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Strash N, DeLuca S, Janer Carattini GL, Chen Y, Wu T, Helfer A, Scherba J, Wang I, Jain M, Naseri R, Bursac N. Time-dependent effects of BRAF-V600E on cell cycling, metabolism, and function in engineered myocardium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh2598. [PMID: 38266090 PMCID: PMC10807800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Candidate cardiomyocyte (CM) mitogens such as those affecting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway represent potential targets for functional heart regeneration. We explored whether activating ERK via a constitutively active mutant of B-raf proto-oncogene (BRAF), BRAF-V600E (caBRAF), can induce proproliferative effects in neonatal rat engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs). Sustained CM-specific caBRAF expression induced chronic ERK activation, substantial tissue growth, deficit in sarcomeres and contractile function, and tissue stiffening, all of which persisted for at least 4 weeks of culture. caBRAF-expressing CMs in ECTs exhibited broad transcriptomic changes, shift to glycolytic metabolism, loss of connexin-43, and a promigratory phenotype. Transient, doxycycline-controlled caBRAF expression revealed that the induction of CM cycling is rapid and precedes functional decline, and the effects are reversible only with short-lived ERK activation. Together, direct activation of the BRAF kinase is sufficient to modulate CM cycling and functional phenotype, offering mechanistic insights into roles of ERK signaling in the context of cardiac development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia DeLuca
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | | | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Abbigail Helfer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Jacob Scherba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Isabella Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Mehul Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Ramona Naseri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
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2
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Bui TA, Stafford N, Oceandy D. Genetic and Pharmacological YAP Activation Induces Proliferation and Improves Survival in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2121. [PMID: 37681853 PMCID: PMC10487209 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte loss following myocardial infarction cannot be addressed with current clinical therapies. Cell therapy with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) is a potential approach to replace cardiomyocyte loss. However, engraftment rates in pre-clinical studies have been low, highlighting a need to refine current iPSC-CM technology. In this study, we demonstrated that inducing Yes-associated protein (YAP) by genetic and pharmacological approaches resulted in increased iPSC-CM proliferation and reduced apoptosis in response to oxidative stress. Interestingly, iPSC-CM maturation was differently affected by each strategy, with genetic activation of YAP resulting in a more immature cardiomyocyte-like phenotype not witnessed upon pharmacological YAP activation. Overall, we conclude that YAP activation in iPSC-CMs enhances cell survival and proliferative capacity. Therefore, strategies targeting YAP, or its upstream regulator the Hippo signalling pathway, could potentially be used to improve the efficacy of iPSC-CM technology for use as a future regenerative therapy in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (T.A.B.); (N.S.)
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3
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Maas RGC, van den Dolder FW, Yuan Q, van der Velden J, Wu SM, Sluijter JPG, Buikema JW. Harnessing developmental cues for cardiomyocyte production. Development 2023; 150:dev201483. [PMID: 37560977 PMCID: PMC10445742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental research has attempted to untangle the exact signals that control heart growth and size, with knockout studies in mice identifying pivotal roles for Wnt and Hippo signaling during embryonic and fetal heart growth. Despite this improved understanding, no clinically relevant therapies are yet available to compensate for the loss of functional adult myocardium and the absence of mature cardiomyocyte renewal that underlies cardiomyopathies of multiple origins. It remains of great interest to understand which mechanisms are responsible for the decline in proliferation in adult hearts and to elucidate new strategies for the stimulation of cardiac regeneration. Multiple signaling pathways have been identified that regulate the proliferation of cardiomyocytes in the embryonic heart and appear to be upregulated in postnatal injured hearts. In this Review, we highlight the interaction of signaling pathways in heart development and discuss how this knowledge has been translated into current technologies for cardiomyocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee G. C. Maas
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor W. van den Dolder
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qianliang Yuan
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean M. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Buikema
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Heart Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Schade D, Drowley L, Wang QD, Plowright AT, Greber B. Phenotypic screen identifies FOXO inhibitor to counteract maturation and promote expansion of human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 65:116782. [PMID: 35512484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Achieving pharmacological control over cardiomyocyte proliferation represents a prime goal in therapeutic cardiovascular research. Here, we identify a novel chemical tool compound for the expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. The forkhead box O (FOXO) inhibitor AS1842856 was identified as a significant hit from an unbiased proliferation screen in early, immature hiPSC- cardiomyocytes (eCMs). The mitogenic effects of AS1842856 turned out to be robust, dose-dependent, sustained, and reversible. eCM numbers increased >30-fold as induced by AS1842856 over three passages. Phenotypically as well as by marker gene expression, the compound interestingly appeared to counteract cellular maturation both in immature hiPSC-CMs as well as in more advanced ones. Thus, FOXO inhibitor AS1842856 presents a novel proliferation inducer for the chemically defined, xeno-free expansion of hiPSC-derived CMs, while its de-differentiation effect might as well bear potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lauren Drowley
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Kametani Y, Tanaka S, Wada Y, Suzuki S, Umeda A, Nishinaka K, Okada Y, Maeda M, Miyagawa S, Sawa Y, Obana M, Fujio Y. Yes‐associated protein activation potentiates glycogen synthase kinase‐3 inhibitor‐induced proliferation of neonatal cardiomyocytes and iPS cell‐derived cardiomyocytes. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2539-2549. [PMID: 35312066 PMCID: PMC9311433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Because mammalian cardiomyocytes largely cease to proliferate immediately after birth, the regenerative activity of the heart is limited. To date, much effort has been made to clarify the regulatory mechanism of cardiomyocyte proliferation because the amplification of cardiomyocytes could be a promising strategy for heart regenerative therapy. Recently, it was reported that the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3 promotes the proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and human iPS cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs). Additionally, Yes‐associated protein (YAP) induces cardiomyocyte proliferation. The purpose of this study was to address the importance of YAP activity in cardiomyocyte proliferation induced by GSK‐3 inhibitors (GSK‐3Is) to develop a novel strategy for cardiomyocyte amplification. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis using an anti‐Ki‐67 antibody demonstrated that the treatment of NRCMs with GSK‐3Is, such as BIO and CHIR99021, increased the ratio of proliferative cardiomyocytes. YAP was localized in the nuclei of more than 95% of cardiomyocytes, either in the presence or absence of GSK‐3Is, indicating that YAP was endogenously activated. GSK‐3Is increased the expression of β‐catenin and promoted its translocation into the nucleus without influencing YAP activity. The knockdown of YAP using siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of YAP using verteporfin or CIL56 dramatically reduced GSK‐3I‐induced cardiomyocyte proliferation without suppressing β‐catenin activation. Interestingly, the inhibition of GSK‐3 also induced the proliferation of hiPSC‐CMs under sparse culture conditions, where YAP was constitutively activated. In contrast, under dense culture conditions, in which YAP activity was suppressed, the proliferative effects of GSK‐3Is on hiPSC‐CMs were not detected. Importantly, the activation of YAP by the knockdown of α‐catenin restored the proproliferative activity of GSK‐3Is. Collectively, YAP activation potentiates the GSK‐3I‐induced proliferation of cardiomyocytes. The blockade of GSK‐3 in combination with YAP activation resulted in remarkable amplification of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kametani
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Yuriko Wada
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Ayaka Umeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishinaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Makiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
- Department of Medical Innovation, Medical Center for Translational Research Osaka University Hospital Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Masanori Obana
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative (OTRI) Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (MEI) Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujio
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative (OTRI) Osaka University Suita City Osaka Japan
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6
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Carpaine Promotes Proliferation and Repair of H9c2 Cardiomyocytes after Oxidative Insults. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020230. [PMID: 35215343 PMCID: PMC8880139 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpaine has long been identified as the major alkaloid in Carica papaya leaves that possess muscle relaxant properties. Limited study on the molecular signaling properties of carpaine urges us to conduct this study that aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of carpaine in embryonic cardiomyocytes of the H9c2 cell line. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of carpaine was first determined using a colorimetric MTT assay to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration for the subsequent test. Using a 1 µM carpaine treatment, a significant increase in the H9c2 proliferation rate was observed following 24 and 48 h of incubation. A Western blot analysis also revealed that carpaine promotes the upregulation of the cell cycle marker proteins cyclin D1 and PCNA. Carpaine-induced H9c2 cell proliferation is mediated by the activation of the FAK-ERK1/2 and FAK-AKT signaling pathways. In the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), carpaine provided a significant protective role to recover the wounded area affected by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Furthermore, the oxidative-stress-induced reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were attenuated by carpaine treatment. The current study revealed a novel therapeutic potential of carpaine in promoting in vitro cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair following injury.
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7
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Carrillo García C, Becker C, Forster M, Lohmann S, Freitag P, Laufer S, Sievers S, Fleischmann BK, Hesse M, Schade D. High-Throughput Screening Platform in Postnatal Heart Cells and Chemical Probe Toolbox to Assess Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1505-1524. [PMID: 34818008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Restoring lost heart muscle is an attractive goal for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. One appealing strategy is the therapeutic stimulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation, which inter alia remains challenging due to available assay technologies capturing the complex biology. Here, a high-throughput-formatted phenotypic assay platform was established using rodent whole heart-derived cells to preserve the cellular environment of cardiomyocytes. Several readouts allowed the quantification of cycling cardiomyocytes, including a transgenic H2B-mCherry system for unequivocal, automated detection of cardiomyocyte nuclei. A chemical genetics approach revealed pronounced species differences and furnished pan-kinase inhibitors 5 and 36 as potent and robust inducers of endoreplication and acytokinetic mitosis. Combined profiling of the commonly used p38 MAPK inhibitors SB203580 (1), SB239063 (2) and a novel set of skepinone-L (6) derivatives pointed to off-target effects beyond p38 that might be critical for effective cardiomyocyte cytokinesis. Kinome-focused screening eventually furnished TG003 (38) as a novel candidate for stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Carrillo García
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Cora Becker
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, House 76, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia Freitag
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, House 76, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center COMAS, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (MPI), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, House 76, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Pharma Center Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, House 76, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Salerno AG, Wanschel ACBA, Dulce RA, Hatzistergos KE, Balkan W, Hare JM. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) deficiency accelerates cardiomyocyte differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2021; 1. [PMID: 34790975 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2021.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a model of cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation. Nitric oxide signaling promotes CM differentiation and maturation, although the mechanisms remain controversial. Aim The study tested the hypothesis that in the absence of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a denitrosylase regulating protein S-nitrosylation, the resultant increased S-nitrosylation accelerates the differentiation and maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs). Methods and Results iPSCs derived from mice lacking GSNOR (iPSCGSNOR-/-) matured faster than wildtype iPSCs (iPSCWT) and demonstrated transient increases in expression of murine Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1 gene (Snail), murine Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 2 gene (Slug) and murine Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1 gene (Twist), transcription factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and that are regulated by Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β). Murine Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (Gsk3β) gene exhibited much greater S-nitrosylation, but lower expression in iPSCGSNOR-/-. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-treated iPSCWT and human (h)iPSCs also demonstrated reduced expression of GSK3β. Nkx2.5 expression, a CM marker, was increased in iPSCGSNOR-/- upon directed differentiation toward CMs on Day 4, whereas murine Brachyury (t), Isl1, and GATA Binding Protein (Gata4) mRNA were decreased, compared to iPSCWT, suggesting that GSNOR deficiency promotes CM differentiation beginning immediately following cell adherence to the culture dish-transitioning from mesoderm to cardiac progenitor. Conclusion Together these findings suggest that increased S-nitrosylation of Gsk3β promotes CM differentiation and maturation from iPSCs. Manipulating the post-translational modification of GSK3β may provide an important translational target and offers new insight into understanding of CM differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. One sentence summary Deficiency of GSNOR or addition of GSNO accelerates early differentiation and maturation of iPSC-cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro G Salerno
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Amarylis C B A Wanschel
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Raul A Dulce
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Department of Medicine and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Murphy SA, Chen EZ, Tung L, Boheler KR, Kwon C. Maturing heart muscle cells: Mechanisms and transcriptomic insights. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:49-60. [PMID: 33952430 PMCID: PMC8653577 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation is the transformation of differentiated fetal CMs into adult CMs that involves changes in morphology, cell function and metabolism, and the transcriptome. This process is, however, incomplete and ultimately arrested in pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (PSC-CMs) in culture, which hinders their broad biomedical application. For this reason, enormous efforts are currently being made with the goal of generating mature PSC-CMs. In this review, we summarize key aspects of maturation observed in native CMs and discuss recent findings on the factors and mechanisms that regulate the process. Particular emphasis is put on transcriptional regulation and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis that has emerged as a key tool to study time-series gene regulation and to determine the maturation state. We then discuss different biomimetic strategies to enhance PSC-CM maturation and discuss their effects at the single cell transcriptomic and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Murphy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elaine Zhelan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Grimmett ZW, Venetos NM, Premont RT, Stamler JS. GSNOR regulates cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation through protein S-nitrosylation. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2021; 1:16. [PMID: 34790976 PMCID: PMC8594876 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2021.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a denitrosylase enzyme responsible for reverting protein S-nitrosylation (SNO). In this issue, Salerno et al. [1] provide evidence that GSNOR deficiency - and thus elevated protein S-nitrosylation - accelerates cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). GSNOR inhibition (GSNOR-/- iPSCs) expedites the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes cardiomyocyte progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. These findings are consistent with emerging roles for protein S-nitrosylation in developmental biology (including cardiomyocyte development), aging/longevity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Grimmett
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Venetos
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The loss of contractile function after heart injury remains one of the major healthcare issues of our time. One strategy to deal with this problem would be to increase the number of cardiomyocytes to enhance cardiac function. In the last couple of years, reactivation of cardiomyocyte proliferation has repeatedly demonstrated to aid in functional recovery after cardiac injury. RECENT FINDINGS The Tgf-β superfamily plays key roles during development of the heart and populating the embryonic heart with cardiomyocytes. In this review, we discuss the role of Tgf-β signaling in regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation during development and in the setting of cardiac regeneration. Although various pathways to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation have been established, the extent to which cardiomyocyte proliferation requires or involves activation of the Tgf-β superfamily is not entirely clear. More research is needed to better understand cross-talk between pathways that regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jop H van Berlo
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Integrative Biology and Physiology graduate program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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12
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Wnt Activation and Reduced Cell-Cell Contact Synergistically Induce Massive Expansion of Functional Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 27:50-63.e5. [PMID: 32619518 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulating signaling pathways including Wnt and Hippo can induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in vivo. Applying these signaling modulators to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in vitro can expand CMs modestly (<5-fold). Here, we demonstrate massive expansion of hiPSC-CMs in vitro (i.e., 100- to 250-fold) by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition using CHIR99021 and concurrent removal of cell-cell contact. We show that GSK-3β inhibition suppresses CM maturation, while contact removal prevents CMs from cell cycle exit. Remarkably, contact removal enabled 10 to 25 times greater expansion beyond GSK-3β inhibition alone. Mechanistically, persistent CM proliferation required both LEF/TCF activity and AKT phosphorylation but was independent from yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling. Engineered heart tissues from expanded hiPSC-CMs showed comparable contractility to those from unexpanded hiPSC-CMs, demonstrating uncompromised cellular functionality after expansion. In summary, we uncovered a molecular interplay that enables massive hiPSC-CM expansion for large-scale drug screening and tissue engineering applications.
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13
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Leone M, Engel FB. Isolation, Culture, and Live-Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Cardiomyocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2158:109-124. [PMID: 32857369 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0668-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a complex organ consisting of a variety of different cardiomyocytes (ventricular vs. atrial, left vs. right ventricular, working vs. nodal) as well as other cell types, including endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Pericytes, neurons, and immune cells are less abundant, yet still important. Whereas cardiomyocytes account for around 75% of the heart volume, 50-70% of the cells in the heart are non-myocytes. This complexity of the heart underlines the difficulties in interpreting data obtained in vivo. In the field of cardiac regeneration, it remains unclear whether it is possible to induce a significant number of cardiomyocytes to proliferate and whether the often-observed improvement in cardiac function after experimental therapies is due to the induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Therefore, the reductionist approach inherent to cultures of isolated cells continues to be of great importance, even though it is important to study heart disease in vivo due to interactions of the different cell types. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy manipulation of cell behavior (e.g., cell division) and its analysis (e.g., live-cell imaging). In addition, isolated cells in culture are a valuable tool for pharmacological and toxicological studies. This chapter offers a practical guide to isolate and culture primary neonatal and adult rat cardiomyocytes and a detailed protocol for live-cell imaging of embryonic and neonatal cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leone
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany. .,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Adihou H, Gopalakrishnan R, Förster T, Guéret SM, Gasper R, Geschwindner S, Carrillo García C, Karatas H, Pobbati AV, Vazquez-Chantada M, Davey P, Wassvik CM, Pang JKS, Soh BS, Hong W, Chiarparin E, Schade D, Plowright AT, Valeur E, Lemurell M, Grossmann TN, Waldmann H. A protein tertiary structure mimetic modulator of the Hippo signalling pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5425. [PMID: 33110077 PMCID: PMC7591920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are key protein effectors in the regulation of gene transcription, and in many cases their activity is regulated via a complex network of protein–protein interactions (PPI). The chemical modulation of transcription factor activity is a long-standing goal in drug discovery but hampered by the difficulties associated with the targeting of PPIs, in particular when extended and flat protein interfaces are involved. Peptidomimetics have been applied to inhibit PPIs, however with variable success, as for certain interfaces the mimicry of a single secondary structure element is insufficient to obtain high binding affinities. Here, we describe the design and characterization of a stabilized protein tertiary structure that acts as an inhibitor of the interaction between the transcription factor TEAD and its co-repressor VGL4, both playing a central role in the Hippo signalling pathway. Modification of the inhibitor with a cell-penetrating entity yielded a cell-permeable proteomimetic that activates cell proliferation via regulation of the Hippo pathway, highlighting the potential of protein tertiary structure mimetics as an emerging class of PPI modulators. Targeting the interaction between transcription factor TEAD and its co-repressor VGL4 is an attractive strategy to chemically modulate Hippo signaling. Here, the authors develop a proteomimetic with stabilized tertiary structure that inhibits the TEAD:VGL4 interaction in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Adihou
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AstraZeneca-MPI Satellite Unit, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AstraZeneca-MPI Satellite Unit, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim Förster
- AstraZeneca-MPI Satellite Unit, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stéphanie M Guéret
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AstraZeneca-MPI Satellite Unit, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Structure & Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carmen Carrillo García
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hacer Karatas
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ajaybabu V Pobbati
- Department of Multi-Modal Molecular (M3) Biology, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Paul Davey
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carola M Wassvik
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modelling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Soh
- Disease Modelling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Department of Multi-Modal Molecular (M3) Biology, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Valeur
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Lemurell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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15
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Fan C, Oduk Y, Zhao M, Lou X, Tang Y, Pretorius D, Valarmathi MT, Walcott GP, Yang J, Menasche P, Krishnamurthy P, Zhu W, Zhang J. Myocardial protection by nanomaterials formulated with CHIR99021 and FGF1. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132796. [PMID: 32453715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction is linearly related to the infarct size. As regeneration of cardiomyocytes from cardiac progenitor cells is minimal in the mammalian adult heart, we have explored a new therapeutic approach, which leverages the capacity of nanomaterials to release chemicals over time to promote myocardial protection and infarct size reduction. Initial screening identified 2 chemicals, FGF1 and CHIR99021 (a Wnt1 agonist/GSK-3β antagonist), which synergistically enhance cardiomyocyte cell cycle in vitro. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (NPs) formulated with CHIR99021 and FGF1 (CHIR + FGF1-NPs) provided an effective slow-release system for up to 4 weeks. Intramyocardial injection of CHIR + FGF1-NPs enabled myocardial protection via reducing infarct size by 20%-30% in mouse or pig models of postinfarction left ventricular (LV) remodeling. This LV structural improvement was accompanied by preservation of cardiac contractile function. Further investigation revealed that CHIR + FGF1-NPs resulted in a reduction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increase of angiogenesis. Thus, using a combination of chemicals and an NP-based prolonged-release system that works synergistically, this study demonstrates a potentially novel therapy for LV infarct size reduction in hearts with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yasin Oduk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xi Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yawen Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mani T Valarmathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory P Walcott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jinfu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Philippe Menasche
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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16
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Fan C, Tang Y, Zhao M, Lou X, Pretorius D, Menasche P, Zhu W, Zhang J. CHIR99021 and fibroblast growth factor 1 enhance the regenerative potency of human cardiac muscle patch after myocardial infarction in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:1-10. [PMID: 32169551 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that genetic overexpression of cell cycle proteins can increase the proliferation of transplanted cardiomyocytes derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we introduce a new, non-genetic approach to promote hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity and proliferation in transplanted human cardiomyocyte patches (hCMPs). METHODS Mice were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups (n = 10 per group). One group underwent Sham surgery, and the other 4 groups underwent MI induction surgery followed by treatment with hCMPs composed of hiPSC-CMs and nanoparticles that contained CHIR99021 and FGF1 (the NPCF-hCMP group), with hCMPs composed of hiPSC-CMs and empty nanoparticles (the NPE-hCMP group); with patches containing the CHIR99021/FGF-loaded nanoparticles but lacking hiPSC-CMs (the NPCF-Patch group), or patches lacking both the nanoparticles and cells (the E-Patch group). Cell cycle activity was evaluated via Ki67 and Aurora B expression, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and phosphorylated histone 3 levels (immunofluorescence); engraftment via human cardiac troponin T or human nuclear antigen expression (immunofluorescence) and bioluminescence imaging; cardiac function via echocardiography; infarct size and wall thickness via histology; angiogenesis via isolectin B4 expression (immunofluorescence); and apoptosis via TUNEL and caspace 3 expression (immunofluorescence). RESULTS Combined CHIR99021- and FGF1-treatment significantly increased hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity both in cultured cells (by 4- to 6-fold) and in transplanted hCMPs, and compared to treatment with NPE-hCMPs, NPCF-hCMP transplantation increased hiPSC-CM engraftment by ~4-fold and was associated with significantly better measurements of cardiac function, infarct size, wall thickness, angiogenesis, and hiPSC-CM apoptosis four weeks after MI induction. CONCLUSIONS Nanoparticle-mediated CHIR99021 and FGF1 delivery promotes hiPSC-CM cell cycle activity and proliferation, as well as the engraftment and regenerative potency of transplanted hCMPs, in a mouse MI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yawen Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xi Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Philippe Menasche
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, INSERM U 970, University Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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17
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Ke M, Ji M, Wang H, Yao Y, Wu Y, Qi N. Inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase improves the survival of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes after dissociation. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1701-1710. [PMID: 32104223 PMCID: PMC7027158 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs), rendering this cell type to be a promising pre-cursor of cardiomyocytes for cell-based cardiac regeneration. Obtaining CMs with a high yield and purity coupled with improved subsequent survival could prove to be invaluable for the future cell replacement therapeutic strategies. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions and serves significant roles in cardiac physiology. In the present study, human (h)iPSC-CMs were generated from iPSCs by including glycogen synthase kinase 3β and Wnt inhibitors in the basal culture media. The possible effect of Y27632, a ROCK inhibitor, on hiPSC-CMs was then investigated. hiPSC-CMs of high purity were harvested with >96% of cells expressing cardiac troponin T. Additionally, treatment with 10 µM Y27632 significantly improved the viability of dissociated hiPSC-CMs. The effects of ROCK inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil, on the proliferation and apoptosis of hiPSC-CMs were also examined. Treatment with ROCK inhibitors markedly enhanced hiPSC-CM proliferation, by up to 2.5-fold, whilst Y27632 treatment reduced apoptosis in hiPSC-derived CMs under serum starvation and suspension by suppressing the expression of caspase-3. Taken together, data from the present study indicated that ROCK kinase inhibitors effectively improved the cultural system of hiPSC-derived CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ji
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shanghai Likun Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201499, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- Shanghai Likun Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201499, P.R. China
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18
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Singh AP, Umbarkar P, Guo Y, Force T, Gupte M, Lal H. Inhibition of GSK-3 to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation: a recipe for in situ cardiac regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:20-30. [PMID: 30321309 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With an estimated 38 million current patients, heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the aetiology differs, HF is largely a disease of cardiomyocyte (CM) death or dysfunction. Due to the famously limited amount of regenerative capacity of the myocardium, the only viable option for advanced HF patients is cardiac transplantation; however, donor's hearts are in very short supply. Thus, novel regenerative strategies are urgently needed to reconstitute the injured hearts. Emerging data from our lab and others have elucidated that CM-specific deletion of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 family of kinases induces CM proliferation, and the degree of proliferation is amplified in the setting of cardiac stress. If this proliferation is sufficiently robust, one could induce meaningful regeneration without the need for delivering exogenous cells to the injured myocardium (i.e. cardiac regeneration in situ). Herein, we will discuss the emerging role of the GSK-3s in CM proliferation and differentiation, including their potential implications in cardiac regeneration. The underlying molecular interactions and cross-talk among signalling pathways will be discussed. We will also review the specificity and limitations of the available small molecule inhibitors targeting GSK-3 and their potential applications to stimulate the endogenous cardiac regenerative responses to repair the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Prakash Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuanjun Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Force
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manisha Gupte
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, Suite PRB#348A, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Blankesteijn WM. Interventions in WNT Signaling to Induce Cardiomyocyte Proliferation: Crosstalk with Other Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:90-101. [PMID: 31757861 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a frequent cardiovascular event and a major cause for cardiomyocyte loss. In adult mammals, cardiomyocytes are traditionally considered to be terminally differentiated cells, unable to proliferate. Therefore, the wound-healing response in the infarct area typically yields scar tissue rather than newly formed cardiomyocytes. In the last decade, several lines of evidence have challenged the lack of proliferative capacity of the differentiated cardiomyocyte: studies in zebrafish and neonatal mammals have convincingly demonstrated the regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes. Moreover, multiple signaling pathways have been identified in these models that-when activated in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes-can reactivate the cell cycle in these cells. However, cardiomyocytes frequently exit the cell cycle before symmetric division into daughter cells, leading to polyploidy and multinucleation. Now that there is more insight into the reactivation of the cell cycle machinery, other prerequisites for successful symmetric division of cardiomyocytes, such as the control of sarcomere disassembly to allow cytokinesis, require more investigation. This review aims to discuss the signaling pathways involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation, with a specific focus on wingless/int-1 protein signaling. Comparing the conflicting results from in vitro and in vivo studies on this pathway illustrates that the interaction with other cells and structures around the infarct is likely to be essential to determine the outcome of these interventions. The extensive crosstalk with other pathways implicated in cardiomyocyte proliferation calls for the identification of nodal points in the cell signaling before cardiomyocyte proliferation can be moved forward toward clinical application as a cure of cardiac disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Evidence is mounting that proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes can be stimulated to repair injury of the heart. In this review article, an overview is provided of the different signaling pathways implicated in cardiomyocyte proliferation with emphasis on wingless/int-1 protein signaling, crosstalk between the pathways, and controversial results obtained in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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20
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Neininger AC, Long JH, Baillargeon SM, Burnette DT. A simple and flexible high-throughput method for the study of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15917. [PMID: 31685907 PMCID: PMC6828730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle cells lack regenerative capacity in postnatal mammals. A concerted effort has been made in the field to determine regulators of cardiomyocyte proliferation and identify therapeutic strategies to induce division, with the ultimate goal of regenerating heart tissue after a myocardial infarct. We sought to optimize a high throughput screening protocol to facilitate this effort. We developed a straight-forward high throughput screen with simple readouts to identify small molecules that modulate cardiomyocyte proliferation. We identify human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiCMs) as a model system for such a screen, as a very small subset of hiCMs have the potential to proliferate. The ability of hiCMs to proliferate is density-dependent, and cell density has no effect on the outcome of proliferation: cytokinesis or binucleation. Screening a compound library revealed many regulators of proliferation and cell death. We provide a comprehensive and flexible screening procedure and cellular phenotype information for each compound. We then provide an example of steps to follow after this screen is performed, using three of the identified small molecules at various concentrations, further implicating their target kinases in cardiomyocyte proliferation. This screening platform is flexible and cost-effective, opening the field of cardiovascular cell biology to laboratories without substantial funding or specialized training, thus diversifying this scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Neininger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - J Hunter Long
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sophie M Baillargeon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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21
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CaMKII Activity in the Inflammatory Response of Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184374. [PMID: 31489895 PMCID: PMC6770001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological process by which the body responds to external insults and stress conditions, and it is characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. The acute inflammatory response is solved by removing the threat. Conversely, a chronic inflammatory state is established due to a prolonged inflammatory response and may lead to tissue damage. Based on the evidence of a reciprocal regulation between inflammation process and calcium unbalance, here we described the involvement of a calcium sensor in cardiac diseases with inflammatory drift. Indeed, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated in several diseases with an inflammatory component, such as myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, pressure overload/hypertrophy, and arrhythmic syndromes, in which it actively regulates pro-inflammatory signaling, among which includes nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), thus contributing to pathological cardiac remodeling. Thus, CaMKII may represent a key target to modulate the severity of the inflammatory-driven degeneration.
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22
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Ito M, Hara H, Takeda N, Naito AT, Nomura S, Kondo M, Hata Y, Uchiyama M, Morita H, Komuro I. Characterization of a small molecule that promotes cell cycle activation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:90-95. [PMID: 30684499 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since regenerative capacity of adult mammalian myocardium is limited, activation of the endogenous proliferative capacity of existing cardiomyocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating heart diseases accompanied by cardiomyocyte loss. Recently, we performed a compound screening and developed a new drug named TT-10 (C11H10FN3OS2) which promotes the proliferation of murine cardiomyocytes via enhancement of YES-associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional enhancer factor domain (TEAD) activity and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction in adult mice. METHODS AND RESULTS To test whether TT-10 can also promote the proliferative capacity of human cardiomyocytes, we investigated the efficacy of TT-10 on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSCMs). The hiPSCs were established from monocytes obtained from healthy donors and cardiac differentiation was performed using a chemically defined protocol. As was observed in murine cardiomyocytes, TT-10 markedly promoted cell cycle activation and increased cell division of hiPSCMs. We then evaluated other effects of TT-10 on the functional properties of hiPSCMs by gene expression and cell motion analyses. We observed that TT-10 had no unfavorable effects on the expression of functional and structural genes or the contractile properties of hiPSCMs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the novel drug TT-10 effectively activated the cell cycle of hiPSCMs without apparent functional impairment of myocardium, suggesting the potential of clinical usefulness of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T Naito
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Woo LA, Tkachenko S, Ding M, Plowright AT, Engkvist O, Andersson H, Drowley L, Barrett I, Firth M, Akerblad P, Wolf MJ, Bekiranov S, Brautigan DL, Wang QD, Saucerman JJ. High-content phenotypic assay for proliferation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes identifies L-type calcium channels as targets. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 127:204-214. [PMID: 30597148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 5 million people in the United States suffer from heart failure, due to the limited ability to regenerate functional cardiac tissue. One potential therapeutic strategy is to enhance proliferation of resident cardiomyocytes. However, phenotypic screening for therapeutic agents is challenged by the limited ability of conventional markers to discriminate between cardiomyocyte proliferation and endoreplication (e.g. polyploidy and multinucleation). Here, we developed a novel assay that combines automated live-cell microscopy and image processing algorithms to discriminate between proliferation and endoreplication by quantifying changes in the number of nuclei, changes in the number of cells, binucleation, and nuclear DNA content. We applied this assay to further prioritize hits from a primary screen for DNA synthesis, identifying 30 compounds that enhance proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Among the most active compounds from the phenotypic screen are clinically approved L-type calcium channel blockers from multiple chemical classes whose activities were confirmed across different sources of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Identification of compounds that stimulate human cardiomyocyte proliferation may provide new therapeutic strategies for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Svyatoslav Tkachenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Mei Ding
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andersson
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauren Drowley
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian Barrett
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Cambridge, UK
| | - Mike Firth
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Akerblad
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, USA.
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24
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Qin H, Zhao A, Fu X. Chemical modulation of cell fates: in situ regeneration. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1137-1150. [PMID: 30099708 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modulation of cell fates has been widely used to promote tissue and organ regeneration. Small molecules can target the self-renewal, expansion, differentiation, and survival of endogenous stem cells for enhancing their regenerative power or induce dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation of mature cells into proliferative progenitors or specialized cell types needed for regeneration. Here, we discuss current progress and potential using small molecules to promote in vivo regenerative processes by regulating the cell fate. Current studies of small molecules in regeneration will provide insights into developing safe and efficient chemical approaches for in situ tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Cell Biology and Tissue Repair Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, the First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Andong Zhao
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Cell Biology and Tissue Repair Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, the First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Cell Biology and Tissue Repair Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, the First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China. .,College of Life Sciences, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100853, China.
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25
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GSK-3β Inhibitor CHIR-99021 Promotes Proliferation Through Upregulating β-Catenin in Neonatal Atrial Human Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:425-432. [PMID: 27575008 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renewal capacity of neonate human cardiomyocytes provides an opportunity to manipulate endogenous cardiogenic mechanisms for supplementing the loss of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarction or other cardiac diseases. GSK-3β inhibitors have been recently shown to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation in rats and mice, thus may be ideal candidates for inducing human cardiomyocyte proliferation. METHODS Human cardiomyocytes were isolated from right atrial specimens obtained during routine surgery for ventricle septal defect and cultured with either GSK-3β inhibitor (CHIR-99021) or β-catenin inhibitor (IWR-1). Immunocytochemistry was performed to visualize 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-positive or Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes, indicative of proliferative cardiomyocytes. RESULTS GSK-3β inhibitor significantly increased β-catenin accumulation in cell nucleus, whereas β-catenin inhibitor significantly reduced β-catenin accumulation in cell plasma. In parallel, GSK-3β inhibitor increased EdU-positive and Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes, whereas β-catenin inhibitor decreased EdU-positive and Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that GSK-3β inhibitor can promote human atrial cardiomyocyte proliferation. Although it remains to be determined whether the observations in atrial myocytes could be directly applicable to ventricular myocytes, the current findings imply that Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a valuable pathway for manipulating endogenous human heart regeneration.
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26
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(Re-)programming of subtype specific cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:142-167. [PMID: 28916499 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) possess a highly restricted intrinsic regenerative potential - a major barrier to the effective treatment of a range of chronic degenerative cardiac disorders characterized by cellular loss and/or irreversible dysfunction and which underlies the majority of deaths in developed countries. Both stem cell programming and direct cell reprogramming hold promise as novel, potentially curative approaches to address this therapeutic challenge. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has introduced a second pluripotent stem cell source besides embryonic stem cells (ESCs), enabling even autologous cardiomyocyte production. In addition, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming somatic cells into cardiomyocytes is likely to become of great importance. In either case, different clinical scenarios will require the generation of highly pure, specific cardiac cellular-subtypes. In this review, we discuss these themes as related to the cardiovascular stem cell and programming field, including a focus on the emergent topic of pacemaker cell generation for the development of biological pacemakers and in vitro drug testing.
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27
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Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of liposomes for the cell type-specific delivery of small molecule drugs. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2565-2574. [PMID: 28754465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Liposome-based drug formulations represent an exciting avenue of research as they increase efficacy to toxicity ratios. Current formulations rely on passive accumulation to the disease site where drug is taken up by the cells. Ligand mediated targeting increases the net accumulation of liposomes, however, an unexplored benefit is to potentially refine pharmacodynamics (PD) of a drug specifically to different cell types within diseased tissue. As a model system, we engineered cardiomyocyte- (I-1) and endothelial-targeted (B-40) liposomes to carry a VEGFR2 inhibitor (PTK787), and examined the effect of cell type-specific delivery on both pharmacokinetics (PK) and PD. Neovascularization in post-myocardial infarction was significantly reduced by B-40 liposomes loaded with PTK787 as compared to animals injected with I-1 liposomes, and profoundly more as compared to free PTK787. This study thus shows that the intraorgan targeting of drugs through cell type-specific delivery holds substantial promise towards lowering the minimal efficacious dose administered systemically.
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28
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Burridge PW, Sharma A, Wu JC. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Human Cardiac Reprogramming and Differentiation in Regenerative Medicine. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 49:461-84. [PMID: 26631515 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration or replacement of lost cardiomyocytes within the heart has the potential to revolutionize cardiovascular medicine. Numerous methodologies have been used to achieve this aim, including the engraftment of bone marrow- and heart-derived cells as well as the identification of modulators of adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Recently, the conversion of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells and induced cardiomyocyte-like cells has transformed potential approaches toward this goal, and the engraftment of cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells into patients is now feasible. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic control of human cardiogenesis, cardiac differentiation, and the induced reprogramming of somatic cells to cardiomyocytes. We also cover genetic programs for inducing the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes and discuss the genetic state of cells used in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Burridge
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Pharmacology.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Arun Sharma
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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29
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Induction of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Proliferation Revealed by Combinatorial Screening in High Density Microbioreactor Arrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24637. [PMID: 27097795 PMCID: PMC4838928 DOI: 10.1038/srep24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing cardiomyocyte proliferation in post-mitotic adult heart tissue is attracting significant attention as a therapeutic strategy to regenerate the heart after injury. Model animal screens have identified several candidate signalling pathways, however, it remains unclear as to what extent these pathways can be exploited, either individually or in combination, in the human system. The advent of human cardiac cells from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) now provides the ability to interrogate human cardiac biology in vitro, but it remains difficult with existing culture formats to simply and rapidly elucidate signalling pathway penetrance and interplay. To facilitate high-throughput combinatorial screening of candidate biologicals or factors driving relevant molecular pathways, we developed a high-density microbioreactor array (HDMA) – a microfluidic cell culture array containing 8100 culture chambers. We used HDMAs to combinatorially screen Wnt, Hedgehog, IGF and FGF pathway agonists. The Wnt activator CHIR99021 was identified as the most potent molecular inducer of human cardiomyocyte proliferation, inducing cell cycle activity marked by Ki67, and an increase in cardiomyocyte numbers compared to controls. The combination of human cardiomyocytes with the HDMA provides a versatile and rapid tool for stratifying combinations of factors for heart regeneration.
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30
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Stoppel WL, Kaplan DL, Black LD. Electrical and mechanical stimulation of cardiac cells and tissue constructs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:135-55. [PMID: 26232525 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of cardiac tissue engineering has made significant strides over the last few decades, highlighted by the development of human cell derived constructs that have shown increasing functional maturity over time, particularly using bioreactor systems to stimulate the constructs. However, the functionality of these tissues is still unable to match that of native cardiac tissue and many of the stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes display an immature, fetal like phenotype. In this review, we seek to elucidate the biological underpinnings of both mechanical and electrical signaling, as identified via studies related to cardiac development and those related to an evaluation of cardiac disease progression. Next, we review the different types of bioreactors developed to individually deliver electrical and mechanical stimulation to cardiomyocytes in vitro in both two and three-dimensional tissue platforms. Reactors and culture conditions that promote functional cardiomyogenesis in vitro are also highlighted. We then cover the more recent work in the development of bioreactors that combine electrical and mechanical stimulation in order to mimic the complex signaling environment present in vivo. We conclude by offering our impressions on the important next steps for physiologically relevant mechanical and electrical stimulation of cardiac cells and engineered tissue in vitro.
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31
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Uosaki H, Cahan P, Lee DI, Wang S, Miyamoto M, Fernandez L, Kass DA, Kwon C. Transcriptional Landscape of Cardiomyocyte Maturation. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1705-16. [PMID: 26586429 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of progress in developmental cardiology has advanced our understanding of the early aspects of heart development, including cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation. However, control of the CM maturation that is subsequently required to generate adult myocytes remains elusive. Here, we analyzed over 200 microarray datasets from early embryonic to adult hearts and identified a large number of genes whose expression shifts gradually and continuously during maturation. We generated an atlas of integrated gene expression, biological pathways, transcriptional regulators, and gene regulatory networks (GRNs), which show discrete sets of key transcriptional regulators and pathways activated or suppressed during CM maturation. We developed a GRN-based program named MatStat(CM) that indexes CM maturation status. MatStat(CM) reveals that pluripotent-stem-cell-derived CMs mature early in culture but are arrested at the late embryonic stage with aberrant regulation of key transcription factors. Our study provides a foundation for understanding CM maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dong I Lee
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Songnan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Laviel Fernandez
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Regeneration involves interactions between multiple signaling pathways acting in a spatially and temporally complex manner. As signaling pathways are highly conserved, understanding how regeneration is controlled in animal models exhibiting robust regenerative capacities should aid efforts to stimulate repair in humans. One way to discover molecular regulators of regeneration is to alter gene/protein function and quantify effect(s) on the regenerative process: dedifferentiation/reprograming, stem/progenitor proliferation, migration/remodeling, progenitor cell differentiation and resolution. A powerful approach for applying this strategy to regenerative biology is chemical genetics, the use of small-molecule modulators of specific targets or signaling pathways. Here, we review advances that have been made using chemical genetics for hypothesis-focused and discovery-driven studies aimed at furthering understanding of how regeneration is controlled.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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34
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Harnessing the Induction of Cardiomyocyte Proliferation for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2015; 17:404. [PMID: 26324824 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-015-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Adult human cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated and have limited capacity for cell division. Hence, they are not naturally replaced following ischemic injury to the heart. As such, cardiac function is often permanently compromised after an event such as myocardial infarction. In recent years, investigators have focused intensively on ways to reactivate cardiomyocyte mitotic activity in both in vitro cell culture systems and in vivo animal models. In parallel, advances in stem cell biology have allowed for the mass production of patient-specific human cardiomyocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. These cells can be produced via chemically defined differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in a matter of weeks and could theoretically be utilized directly for therapeutic purposes to replace damaged myocardium. However, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, like their adult counterparts, are post-mitotic and incapable of large-scale expansion after reaching a certain stage of in vitro differentiation. Due to this shared characteristic, these stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes may provide a platform for studying genes, pathways, and small molecules that induce cell cycle reentry and proliferation of human cardiomyocytes. Ultimately, the discovery of novel mechanisms or pathways to induce human cardiomyocyte proliferation should improve our ability to regenerate adult cardiomyocytes and help restore cardiac function following injury.
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35
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Raulf A, Horder H, Tarnawski L, Geisen C, Ottersbach A, Röll W, Jovinge S, Fleischmann BK, Hesse M. Transgenic systems for unequivocal identification of cardiac myocyte nuclei and analysis of cardiomyocyte cell cycle status. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:33. [PMID: 25925989 PMCID: PMC4414935 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Even though the mammalian heart has been investigated for many years, there are still uncertainties in the fields of cardiac cell biology and regeneration with regard to exact fractions of cardiomyocytes (CMs) at different developmental stages, their plasticity after cardiac lesion and also their basal turnover rate. A main shortcoming is the accurate identification of CM and the demonstration of CM division. Therefore, an in vivo model taking advantage of a live reporter-based identification of CM nuclei and their cell cycle status is needed. In this technical report, we describe the generation and characterization of embryonic stem cells and transgenic mice expressing a fusion protein of human histone 2B and the red fluorescence protein mCherry under control of the CM specific αMHC promoter. This fluorescence label allows unequivocal identification and quantitation of CM nuclei and nuclearity in isolated cells and native tissue slices. In ventricles of adults, we determined a fraction of <20 % CMs and binucleation of 77-90 %, while in atria a CM fraction of 30 % and a binucleation index of 14 % were found. We combined this transgenic system with the CAG-eGFP-anillin transgene, which identifies cell division and established a novel screening assay for cell cycle-modifying substances in isolated, postnatal CMs. Our transgenic live reporter-based system enables reliable identification of CM nuclei and determination of CM fractions and nuclearity in heart tissue. In combination with CAG-eGFP-anillin-mice, the cell cycle status of CMs can be monitored in detail enabling screening for proliferation-inducing substances in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Raulf
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Horder
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Caroline Geisen
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Ottersbach
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- />Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- />Pharma Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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36
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ERBB2 triggers mammalian heart regeneration by promoting cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:627-38. [PMID: 25848746 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The murine neonatal heart can regenerate after injury through cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation, although this capacity markedly diminishes after the first week of life. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) administration has been proposed as a strategy to promote cardiac regeneration. Here, using loss- and gain-of-function genetic tools, we explore the role of the NRG1 co-receptor ERBB2 in cardiac regeneration. NRG1-induced CM proliferation diminished one week after birth owing to a reduction in ERBB2 expression. CM-specific Erbb2 knockout revealed that ERBB2 is required for CM proliferation at embryonic/neonatal stages. Induction of a constitutively active ERBB2 (caERBB2) in neonatal, juvenile and adult CMs resulted in cardiomegaly, characterized by extensive CM hypertrophy, dedifferentiation and proliferation, differentially mediated by ERK, AKT and GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathways. Transient induction of caERBB2 following myocardial infarction triggered CM dedifferentiation and proliferation followed by redifferentiation and regeneration. Thus, ERBB2 is both necessary for CM proliferation and sufficient to reactivate postnatal CM proliferative and regenerative potentials.
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37
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Cho GS, Fernandez L, Kwon C. Regenerative medicine for the heart: perspectives on stem-cell therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2018-31. [PMID: 25133793 PMCID: PMC4208610 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite decades of progress in cardiovascular biology and medicine, heart disease remains the leading cause of death, and there is no cure for the failing heart. Since heart failure is mostly caused by loss or dysfunction of cardiomyocytes (CMs), replacing dead or damaged CMs with new CMs might be an ideal way to reverse the disease. However, the adult heart is composed mainly of terminally differentiated CMs that have no significant self-regeneration capacity. RECENT ADVANCES Stem cells have tremendous regenerative potential and, thus, current cardiac regenerative research has focused on developing stem cell sources to repair damaged myocardium. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we examine the potential sources of cells that could be used for heart therapies, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as alternative methods for activating the endogenous regenerative mechanisms of the heart via transdifferentiation and cell reprogramming. We also discuss the current state of knowledge of cell purification, delivery, and retention. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Efforts are underway to improve the current stem cell strategies and methodologies, which will accelerate the development of innovative stem-cell therapies for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Sik Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
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38
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Längle D, Halver J, Rathmer B, Willems E, Schade D. Small molecules targeting in vivo tissue regeneration. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:57-71. [PMID: 24372447 DOI: 10.1021/cb4008277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has boomed in recent years thanks to milestone discoveries in stem cell biology and tissue engineering, which has been driving paradigm shifts in the pharmacotherapy of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Small molecule-mediated replenishment of lost and/or dysfunctional tissue in vivo, however, is still in its infancy due to a limited understanding of mechanisms that control such endogenous processes of tissue homeostasis or regeneration. Here, we discuss current progress using small molecules targeting in vivo aspects of regeneration, including adult stem cells, stem cell niches, and mechanisms of homing, mobilization, and engraftment as well as somatic cell proliferation. Many of these compounds derived from both knowledge-based design and screening campaigns, illustrating the feasibility of translating in vitro discovery to in vivo regeneration. These early examples of drug-mediated in vivo regeneration provide a glimpse of the future directions of in vivo regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Rathmer
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erik Willems
- Muscle
Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis Schade
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Small molecules for cell reprogramming and heart repair: progress and perspective. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:34-44. [PMID: 24372513 DOI: 10.1021/cb400865w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for heart failure seeks to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Chemical approaches for producing ample supplies of cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and cardiomyocytes, hold promise as practical means to achieve safe, facile cell-based therapy for cardiac repair and regenerative medicine. In this review, we describe recent advances in the application of small molecules to improve the generation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells. We also describe new directions in heart repair and regeneration in which chemical approaches may find their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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