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Yang P, Lu Y, Gou W, Qin Y, Tan J, Luo G, Zhang Q. Glycosaminoglycans' Ability to Promote Wound Healing: From Native Living Macromolecules to Artificial Biomaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305918. [PMID: 38072674 PMCID: PMC10916610 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important for the occurrence of signaling molecules and maintenance of microenvironment within the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. GAGs and GAG-based biomaterial approaches have been widely explored to promote in situ tissue regeneration and repair by regulating the wound microenvironment, accelerating re-epithelialization, and controlling ECM remodeling. However, most approaches remain unacceptable for clinical applications. To improve insights into material design and clinical translational applications, this review highlights the innate roles and bioactive mechanisms of native GAGs during in situ wound healing and presents common GAG-based biomaterials and the adaptability of application scenarios in facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, challenges before the widespread commercialization of GAG-based biomaterials are shared, to ensure that future designed and constructed GAG-based artificial biomaterials are more likely to recapitulate the unique and tissue-specific profile of native GAG expression in human tissues. This review provides a more explicit and clear selection guide for researchers designing biomimetic materials, which will resemble or exceed their natural counterparts in certain functions, thereby suiting for specific environments or therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Weiming Gou
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of DermatologyClinical Institute of Inflammation and ImmunologyFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Jianglin Tan
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
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Koh WS, Knudsen C, Izumikawa T, Nakato E, Grandt K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Nakato H. Regulation of morphogen pathways by a Drosophila chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Windpipe. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260525. [PMID: 36897575 PMCID: PMC10113886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogens provide quantitative and robust signaling systems to achieve stereotypic patterning and morphogenesis. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of such regulatory feedback networks. In Drosophila, HSPGs serve as co-receptors for a number of morphogens, including Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Unpaired (Upd, or Upd1). Recently, Windpipe (Wdp), a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (CSPG), was found to negatively regulate Upd and Hh signaling. However, the roles of Wdp, and CSPGs in general, in morphogen signaling networks are poorly understood. We found that Wdp is a major CSPG with 4-O-sulfated CS in Drosophila. Overexpression of wdp modulates Dpp and Wg signaling, showing that it is a general regulator of HS-dependent pathways. Although wdp mutant phenotypes are mild in the presence of morphogen signaling buffering systems, this mutant in the absence of Sulf1 or Dally, molecular hubs of the feedback networks, produces high levels of synthetic lethality and various severe morphological phenotypes. Our study indicates a close functional relationship between HS and CS, and identifies the CSPG Wdp as a novel component in morphogen feedback pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seuk Koh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin Grandt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Gatto F, Bratulic S, Jonasch E, Limeta A, Maccari F, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Lundstam S, Nielsen J, Stierner U. Plasma and Urine Free Glycosaminoglycans as Monitoring and Predictive Biomarkers in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200361. [PMID: 36848607 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE No liquid biomarkers are approved in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) despite the need to predict and monitor response noninvasively to tailor treatment choices. Urine and plasma free glycosaminoglycan profiles (GAGomes) are promising metabolic biomarkers in mRCC. The objective of this study was to explore if GAGomes could predict and monitor response in mRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled a single-center prospective cohort of patients with mRCC elected for first-line therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02732665) plus three retrospective cohorts (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00715442 and NCT00126594) for external validation. Response was dichotomized as progressive disease (PD) versus non-PD every 8-12 weeks. GAGomes were measured at treatment start, after 6-8 weeks, and every third month in a blinded laboratory. We correlated GAGomes with response and developed scores to classify PD versus non-PD, which were used to predict response at treatment start or after 6-8 weeks. RESULTS Fifty patients with mRCC were prospectively included, and all received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). PD correlated with alterations in 40% of GAGome features. We developed plasma, urine, and combined glycosaminoglycan progression scores that monitored PD at each response evaluation visit with the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93, 0.97, and 0.98, respectively. For internal validation, the scores predicted PD at treatment start with the AUC of 0.66, 0.68, and 0.74 and after 6-8 weeks with the AUC of 0.76, 0.66, and 0.75. For external validation, 70 patients with mRCC were retrospectively included and all received TKI-containing regimens. The plasma score predicted PD at treatment start with the AUC of 0.90 and at 6-8 weeks with the AUC of 0.89. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 58% and 79% at treatment start. Limitations include the exploratory study design. CONCLUSION GAGomes changed in association with mRCC response to TKIs and may provide biologic insights into mRCC mechanisms of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sinisa Bratulic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center of the University of Texas, Houston, TX
| | - Angelo Limeta
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sven Lundstam
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Stierner
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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5
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Marques C, Poças J, Gomes C, Faria-Ramos I, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Glycosyltransferases EXTL2 and EXTL3 cellular balance dictates Heparan Sulfate biosynthesis and shapes gastric cancer cell motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102546. [PMID: 36181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are abundant glycoconjugates in cells' glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix (ECM). By acting as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, HSPGs modulate extracellular ligand gradients, cell signaling networks, and cell-ECM crosstalk. Aberrant expression of HSPGs and enzymes involved in HSPG biosynthesis and processing has been reported in tumors, with impact in cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment properties. However, the roles of specific glycosyltransferases in the deregulated biosynthesis of HSPGs are not fully understood. In this study, we established glycoengineered gastric cancer cell models lacking either Exostosin Like glycosyltransferase 2 (EXTL2) or EXTL3, and revealed their regulatory roles in both Heparan Sulfate (HS) and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) biosynthesis and structural features. We showed that EXTL3 is key for initiating the synthesis of HS chains in detriment of CS biosynthesis, intervening in the fine-tuned balance of the HS/CS ratio in cells, while EXTL2 functions as a negative regulator of HS biosynthesis, with impact over the glycoproteome of gastric cancer cells. We demonstrated that knock-out of EXTL2 enhanced HS levels along with concomitant upregulation of Syndecan-4, which is a major cell-surface carrier of HS. This aberrant HS expression profile promoted a more aggressive phenotype, characterized by higher cellular motility and invasion, and impaired activation of Ephrin type-A 4 cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. Our findings uncover the biosynthetic roles of EXTL2 and EXTL3 in the regulation of cancer cell GAGosylation and proteoglycans expression, and unravel the functional consequences of aberrant HS/CS balance in cellular malignant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Mead TJ, Bhutada S, Martin DR, Apte SS. Proteolysis: a key post-translational modification regulating proteoglycans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C651-C665. [PMID: 35785985 PMCID: PMC9448339 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00215.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are composite molecules comprising a protein backbone, i.e., the core protein, with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains of distinct chemical types. Most proteoglycans are secreted or attached to the cell membrane. Their specialized structures, binding properties, and biophysical attributes underlie diverse biological roles, which include modulation of tissue mechanics, cell adhesion, and the sequestration and regulated release of morphogens, growth factors, and cytokines. As an irreversible post-translational modification, proteolysis has a profound impact on proteoglycan function, abundance, and localization. Proteolysis is required for molecular maturation of some proteoglycans, clearance of extracellular matrix proteoglycans during tissue remodeling, generation of bioactive fragments from proteoglycans, and ectodomain shedding of cell-surface proteoglycans. Genetic evidence shows that proteoglycan core protein proteolysis is essential for diverse morphogenetic events during embryonic development. In contrast, dysregulated proteoglycan proteolysis contributes to osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and inflammation. Proteolytic fragments of perlecan, versican, aggrecan, brevican, collagen XVIII, and other proteoglycans are associated with independent biological activities as so-called matrikines. Yet, proteoglycan proteolysis has been investigated to only a limited extent to date. Here, we review the actions of proteases on proteoglycans and illustrate their functional impact with several examples. We discuss the applications and limitations of strategies used to define cleavage sites in proteoglycans and explain how proteoglycanome-wide proteolytic mapping, which is desirable to fully understand the impact of proteolysis on proteoglycans, can be facilitated by integrating classical proteoglycan isolation methods with mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sumit Bhutada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel R Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
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7
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Wang H, Li Q, Jiang Y, Wang X. Functional Hydrogels with Chondroitin Sulfate Release Properties Regulate the Angiogenesis Behaviors of Endothelial Cells. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050261. [PMID: 35621559 PMCID: PMC9141759 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hydrogels with properties that mimic the structure of extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate cell behaviors have drawn much attention in biomedical applications. Herein, gelatin-based hydrogels were designed and loaded with chondroitin sulfate (CS) to endow biological regulation on the angiogenesis behaviors of endothelial cells (ECs). Manufactured hydrogels containing various amounts of CS were characterized via methods including mechanical tests, cytocompatibility, hemolysis, and angiogenesis assays. The results showed that the prepared hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical stability, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. Additionally, the angiogenesis behaviors of ECs were obviously promoted. However, excessive loading of CS would weaken the effect due to a higher proportion of occupation on the cell membrane. In conclusion, this investigation highlights the great potential of these hydrogels in treating ischemic diseases and accelerating tissue regeneration in terms of regulating the angiogenesis process via CS release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (H.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (H.W.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); or (Y.J.)
| | - Yongchao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); or (Y.J.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (H.W.); (X.W.)
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8
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Ahat E, Song Y, Xia K, Reid W, Li J, Bui S, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang Y. GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi fragmentation impairs glycosaminoglycan synthesis, sulfation, and secretion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:199. [PMID: 35312866 PMCID: PMC9164142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), occurs in the lumen of the Golgi, but the relationship between Golgi structural integrity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis is not clear. In this study, we disrupted the Golgi structure by knocking out GRASP55 and GRASP65 and determined its effect on the synthesis, sulfation, and secretion of HS and CS. We found that GRASP depletion increased HS synthesis while decreasing CS synthesis in cells, altered HS and CS sulfation, and reduced both HS and CS secretion. Using proteomics, RNA-seq and biochemical approaches, we identified EXTL3, a key enzyme in the HS synthesis pathway, whose level is upregulated in GRASP knockout cells; while GalNAcT1, an essential CS synthesis enzyme, is robustly reduced. In addition, we found that GRASP depletion decreased HS sulfation via the reduction of PAPSS2, a bifunctional enzyme in HS sulfation. Our study provides the first evidence that Golgi structural defect may significantly alter the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Takeuchi K, Ohshima H. Role of chondroitin sulfate in the developmental and healing process of the dental pulp in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:133-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Noborn F, Nikpour M, Persson A, Sihlbom C, Nilsson J, Larson G. A Glycoproteomic Approach to Identify Novel Proteoglycans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:71-85. [PMID: 34626371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a glycoproteomic approach for the identification of novel chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) using a combination of biochemical enrichments, enzymatic digestions, and nanoscale liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis. The identification is achieved by trypsin digestion of CSPG-containing samples, followed by enrichment of chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycopeptides by strong anion exchange chromatography (SAX). The enriched CS glycopeptides are then digested with chondroitinase ABC to depolymerize the CS polysaccharides, generating a residual hexasaccharide structure, composed of the linkage region tetrasaccharide extended with a terminal dehydrated disaccharide, still attached to the peptide. The obtained CS glycopeptides are analyzed by nLC-MS/MS, and the generated data sets are evaluated through proteomic software with adjustment in the settings to allow for glycopeptide identification. This approach has enabled the identification of several novel core proteins in human samples and in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we specifically describe the procedure for the enrichment and characterization of CS glycopeptides from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Aghlara-Fotovat S, Nash A, Kim B, Krencik R, Veiseh O. Targeting the extracellular matrix for immunomodulation: applications in drug delivery and cell therapies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2394-2413. [PMID: 34176099 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host immune cells interact bi-directionally with their extracellular matrix (ECM) to receive and deposit molecular signals, which orchestrate cellular activation, proliferation, differentiation, and function to maintain healthy tissue homeostasis. In response to pathogens or damage, immune cells infiltrate diseased sites and synthesize critical ECM molecules such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans to promote healing. When the immune system misidentifies pathogens or fails to survey damaged cells effectively, maladies such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer can develop. In these conditions, it is essential to restore balance to the body through modulation of the immune system and the ECM. This review details the components of dysregulated ECM implicated in pathogenic environments and therapeutic approaches to restore tissue homeostasis. We evaluate emerging strategies to overcome inflamed, immune inhibitory, and otherwise diseased microenvironments, including mechanical stimulation, targeted proteases, adoptive cell therapy, mechanomedicine, and biomaterial-based cell therapeutics. We highlight various strategies that have produced efficacious responses in both pre-clinical and human trials and identify additional opportunities to develop next-generation interventions. Significantly, we identify a need for therapies to address dense or fibrotic tissue for the treatment of organ tissue damage and various cancer subtypes. Finally, we conclude that therapeutic techniques that disrupt, evade, or specifically target the pathogenic microenvironment have a high potential for improving therapeutic outcomes and should be considered a priority for immediate exploration. A schematic showing the various methods of extracellular matrix disruption/targeting in both fibrotic and cancerous environments. a Biomaterial-based cell therapy can be used to deliver anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemotherapeutics, or other factors for localized, slow release of therapeutics. b Mechanotherapeutics can be used to inhibit the deposition of molecules such as collagen that affect stiffness. c Ablation of the ECM and target tissue can be accomplished via mechanical degradation such as focused ultrasound. d Proteases can be used to improve the distribution of therapies such as oncolytic virus. e Localization of therapeutics such as checkpoint inhibitors can be improved with the targeting of specific ECM components, reducing off-target effects and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Nash
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Omid Veiseh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Methods for Assessing the Effects of Xylosides on Angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34626409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Xylosides are small synthetic molecules consisting of a xylose molecule attached to an aglycone group and serve as primers in the assembly of core protein free glycosaminoglycans using cellular machinery. Synthetic xylosides hold great promise in many biomedical applications and as therapeutics. Recent advances in the study of xylosides have opened up the possibility of developing xylosides as therapeutics to achieve a desirable biological outcome through their selective priming and inhibitory activities toward glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The approach described, herein, will serve as a general strategy to comprehensively screen xylosides and evaluate their ability to promote or inhibit angiogenesis, a critical biological process that is dysregulated in over 70 human diseases.
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13
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Vega-Mendoza D, Cañas-Linares A, Flores-Alcantar A, Espinosa-Neira R, Melchy-Perez E, Vera-Estrella R, Auvynet C, Rosenstein Y. CD43 (sialophorin) is involved in the induction of extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis by lung cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6643-6656. [PMID: 33533043 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of CD43 in malignant tumors of nonhematopoietic origin such as those from lung, cervix, colon, and breast has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis, providing tumor cells with enhanced motility, anchorage-independent growth, and in vivo tumor size, while protecting the cells of NK lysis and apoptosis. To further characterize the role of CD43 in cell transformation, we tested whether interfering its expression modified the capacity of the A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells to secrete molecules contributing to malignancy. The proteomic analysis of the secretome of serum-starved A549 cells revealed that cells expressing normal levels of CD43 released significantly high levels of molecules involved in extracellular matrix organization, angiogenesis, platelet degranulation, collagen degradation, and inflammation, as compared to CD43 RNAi cells. This data reveals a novel and unexpected role for CD43 in lung cancer development, mainly in remodeling the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vega-Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alicia Cañas-Linares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Angel Flores-Alcantar
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Roberto Espinosa-Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,División de Investigación Básica, Laboratorio de Epigenética del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erika Melchy-Perez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosario Vera-Estrella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Constance Auvynet
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yvonne Rosenstein
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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14
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Nandadasa S, O'Donnell A, Murao A, Yamaguchi Y, Midura RJ, Olson L, Apte SS. The versican-hyaluronan complex provides an essential extracellular matrix niche for Flk1 + hematoendothelial progenitors. Matrix Biol 2021; 97:40-57. [PMID: 33454424 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about extracellular matrix (ECM) contributions to formation of the earliest cell lineages in the embryo. Here, we show that the proteoglycan versican and glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan are associated with emerging Flk1+ hematoendothelial progenitors at gastrulation. The mouse versican mutant Vcanhdf lacks yolk sac vasculature, with attenuated yolk sac hematopoiesis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Vcan inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells reduced vascular endothelial and hematopoietic differentiation within embryoid bodies, which generated fewer blood colonies, and had an impaired angiogenic response to VEGF165. Hyaluronan was severely depleted in Vcanhdf embryos, with corresponding upregulation of the hyaluronan-depolymerase TMEM2. Conversely, hyaluronan-deficient mouse embryos also had vasculogenic suppression but with increased versican proteolysis. VEGF165 and Indian hedgehog, crucial vasculogenic factors, utilized the versican-hyaluronan matrix, specifically versican chondroitin sulfate chains, for binding. Versican-hyaluronan ECM is thus an obligate requirement for vasculogenesis and primitive hematopoiesis, providing a vasculogenic factor-enriching microniche for Flk1+ progenitors from their origin at gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeda Nandadasa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (ND20), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Anna O'Donnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (ND20), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ayako Murao
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (ND20), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Lorin Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (ND20), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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15
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Filipek-Górniok B, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis in Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:49-60. [PMID: 33216642 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420973980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans occurs in the Golgi compartment of cells and will determine the sulfation pattern of HS chains, which in turn will have a large impact on the biological activity of the proteoglycans. Earlier studies in mice have demonstrated the importance of HS for embryonic development. In this review, the enzymes participating in zebrafish HS biosynthesis, along with a description of enzyme mutants available for functional studies, are presented. The consequences of the zebrafish genome duplication and maternal transcript contribution are briefly discussed as are the possibilities of CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies to use the zebrafish model system for studies of biosynthesis as well as proteoglycan biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan that forms giant hydrated aggregates with hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The extraordinary resistance of these aggregates to compression explains their abundance in articular cartilage of joints where they ensure adequate load-bearing. In the brain, they provide mechanical buffering and contribute to formation of perineuronal nets, which regulate synaptic plasticity. Aggrecan is also present in cardiac jelly, developing heart valves, and blood vessels during cardiovascular development. Whereas aggrecan is essential for skeletal development, its function in the developing cardiovascular system remains to be fully elucidated. An excess of aggrecan was demonstrated in cardiovascular tissues in aortic aneurysms, atherosclerosis, vascular re-stenosis after injury, and varicose veins. It is a product of vascular smooth muscle and is likely to be an important component of pericellular matrix, where its levels are regulated by proteases. Aggrecan can contribute to specific biophysical and regulatory properties of cardiovascular ECM via the diverse interactions of its domains, and its accumulation is likely to have a significant role in developmental and disease pathways. Here, the established biological functions of aggrecan, its cardiovascular associations, and potential roles in cardiovascular development and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Koch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chan Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Palhares LCGF, Barbosa JS, Scortecci KC, Rocha HAO, Brito AS, Chavante SF. In vitro antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities of a shrimp chondroitin sulfate. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1153-1165. [PMID: 32553958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin triggers cellular responses that are crucial for development and progression of cancer, such as proliferation, migration, oncogene expression and angiogenesis. Thus, biomolecules capable of inhibiting this protease have become targets in cancer research. The present work describes the in vitro antitumor properties of a chondroitin sulfate with anti-thrombin activity, isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (sCS). Although the compound was unable to induce cytotoxicity or cell death and/or cell cycle changes after 24 h incubation, it showed a long-term antiproliferative effect, reducing the tumor colony formation of melanoma cells by 75% at 100 μg/mL concentration and inhibiting the anchorage-independent colony formation. sCS reduced 66% of melanoma cell migration in the wound healing assay and 70% in the transwell assay. The compound also decreased melanin and TNF-α content of melanoma cells by 52% and 75% respectively. Anti-angiogenic experiments showed that sCS promoted 100% reduction of tubular structure formation at 100 μg/mL. These results are in accordance with the sCS-mediated in vitro expression of genes related to melanoma development (Cx-43, MAPK, RhoA, PAFR, NFKB1 and VEGFA). These findings bring a new insight to CS molecules in cancer biology that can contribute to ongoing studies for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais C G F Palhares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus São Gonçalo do Amarante, RN, Brazil
| | - Kátia C Scortecci
- Departamento de Biologia celular e genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hugo A O Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Brito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
| | - Suely F Chavante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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19
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Bachvarova V, Dierker T, Esko J, Hoffmann D, Kjellen L, Vortkamp A. Chondrocytes respond to an altered heparan sulfate composition with distinct changes of heparan sulfate structure and increased levels of chondroitin sulfate. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:43-59. [PMID: 32201365 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the activity of many signaling molecules critical for the development of endochondral bones. Even so, mice with a genetically altered HS metabolism display a relatively mild skeletal phenotype compared to the defects observed in other tissues and organs pointing to a reduced HS dependency of growth-factor signaling in chondrocytes. To understand this difference, we have investigated the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition in two mouse lines that produce either reduced levels of HS (Ext1gt/gt mice) or HS lacking 2-O-sulfation (Hs2st1-/- mice). Analysis by RPIP-HPLC revealed an increased level of sulfated disaccarides not affected by the mutation in both mouse lines indicating that chondrocytes attempt to restore a critical level of sulfation. In addition, in both mutant lines we also detected significantly elevated levels of CS. Size exclusion chromatography further demonstrated that Ext1gt/gt mutants produce more but shorter CS chains, while the CS chains produced by (Hs2st1-/- mice) mutants are of similar length to that of wild type littermates indicating that chondrocytes produce more rather than longer CS chains. Expression analysis revealed an upregulation of aggrecan, which likely carries most of the additionally produced CS. Together the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that not only a reduced HS synthesis but also an altered HS structure leads to increased levels of CS in mammalian tissues. Furthermore, as chondrocytes produce 100-fold more CS than HS the increased CS levels point to an active, precursor-independent mechanism that senses the quality of HS in a vast excess of CS. Interestingly, reducing the level of cell surface CS by chondroitinase treatment leads to reduced Bmp2 induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation. In addition, Erk phosphorylation is increased independent of Fgf18 treatment indicating that both, HS and CS, affect growth factor signaling in chondrocytes in distinct manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, United States.
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Lena Kjellen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
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20
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Predicting Therapy Targets of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xihuang Pill on Liver Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6076572. [PMID: 32256653 PMCID: PMC7102465 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6076572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the potential therapy targets and pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Xihuang pill in liver cancer based on network pharmacology. Methods Drug ingredients-target network was constructed based on the target sets of Xihuang pill and liver cancer. The overlapping genes between Xihuang pill targets and liver cancer-related molecular targets were investigated using comparative analysis. Moreover, the PPI network and module was constructed based on overlapping genes and hub nodes, respectively, followed by the pathway enrichment analysis. Results A drug ingredients-target network was established with 1184 nodes and 11035 interactions. Moreover, a total of 106 overlapping genes were revealed between drug targets and liver cancer molecular targets. Furthermore, a PPI network and 4 modules were further investigated based on overlapping genes, respectively. These hub nodes such as VEGFA and EGFR were mainly enriched in GO functions including positive regulation of MAP kinase activity, activation of protein kinase activity, regulation of MAP kinase activity, and pathways like proteoglycans in cancer, bladder cancer, and estrogen signaling. Conclusion VEGFA and EGFR might be potential therapy targets of Xihuang pill in liver cancer. Furthermore, the effect of Xihuang pill on liver cancer might be realized by targeting VEGFA and EGFR in pathways like proteoglycans in cancer and estrogen signaling.
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21
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McCrary MR, Jesson K, Wei ZZ, Logun M, Lenear C, Tan S, Gu X, Jiang MQ, Karumbaiah L, Ping Yu S, Wei L. Cortical Transplantation of Brain-Mimetic Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds and Neural Progenitor Cells Promotes Vascular Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1900285. [PMID: 31977165 PMCID: PMC7358896 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, there are no treatments which can regenerate brain tissue lost to infarction. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are at the forefront of preclinical studies for regenerative stroke therapies. NPCs can differentiate into and replace neurons and promote endogenous recovery mechanisms such as angiogenesis via trophic factor production and release. The stroke core is hypothetically the ideal location for replacement of neural tissue since it is in situ and develops into a potential space where injections may be targeted with minimal compression of healthy peri-infarct tissue. However, the compromised perfusion and tissue degradation following ischemia create an inhospitable environment resistant to cellular therapy. Overcoming these limitations is critical to advancing cellular therapy. In this work, the therapeutic potential of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cell derived NPCs is tested encapsulated in a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) hydrogel transplanted into the infarct core in a mouse sensorimotor cortex mini-stroke model. It is shown that CS-A encapsulation significantly improves vascular remodeling, cortical blood flow, and sensorimotor behavioral outcomes after stroke. It is found these improvements are negated by blocking bFGF, suggesting that the sustained trophic signaling endowed by the CS-A hydrogel combined with NPC transplantation can promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R. McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kaleena Jesson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Z. Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Meghan Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher Lenear
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Michael Q. Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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22
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Xiong A, Spyrou A, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Involvement of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase in Neural Development and Pathogenesis of Brain Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:365-403. [PMID: 32274718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are aggressive and devastating diseases. The most common type of brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable and has one of the worst five-year survival rates of all human cancers. GBMs are invasive and infiltrate healthy brain tissue, which is one main reason they remain fatal despite resection, since cells that have already migrated away lead to rapid regrowth of the tumor. Curative therapy for medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, has improved, but the outcome is still poor for many patients, and treatment causes long-term complications. Recent advances in the classification of pediatric brain tumors reveal distinct subgroups, allowing more targeted therapy for the most aggressive forms, and sparing children with less malignant tumors the side-effects of massive treatment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), main components of the neurogenic niche, interact specifically with a large number of physiologically important molecules and vital roles for HS biosynthesis and degradation in neural stem cell differentiation have been presented. HSPGs are composed of a core protein with attached highly charged, sulfated disaccharide chains. The major enzyme that degrades HS is heparanase (HPSE), an important regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which has been suggested to promote the growth and invasion of other types of tumors. This is of clinical interest because GBM are highly invasive and children with metastatic MB at the time of diagnosis exhibit a worse outcome. Here we review the involvement of HS and HPSE in development of the nervous system and some of its most malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Characterization of C. elegans Chondroitin Proteoglycans and Their Large Functional and Structural Heterogeneity; Evolutionary Aspects on Structural Differences Between Humans and the Nematode. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:155-170. [PMID: 32185697 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans regulate important cellular pathways in essentially all metazoan organisms. While considerable effort has been devoted to study structural and functional aspects of proteoglycans in vertebrates, the knowledge of the core proteins and proteoglycan-related functions in invertebrates is relatively scarce, even for C.elegans. This nematode produces a large amount of non-sulfated chondroitin in addition to small amount of low-sulfated chondroitin chains (Chn and CS chains, respectively). Until recently, 9 chondroitin core proteins (CPGs) had been identified in C.elegans, none of which showed any homology to vertebrate counterparts or to other invertebrate core proteins. By using a glycoproteomic approach, we recently characterized the chondroitin glycoproteome of C.elegans, resulting in the identification of 15 novel CPG core proteins in addition to the 9 previously established. Three of the novel core proteins displayed homology to human proteins, indicating that CPG and CSPG core proteins may be more conserved throughout evolution than previously perceived. Bioinformatic analysis of the primary amino acid sequences revealed that the core proteins contained a broad range of functional domains, indicating that specialization of proteoglycan-mediated functions may have evolved early in metazoan evolution. This review specifically discusses our recent data in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans, and point out both converging and diverging aspects of proteoglycan evolution.
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24
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Dual Action of Sulfated Hyaluronan on Angiogenic Processes in Relation to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18143. [PMID: 31792253 PMCID: PMC6889296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological healing characterized by abnormal angiogenesis presents a serious burden to patients’ quality of life requiring innovative treatment strategies. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are important regulators of angiogenic processes. This experimental and computational study revealed how sulfated GAG derivatives (sGAG) influence the interplay of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and its heparin-binding domain (HBD) with the signaling receptor VEGFR-2 up to atomic detail. There was profound evidence for a HBD-GAG-HBD stacking configuration. Here, the sGAG act as a “molecular glue” leading to recognition modes in which sGAG interact with two VEGF165-HBDs. A 3D angiogenesis model demonstrated the dual regulatory role of high-sulfated derivatives on the biological activity of endothelial cells. While GAG alone promote sprouting, they downregulate VEGF165-mediated signaling and, thereby, elicit VEGF165-independent and -dependent effects. These findings provide novel insights into the modulatory potential of sGAG derivatives on angiogenic processes and point towards their prospective application in treating abnormal angiogenesis.
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25
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Gioelli N, Maione F, Camillo C, Ghitti M, Valdembri D, Morello N, Darche M, Zentilin L, Cagnoni G, Qiu Y, Giacca M, Giustetto M, Paques M, Cascone I, Musco G, Tamagnone L, Giraudo E, Serini G. A rationally designed NRP1-independent superagonist SEMA3A mutant is an effective anticancer agent. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/442/eaah4807. [PMID: 29794061 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular normalizing strategies, aimed at ameliorating blood vessel perfusion and lessening tissue hypoxia, are treatments that may improve the outcome of cancer patients. Secreted class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3), which are thought to directly bind neuropilin (NRP) co-receptors that, in turn, associate with and elicit plexin (PLXN) receptor signaling, are effective normalizing agents of the cancer vasculature. Yet, SEMA3A was also reported to trigger adverse side effects via NRP1. We rationally designed and generated a safe, parenterally deliverable, and NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant isoform that, unlike its wild-type counterpart, binds PLXNA4 with nanomolar affinity and has much greater biochemical and biological activities in cultured endothelial cells. In vivo, when parenterally administered in mouse models of pancreatic cancer, the NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant successfully normalized the vasculature, inhibited tumor growth, curbed metastatic dissemination, and effectively improved the supply and anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Mutant SEMA3A also inhibited retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. In summary, mutant SEMA3A is a vascular normalizing agent that can be exploited to treat cancer and, potentially, other diseases characterized by pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Gioelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marie Darche
- Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, ERL-CNRS 9215, University of Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cagnoni
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Yaqi Qiu
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Michel Paques
- Vision Institute, Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, ERL-CNRS 9215, University of Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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26
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Dubail J, Huber C, Chantepie S, Sonntag S, Tüysüz B, Mihci E, Gordon CT, Steichen-Gersdorf E, Amiel J, Nur B, Stolte-Dijkstra I, van Eerde AM, van Gassen KL, Breugem CC, Stegmann A, Lekszas C, Maroofian R, Karimiani EG, Bruneel A, Seta N, Munnich A, Papy-Garcia D, De La Dure-Molla M, Cormier-Daire V. SLC10A7 mutations cause a skeletal dysplasia with amelogenesis imperfecta mediated by GAG biosynthesis defects. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3087. [PMID: 30082715 PMCID: PMC6078967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasia with multiple dislocations are severe disorders characterized by dislocations of large joints and short stature. The majority of them have been linked to pathogenic variants in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases or epimerases required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Using exome sequencing, we identify homozygous mutations in SLC10A7 in six individuals with skeletal dysplasia with multiple dislocations and amelogenesis imperfecta. SLC10A7 encodes a 10-transmembrane-domain transporter located at the plasma membrane. Functional studies in vitro demonstrate that SLC10A7 mutations reduce SLC10A7 protein expression. We generate a Slc10a7−/− mouse model, which displays shortened long bones, growth plate disorganization and tooth enamel anomalies, recapitulating the human phenotype. Furthermore, we identify decreased heparan sulfate levels in Slc10a7−/− mouse cartilage and patient fibroblasts. Finally, we find an abnormal N-glycoprotein electrophoretic profile in patient blood samples. Together, our findings support the involvement of SLC10A7 in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and specifically in skeletal development. The majority of skeletal dysplasia are caused by pathogenic variants in genes required for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism. Here, Dubail et al. identify genetic variants in the solute carrier family protein SLC10A7 in families with skeletal dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta that disrupt GAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Huber
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Chantepie
- Cell Growth and Tissue Repair CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris-Est Créteil, EA 4397 CNRS 9215, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | | | - Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medicine School, Istanbul University, 34290 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Mihci
- Akdeniz University Paediatric Genetic Deaprtment, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Banu Nur
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medicine School, Istanbul University, 34290 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irene Stolte-Dijkstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertien M van Eerde
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen L van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan C Breugem
- Division of Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children´s Hopsital, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Stegmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Lekszas
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK.,Next Generation Genetic Clinic, 9175954353 Mashhad, Iran.,Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, 9198613636 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Seta
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Cell Growth and Tissue Repair CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris-Est Créteil, EA 4397 CNRS 9215, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Muriel De La Dure-Molla
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, University Paris-Descartes, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France.
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27
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Li X, Shepard HM, Cowell JA, Zhao C, Osgood RJ, Rosengren S, Blouw B, Garrovillo SA, Pagel MD, Whatcott CJ, Han H, Von Hoff DD, Taverna DM, LaBarre MJ, Maneval DC, Thompson CB. Parallel Accumulation of Tumor Hyaluronan, Collagen, and Other Drivers of Tumor Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4798-4807. [PMID: 30084839 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The tumor microenvironment (TME) evolves to support tumor progression. One marker of more aggressive malignancy is hyaluronan (HA) accumulation. Here, we characterize biological and physical changes associated with HA-accumulating (HA-high) tumors.Experimental Design: We used immunohistochemistry, in vivo imaging of tumor pH, and microdialysis to characterize the TME of HA-high tumors, including tumor vascular structure, hypoxia, tumor perfusion by doxorubicin, pH, content of collagen. and smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). A novel method was developed to measure real-time tumor-associated soluble cytokines and growth factors. We also evaluated biopsies of murine and pancreatic cancer patients to investigate HA and collagen content, important contributors to drug resistance.Results: In immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice, increasing tumor HA content is accompanied by increasing collagen content, vascular collapse, hypoxia, and increased metastatic potential, as reflected by increased α-SMA. In vivo treatment of HA-high tumors with PEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) dramatically reversed these changes and depleted stores of VEGF-A165, suggesting that PEGPH20 may also diminish the angiogenic potential of the TME. Finally, we observed in xenografts and in pancreatic cancer patients a coordinated increase in HA and collagen tumor content.Conclusions: The accumulation of HA in tumors is associated with high tIP, vascular collapse, hypoxia, and drug resistance. These findings may partially explain why more aggressive malignancy is observed in the HA-high phenotype. We have shown that degradation of HA by PEGPH20 partially reverses this phenotype and leads to depletion of tumor-associated VEGF-A165. These results encourage further clinical investigation of PEGPH20. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4798-807. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Chunmei Zhao
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Clifford J Whatcott
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Haiyong Han
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
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28
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Roshandel D, Eslani M, Baradaran-Rafii A, Cheung AY, Kurji K, Jabbehdari S, Maiz A, Jalali S, Djalilian AR, Holland EJ. Current and emerging therapies for corneal neovascularization. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:398-414. [PMID: 29908870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is unique because of its complete avascularity. Corneal neovascularization (CNV) can result from a variety of etiologies including contact lens wear; corneal infections; and ocular surface diseases due to inflammation, chemical injury, and limbal stem cell deficiency. Management is focused primarily on the etiology and pathophysiology causing the CNV and involves medical and surgical options. Because inflammation is a key factor in the pathophysiology of CNV, corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory medications remain the mainstay of treatment. Anti-VEGF therapies are gaining popularity to prevent CNV in a number of etiologies. Surgical options including vessel occlusion and ocular surface reconstruction are other options depending on etiology and response to medical therapy. Future therapies should provide more effective treatment options for the management of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Roshandel
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Medi Eslani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Cincinnati Eye Institute, Edgewood, KY/ University of Cincinnati, Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Albert Y Cheung
- Cincinnati Eye Institute, Edgewood, KY/ University of Cincinnati, Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Khaliq Kurji
- Cincinnati Eye Institute, Edgewood, KY/ University of Cincinnati, Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sayena Jabbehdari
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Maiz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Setareh Jalali
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Edward J Holland
- Cincinnati Eye Institute, Edgewood, KY/ University of Cincinnati, Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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29
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Mead TJ, McCulloch DR, Ho JC, Du Y, Adams SM, Birk DE, Apte SS. The metalloproteinase-proteoglycans ADAMTS7 and ADAMTS12 provide an innate, tendon-specific protective mechanism against heterotopic ossification. JCI Insight 2018; 3:92941. [PMID: 29618652 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a significant clinical problem with incompletely resolved mechanisms. Here, the secreted metalloproteinases ADAMTS7 and ADAMTS12 are shown to comprise a unique proteoglycan class that protects against a tendency toward HO in mouse hindlimb tendons, menisci, and ligaments. Adamts7 and Adamts12 mRNAs were sparsely expressed in murine forelimbs but strongly coexpressed in hindlimb tendons, skeletal muscle, ligaments, and meniscal fibrocartilage. Adamts7-/- Adamts12-/- mice, but not corresponding single-gene mutants, which demonstrated compensatory upregulation of the intact homolog mRNA, developed progressive HO in these tissues after 4 months of age. Adamts7-/- Adamts12-/- tendons had abnormal collagen fibrils, accompanied by reduced levels of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) biglycan, fibromodulin, and decorin, which regulate collagen fibrillogenesis. Bgn-/0 Fmod-/- mice are known to have a strikingly similar hindlimb HO to that of Adamts7-/- Adamts12-/- mice, implicating fibromodulin and biglycan reduction as a likely mechanism underlying HO in Adamts7-/- Adamts12-/- mice. Interestingly, degenerated human biceps tendons had reduced ADAMTS7 mRNA compared with healthy biceps tendons, which expressed both ADAMTS7 and ADAMTS12. These results suggest that ADAMTS7 and ADAMTS12 drive an innate pathway protective against hindlimb HO in mice and may be essential for human tendon health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason C Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yaoyao Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology and Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David E Birk
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology and Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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30
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Noborn F, Gomez Toledo A, Nasir W, Nilsson J, Dierker T, Kjellén L, Larson G. Expanding the chondroitin glycoproteome of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:379-389. [PMID: 29138239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are important structural components of connective tissues in essentially all metazoan organisms. In vertebrates, CSPGs are involved also in more specialized processes such as neurogenesis and growth factor signaling. In invertebrates, however, knowledge of CSPGs core proteins and proteoglycan-related functions is relatively limited, even for Caenorhabditis elegans. This nematode produces large amounts of non-sulfated chondroitin in addition to low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate chains. So far, only nine core proteins (CPGs) have been identified, some of which have been shown to be involved in extracellular matrix formation. We recently introduced a protocol to characterize proteoglycan core proteins by identifying CS-glycopeptides with a combination of biochemical enrichment, enzymatic digestion, and nano-scale liquid chromatography MS/MS analysis. Here, we have used this protocol to map the chondroitin glycoproteome in C. elegans, resulting in the identification of 15 novel CPG proteins in addition to the nine previously established. Three of the newly identified CPGs displayed homology to vertebrate proteins. Bioinformatics analysis of the primary protein sequences revealed that the CPG proteins altogether contained 19 unique functional domains, including Kunitz and endostatin domains, suggesting direct involvement in protease inhibition and axonal migration, respectively. The analysis of the core protein domain organization revealed that all chondroitin attachment sites are located in unstructured regions. Our results suggest that CPGs display a much greater functional and structural heterogeneity than previously appreciated and indicate that specialized proteoglycan-mediated functions evolved early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg
| | - Waqas Nasir
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg.
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31
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Chua JS, Tran VM, Kalita M, Quintero MV, Antelope O, Muruganandam G, Saijoh Y, Kuberan B. A glycan-based approach to therapeutic angiogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182301. [PMID: 28763512 PMCID: PMC5538652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, involves multiple complex biological processes, and it is an essential step for hemostasis, tissue healing and regeneration. Angiogenesis stimulants can ameliorate human disease conditions including limb ischemia, chronic wounds, heart disease, and stroke. The current strategies to improve the bioavailability of pro-angiogenic growth factors, including VEGF and FGF2, have remained largely unsuccessful. This study demonstrates that small molecules, termed click-xylosides, can promote angiogenesis in the in vitro matrigel tube formation assay and the ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, depending on their aglycone moieties. Xyloside treatment enhances network connectivity and cell survivability, thereby, maintaining the network structures on matrigel culture for an extended period of time. These effects were achieved via the secreted xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans (GAG) chains that in part, act through an ERK1/2 mediated signaling pathway. Through the remodeling of GAGs in the extracellular matrix of endothelial cells, the glycan approach, involving xylosides, offers great potential to effectively promote therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi Chua
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Vy M. Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mausam Kalita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Maritza V. Quintero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Orlando Antelope
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Geethu Muruganandam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Yukio Saijoh
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans: their distinct roles in stem cell biology. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:725-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Dierker T, Shao C, Haitina T, Zaia J, Hinas A, Kjellén L. Nematodes join the family of chondroitin sulfate-synthesizing organisms: Identification of an active chondroitin sulfotransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34662. [PMID: 27703236 PMCID: PMC5050403 DOI: 10.1038/srep34662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are proteins that carry sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They help form and maintain morphogen gradients, guiding cell migration and differentiation during animal development. While no sulfated GAGs have been found in marine sponges, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) have been identified in Cnidarians, Lophotrocozoans and Ecdysozoans. The general view that nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans, which belong to Ecdysozoa, produce HS but only chondroitin without sulfation has therefore been puzzling. We have analyzed GAGs in C. elegans using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC, mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Our analyses included wild type C. elegans but also a mutant lacking two HS sulfotransferases (hst-6 hst-2), as we suspected that the altered HS structure could boost CS sulfation. We could indeed detect sulfated CS in both wild type and mutant nematodes. While 4-O-sulfation of galactosamine dominated, we also detected 6-O-sulfated galactosamine residues. Finally, we identified the product of the gene C41C4.1 as a C. elegans CS-sulfotransferase and renamed it chst-1 (CarboHydrate SulfoTransferase) based on loss of CS-4-O-sulfation in a C41C4.1 mutant and in vitro sulfotransferase activity of recombinant C41C4.1 protein. We conclude that C. elegans indeed manufactures CS, making this widely used nematode an interesting model for developmental studies involving CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Deligny A, Dierker T, Dagälv A, Lundequist A, Eriksson I, Nairn AV, Moremen KW, Merry CLR, Kjellén L. NDST2 (N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase-2) Enzyme Regulates Heparan Sulfate Chain Length. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18600-18607. [PMID: 27387504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of heparan sulfate synthesized by HEK 293 cells overexpressing murine NDST1 and/or NDST2 demonstrated that the amount of heparan sulfate was increased in NDST2- but not in NDST1-overexpressing cells. Altered transcript expression of genes encoding other biosynthetic enzymes or proteoglycan core proteins could not account for the observed changes. However, the role of NDST2 in regulating the amount of heparan sulfate synthesized was confirmed by analyzing heparan sulfate content in tissues isolated from Ndst2(-/-) mice, which contained reduced levels of the polysaccharide. Detailed disaccharide composition analysis showed no major structural difference between heparan sulfate from control and Ndst2(-/-) tissues, with the exception of heparan sulfate from spleen where the relative amount of trisulfated disaccharides was lowered in the absence of NDST2. In vivo transcript expression levels of the heparan sulfate-polymerizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 were also largely unaffected by NDST2 levels, pointing to a mode of regulation other than increased gene transcription. Size estimation of heparan sulfate polysaccharide chains indicated that increased chain lengths in NDST2-overexpressing cells alone could explain the increased heparan sulfate content. A model is discussed where NDST2-specific substrate modification stimulates elongation resulting in increased heparan sulfate chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Deligny
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Tabea Dierker
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Dagälv
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Lundequist
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Alison V Nairn
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a fundamental role in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, and has been the subject of intense study as a result. VEGF acts via a diverse and complex range of signaling pathways, with new targets constantly being discovered. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding VEGF cell signaling in endothelial and cardiovascular biology, with a particular emphasis on its role in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Evans
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK,
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de Souza Lins Borba FK, Felix GLQ, Costa EVL, Silva L, Dias PF, de Albuquerque Nogueira R. Fractal analysis of extra-embryonic vessels of chick embryos under the effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:114-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nikolovska K, Spillmann D, Seidler DG. Uronyl 2-O sulfotransferase potentiates Fgf2-induced cell migration. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:460-71. [PMID: 25480151 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) is involved in several biological functions. Fgf2 requires glycosaminoglycans, like chondroitin and dermatan sulfates (hereafter denoted CS/DS) as co-receptors. CS/DS are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units [-4GlcUAb1-3-GalNAc-b1-] and [-4IdoUAa1-3-GalNAc-b1-],which can be sulfated. Uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Ust)introduces sulfation at the C2 of IdoUA and GlcUA resulting inover-sulfated units. Here, we investigated the role of Ust-mediated CS/DS 2-O sulfation in Fgf2-induced cell migration. We found that CHO-K1 cells overexpressing Ust contain significantly more CS/DS2-O sulfated units, whereas Ust knockdown abolished CS/DS 2-O sulfation. These structural differences in CS/DS resulted in altered Fgf2 binding and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). As a functional consequence of CS/DS 2-O sulfation and altered Fgf2 binding, cell migration and paxillin activation were increased. Inhibition of sulfation, knockdown of Ust and inhibition of FgfR resulted in reduced migration. Similarly, in 3T3 cells Fgf2 treatment increased migration, which was abolished by Ust knockdown. The proteoglycan controlling the CHO migration was syndecan 1. Knockdown of Sdc1 in CHO-K1 cells overexpressing Ust abolished cell migration.We conclude that the presence of distinctly sulfated CS/DS can tune the Fgf2 effect on cell migration.
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Hepatocyte Heparan Sulfate Is Required for Adeno-Associated Virus 2 but Dispensable for Adenovirus 5 Liver Transduction In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:412-20. [PMID: 26491162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) and adenovirus 5 (Ad5) are promising gene therapy vectors. Both display liver tropism and are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). To test directly this hypothesis, we created mice that lack Ext1, an enzyme required for heparan sulfate biosynthesis, in hepatocytes. Ext1(HEP) mutant mice exhibit an 8-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in primary hepatocytes and a 5-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in whole liver tissue. Conditional hepatocyte Ext1 gene deletion greatly reduced AAV2 liver transduction following intravenous injection. Ad5 transduction requires blood coagulation factor X (FX); FX binds to the Ad5 capsid hexon protein and bridges the virus to HSPGs on the cell surface. Ad5.FX transduction was abrogated in primary hepatocytes from Ext1(HEP) mice. However, in contrast to the case with AAV2, Ad5 transduction was not significantly reduced in the livers of Ext1(HEP) mice. FX remained essential for Ad5 transduction in vivo in Ext1(HEP) mice. We conclude that while AAV2 requires HSPGs for entry into mouse hepatocytes, HSPGs are dispensable for Ad5 hepatocyte transduction in vivo. This study reopens the question of how adenovirus enters cells in vivo. IMPORTANCE Our understanding of how viruses enter cells, and how they can be used as therapeutic vectors to manage disease, begins with identification of the cell surface receptors to which viruses bind and which mediate viral entry. Both adeno-associated virus 2 and adenovirus 5 are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). However, direct evidence for these conclusions is lacking. Experiments presented herein, in which hepatic heparan sulfate synthesis was genetically abolished, demonstrated that HSPGs are not likely to function as hepatocyte Ad5 receptors in vivo. The data also demonstrate that HSPGs are required for hepatocyte transduction by AAV2. These results reopen the question of the identity of the Ad5 receptor in vivo and emphasize the necessity of demonstrating the nature of the receptor by genetic means, both for understanding Ad5 entry into cells in vivo and for optimization of Ad5 vectors as therapeutic agents.
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Prydz K. Determinants of Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Structure. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2003-22. [PMID: 26308067 PMCID: PMC4598785 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are glycosylated proteins of biological importance at cell surfaces, in the extracellular matrix, and in the circulation. PGs are produced and modified by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in the secretory pathway of animal cells. The most common GAG attachment site is a serine residue followed by a glycine (-ser-gly-), from which a linker tetrasaccharide extends and may continue as a heparan sulfate, a heparin, a chondroitin sulfate, or a dermatan sulfate GAG chain. Which type of GAG chain becomes attached to the linker tetrasaccharide is influenced by the structure of the protein core, modifications occurring to the linker tetrasaccharide itself, and the biochemical environment of the Golgi apparatus, where GAG polymerization and modification by sulfation and epimerization take place. The same cell type may produce different GAG chains that vary, depending on the extent of epimerization and sulfation. However, it is not known to what extent these differences are caused by compartmental segregation of protein cores en route through the secretory pathway or by differential recruitment of modifying enzymes during synthesis of different PGs. The topic of this review is how different aspects of protein structure, cellular biochemistry, and compartmentalization may influence GAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern OSLO 0316, Norway.
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Xiong A, Kundu S, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparan sulfate in the regulation of neural differentiation and glioma development. FEBS J 2014; 281:4993-5008. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory; Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Noborn F, Gomez Toledo A, Sihlbom C, Lengqvist J, Fries E, Kjellén L, Nilsson J, Larson G. Identification of chondroitin sulfate linkage region glycopeptides reveals prohormones as a novel class of proteoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:41-9. [PMID: 25326458 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates produce various chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are important structural components of cartilage and other connective tissues. CSPGs also contribute to the regulation of more specialized processes such as neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Although many aspects of CSPGs have been studied extensively, little is known of where the CS chains are attached on the core proteins and so far, only a limited number of CSPGs have been identified. Obtaining global information on glycan structures and attachment sites would contribute to our understanding of the complex proteoglycan structures and may also assist in assigning CSPG specific functions. In the present work, we have developed a glycoproteomics approach that characterizes CS linkage regions, attachment sites, and identities of core proteins. CSPGs were enriched from human urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples by strong-anion-exchange chromatography, digested with chondroitinase ABC, a specific CS-lyase used to reduce the CS chain lengths and subsequently analyzed by nLC-MS/MS with a novel glycopeptide search algorithm. The protocol enabled the identification of 13 novel CSPGs, in addition to 13 previously established CSPGs, demonstrating that this approach can be routinely used to characterize CSPGs in complex human samples. Surprisingly, five of the identified CSPGs are traditionally defined as prohormones (cholecystokinin, chromogranin A, neuropeptide W, secretogranin-1, and secretogranin-3), typically stored and secreted from granules of endocrine cells. We hypothesized that the CS side chain may influence the assembly and structural organization of secretory granules and applied surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to show that CS actually promotes the assembly of chromogranin A core proteins in vitro. This activity required mild acidic pH and suggests that the CS-side chains may also influence the self-assembly of chromogranin A in vivo giving a possible explanation to previous observations that chromogranin A has an inherent property to assemble in the acidic milieu of secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- §Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- §Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Erik Fries
- ¶Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- ¶Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- From the ‡Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Koźma EM, Wisowski G, Latocha M, Kusz D, Olczyk K. Complex influence of dermatan sulphate on breast cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1575-88. [PMID: 24912503 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor transformation and progression both lead to extracellular matrix remodeling, which is also reflected in an alteration in the proportion of dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) and an accumulation of the latter. In addition, a significant increase in the 6-O-sulphated disaccharide contribution to the structure of both glycosaminoglycans has been observed. It is commonly accepted that CS is more permissive for tumor growth than DS. However, the detailed role of DS in tumor progression is poorly known. We tested the effects of structurally different DSs on the behavior of cultured breast cancer cells. At a high dose (10 µg/mL), all of the DSs significantly reduced cancer cell growth, although some differences in the efficiency of action were apparent. In contrast, when used at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, the examined DSs evoked different responses ranging from the stimulation to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The highest stimulatory activity was associated with fibrosis-affected fascia decorin DS, which is characterized by a particularly high content of 6-O-sulphated disaccharides. Further reduction in DS concentration to 0.5 µg/mL preserved majority of biological effects which were apparent at a dose of 1 µg/mL. The enzymatic fragmentation of the DSs, particularly by chondroitinase AC I, abolished the impact exerted by 1 µg/mL of the intact DS chains and sometimes resulted in the opposite effect. In contrast to DSs, highly sulphated C-6-S exhibited no effect on the cancer cells. Our data revealed the complexity of the effects of DSs on breast cancer cells, which include both co-receptor activity and the prevention of vascular endothelial growth factor action. In addition, the biological effect of DSs is strongly dependent not only on the glycosaminoglycan structure but also on its content in the cancer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, ul. Jedności 8, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wisowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, ul. Jedności 8, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, ul. Jedności 8, Poland
| | - Damian Kusz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-635, ul. Ziołowa 45/47, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, ul. Jedności 8, Poland
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Using embryonic stem cells to understand how glycosaminoglycans regulate differentiation. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:689-95. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20140064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation and subsequent specialization of every cell within an organism is an intricate interwoven process. A complex network of signalling pathways eventually leads to the specification of a multitude of different cell types able to function co-operatively. HS (heparan sulfate) is a highly sulfated linear polysaccharide that resides at the pericellular cell–matrix interface where it dictates the binding and activity of a large number of proteins, including growth factors and morphogens such as members of the FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) families. Embryonic stem cells derived from mice with mutations in components of the HS biosynthetic pathway provide an opportunity to dissect the contribution of HS to signalling pathways critical for regulating stem cell maintenance and differentiation. In addition to improving our understanding of signalling mechanisms, this knowledge enables the selection of exogenous HS saccharides to improve the efficiency and selectivity of directed differentiation protocols, offering a cost-effective alternative to high concentrations of expensive growth factors to drive differentiation towards a particular therapeutically relevant cell type.
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A personal voyage through the proteoglycan field. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The involvement of proteoglycans in the human plasma prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91280. [PMID: 24621563 PMCID: PMC3951348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of human plasma prekallikrein assembly and processing in cells and to determine whether proteoglycans, along with high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen), influence this interaction. METHODS We used the endothelial cell line ECV304 and the epithelial cell lines CHO-K1 (wild type) and CHO-745 (deficient in proteoglycans). Prekallikrein endocytosis was studied using confocal microscopy, and prekallikrein cleavage/activation was determined by immunoblotting using an antibody directed to the prekallikrein sequence C364TTKTSTR371 and an antibody directed to the entire H-kininogen molecule. RESULTS At 37°C, prekallikrein endocytosis was assessed in the absence and presence of exogenously applied H-kininogen and found to be 1,418.4±0.010 and 1,070.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for ECV304 and 1,319.1±0.003 and 631.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for CHO-K1. No prekallikrein internalization was observed in CHO-745 in either condition. Prekallikrein colocalized with LysoTracker in the absence and presence of exogenous H-kininogen at levels of 76.0% and 88.5%, respectively, for ECV304 and at levels of 40.7% and 57.0%, respectively, for CHO-K1. After assembly on the cell surface, a plasma kallikrein fragment of 53 kDa was predominant in the incubation buffer of all the cell lines studied, indicating specific proteolysis; plasma kallikrein fragments of 48-44 kDa and 34-32 kDa were also detected in the incubation buffer, indicating non-specific cleavage. Bradykinin free H-kininogen internalization was not detected in CHO-K1 or CHO-745 cells at 37°C. CONCLUSION The prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface is temperature-dependent and independent of exogenously applied H-kininogen, which results in prekallikrein endocytosis promoted by proteoglycans. Prekallikrein proteolysis/activation is influenced by H-kininogen/glycosaminoglycans assembly and controls plasma kallikrein activity.
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Kasza Z, Fredlund Fuchs P, Tamm C, Eriksson AS, O'Callaghan P, Heindryckx F, Spillmann D, Larsson E, Le Jan S, Eriksson I, Gerwins P, Kjellén L, Kreuger J. MicroRNA-24 suppression of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) reduces endothelial cell responsiveness to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25956-25963. [PMID: 23884416 PMCID: PMC3764800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, present at the plasma membrane of vascular endothelial cells, bind to the angiogenic growth factor VEGFA to modulate its signaling through VEGFR2. The interactions between VEGFA and proteoglycan co-receptors require sulfated domains in the HS chains. To date, it is essentially unknown how the formation of sulfated protein-binding domains in HS can be regulated by microRNAs. In the present study, we show that microRNA-24 (miR-24) targets NDST1 to reduce HS sulfation and thereby the binding affinity of HS for VEGFA. Elevated levels of miR-24 also resulted in reduced levels of VEGFR2 and blunted VEGFA signaling. Similarly, suppression of NDST1 using siRNA led to a reduction in VEGFR2 expression. Consequently, not only VEGFA binding, but also VEGFR2 protein expression is dependent on NDST1 function. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-24, or siRNA-mediated reduction of NDST1, reduced endothelial cell chemotaxis in response to VEGFA. These findings establish NDST1 as a target of miR-24 and demonstrate how such NDST1 suppression in endothelial cells results in reduced responsiveness to VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kasza
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Peder Fredlund Fuchs
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Christoffer Tamm
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Anna S Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Erik Larsson
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, and
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Pär Gerwins
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,; the Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Johan Kreuger
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,.
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Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell-specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective-tissue-type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS-based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Øster B, Linnet L, Christensen LL, Thorsen K, Ongen H, Dermitzakis ET, Sandoval J, Moran S, Esteller M, Hansen TF, Lamy P, Laurberg S, Ørntoft TF, Andersen CL. Non-CpG island promoter hypomethylation and miR-149 regulate the expression of SRPX2 in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2303-15. [PMID: 23115050 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing by DNA hypermethylation of CpG islands is a well-characterized phenomenon in cancer. The effect of hypomethylation in particular of non-CpG island genes is much less well described. By genome-wide screening, we identified 105 genes in microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal adenocarcinomas with an inverse correlation (Spearman's ρ ≤ -0.40) between methylation and expression. Of these, 35 (33%) were hypomethylated non-CpG island genes and two of them, APOLD1 (Spearman's ρ = -0.82) and SRPX2 (Spearman's ρ = -0.80) were selected for further analyses. Hypomethylation of both genes were localized events not shared by adjacent genes. A set of 662 FFPE DNA samples not only confirmed that APOLD1 and SRPX2 are hypomethylated in CRC but also revealed hypomethylation to be significantly (p < 0.01) associated with tumors being localized in the left side, CpG island methylator phenotype negative, MSS, BRAF wt, undifferentiated and of adenocarcinoma histosubtype. Demethylation experiments supported SRPX2 being epigenetically regulated via DNA methylation, whereas other mechanisms in addition to DNA methylation seem to be involved in the regulation of APOLD1. We further identified miR-149 as a potential novel post-transcriptional regulator of SRPX2. In carcinoma tissue, miR-149 was downregulated and inversely correlated to SRPX2 (ρ = -0.77). Furthermore, ectopic expression of miR-149 significantly reduced SRPX2 transcript levels. Our study highlights that in colorectal tumors, hypomethylation of non-CpG island-associated promoters deregulate gene expression nearly as frequent as do CpG-island hypermethylation. The hypomethylation of SRPX2 is focal and not part of a large block. Furthermore, it often translates to an increased expression level, which may be modulated by miR-149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Øster
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Kreuger J, Kjellén L. Heparan sulfate biosynthesis: regulation and variability. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:898-907. [PMID: 23042481 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412464972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all vertebrate cells have been shown to express heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the cell surface. The HSPGs bind to many secreted signaling proteins, including numerous growth factors, cytokines, and morphogens, to affect their tissue distribution and signaling. The heparan sulfate (HS) chains may have variable length and may differ with regard to both degree and pattern of sulfation. As the sulfation pattern of HS chains in most cases will determine if an interaction with a potential ligand will take place, as well as the affinity of the interaction, a key to understanding the function of HSPGs is to clarify how HS biosynthesis is regulated in different biological contexts. This review provides an introduction to the current understanding of HS biosynthesis and its regulation, and identifies research areas where more knowledge is needed to better understand how the HS biosynthetic machinery works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tamm C, Kjellén L, Li JP. Heparan sulfate biosynthesis enzymes in embryonic stem cell biology. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:943-9. [PMID: 23042480 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412465090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can give rise to all cell types in the body. The fate of ES cells depends on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment, which either promote self-renewal or initiate differentiation. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are macromolecules found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Acting as low-affinity receptors on the cell surface, heparan sulfate (HS) side chains modulate the functions of numerous growth factors and morphogens, having wide impact on the extracellular information received by cells. ES cells lacking HS fail to differentiate but can be induced to do so by adding heparin. ES cells defective in various components of the HS biosynthesis machinery, thus expressing differently flawed HS, exhibit lineage-specific effects. Here we discuss recent studies on the biological functions of HS in ES cell developmental processes. Since ES cells have significant potential applications in tissue/cell engineering for cell replacement therapies, understanding the functional mechanisms of HS in manipulating ES cell growth in vitro is of utmost importance, if the stem cell regenerative medicine from scientific fiction ever will be made real.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Tamm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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