stroke lesion simulations. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 126:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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23
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Chen J, Xuan Y, Chen Y, Wu T, Chen L, Guan H, Yang S, He J, Shi D, Wang Y. Netrin-1 alleviates subarachnoid haemorrhage-induced brain injury via the PPARγ/NF-KB signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2256-2262. [PMID: 30614619 PMCID: PMC6378208 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin‐1 (NTN‐1) is a novel drug to alleviate early brain injury following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). However the molecular mechanism of NTN‐1‐mediated protection against early brain injury following SAH remains largely elusive. This study aims to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of NTN‐1 in protecting SAH‐induced early brain injury. The endovascular perforation SAH model was constructed using male C57BL/6J mice, and recombinant NTN‐1 was administrated intravenously. Mortality rates, SAH grade, brain water content, neurological score and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. The expression of PPARγ, Bcl‐2, Bax and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) were detected by Western blot. Small interfering RNA specific to NTN‐1 receptor, UNC5B, and a selective PPARγ antagonist, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), were applied in combination with NTN‐1. The results suggested that NTN‐1 improved the neurological deficits, reduced the brain water content and alleviated neuronal apoptosis. In addition, NTN‐1 enhanced PPARγ and Bcl‐2 expression and decreased the levels of Bax and NF‐κB. However, the neuroprotection of NTN‐1 was abolished by UNC5B and BADGE. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that NTN‐1 attenuates early brain injury following SAH via the UNC5B PPARγ/NF‐κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Yong Xuan
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei City, Anhui Province, PR. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Hexian Peoples Hospital, Ma Anshan City, Anhui Province, PR. China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Haoxiang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Jianqing He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Dongliang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Medical College of Anhui Medical University (l0lst Hospital of PLA), Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, PR. China
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24
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Puerarin attenuates neurological deficits via Bcl-2/Bax/cleaved caspase-3 and Sirt3/SOD2 apoptotic pathways in subarachnoid hemorrhage mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:726-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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25
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van Putten MJ, Jansen C, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Beernink TM, Koot R, Bosch F, Beishuizen A, Hofmeijer J. Postmortem histopathology of electroencephalography and evoked potentials in postanoxic coma. Resuscitation 2019; 134:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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26
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Bayliss M, Trotman-Lucas M, Janus J, Kelly ME, Gibson CL. Pre-stroke surgery is not beneficial to normotensive rats undergoing sixty minutes of transient focal cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209370. [PMID: 30592760 PMCID: PMC6310237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental stroke in rodents, via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), can be associated with a negative impact on wellbeing and mortality. In hypertensive rodents, pre-stroke craniotomy increased survival and decreased body weight loss post-MCAO. Here we determined the effect, in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats following 60 minutes MCAO, with or without pre-surgical craniotomy, on post-stroke outcomes in terms of weight loss, neurological deficit, lesion volume and functional outcomes. There was no effect of pre-stroke craniotomy on indicators of wellbeing including survival rate (P = 0.32), body weight loss (P = 0.42) and neurological deficit (P = 0.75). We also assessed common outcome measures following experimental stroke and found no effect of pre-stroke craniotomy on lesion volume as measured by T2-weighted MRI (P = 0.846), or functional performance up to 28 days post-MCAO (staircase test, P = 0.32; adhesive sticker test, P = 0.49; cylinder test, P = 0.38). Thus, pre-stroke craniotomy did not improve animal welfare in terms of body weight loss and neurological deficit. However, it is important, given that a number of drug delivery studies utilise the craniotomy procedure, to note that there was no effect on lesion volume or functional outcome following experimental stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Cerebrum/blood supply
- Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging
- Craniotomy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/etiology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/mortality
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnostic imaging
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/etiology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/mortality
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/prevention & control
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Survival Rate
- Treatment Outcome
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bayliss
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Trotman-Lucas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Janus
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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27
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Dergunova LV, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, Mozerov SA, Gubsky LV, Limborska SA. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq reveals a large number of differentially expressed genes in a transient MCAO rat model. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:655. [PMID: 30185153 PMCID: PMC6125876 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model is used for studying the molecular mechanisms of ischemic damage and neuroprotection. Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of individual genes and associated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, the tMCAO model was used to investigate the genome-wide response of the transcriptome of rat brain tissues to the damaging effect of ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Results Magnetic resonance imaging and histological examination showed that the model of focal ischemia based on endovascular occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 90 min using a monofilament, followed by restoration of the blood flow, led to reproducible localization of ischemic damage in the subcortical structures of the brain. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed the presence of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in subcortical structures of rat brains resulting from hemisphere damage by ischemia after tMCAO, as well as in the corresponding parts of the brains of sham-operated animals. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction expression analysis of 20 genes confirmed the RNA-Seq results. We identified 469 and 1939 genes that exhibited changes in expression of > 1.5-fold at 4.5 and 24 h after tMCAO, respectively. Interestingly, we found 2741 and 752 DEGs under ischemia–reperfusion and sham-operation conditions at 24 h vs. 4.5 h after tMCAO, respectively. The activation of a large number of genes involved in inflammatory, immune and stress responses, apoptosis, ribosome function, DNA replication and other processes was observed in ischemia–reperfusion conditions. Simultaneously, massive down-regulation of the mRNA levels of genes involved in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems was recorded. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that dozens of signaling pathways were associated with DEGs in ischemia–reperfusion conditions. Conclusions The data obtained revealed a global profile of gene expression in the rat brain sub-cortex under tMCAO conditions that can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets in the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5039-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Dergunova
- Human Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- Human Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily V Stavchansky
- Human Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alina E Denisova
- Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Yuzhakov
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Mozerov
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid V Gubsky
- Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Human Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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28
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Rahaman P, Del Bigio MR. Histology of Brain Trauma and Hypoxia-Ischemia. Acad Forensic Pathol 2018; 8:539-554. [PMID: 31240058 DOI: 10.1177/1925362118797728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Forensic pathologists encounter hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage or traumatic brain injuries (TBI) on an almost daily basis. Evaluation of the findings guides decisions regarding cause and manner of death. When there are gross findings of brain trauma, the cause of death is often obvious. However, microscopic evaluation should be used to augment the macroscopic diagnoses. Histology can be used to seek evidence for TBI in the absence of gross findings, e.g., in the context of reported or suspected TBI. Estimating the survival interval after an insult is often of medicolegal interest; this requires targeted tissue sampling and careful histologic evaluation. Retained tissue blocks serve as forensic evidence and also provide invaluable teaching and research material. In certain contexts, histology can be used to demonstrate nontraumatic causes of seemingly traumatic lesions. Macroscopic and histologic findings of brain trauma can be confounded by concomitant HI brain injury when an individual survives temporarily after TBI. Here we review the histologic approaches for evaluating TBI, hemorrhage, and HI brain injury. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunohistochemistry is helpful for identifying damaged axons, but patterns of damage cannot unambiguously distinguish TBI from HI. The evolution of hemorrhagic lesions will be discussed in detail; however, timing of any lesion is at best approximate. It is important to recognize artifactual changes (e.g., dark neurons) that can resemble HI damage. Despite the shortcomings, histology is a critical adjunct to the gross examination of brains.
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29
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Yoon JS, Jo D, Lee HS, Yoo SW, Lee TY, Hwang WS, Choi JM, Kim E, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H. Spatiotemporal Protein Atlas of Cell Death-Related Molecules in the Rat MCAO Stroke Model. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:287-298. [PMID: 30181691 PMCID: PMC6120968 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.4.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and cerebral infarction triggered by the blockage of blood supply can cause damage to the brain via a complex series of pathological changes. Recently, diverse therapies have emerged as promising candidates for the treatment of stroke. These treatments exert therapeutic effects by acting on diverse target molecules and cells in different time windows from the acute to chronic phases. Here, using immunohistochemistry, we show pathophysiological changes in the brain microenvironment at the hyperacute (within 6 h), acute (1~3 days), subacute (7 days), and chronic (1 month) phases following ischemic injury. Ischemic injury in rats was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery and was validated by magnetic resonance imaging. The progression of damage to the brain was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for NeuN+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes, and Iba1+ microglia, and by the emergence of the cell death-related molecules such as AIF, FAF1, and activated caspase-3. Our data regarding the spatial and temporal information on pathophysiological changes may warrant the investigation of the timing of administration of therapeutic treatments in preclinical studies with an animal model of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seon Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Darong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou Graduate School, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou Graduate School, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Woo Sup Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou Graduate School, Suwon 16499, Korea
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30
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Choi CH, Yi KS, Lee SR, Lee Y, Jeon CY, Hwang J, Lee C, Choi SS, Lee HJ, Cha SH. A novel voxel-wise lesion segmentation technique on 3.0-T diffusion MRI of hyperacute focal cerebral ischemia at 1 h after permanent MCAO in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1371-1383. [PMID: 28598225 PMCID: PMC6092770 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17714179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess hyperacute focal cerebral ischemia in rats on 3.0-Tesla diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), we developed a novel voxel-wise lesion segmentation technique that overcomes intra- and inter-subject variation in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) distribution. Our novel technique involves the following: (1) intensity normalization including determination of the optimal type of region of interest (ROI) and its intra- and inter-subject validation, (2) verification of focal cerebral ischemic lesions at 1 h with gross and high-magnification light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) pathology, (3) voxel-wise segmentation on ADC with various thresholds, and (4) calculation of dice indices (DIs) to compare focal cerebral ischemic lesions at 1 h defined by ADC and matching H&E pathology. The best coefficient of variation was the mode of the left hemisphere after normalization using whole left hemispheric ROI, which showed lower intra- (2.54 ± 0.72%) and inter-subject (2.67 ± 0.70%) values than the original. Focal ischemic lesion at 1 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was confirmed on both gross and microscopic H&E pathology. The 83 relative threshold of normalized ADC showed the highest mean DI (DI = 0.820 ± 0.075). We could evaluate hyperacute ischemic lesions at 1 h more reliably on 3-Tesla DWI in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hoon Choi
- 1 Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Yi
- 1 Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- 2 National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- 2 National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- 2 National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- 3 Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhyun Lee
- 4 Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choi
- 5 Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Lee
- 5 Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Cha
- 1 Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.,6 College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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31
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Mišir M, Renić M, Novak S, Mihalj M, Ćosić A, Vesel M, Drenjančević I. Hyperbaric oxygenation and 20-hydroxyeicosatetreanoic acid inhibition reduce stroke volume in female diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1596-1606. [PMID: 28940693 DOI: 10.1113/ep086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is there a beneficial effect and what are the mechanisms of acute and multiple hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2 ) exposures on the outcome of cerebral tissue injury induced by a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in diabetic female rats? Are 20-hydroxyeicosatetreanoic acid and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids involved? What is the main finding and its importance? Equal reduction of cortical and total infarct size in rats treated with HBO2 and HET0016 (20-hydroxyeicosatetreanoic acid production inhibitor) and significant mRNA upregulation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-producing enzymes (Cyp2J3 and Cyp2C11) in treated groups suggest that HBO2 and HET0016 are highly effective stroke treatments and that cytochrome P450 metabolites are involved in this therapeutic effect. We evaluated the effects of acute and repetitive hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2 ), 20-hydroxyeicosatetreanoic acid (20-HETE) inhibition by N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2methylphenyl)-formamidine (HET0016) and their combination on experimental stroke outcomes. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic Sprague-Dawley female rats (n = 42; n = 7 per group), were subjected to 30 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO)-reperfusion and divided into the following groups: (1) control group, without treatment; and groups exposed to: (2) HBO2 ; (3) multiple HBO2 (HBO2 immediately and second exposure 12 h after t-MCAO); (4) HET0016 pretreatment (1 mg kg-1 , 3 days before t-MCAO) combined with HBO2 after t-MCAO; (5) HET0016 treatment (1 h before, during and for 6 h after t-MCAO); and (6) HET0016 treatment followed by HBO2 after t-MCAO. Messenger RNA expression of CYP2J3, CYP2C11, CYP4A1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and epoxide hydrolase 2 was determined by real-time qPCR. Cortical infarct size and total infarct size were equally and significantly reduced in HBO2 - and HET0016-treated rats. Combined treatment with HET0016 and HBO2 provided no significant additive effect compared with HET0016 treatment only. Messenger RNA of Cyp2J3 was significantly increased in all study groups, and mRNA of Cyp2C11 was significantly increased in the multiple HBO2 group and the HET0016 treatment followed by HBO2 group, compared with the control group. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was significantly increased after HBO2 treatments, and expression of epoxide hydrolase 2 was increased in all groups compared with the control group. In diabetic female Sprague-Dawley rats, HBO2 and HET0016 are highly effective stroke treatments, suggesting the involvement of cytochrome P450 metabolites and the NO pathway in this therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Mišir
- Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, Neurology Clinic, Osijek, Croatia.,University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Renić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Novak
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Ćosić
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Monika Vesel
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Circulatory Physiology, Osijek, Croatia
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32
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Hu HJ, Song M. Disrupted Ionic Homeostasis in Ischemic Stroke and New Therapeutic Targets. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2706-2719. [PMID: 29054733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability. All neuroprotectants targeting excitotoxicity have failed to become stroke medications. In order to explore and identify new therapeutic targets for stroke, we here reviewed present studies of ionic transporters and channels that are involved in ischemic brain damage. METHOD We surveyed recent literature from animal experiments and clinical reports in the databases of PubMed and Elsevier ScienceDirect to analyze ionic mechanisms underlying ischemic cell damage and suggest promising ideas for stroke therapy. RESULTS Dysfunction of ionic transporters and disrupted ionic homeostasis are most early changes that underlie ischemic brain injury, thus receiving sustained attention in translational stroke research. The Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger, ionotropic glutamate receptor, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), sulfonylurea receptor isoform 1 (SUR1)-regulated NCCa-ATP channels, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are critically involved in ischemia-induced cellular degenerating processes such as cytotoxic edema, excitotoxicity, necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Some ionic transporters/channels also act as signalosomes to regulate cell death signaling. For acute stroke treatment, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity must be interfered within 2 hours after stroke. The SUR1-regulated NCCa-ATP channels, Na+/K+-ATPase, ASICs, and TRP channels have a much longer therapeutic window, providing new therapeutic targets for developing feasible pharmacological treatments toward acute ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION The next generation of stroke therapy can apply a polypharmacology strategy for which drugs are designed to target multiple ion transporters/channels or their interaction with neurotoxic signaling pathways. But a successful translation of neuroprotectants relies on in-depth analyses of cell death mechanisms and suitable animal models resembling human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingke Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Dreier JP, Lemale CL, Kola V, Friedman A, Schoknecht K. Spreading depolarization is not an epiphenomenon but the principal mechanism of the cytotoxic edema in various gray matter structures of the brain during stroke. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:189-207. [PMID: 28941738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the evidence from several decades of research that SD and cytotoxic edema in these structures are largely overlapping terms. SD/cytotoxic edema is a toxic state that - albeit initially reversible - leads eventually to cellular death when it is persistent. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are among the most prominent causes of SD/cytotoxic edema. SD/cytotoxic edema is the principal mechanism that mediates neuronal death in these conditions. This applies to gray matter structures in both the ischemic core and the penumbra. SD/cytotoxic edema is often a single terminal event in the core whereas, in the penumbra, a cluster of repetitive prolonged SDs is typical. SD/cytotoxic edema also propagates widely into healthy surrounding tissue as short-lasting, relatively harmless events so that regional electrocorticographic monitoring affords even remote detection of ischemic zones. Ischemia cannot only cause SD/cytotoxic edema but it can also be its consequence through inverse neurovascular coupling. Under this condition, ischemia does not start simultaneously in different regions but spreads in the tissue driven by SD/cytotoxic edema-induced microvascular constriction (= spreading ischemia). Spreading ischemia prolongs SD/cytotoxic edema. Thus, it increases the likelihood for the transition from SD/cytotoxic edema into cellular death. Vasogenic edema is the other major type of cerebral edema with relevance to ischemic stroke. It results from opening of the blood-brain barrier. SD/cytotoxic edema and vasogenic edema are distinct processes with important mutual interactions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Departments of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Coline L Lemale
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasilis Kola
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Karl Schoknecht
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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von Kummer R, Dzialowski I. Imaging of cerebral ischemic edema and neuronal death. Neuroradiology 2017; 59:545-553. [PMID: 28540400 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-017-1847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In acute cerebral ischemia, the assessment of irreversible injury is crucial for treatment decisions and the patient's prognosis. There is still uncertainty how imaging can safely differentiate reversible from irreversible ischemic brain tissue in the acute phase of stroke. METHODS We have searched PubMed and Google Scholar for experimental and clinical papers describing the pathology and pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia under controlled conditions. RESULTS Within the first 6 h of stroke onset, ischemic cell injury is subtle and hard to recognize under the microscope. Functional impairment is obvious, but can be induced by ischemic blood flow allowing recovery with flow restoration. The critical cerebral blood flow (CBF) threshold for irreversible injury is ~15 ml/100 g × min. Below this threshold, ischemic brain tissue takes up water in case of any residual capillary flow (ionic edema). Because tissue water content is linearly related to X-ray attenuation, computed tomography (CT) can detect and measure ionic edema and, thus, determine ischemic brain infarction. In contrast, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) detects cytotoxic edema that develops at higher thresholds of ischemic CBF and is thus highly sensitive for milder levels of brain ischemia, but not specific for irreversible brain tissue injury. CONCLUSION CT and MRI are complimentary in the detection of ischemic stroke pathology and are valuable for treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger von Kummer
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Imanuel Dzialowski
- Elblandklinikum Meißen, Neurologische Rehabilitationsklinik Großenhain, Nassauweg 7, 01662, Meißen, Germany
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McDermott M, Jacobs T, Morgenstern L. Critical care in acute ischemic stroke. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 140:153-176. [PMID: 28187798 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63600-3.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most ischemic strokes are managed on the ward or on designated stroke units. A significant proportion of patients with ischemic stroke require more specialized care. Several studies have shown improved outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke when neurocritical care services are available. Features of acute ischemic stroke patients requiring intensive care unit-level care include airway or respiratory compromise; large cerebral or cerebellar hemisphere infarction with swelling; infarction with symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation; infarction complicated by seizures; and a large proportion of patients require close management of blood pressure after thrombolytics. In this chapter, we discuss aspects of acute ischemic stroke care that are of particular relevance to a neurointensivist, covering neuropathology, neurodiagnostics and imaging, blood pressure management, glycemic control, temperature management, and the selection and timing of antithrombotics. We also focus on the care of patients who have received intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. Complex clinical decision making in decompressive hemicraniectomy for hemispheric infarction and urgent management of basilar artery thrombosis are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McDermott
- Stroke Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - T Jacobs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Morgenstern
- Stroke Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Geng X, Li F, Yip J, Peng C, Elmadhoun O, Shen J, Ji X, Ding Y. Neuroprotection by Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Severe Transient and Permanent Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8140-8150. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiang MQ, Zhao YY, Cao W, Wei ZZ, Gu X, Wei L, Yu SP. Long-term survival and regeneration of neuronal and vasculature cells inside the core region after ischemic stroke in adult mice. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:480-498. [PMID: 27514013 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cerebral ischemia results in an ischemic core surrounded by the peri-infarct region (penumbra). Most research attention has been focused on penumbra while the pattern of cell fates inside the ischemic core is poorly defined. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that, inside the ischemic core, some neuronal and vascular cells could survive the initial ischemic insult while regenerative niches might exist many days after stroke in the adult brain. Adult mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) plus transient ligations of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA). The ischemic insult uniformly reduced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by 90%. Massive cell death occurred due to multiple mechanisms and a significant infarction was cultivated in the ischemic cortex 24 h later. Nevertheless, normal or even higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) persistently remained in the core tissue, some NeuN-positive and Glut-1/College IV-positive cells with intact ultrastructural features resided in the core 7-14 days post stroke. BrdU-positive but TUNEL-negative neuronal and endothelial cells were detected in the core where extensive extracellular matrix infrastructure developed. Meanwhile, GFAP-positive astrocytes accumulated in the penumbra and Iba-1-positive microglial/macrophages invaded the core several days after stroke. The long term survival of neuronal and vascular cells inside the ischemic core was also seen after a severe ischemic stroke induced by permanent embolic occlusion of the MCA. We demonstrate that a therapeutic intervention of pharmacological hypothermia could save neurons/endothelial cells inside the core. These data suggest that the ischemic core is an actively regulated brain region with residual and newly formed viable neuronal and vascular cells acutely and chronically after at least some types of ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ying-Ying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
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von Kummer R. Early CT Score to establish stroke treatment. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:651-653. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang H, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhao P, Liu T. Sevoflurane prevents stroke-induced depressive and anxiety behaviors by promoting cannabinoid receptor subtype I-dependent interaction between β-arrestin 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 2016; 137:618-29. [PMID: 26991409 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent psychological consequences of stroke is depression. Previous animal studies have demonstrated that post-conditioning with sevoflurane protects against focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Thus, we hypothesized that repeated exposure to sevoflurane after transient ischemia can prevent the development of depressive-like behavior. To test this hypothesis, we induced transient cerebral ischemia via transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and examined the effects of subsequent repeated exposure to sevoflurane on sucrose preference, locomotor activity, and rearing activity in rats. To explore the putative neurobiological mechanisms, we further investigated the roles of hippocampal CB1 receptor in the behavioral effects of sevoflurane. We found that repeated sevoflurane exposures reversed ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. Furthermore, CB1 receptor inhibition in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) abolished the effects of sevoflurane exposures on ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. In addition, repeated sevoflurane exposures increased CB1 receptor expression and endocannabinoids levels in the DH of ischemic rats. Moreover, repeated sevoflurane exposures enhanced the expression of β-arrestin 2, increased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, and promoted the interaction of β-arrestin 2 and ERK1/2 in the DH, and such effects were reversed by CB1 receptor antagonism in the DH. Finally, β-arrestin 2 expression and ERK1/2 activation in the DH were critical for the preventative effects of sevoflurane exposures on ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. Taken together, our results suggested that sevoflurane exposure after brain ischemia may prevent the development of depression, and such preventative effects of sevoflurane are likely ascribed to the activation of CB1 receptor-mediated β-arrestin 2-ERK1/2 signaling pathways. We propose that the following mechanisms are critical for the preventative effects of sevoflurane against post-stroke depressive and anxiety behaviors: repeated sevoflurane exposure after transient brain ischemia enhances N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels and normalize cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor expression in the dorsal hippocampus, which results in enhanced interaction of β-arrestin 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and increased ERK1/2 activation, leading to decreased depressive and anxiety behaviors. We think these findings should provide a new strategy for treatment of post-stroke depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Yanli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Changchun City, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhao L, Liu H, Yue L, Zhang J, Li X, Wang B, Lin Y, Qu Y. Melatonin Attenuates Early Brain Injury via the Melatonin Receptor/Sirt1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1612-1621. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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N-Acetylcysteine and Ceftriaxone as Preconditioning Strategies in Focal Brain Ischemia: Influence on Glutamate Transporters Expression. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:539-50. [PMID: 26861954 PMCID: PMC4820483 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) plays a key role in excitotoxicity-related injury in cerebral ischemia. In the brain, Glu homeostasis depends on Glu transporters, including the excitatory amino acid transporters and the cysteine/Glu antiporter (xc-). We hypothesized that drugs acting on Glu transporters, such as ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg, i.p.), administered repeatedly for 5 days before focal cerebral ischemia in rats and induced by a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), may induce brain tolerance to ischemia. We compared the effects of these drugs on brain infarct volume, neurological deficits and the mRNA and protein expression of the Glu transporter-1 (GLT-1) and xc- with the effects of ischemic preconditioning and chemical preconditioning using 3-nitropropionic acid. Administration of CEF and NAC significantly reduced infarct size and neurological deficits caused by a 90-min MCAO. These beneficial effects were accompanied by changes in GLT-1 expression caused by a 90-min MCAO at both the mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and dorsal striatum. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the regulation of GLT-1 and xc- plays a role in the development of cerebral tolerance to ischemia and that this regulation may be a novel approach in the therapy of brain ischemia.
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Patricio-Martínez A, Mendieta L, Martínez I, Aguilera J, Limón I. The recombinant C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin protects against cholinotoxicity by intraseptal injection of β-amyloid peptide (25–35) in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 315:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shen Y, Wang Z, Li F, Sun L. Morphological characteristics of eosinophilic neuronal death after transient unilateral forebrain ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Neuropathology 2015; 36:227-36. [PMID: 26607557 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various types of eosinophilic neurons (ENs) are found in the post-ischemic brain. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the temporal and spatial profile of ENs, the expression of TUNEL staining and ultrastructural characteristics in the core and peripheral regions of the cortex post-ischemia. Unilateral forebrain ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by transient common carotid artery occlusions, and the brains from 3 h to 2 weeks post-ischemia were prepared for morphometric, electron microscopy (EM) and TUNEL staining of the ENs. Light microscopy showed that ENs with minimally abnormal nuclei and swollen cell bodies appeared at 3 h in the ischemic core and at 12 h in the periphery. Thereafter, ENs with pyknosis and irregular atrophic cytoplasm peaked at 12 h, pyknosis with scant cytoplasm peaked at 4 days, and TUNEL-positive staining was observed in the ischemic core. In the ischemic periphery, ENs had slightly atrophic cytoplasm and sequentially developed pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis over 1 week. These cells were also positive for TUNEL. In EM, severe organelle dilation and vacuolization preceded chromatin fragmentation in the ischemic core, while chromatin fragmentation and homogenization were the vital characteristics in the ischemic periphery. There might be two region-dependent pathways for EN changes in the post-ischemic brain: pyknosis with cytoplasmic shrinkage in the core and nuclear disintegration with slightly atrophic cytoplasm in the periphery. These pathways were comparable to necrosis and proceeded from non-classical apoptosis to necrosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zongli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Targeting caspase-6 and caspase-8 to promote neuronal survival following ischemic stroke. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1967. [PMID: 26539914 PMCID: PMC4670918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that caspase-6 and caspase-8 are involved in neuronal apoptosis and regenerative failure after trauma of the adult central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we evaluated whether caspase-6 or -8 inhibitors can reduce cerebral or retinal injury after ischemia. Cerebral infarct volume, relative to appropriate controls, was significantly reduced in groups treated with caspase-6 or -8 inhibitors. Concomitantly, these treatments also reduced neurological deficits, reduced edema, increased cell proliferation, and increased neurofilament levels in the injured cerebrum. Caspase-6 and -8 inhibitors, or siRNAs, also increased retinal ganglion cell survival at 14 days after ischemic injury. Caspase-6 or -8 inhibition also decreased caspase-3, -6, and caspase-8 cleavage when assayed by western blot and reduced caspase-3 and -6 activities in colorimetric assays. We have shown that caspase-6 or caspase-8 inhibition decreases the neuropathological consequences of cerebral or retinal infarction, thereby emphasizing their importance in ischemic neuronal degeneration. As such, caspase-6 and -8 are potential targets for future therapies aimed at attenuating the devastating functional losses that result from retinal or cerebral stroke.
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45
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Yu H, Wu M, Zhao P, Huang Y, Wang W, Yin W. Neuroprotective effects of viral overexpression of microRNA-22 in rat and cell models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:233-41. [PMID: 25186498 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that microRNA (MIR) is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic diseases, including cerebral ischemia, and that MIR-22 may inhibit the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis, which contribute to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the specific function of MIR-22 in cerebral I/R injury remains far from clear. This study aimed to examine the potential protective effect of MIR-22 against cerebral I/R injury and its mechanism. As predicted, adenovirus-mediated MIR-22 overexpression markedly reduced the neurological score and infarct size (P < 0.05). We demonstrated that MIR-22 overexpression resulted in a reduction in inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, whereas the level of IL-10 was enhanced. MIR-22 overexpression significantly inhibited NF-κB activity by decreasing NF-κB coactivator NCOA1 expression. Furthermore, we found that MIR-22 could reduce the apoptotic rate of cortical neurons. Caspase-3 activity was inhibited by MIR-22, and the expression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-2 in neurons was increased and that of the pro-apoptosis gene Bax decreased following MIR-22 overexpression. Our results suggest that MIR-22 could be used to treat cerebral I/R injury and that its neuroprotective effect may be attributed to a reduction in inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyou Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032,, China
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Fluri F, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3445-54. [PMID: 26170628 PMCID: PMC4494187 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s56071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the most frequently used rodent stroke models and discusses their strengths and shortcomings. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not feasible because ischemic stroke in humans is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex pathophysiology. The transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model is one of the models that most closely simulate human ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this model is characterized by reliable and well-reproducible infarcts. Therefore, the MCAo model has been involved in the majority of studies that address pathophysiological processes or neuroprotective agents. Another model uses thromboembolic clots and thus is more convenient for investigating thrombolytic agents and pathophysiological processes after thrombolysis. However, for many reasons, preclinical stroke research has a low translational success rate. One factor might be the choice of stroke model. Whereas the therapeutic responsiveness of permanent focal stroke in humans declines significantly within 3 hours after stroke onset, the therapeutic window in animal models with prompt reperfusion is up to 12 hours, resulting in a much longer action time of the investigated agent. Another major problem of animal stroke models is that studies are mostly conducted in young animals without any comorbidity. These models differ from human stroke, which particularly affects elderly people who have various cerebrovascular risk factors. Choosing the most appropriate stroke model and optimizing the study design of preclinical trials might increase the translational potential of animal stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Treviño S, Aguilar-Alonso P, Flores Hernandez JA, Brambila E, Guevara J, Flores G, Lopez-Lopez G, Muñoz-Arenas G, Morales-Medina JC, Toxqui V, Venegas B, Diaz A. A high calorie diet causes memory loss, metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress into hippocampus and temporal cortex of rats. Synapse 2015; 69:421-33. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Patrícia Aguilar-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Bioquímica; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Jose Angel Flores Hernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Facultad de Medicina; Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 04510 DF Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Gustavo Lopez-Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala; Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl Mexico
| | - Veronica Toxqui
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, INNN-MVS; CP14269 Mexico DF Mexico
| | - Berenice Venegas
- Laboratorio de Biologia y Toxicologia de la Reproduccion Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP.72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
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Teo JD, Morris MJ, Jones NM. Hypoxic postconditioning reduces microglial activation, astrocyte and caspase activity, and inflammatory markers after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat brain. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:757-64. [PMID: 25751571 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postconditioning (PostC) with mild hypoxia shortly after a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury can reduce brain damage, however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not known. We hypothesize that hypoxic PostC reduces brain markers of glial activity, inflammation, and apoptosis following HI injury. METHODS Sprague Dawley rat pups were exposed to right common carotid artery occlusion and hypoxia (7% oxygen, 3 h) on postnatal day 7 and 24 h later, pups were exposed to hypoxic PostC (8% O2 for 1 h/day for 5 d) or kept at ambient conditions for the same duration. HI+N pups demonstrated ~10% loss in ipsilateral brain tissue which was rescued with HI+PostC. To investigate the cellular responses, markers of astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, and caspase 3 activity were examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PostC reduced the area of astrocyte staining compared to HI+N. There was also a shift in microglial morphology toward a primed state in both PostC groups. Protein levels of interleukin-1β and caspase 3 were elevated in HI+N brains and reduced by PostC. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that PostC can reduce glial activity, inflammatory mediators, and cell death after a neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Teo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Landi D, Maggio P, Lupoi D, Palazzo P, Altamura C, Falato E, Altavilla R, Vollaro S, Coniglio AD, Tibuzzi F, Passarelli F, Silvestrini M, Pasqualetti P, Vernieri F. Cortical Ischemic Lesion Burden Measured by DIR Is Related to Carotid Artery Disease Severity. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 39:23-30. [DOI: 10.1159/000369292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over time, exposure to cerebrovascular risk factors and carotid artery disease may cause multiple asymptomatic brain cortical and subcortical microinfarcts, which are commonly found at brain autopsy. So far, lack of convenient neuroimaging tools limited the investigation of grey matter ischemic damage in vivo. We applied the Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence to explore the impact of carotid artery disease on intracortical ischemic lesion load in vivo, taking into account the impact of demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors. Methods: DIR was acquired in 62 patients with common cerebrovascular risk factors stratified in three groups according to carotid artery disease severity. Intracortical lesions scored on DIR (DIRlns) were classified by vascular territory, lobe and hemisphere. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) volume was also quantified on Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery sequence (FLAIR). Results: Among demographic characteristics and cerebrovascular risk variables explored, General Linear Model indicated that age and carotid artery disease were significantly associated to DIRlns. After correcting for age, DIRlns load was found to be significantly dependent on carotid artery stenosis severity (F(2, 58) = 5.56, p = 0.006). A linear positive correlation between DIRlns and WMHs was found after correcting for age (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Carotid disease severity is associated with DIRlns accrual. Microembolism and impaired cerebral hemodynamics may act as physiopathological mechanisms underlying cortical ischemic damage. The role of other factors, such as small vessel disease and the possible interaction with carotid disease, remains to be further explored.
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Leandra C, Tasca CI, Boeck CR. The Role of NMDA Receptors in the Development of Brain Resistance through Pre- and Postconditioning. Aging Dis 2014; 5:430-41. [PMID: 25489494 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tolerance or resistance can be achieved by interventions before and after injury through potential toxic agents used in low stimulus or dose. For brain diseases, the neuroprotection paradigm desires an attenuation of the resulting motor, cognitive, emotional, or memory deficits following the insult. Preconditioning is a well-established experimental and clinical translational strategy with great beneficial effects, but limited applications. NMDA receptors have been reported as protagonists in the adjacent cellular mechanisms contributing to the development of brain tolerance. Postconditioning has recently emerged as a new neuroprotective strategy, which has shown interesting results when applied immediately, i.e. several hours to days, after a stroke event. Investigations using chemical postconditioning are still incipient, but nevertheless represent an interesting and promising clinical strategy. In the present review pre- and postconditioning are discussed as neuroprotective paradigms and the focus of our attention lies on the participation of NMDA receptors proteins in the processes related to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina Rodrigues Boeck
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-UNESC, Criciúma, 88806-000, SC, Brazil
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