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Gutierrez FJ, Pozo MO, Mugno M, Chapela SP, Llobera N, Reberendo MJ, Murias GE, Rubatto Birri PN, Kanoore Edul VS, Dubin A. Lack of correlation between central venous minus arterial PCO 2 to arterial minus central venous O 2 content ratio and respiratory quotient in patients with septic shock: A prospective observational study. Med Intensiva 2024:S2173-5727(24)00143-7. [PMID: 38909012 DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central venous-arterial PCO2 to arterial-central venous O2 content ratio (Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2) is commonly used as a surrogate for respiratory quotient (RQ) and tissue oxygenation. Although Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 might be associated with hyperlactatemia and outcome, neither the interchangeability with RQ nor the correlation with conclusive variables of anaerobic metabolism has never been demonstrated in septic shock. Our goal was to compare Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 and RQ in patients with septic shock. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING Two adult ICUs. PATIENTS Forty-seven patients with septic shock on mechanical ventilation with stable respiratory settings and vasopressor dose after initial resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST We measured arterial and central venous gases, Hb, and O2Hb. Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 and the ratio of central venous-arterial CO2 content to arterial-central venous O2 content (Ccv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2) were calculated. RQ was determined by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 and Ccv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 were not correlated with RQ (R2 = 0.01, P = 0.50 and R2 = 0.01, P = 0.58, respectively), showing large bias and wide 95 % limits of agreement with RQ (1.09, -1.10-3.27 and 0.42, -1.53-2.37). A multiple linear regression model showed Hb, and central venous PCO2 and O2Hb, but not RQ, as Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 determinants (R2 = 0.36, P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS In patients with septic shock, Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 did not correlate with RQ and was mainly determined by factors that modify the dissociation of CO2 from Hb. Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 seems to be a poor surrogate for RQ; therefore, its values should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo J Gutierrez
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario O Pozo
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Mugno
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcuénaga 870 (C1115AAB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián P Chapela
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Llobera
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Reberendo
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón E Murias
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Británico, Perdriel 74 (C1280AEB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo N Rubatto Birri
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcuénaga 870 (C1115AAB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina S Kanoore Edul
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcuénaga 870 (C1115AAB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arnaldo Dubin
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcuénaga 870 (C1115AAB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedras de Terapia Intensiva y Farmacología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av.60 y Av. 120 (B1900), La Plata, Argentina.
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de Souza IPMA, Ramos JVSP, da Silveira AD, Stein R, Ribeiro RS, Pazelli AM, de Oliveira QB, Darzé ES, Ritt LEF. Independent and Added Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to New York Heart Association Classification in Patients With Heart Failure. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2024:01273116-990000000-00146. [PMID: 38709847 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the independent and added value of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional analysis in patients with heart failure (HF) and ejection fraction (EF) <50%. METHODS Patients (n = 613) with HF and EF < 50% underwent CPX and were followed for 28 ± 17 mo with respect to primary outcomes (death or heart transplantation). RESULTS Mean patient age was 57 ± 12 yr and 64% were male. Most patients were classified as NYHA class II (41%). The composite rate of primary outcomes was 12%; death occurred in 9% and heart transplant in 4%. Independent predictors of primary outcomes were: EF (HR = 0.95: 95% CI, 0.92-0.98; P = .001) and NYHA (HR = 2.06: 95% CI, 1.54-2.75; P < .0001). When added to the model, peak oxygen uptake (V˙ O2peak ) was an independent predictor (HR = 0.90: 95% CI, 0.84-0.96; P = .001), as was the percentage of predicted V˙ O2peak (HR = 0.03: 95% CI, 0.007-0.147; P < .001), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (HR = 1.02: 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = .012), and CPX score (HR = 1.16: 95% CI, 1.06-1.27; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS CPX variables were independent predictors of HJ prognosis, even when controlled by NYHA functional class. Despite being independent predictors, the value added to NYHA classification was modest and lacked statistical significance.Patients with heart failure (HF) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) and were followed with respect to primary outcomes (death or heart transplantation). Independent predictors of primary outcomes were: ejection fraction and New York Heart Association (NYHA). The CPX variables were independent predictors of HF prognosis, even when controlled by NYHA. However, the value added to NYHA classification was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Pilar Moraes Alves de Souza
- Author Affiliations: D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Cardio Pulmonar Hospital, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (Mss de Souza and de Oliveira, Drs Darzé and Ritt); Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (Ms de Souza, Drs Ramos, Ribeiro, Pazelli, Darzé, and Ritt); and Clinicas Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Drs da Silveira and Stein
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Vishram-Nielsen JK, Scolari FL, Steve Fan CP, Moayedi Y, Ross HJ, Manlhiot C, Allwood MA, Alba AC, Brunt KR, Simpson JA, Billia F. Better Respiratory Function in Heart Failure Patients With Use of Central-Acting Therapeutics. CJC Open 2024; 6:745-754. [PMID: 38846437 PMCID: PMC11150948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diaphragm atrophy can contribute to dyspnea in patients with heart failure (HF) with its link to central neurohormonal overactivation. HF medications that cross the blood-brain barrier could act centrally and improve respiratory function, potentially alleviating diaphragmatic atrophy. Therefore, we compared the benefit of central- vs peripheral-acting HF drugs on respiratory function, as assessed by a single cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and outcomes in HF patients. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 624 ambulatory adult HF patients (80% male) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40% and a complete CPET, followed at a single institution between 2001 and 2017. CPET parameters, and the outcomes all-cause death, a composite endpoint (all-cause death, need for left ventricular assist device, heart transplantation), and all-cause and/or HF hospitalizations, were compared in patients receiving central-acting (n = 550) vs peripheral-acting (n = 74) drugs. Results Compared to patients who receive peripheral-acting drugs, patients who receive central-acting drugs had better respiratory function (peak breath-by breath oxygen uptake [VO2], P = 0.020; forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], P = 0.007), and ventilatory efficiency (minute ventilation / carbon dioxide production [VE/VCO2], P < 0.001; end-tidal carbon dioxide tension [PETCO2], P = 0.015; and trend for forced vital capacity [FVC], P = 0.056). Many of the associations between the CPET parameters and drug type remained significant after multivariate adjustment. Moreover, patients receiving central-acting drugs had fewer composite events (P = 0.023), and HF hospitalizations (P = 0.044), although significance after multivariant correction was not achieved, despite the hazard ratio being 0.664 and 0.757, respectively. Conclusions Central-acting drugs were associated with better respiratory function as measured by CPET parameters in HF patients. This could extend to clinically meaningful composite outcomes and hospitalizations but required more power to be definitive in linking to drug effect. Central-acting HF drugs show a role in mitigating diaphragm weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K.K. Vishram-Nielsen
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fernando Luis Scolari
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Po Steve Fan
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yas Moayedi
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J. Ross
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedric Manlhiot
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa A. Allwood
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Alba
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R. Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dores H, Mendes M, Abreu A, Durazzo A, Rodrigues C, Vilela E, Cunha G, Gomes Pereira J, Bento L, Moreno L, Dinis P, Amorim S, Clemente S, Santos M. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical practice: Principles, applications, and basic interpretation. Rev Port Cardiol 2024:S0870-2551(24)00078-7. [PMID: 38583860 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a noninvasive and integrated assessment of the response of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems to exercise. This information improves the diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic management of several clinical conditions. Additionally, CPET is the gold standard test for cardiorespiratory fitness quantification and exercise prescription, both in patients with cardiopulmonary disease undergoing cardiac or pulmonary rehabilitation programs and in healthy individuals, such as high-level athletes. In this setting, the relevance of practical knowledge about this exam is useful and of interest to several medical specialties other than cardiology. However, despite its multiple established advantages, CPET remains underused. This article aims to increase awareness of the value of CPET in clinical practice and to inform clinicians about its main indications, applications, and basic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Dores
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal; CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Mendes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Abreu
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Center, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, CHULN/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, FMUL/CRECUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Ergometry Department, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHULN, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, ISAMB, FMUL/Laboratório Associado Terra, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, IMPSP, FMUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Nuclear, IMN, FMUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiovascular Center, Universidade de Lisboa, CCUL, Centro Académico de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, CAML, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anaí Durazzo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cidália Rodrigues
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Vilela
- Department of Cardiology, Unidade Local de Saúde Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cunha
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Gomes Pereira
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Comité Olímpico de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal; Desporsano - Sports Clinic, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Moreno
- Regimento de Comandos, Exército Português, Belas, Portugal; Hospital CUF Tejo, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Dinis
- Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra, Exército Português, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amorim
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Clemente
- Department of Pulmonology, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Mário Santos
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; CAC ICBAS-CHP - Centro Académico Clínico Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
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Rossi M, Sinagra G, Merlo M. Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope at a Glance: A Fascinating Index Carrying Unsolved Questions. Am J Cardiol 2023; 203:496-497. [PMID: 37537079 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rossi
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Cardiology, Giuliano Isontina University Health Authority (ASUGI), European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Cardiology, Giuliano Isontina University Health Authority (ASUGI), European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Cardiology, Giuliano Isontina University Health Authority (ASUGI), European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Gordon J, Michelis KC, Pandey A, Ayers C, Thibodeau JT, Grodin JL, Drazner MH. Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and Prognosis in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Am J Cardiol 2023; 201:273-280. [PMID: 37393730 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic utility of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is uncertain. In this post hoc analysis of the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial (n = 2,074), we tested for associations of OUES and peak oxygen uptake (VO2) with heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death in multivariable Cox regression models, adjusting for minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope and other important confounders. Harrell's C-statistics assessed the discriminatory performance of OUES and peak VO2. Lower OUES was associated with increased risk of the outcome (quartile 1 vs 4: hazard ratio 2.1 [1.5 to 2.9, p <0.001]). Peak VO2 had greater discrimination than OUES in comparable models (e.g., C-statistic = 0.73 vs 0.70, p <0.001, respectively). In the subgroup with respiratory exchange ratio <1 (n = 358), peak VO2 was associated with the outcome (p <0.001) but OUES was not (p = 0.96). In conclusion, whereas OUES was associated with clinical outcomes independently of VE/VCO2 slope, its prognostic utility was inferior to that of peak VO2, even when measured at submaximal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Katherine C Michelis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Colby Ayers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jennifer T Thibodeau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark H Drazner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Patti A, Blumberg Y, Hedman K, Neunhäuserer D, Haddad F, Wheeler M, Ashley E, Moneghetti KJ, Myers J, Christle JW. Respiratory gas kinetics in patients with congestive heart failure during recovery from peak exercise. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100225. [PMID: 37356413 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPX) is essential for the assessment of exercise capacity for patients with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). Respiratory gas and hemodynamic parameters such as Ventilatory Efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope), peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), and heart rate recovery are established diagnostic and prognostic markers for clinical populations. Previous studies have suggested the clinical value of metrics related to respiratory gas collected during recovery from peak exercise, particularly recovery time to 50% (T1/2) of peak VO2. The current study explores these metrics in detail during recovery from peak exercise in CHF. METHODS Patients with CHF who were referred for CPX and healthy individuals without formal diagnoses were assessed for inclusion. All subjects performed CPX on cycle ergometers to volitional exhaustion and were monitored for at least five minutes of recovery. CPX data were analyzed for overshoot of respiratory exchange ratio (RER=VCO2/VO2), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2), end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (PETO2), and T1/2 of peak VO2 and VCO2. RESULTS Thirty-two patients with CHF and 30 controls were included. Peak VO2 differed significantly between patients and controls (13.5 ± 3.8 vs. 32.5 ± 9.8 mL/Kg*min-1, p < 0.001). Mean Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) was 35.9 ± 9.8% for patients with CHF compared to 61.1 ± 8.2% in the control group. The T1/2 of VO2, VCO2 and VE was significantly higher in patients (111.3 ± 51.0, 132.0 ± 38.8 and 155.6 ± 45.5s) than in controls (58.08 ± 13.2, 74.3 ± 21.1, 96.7 ± 36.8s; p < 0.001) while the overshoot of PETO2, VE/VO2 and RER was significantly lower in patients (7.2 ± 3.3, 41.9 ± 29.1 and 25.0 ± 13.6%) than in controls (10.1 ± 4.6, 62.1 ± 17.7 and 38.7 ± 15.1%; all p < 0.01). Most of the recovery metrics were significantly correlated with peak VO2 in CHF patients, but not with LVEF. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CHF have a significantly blunted recovery from peak exercise. This is reflected in delays of VO2, VCO2, VE, PETO2, RER and VE/VO2, reflecting a greater energy required to return to baseline. Abnormal respiratory gas kinetics in CHF was negatively correlated with peak VO2 but not baseline LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Patti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yair Blumberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Kristofer Hedman
- Department of Clinical Physiology, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Neunhäuserer
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francois Haddad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Euan Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kegan J Moneghetti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan Myers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Christle
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Sports Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Neder JA. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing applied to respiratory medicine: Myths and facts. Respir Med 2023; 214:107249. [PMID: 37100256 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) remains poorly understood and, consequently, largely underused in respiratory medicine. In addition to a widespread lack of knowledge of integrative physiology, several tenets of CPET interpretation have relevant controversies and limitations which should be appropriately recognized. With the intent to provide a roadmap for the pulmonologist to realistically calibrate their expectations towards CPET, a collection of deeply entrenched beliefs is critically discussed. They include a) the actual role of CPET in uncovering the cause(s) of dyspnoea of unknown origin, b) peak O2 uptake as the key metric of cardiorespiratory capacity, c) the value of low lactate ("anaerobic") threshold to differentiate cardiocirculatory from respiratory causes of exercise limitation, d) the challenges of interpreting heart rate-based indexes of cardiovascular performance, e) the meaning of peak breathing reserve in dyspnoeic patients, f) the merits and drawbacks of measuring operating lung volumes during exercise, g) how best interpret the metrics of gas exchange inefficiency such as the ventilation-CO2 output relationship, h) when (and why) measurements of arterial blood gases are required, and i) the advantages of recording submaximal dyspnoea "quantity" and "quality". Based on a conceptual framework that links exertional dyspnoea to "excessive" and/or "restrained" breathing, I outline the approaches to CPET performance and interpretation that proved clinically more helpful in each of these scenarios. CPET to answer clinically relevant questions in pulmonology is a largely uncharted research field: I, therefore, finalize by highlighting some lines of inquiry to improve its diagnostic and prognostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology and Respiratory Investigation Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope as a Predictor of Mortality Risk. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2022:01273116-990000000-00045. [DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sivakumar J, Forshaw MJ, Lam S, Peters CJ, Allum WH, Whibley J, Sinclair RCF, Snowden CP, Hii MW, Sivakumar H, Read M. Identifying the limitations of cardiopulmonary exercise testing prior to esophagectomy using a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Dis Esophagus 2022; 35:6524743. [PMID: 35138383 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides an objective assessment of aerobic fitness in patients undergoing surgery. While peak oxygen uptake during exercise (VO2peak) and anaerobic threshold have demonstrated a moderate correlation with the development of complications following esophagectomy, no clinically useful threshold values have been defined. By pooling patient level data from existing studies, we aimed to define optimal thresholds for preoperative CPET parameters to predict patients at high risk of postoperative complications. Studies reporting on the relationship between preoperative CPET variables and post-esophagectomy complications were determined from a comprehensive literature search. Patient-level data were obtained from six contributing centers for pooled-analyses. Outcomes of interest included cardiopulmonary and non-cardiopulmonary complications, unplanned intensive care unit readmission, and 90-day and 12-month all-cause mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression models estimated the predictive value of CPET parameters for each individual outcome of interest. This analysis comprised of 621 patients who underwent CPET prior to esophagectomy during the period from January 2004 to March 2017. For both anaerobic threshold and VO2peak, none of the receiver operating characteristic curves achieved an area under the curve value > 0.66 for the outcomes of interest. The discriminatory ability of CPET for determining high-risk patients was found to be poor in patients undergoing an esophagectomy. CPET may only carry an adjunct role to clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sivakumar
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J Forshaw
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Christopher J Peters
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London of St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jessica Whibley
- Department of Physiotherapy, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rhona C F Sinclair
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael W Hii
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harry Sivakumar
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Read
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Neder JA, Phillips DB, O'Donnell DE, Dempsey JA. Excess ventilation and exertional dyspnoea in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.00144-2022. [PMID: 35618273 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00144-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased ventilation relative to metabolic demands, indicating alveolar hyperventilation and/or increased physiological dead space (excess ventilation), is a key cause of exertional dyspnoea. Excess ventilation has assumed a prominent role in the functional assessment of patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). We herein provide the key pieces of information to the caring physician to 1) gain unique insights into the seeds of patients' shortness of breath and 2) develop a rationale for therapeutically lessening excess ventilation to mitigate this distressing symptom. Reduced bulk oxygen transfer induced by cardiac output limitation and/or right ventricle-pulmonary arterial uncoupling increase neurochemical afferent stimulation and (largely chemo-) receptor sensitivity, leading to alveolar hyperventilation in HFrEF, PAH and small-vessel, distal CTEPH. As such, interventions geared to improve central haemodynamics and/or reduce chemosensitivity have been particularly effective in lessening their excess ventilation. In contrast, 1) high filling pressures in HFpEF and 2) impaired lung perfusion leading to ventilation/perfusion mismatch in proximal CTEPH conspire to increase physiological dead space. Accordingly, 1) decreasing pulmonary capillary pressures and 2) mechanically unclogging larger pulmonary vessels (pulmonary endarterectomy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty) have been associated with larger decrements in excess ventilation. Exercise training has a strong beneficial effect across diseases. Addressing some major unanswered questions on the link of excess ventilation with exertional dyspnoea under the modulating influence of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions might prove instrumental to alleviate the devastating consequences of these prevalent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Clinical Exercise Physiology and Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Devin B Phillips
- Clinical Exercise Physiology and Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Clinical Exercise Physiology and Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jerome A Dempsey
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Ritt LEF, Ribeiro RS, Souza IPMAD, Ramos JVSP, Ribeiro DS, Feitosa GF, Oliveira QBD, Stein R, Darzé ES. Low Concordance between NYHA Classification and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 118:S0066-782X2022005003201. [PMID: 35384966 PMCID: PMC9345141 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification is the most commonly used classification system for heart failure (HF), whereas cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for functional status evaluation in HF. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze correlation and concordance between NYHA classes and CPET variables. METHODS HF patients with clinical indication for CPET and ejection fraction (EF) < 50% were selected. Correlation (Spearman coefficient) and concordance (kappa) between NYHA classification and CPET-based classifications were analyzed. A p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS In total, 244 patients were included. Mean age was 56 ± 14 years, and mean EF was 35.5% ± 10%. Distribution of patients according to NYHA classification was 31.2%% class I, 48.3% class II, 19.2% class III, and 1.3% class IV. Correlation (r) between NYHA and Weber classes was 0.489 (p < 0.001), and concordance was 0.231 (p < 0.001). Correlation (r) between NYHA and ventilatory classes (minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production [VE/VCO2] slope) was 0.218 (p < 0.001), and concordance was 0.002 (p = 0.959). Spearman correlation between NYHA and CPET score classes was 0.223 (p = 0.004), and kappa concordance was 0.027 (p = 0.606). CONCLUSION There was a moderate association between NYHA and Weber classes, although concordance was low. Ventilatory (VE/VCO2slope) and CPET score classes had a weak association and a low concordance with NYHA classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt
- Instituto D'or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Hospital Cárdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | | | - Isabela Pilar Moraes Alves de Souza
- Instituto D'or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Hospital Cárdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Stein
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | - Eduardo Sahade Darzé
- Instituto D'or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Hospital Cárdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brasil
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13
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Zhong XJ, Jiang R, Yang L, Yuan P, Gong SG, Zhao QH, Luo CJ, Qiu HL, Li HT, Zhang R, He J, Wang L, Tang J, Liu JM. Peak oxygen uptake is a strong prognostic predictor for pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35361128 PMCID: PMC8974096 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease (PH-LHD), which includes combined post- and precapillary PH (Cpc-PH) and isolated postcapillary PH (Ipc-PH), differs significantly in prognosis. We aimed to assess whether cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) predicts the long-term survival of patients with PH-LHD. Methods A single-center observational cohort enrolled 89 patients with PH-LHD who had undergone right heart catherization and CPET (mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 20 mm Hg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure ≥ 15 mm Hg) between 2013 and 2021. A receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to determine the cutoff value of all-cause death. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was performed to determine the association between CPET and all-cause death. Results Seventeen patients died within a mean of 2.2 ± 1.3 years. Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors displayed a significantly worse 6-min walk distance, workload, exercise time and peak oxygen consumption (VO2)/kg with a trend of a lower oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) adjusted by Bonferroni’s correction. Multivariate Cox regression revealed that the peak VO2/kg was significantly associated with all-cause death after adjusting for Cpc-PH/Ipc-PH. Compared with Cpc-PH patients with a peak VO2/kg ≥ 10.7 ml kg−1 min−1, Ipc-PH patients with a peak VO2/kg < 10.7 ml kg−1 min−1 had a worse survival (P < 0.001). Conclusions The peak VO2/kg is independently associated with all-cause death in patients with PH-LHD. The peak VO2/kg can also be analyzed together with Cpc-PH/Ipc-PH to better indicate the prognosis of patients with PH-LHD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02574-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jun Zhong
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Su-Gang Gong
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ci-Jun Luo
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong-Ling Qiu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui-Ting Li
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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14
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de Assumpção CRA, do Prado DML, Jordão CP, Dourado LOC, Vieira MLC, Montenegro CGDSP, Negrão CE, Gowdak LHW, De Matos LDNJ. Cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with refractory angina: functional and ischemic evaluation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100003. [PMID: 35134662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2021.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Refractory angina (RA) is a chronic condition clinically characterized by low effort tolerance; therefore, physical stress testing is not usually requested for these patients. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered a gold standard examination for functional capacity evaluation, even in submaximal tests, and it has gained great prominence in detecting ischemia. The authors aimed to determine cardiorespiratory capacity by using the oxygen consumption efficiency slope (OUES) in patients with refractory angina. The authors also studied the O2 pulse response by CPET and the association of ischemic changes with contractile modifications by exercise stress echocardiography (ESE). METHODS Thirty-one patients of both sexes, aged 45 to 75 years, with symptomatic (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class II to IV) angina who underwent CPET on a treadmill and exercise stress echocardiography on a lower limb cycle ergometer were studied. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03218891. RESULTS The patients had low cardiorespiratory capacity (OUES of 1.74 ± 0.4 L/min; 63.9±14.7% of predicted), and 77% of patients had a flattening or drop in O2 pulse response. There was a direct association between Heart Rate (HR) at the onset of myocardial ischemia detected by ESE and HR at the onset of flattening or drop in oxygen pulse response detected by CPET (R = 0.48; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Patients with refractory angina demonstrate low cardiorespiratory capacity. CPET shows good sensitivity for detecting abnormal cardiovascular response in these patients with a significant relationship between flattening O2 pulse response during CEPT and contractile alterations detected by exercise stress echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R A de Assumpção
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Camila P Jordão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana O C Dourado
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L C Vieira
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos E Negrão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Escola de Educação Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís H W Gowdak
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Shafiek H, Grau A, Pons J, Pericas P, Rossello X, Valera JL, Cosio BG. Predicting mortality for patients with heart failure beyond oxygen consumption: a prognostic risk score. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1251-1259. [PMID: 34410845 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a crucial tool for the functional evaluation of cardiac patients. We hypothesized that maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and ventilatory efficiency-minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production (V̇e/V̇co2) slope are not the only parameters of CPET able to predict major cardiac events (mortality or cardiac transplantation urgently or elective). We aimed to identify the best CPET predictors of major cardiac events in patients with severe chronic heart failure and to propose an integrated score that could be applied for their prognostic evaluation. We evaluated 140 patients with chronic heart failure who underwent CPET between 2011 and 2019. Major cardiac events were evaluated during follow-up. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to study the predictive value of different clinical, echocardiographic, and CPET parameters in relation to the major cardiac events. A score was generated, and c-statistic was used for the comparisons. Thirty-nine patients (27.9%) died or underwent cardiac transplantation over a median follow-up of 48 mo. Five parameters (maximal workload, breathing reserve, left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, and nonidiopathic cardiomyopathy) were used to generate a risk score that had better risk discrimination than the New York Heart Association dyspnea scale, V̇o2max, V̇e/V̇co2 slope > 35 alone, and combined V̇o2max and V̇e/V̇co2 slope (P = 0.009, 0.004, <0.001, and 0.005, respectively) in predicting major cardiac events. A composite score of CPET and clinical/echocardiographic data is more reliable than the single use of V̇o2max or combined with V̇e/V̇co2 slope to predict major cardiac events.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is a cohort study with a follow-up of maximum of 8 years of patients with chronic heart failure that demonstrates a simple integrated score consisting of CPET (breathing reserve, workload at maximal exercise), echocardiographic (LVEF, diastolic dysfunction), and clinical (etiology of cardiac disease) data. The generated score was a better predictor of major cardiac events (mortality or cardiac transplantation) than Weber classification (V̇o2max classification) or NYHA functional class as single factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Shafiek
- Chest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | - Andres Grau
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Pons
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | - Pere Pericas
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | - Xavier Rossello
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Lluis Valera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain.,CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja G Cosio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma, Spain.,CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Segreti A, Verolino G, Crispino SP, Agostoni P. Listing Criteria for Heart Transplant: Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test and of Prognostic Scores. Heart Fail Clin 2021; 17:635-646. [PMID: 34511211 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with advanced heart failure (AdHF) have a reduced quality of life and poor prognosis. A heart transplant (HT) is an effective treatment for such patients. Still, because of a shortage of donor organs, the final decision to place a patient without contraindications on the HT waiting list is based on detailed risk-benefit analysis. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) play a pivotal role in guiding selection in patients with AdHF considered for an HT. Furthermore, several validated multivariable predicting scores obtained through various techniques, including the CPETs, are available and part of the decision-making process for HT listing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Segreti
- Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Verolino
- Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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17
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Marcin T, Eser P, Prescott E, Prins LF, Kolkman E, Bruins W, van der Velde AE, Peña Gil C, Iliou MC, Ardissino D, Zeymer U, Meindersma EP, Van’t Hof AWJ, de Kluiver EP, Wilhelm M. Changes and prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters in elderly patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation: The EU-CaRE observational study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255477. [PMID: 34343174 PMCID: PMC8330933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed 1) to test the applicability of the previously suggested prognostic value of CPET to elderly cardiac rehabilitation patients and 2) to explore the underlying mechanism of the greater improvement in exercise capacity (peak oxygen consumption, VO2) after CR in surgical compared to non-surgical cardiac patients. Methods Elderly patients (≥65 years) commencing CR after coronary artery bypass grafting, surgical valve replacement (surgery-group), percutaneous coronary intervention, percutaneous valve replacement or without revascularisation (non-surgery group) were included in the prospective multi-center EU-CaRE study. CPETs were performed at start of CR, end of CR and 1-year-follow-up. Logistic models and receiver operating characteristics were used to determine prognostic values of CPET parameters for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Linear models were performed for change in peak VO2 (start to follow-up) and parameters accounting for the difference between surgery and non-surgery patients were sought. Results 1421 out of 1633 EU-CaRE patients performed a valid CPET at start of CR (age 73±5.4, 81% male). No CPET parameter further improved the receiver operation characteristics significantly beyond the model with only clinical parameters. The higher improvement in peak VO2 (25% vs. 7%) in the surgical group disappeared when adjusted for changes in peak tidal volume and haemoglobin. Conclusion CPET did not improve the prediction of MACE in elderly CR patients. The higher improvement of exercise capacity in surgery patients was mainly driven by restoration of haemoglobin levels and improvement in respiratory function after sternotomy. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register, Trial NL5166.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Marcin
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Prisca Eser
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Peña Gil
- Department of Cardiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, SERGAS IDIS CIBERCV, Santiago, Spain
| | - Marie-Christine Iliou
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Department of Cardiology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Uwe Zeymer
- Klinikum Ludwigshafen and Institut für Herzinfarktforschung Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Esther P. Meindersma
- Isala Heart Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud W. J. Van’t Hof
- Isala Heart Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Ward SA. Ventilation/carbon dioxide output relationships during exercise in health. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/160/200160. [PMID: 33853883 PMCID: PMC9488729 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0160-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
“Ventilatory efficiency” is widely used in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to make inferences regarding the normality (or otherwise) of the arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) and physiological dead-space fraction of the breath (VD/VT) responses to rapid-incremental (or ramp) exercise. It is quantified as: 1) the slope of the linear region of the relationship between ventilation (V′E) and pulmonary CO2 output (V′CO2); and/or 2) the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 at the lactate threshold (V′E/V′CO2) or its minimum value (V′E/V′CO2min), which occurs soon after but before respiratory compensation. Although these indices are normally numerically similar, they are not equally robust. That is, high values for V′E/V′CO2 and V′E/V′CO2min provide a rigorous index of an elevated VD/VT when PaCO2 is known (or can be assumed) to be regulated. In contrast, a high V′E–V′CO2 slope on its own does not, as account has also to be taken of the associated normally positive and small V′E intercept. Interpretation is complicated by factors such as: the extent to which PaCO2 is actually regulated during rapid-incremental exercise (as is the case for steady-state moderate exercise); and whether V′E/V′CO2 or V′E/V′CO2min provide accurate reflections of the true asymptotic value of V′E/V′CO2, to which the V′E–V′CO2 slope approximates at very high work rates. The efficiency of CO2 clearance at the lungs in exercise is estimated from the relationship between ventilation and CO2 elimination rate. It is compromised in lung and cardiovascular disease, stressing breathing and shortness of breath, and therefore impairing exercise capacity.https://bit.ly/3gYY866
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Ward
- Human Bio-Energetics Research Centre, Crickhowell, Powys, UK
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19
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Bartolini S, Baldasseroni S, Fattirolli F, Silverii MV, Piccioli L, Perfetto F, Marchionni N, Di Mario C, Martone R, Taborchi G, Morini S, Vignini E, Cappelli F. Poor right ventricular function is associated with impaired exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency in transthyretin cardiac amyloid patients. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:653-660. [PMID: 32918156 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CardioPulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) is the gold standard to evaluate functional capacity in patients at high risk of heart failure (HF). Few studies with a limited number of subjects and conflicting results, analyzed the role of CPET in patients with systemic amyloidosis. Aims of our study were the assessment of the response to exercise in patients with Transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) cardiomyopathy (CA), and the correlation of clinical, biohumoral and echocardiographic parameters with CPET parameters, such as VO2 peak and VE/VCO2 slope. From February 2018 to March 2019, 72 cardiac ATTR patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent a complete clinical, biohumoral, echocardiographic and CPET assessment. All patients completed the exercise stress test protocol, without any adverse event. At CPET, they achieved a mean VO2 peak of 14 mL/Kg/min and a mean VE/VCO2 slope of 31. The blood pressure response to exercise was inadequate in 26 (36%) patients (flat in 25 and hypotensive in 1), while 49/72 patients (69%) showed an inadequate heart rate recovery. In multivariate analysis, s' tricuspidalic was the only independent predictor of VO2 peak, while in the two test models performed to avoid collinearity, both TAPSE and s' tricuspidalic were the strongest independent predictors of VE/VCO2 slope. Our data demonstrate the role of right ventricular function as an independent predictor of exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency in ATTR. In CPET evaluation, a significant proportion of patients presented an abnormal arterial pressure response and heart rate variation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bartolini
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fattirolli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Silverii
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Piccioli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Perfetto
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Marchionni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of General Cardiology, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Mario
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of General Cardiology, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Division of Interventional Structural Cardiology, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Martone
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Taborchi
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia Morini
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Vignini
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- Division of Interventional Structural Cardiology, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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20
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Agostoni P, Sciomer S, Palermo P, Contini M, Pezzuto B, Farina S, Magini A, De Martino F, Magrì D, Paolillo S, Cattadori G, Vignati C, Mapelli M, Apostolo A, Salvioni E. Minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production in chronic heart failure. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200141. [PMID: 33536259 PMCID: PMC9489123 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0141-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic heart failure, minute ventilation (V'E) for a given carbon dioxide production (V'CO2 ) might be abnormally high during exercise due to increased dead space ventilation, lung stiffness, chemo- and metaboreflex sensitivity, early metabolic acidosis and abnormal pulmonary haemodynamics. The V'E versus V'CO2 relationship, analysed either as ratio or as slope, enables us to evaluate the causes and entity of the V'E/perfusion mismatch. Moreover, the V'E axis intercept, i.e. when V'CO2 is extrapolated to 0, embeds information on exercise-induced dead space changes, while the analysis of end-tidal and arterial CO2 pressures provides knowledge about reflex activities. The V'E versus V'CO2 relationship has a relevant prognostic power either alone or, better, when included within prognostic scores. The V'E versus V'CO2 slope is reported as an absolute number with a recognised cut-off prognostic value of 35, except for specific diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and idiopathic cardiomyopathy, where a lower cut-off has been suggested. However, nowadays, it is more appropriate to report V'E versus V'CO2 slope as percentage of the predicted value, due to age and gender interferences. Relevant attention is needed in V'E versus V'CO2 analysis in the presence of heart failure comorbidities. Finally, V'E versus V'CO2 abnormalities are relevant targets for treatment in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy .,Dept of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Dept of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Damiano Magrì
- Dept of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolillo
- Dept of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaia Cattadori
- Unità Operativa Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Vignati
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dept of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Mapelli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dept of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Marrow BA, Cook SA, Prasad SK, McCann GP. Emerging Techniques for Risk Stratification in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:1196-1207. [PMID: 32164893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common condition, which carries significant mortality from sudden cardiac death and pump failure. Left ventricular ejection fraction has conventionally been used as a risk marker for sudden cardiac death, but has performed poorly in trials. There have been significant advances in the areas of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and genetics, which are able to provide useful rick prediction in DCM. Biomarkers and cardiopulmonary exercise testing are well validated in the prediction of risk in heart failure; however, they have been tested less specifically in the DCM setting. This review will discuss these methods with a view toward multiparametric risk assessment in DCM with the hope of creating parametric risk models to predict sudden cardiac death and pump failure in the DCM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Marrow
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry P McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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22
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Arena R, Canada JM, Popovic D, Trankle CR, Del Buono MG, Lucas A, Abbate A. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing - refining the clinical perspective by combining assessments. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:563-576. [PMID: 32749934 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1806057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now established as a vital sign. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is the gold-standard approach to assessing CRF. AREAS COVERED A body of literature spanning several decades clearly supports the clinical utility of CPX in those who are apparently health and at risk for chronic disease as well as numerous patient populations. While CPX, in and of itself, is a valid and reliable clinical assessment, combining findings with other available assessments may provide a more comprehensive perspective that enhances clinical decision making and outcomes. The current review will accomplish the following: (1) define key CPX measures based upon current evidence; and (2) describe the current evidence addressing the relationships between CPX and echocardiography, serum biomarkers, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance. EXPERT OPINION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides prognostic and diagnostic information in apparently healthy individuals, those at risk for one or more chronic conditions, as well as numerous patient populations. Moreover, if the goal of an intervention is to improve one or more systems integral to the physiologic response to exercise, CPX should be considered as a central assessment to gauge therapeutic efficacy. To further refine the information obtained from CPX, combining other assessments has demonstrated promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin M Canada
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cory R Trankle
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Lucas
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
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23
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Santoso A, Maulana R, Alzahra F, Prameswari HS, Ambari AM, Hartopo AB, Arso IA, Radi B. The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on N-terminal Pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide and Cardiopulmonary Function in Patients With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29:1790-1798. [PMID: 32665172 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise (AEx) improves outcomes in heart failure (HF). N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) is a prognosticator in HF. There are few data on the association of AEx, NT-pro-BNP, and cardiopulmonary function; hence, robust evidence is needed. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of AEx on NT-pro-BNP levels and cardiopulmonary function in HF. METHOD Databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Central Registry, and Scopus) were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the association of AEx with NT-pro-BNP and cardiopulmonary function (VE/VCO2 slope, peak VO2, maximal workload, and left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]) in HF. RevMan 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, 2014) was used to produce forest plots, and the random-effect model was applied with the effects measure of weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Thirteen (13) RCTs recruited 1,503 patients and 1,494 controls. Aerobic exercise was significant in lowering NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL) compared with control group (WMD=-741.69, 95% CI -993.10 to -490.27 [p<0.00001; I2=63%]). VE/VCO2 slope was also significantly reduced (WMD=-3.57, 95% CI -6.48 to -0.67 [p=0.02; I2=97%]). Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) significantly improved (WMD=3.68, 95% CI 2.39-4.96 [p<0.00001; I2=96%]). Maximal workload (watt) significantly increased following AEx (WMD=22.80, 95% CI 18.44-27.17 [p<0.00001; I2=78%]). Furthermore, there was a significant enhancement of LVEF (%) in the AEx group (WMD=2.42, 95% CI 0.64-4.19 [p=0.008; I2=71%]). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise improves the NT-pro-BNP, ventilatory efficiency, aerobic capacity, maximal workload, and the left ventricular function in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Santoso
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Centre, Harapan Kita Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Rido Maulana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhamadiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fatimah Alzahra
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hawani Sasmaya Prameswari
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ade Meidian Ambari
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Centre, Harapan Kita Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anggoro Budi Hartopo
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada, Jogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Irsad Andi Arso
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada, Jogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Basuni Radi
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Centre, Harapan Kita Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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24
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Santoro C, Sorrentino R, Esposito R, Lembo M, Capone V, Rozza F, Romano M, Trimarco B, Galderisi M. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiographic exam: an useful interaction. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2019; 17:29. [PMID: 31796047 PMCID: PMC6892222 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-019-0180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a functional assessment that helps to detect disorders affecting the system involved in oxygen transport and utilization through the analysis of the gas exchange during exercise. The clinical application of CPET is various, it including training prescription, evaluation of treatment efficacy and outcome prediction in a broad spectrum of conditions. Furthermore, in patients with shortness of breath it provides pivotal information to bring out an accurate differential diagnosis between physical deconditioning, cardiopulmonary disease and muscular diseases. Modern software allows the breath-by-breath analysis of the volume of oxygen intake (VO2), volume of carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and expired air (VE). Through this analysis, CPET provides a series of additional parameters (peak VO2, ventilatory threshold, VE/VCO2 slope, end-tidal carbon dioxide exhaled) that characterize different patterns, helping in diagnosis process. Limitations to the routine use of CPET are mainly represented from the lack of measurement standardization and limited data from randomized multicentric studies. The integration of CPET with exercise stress echocardiography has been recently introduced in the clinical practice by integrating the diagnostic power offered by both the tools. This combined approach has been demonstrated to be valuable for diagnosing several cardiac diseases, including heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction, cardiomyopathies, pulmonary arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease. Future investigations are needed to further promote this intriguing combination in the clinical and research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Santoro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Regina Sorrentino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lembo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Capone
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Romano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy.
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25
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Freitas P, Ferreira AM, Aguiar C. Comparison of Prognostic Scores in Chronic Heart Failure. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2019; 6:887-888. [PMID: 30262114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Prognosis and Risk Stratification of Patients With Advanced Heart Failure (from PROBE). Am J Cardiol 2019; 124:55-62. [PMID: 31047653 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many prognostic scores have been developed for advanced chronic heart failure (CHF), but none of them is comprised of first- and second level echocardiographic indexes. The aim was to create a new prognostic echocardiographic score for patients with advanced CHF. Patients with advanced CHF were analyzed by standard, 3D, and speckle tracking echocardiography and followed prospectively for 2 ± 0.7 years recording major adverse cardiac events (MACE): cardiovascular death, hospitalization for HF, emergency heart transplantation, and left ventricular assist device or intra-aortic balloon pump implantation. A total of 110 patients were enrolled. The best predictors of MACE were selected on the basis of area under the curve by receiver operating characteristic analysis >0.70: left atrial volume index (no MACE vs MACE groups, 51.3 ± 20 ml/m2 vs 67 ± 20 ml/m2, p = 0.0003), right ventricular sphericity index (0.53 ± 0.09 vs 0.61 ± 0.10, p = 0.0002), right ventricular fractional area change (41 ± 9% vs 33 ± 9.5, p <0.0001), free-wall right ventricular longitudinal strain (-20 ± 4.5% vs -16 ± 6%, p = 0.0013). A prognostic score formula was calculated as: PROBE score = 1(if left atrial volume index >65 ml/m2) + 1(if right ventricular sphericity index >0.53) + 0.5(if right ventricular fractional area change <36.5%) + 1(if free-wall right ventricular longitudinal strain >-14%). It presented an area under the curve by receiver operating characteristic analysis of 0.90 and classified patients at low (PROBE ≤1), intermediate (PROBE = 1 to 2), or high (PROBE >2) risk of MACE. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a strong correlation between the event-free survival rate and the 3 groups. In conclusion, the PROBE score, with first- and second level echocardiographic parameters, demonstrated a good predictive value for MACE. It represents a useful tool for a noninvasive, individualized, and accurate evaluation and stratification of prognosis in patients with advanced CHF.
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27
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Bredy C, Ministeri M, Kempny A, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Swan L, Uebing A, Diller GP, Gatzoulis MA, Dimopoulos K. New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification in adults with congenital heart disease: relation to objective measures of exercise and outcome. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2019; 4:51-58. [PMID: 28950356 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aims The New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA class) is often used to describe the functional capacity of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD), albeit with limited evidence on its validity in this heterogeneous population. We aimed to validate the NYHA functional classification in ACHD by examining its relation to objective measures of limitation using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and mortality. Methods and results This study included all ACHD patients who underwent a CPET between 2005 and 2015 at the Royal Brompton, in whom functional capacity was graded according to the NYHA classification. Congenital heart diagnoses were classified according to the Bethesda score. Time to all-cause mortality from CPET was recorded in all 2781 ACHD patients (mean age 33.8 ± 14.2 years) enrolled in the study. There was a strong relation between NYHA class and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), ventilation per unit in carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope and the Bethesda classification (P < 0.0001). Although a large number of 'asymptomatic' (NYHA class 1) patients did not achieve a 'normal' peak VO2, the NYHA class was a strong predictor of mortality, with an 8.7-fold increased mortality risk in class 3 compared with class 1 (hazard ratio 8.68, 95% confidence interval: 5.26-14.35, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Despite underestimating the degree of limitation in some ACHD patients, NYHA classification remains a valuable clinical tool. It correlates with objective measures of exercise and the severity of underlying cardiac disease, as well as mid- to long-term mortality and should, thus, be into incorporated the routine assessment and risk stratification of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Bredy
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Margherita Ministeri
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.,Centro Cuore Morgani Pedara, Catania, Italy
| | - Alexander Kempny
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Rafael Alonso-Gonzalez
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lorna Swan
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anselm Uebing
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Gerhard-Paul Diller
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.,Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Michael A Gatzoulis
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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28
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Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is a Risk Factor for Death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2293-2296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Hein S, Aus Dem Siepen F, Bauer R, Katus HA, Kristen AV. Peak V'O 2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid 2018; 25:167-173. [PMID: 30193539 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2018.1496077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has repeatedly been reported to reliably predict adverse outcomes in different forms of heart failure. However, it has not been elucidated in detail in cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Therefore, we evaluated the predictive value of CPET parameters in patients with CA regarding disease severity and prediction of mortality. METHODS Twenty-seven consecutive patients with CA were assessed noninvasively, including electrocardiography, echocardiography, CPET, and laboratory tests. Clinical data were correlated with CPET findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate predictors of mortality. RESULTS Within median follow-up period of 38 (IQR 43) months 19 (70%) deaths occurred. Patient initially presented with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure NYHA 3 (IQR 1), reduced exercise capacity (peak V'O2 15.2 mL/kg body weight) and inefficient ventilation in CPET (V'E/V'CO2 slope (30 (IQR 3)), markedly elevated cardiac biomarkers (NT-proBNP 1791 (IQR 3249) ng/mL) and echocardiographic signs of morphological (septum thickness 18 (IQR 6) mm) and functional cardiac involvement (TAPSE 19 (IQR 8) mm). Patients with peak V'O2 below median value presented with significantly longer QTc interval when compared to patients with peak V'O2 above the median. Further these patients tend to have more pronounced impairment of longitudinal function as indicated by lower MAPSE, TAPSE, and elevation of cardiac biomarkers. Multivariate analysis revealed peak V'O2 slope as the only independent predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS We identified reduced peak V'O2 as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cardiac involvement in different forms of systemic amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hein
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Fabian Aus Dem Siepen
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ralf Bauer
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany.,b DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
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30
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Wagner J, Agostoni P, Arena R, Belardinelli R, Dumitrescu D, Hager A, Myers J, Rauramaa R, Riley M, Takken T, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. The Role of Gas Exchange Variables in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Risk Stratification and Management of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Am Heart J 2018; 202:116-126. [PMID: 29933148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is common in the developed world and results in significant morbidity and mortality. Accurate risk assessment methods and prognostic variables are therefore needed to guide clinical decision making for medical therapy and surgical interventions with the ultimate goal of decreasing risk and improving health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and its most commonly used ventilatory gas exchange variables for the purpose of risk stratification and management of HFrEF. We evaluated five widely studied gas exchange variables from CPET in HFrEF patients based on nine previously used systematic criteria for biomarkers. This paper provides clinicians with a comprehensive and critical overview, class recommendations and evidence levels. Although some CPET variables met more criteria than others, evidence supporting the clinical assessment of variables beyond peak V̇O2 is well-established. A multi-variable approach also including the V̇E-V̇CO2 slope and EOV is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wagner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy & Department of Clinical sciences and Community health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Romualdo Belardinelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Rehabilitation Lancisi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniel Dumitrescu
- Herzzentrum der Universitaet zu Koeln, Klinik III fuer Innere Medizin, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfred Hager
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Myers
- Cardiology Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marshall Riley
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Tim Takken
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Arena R, Ozemek C, Laddu-Patel D, Myers J. Refining the Risk Prediction of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Network Analysis. Circ Res 2018; 122:804-806. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Arena
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (R.A., C.O., D.L.-P.); Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.M.); and Stanford University, CA (J.M.)
| | - Cemal Ozemek
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (R.A., C.O., D.L.-P.); Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.M.); and Stanford University, CA (J.M.)
| | - Deepika Laddu-Patel
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (R.A., C.O., D.L.-P.); Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.M.); and Stanford University, CA (J.M.)
| | - Jonathan Myers
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (R.A., C.O., D.L.-P.); Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.M.); and Stanford University, CA (J.M.)
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Optimizing risk stratification in heart failure and the selection of candidates for heart transplantation. Rev Port Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Pereira-da-Silva T, M. Soares R, Papoila AL, Pinto I, Feliciano J, Almeida-Morais L, Abreu A, Cruz Ferreira R. Optimizing risk stratification in heart failure and the selection of candidates for heart transplantation. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Exercise testing in heart failure: a contemporary discussion in an era of novel diagnostic techniques and biomarkers. Curr Opin Cardiol 2017; 33:217-224. [PMID: 29227300 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in the field of exercise testing for patients with heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS The importance of assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and exercise testing in heart failure is highlighted in the consensus recommendation of the American Heart Association. Contemporary studies have validated the independent and incremental strength of CRF metrics in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. The use of respiratory gas analysis and imaging or hemodynamics during physical exercise is feasible and results in high prognostic utility across the continuum of heart failure. Understanding how CRF metrics complement existing and novel biomarkers and risk scores is an emerging subject of scientific inquiry. SUMMARY In the current era of personalized medicine, integrating CRF, imaging and circulating biomarkers will allow us to further develop individualized strategies for improving outcome in patients with heart failure.
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Herdy AH, Ritt LEF, Stein R, Araújo CGSD, Milani M, Meneghelo RS, Ferraz AS, Hossri C, Almeida AEMD, Fernandes-Silva MM, Serra SM. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test: Background, Applicability and Interpretation. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 107:467-481. [PMID: 27982272 PMCID: PMC5137392 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has been gaining importance as a method of
functional assessment in Brazil and worldwide. In its most frequent
applications, CPET consists in applying a gradually increasing intensity
exercise until exhaustion or until the appearance of limiting symptoms and/or
signs. The following parameters are measured: ventilation; oxygen consumption
(VO2); carbon dioxide production (VCO2); and the other
variables of conventional exercise testing. In addition, in specific situations,
pulse oximetry and flow-volume loops during and after exertion are measured. The
CPET provides joint data analysis that allows complete assessment of the
cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and metabolic systems during exertion,
being considered gold standard for cardiorespiratory functional
assessment.1-6 The CPET allows defining mechanisms related to low functional capacity that can
cause symptoms, such as dyspnea, and correlate them with changes in the
cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems. Furthermore, it can be
used to provide the prognostic assessment of patients with heart or lung
diseases, and in the preoperative period, in addition to aiding in a more
careful exercise prescription to healthy subjects, athletes and patients with
heart or lung diseases. Similarly to CPET clinical use, its research also increases, with the publication
of several scientific contributions from Brazilian researchers in high-impact
journals. Therefore, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the
applicability of CPET to different clinical situations, in addition to serving
as a practical guide for the interpretation of that test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Haddad Herdy
- Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, São José, SC.,Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Florianópolis, SC.,Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ
| | - Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt
- Hospital Cardio Pulmonar da Bahia, Salvador, BA.,Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Serviço de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exercício do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS.,Vitta Centro de Bem Estar Físico, Porto Alegre, RS
| | - Claudio Gil Soares de Araújo
- Instituto do Coração Edson Saad Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.,Clínica de Medicina do Exercício, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
| | | | - Romeu Sérgio Meneghelo
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP
| | | | | | - Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de Almeida
- Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley e Departamento de Educação Física (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB.,Cardio Lógica Métodos Diagnósticos, João Pessoa, PB
| | | | - Salvador Manoel Serra
- Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil
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Abbott T, Minto G, Lee A, Pearse R, Ackland G. Elevated preoperative heart rate is associated with cardiopulmonary and autonomic impairment in high-risk surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:87-94. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Neder JA, Berton DC, Arbex FF, Alencar MC, Rocha A, Sperandio PA, Palange P, O'Donnell DE. Physiological and clinical relevance of exercise ventilatory efficiency in COPD. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1602036. [PMID: 28275174 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02036-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise ventilation (V'E) relative to carbon dioxide output (V'CO2 ) is particularly relevant to patients limited by the respiratory system, e.g. those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). High V'E-V'CO2 (poor ventilatory efficiency) has been found to be a key physiological abnormality in symptomatic patients with largely preserved forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Establishing an association between high V'E-V'CO2 and exertional dyspnoea in mild COPD provides evidence that exercise intolerance is not a mere consequence of detraining. As the disease evolves, poor ventilatory efficiency might help explaining "out-of-proportion" breathlessness (to FEV1 impairment). Regardless, disease severity, cardiocirculatory co-morbidities such as heart failure and pulmonary hypertension have been found to increase V'E-V'CO2 In fact, a high V'E-V'CO2 has been found to be a powerful predictor of poor outcome in lung resection surgery. Moreover, a high V'E-V'CO2 has added value to resting lung hyperinflation in predicting all-cause and respiratory mortality across the spectrum of COPD severity. Documenting improved ventilatory efficiency after lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery provides objective evidence of treatment efficacy. Considering the usefulness of exercise ventilatory efficiency in different clinical scenarios, the V'E-V'CO2 relationship should be valued in the interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise tests in patients with mild-to-end-stage COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Respiratory Investigation Unit and Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Danilo C Berton
- Respiratory Investigation Unit and Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio F Arbex
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology, Respiratory Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Alencar
- Division of Cardiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alcides Rocha
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology, Respiratory Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila A Sperandio
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology, Respiratory Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Palange
- Dept of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Respiratory Investigation Unit and Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Mantegazza V, Badagliacca R, Nodari S, Parati G, Lombardi C, Di Somma S, Carluccio E, Dini FL, Correale M, Magrì D, Agostoni P. Management of heart failure in the new era. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2016; 17:569-80. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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39
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Guazzi M, Arena R, Halle M, Piepoli MF, Myers J, Lavie CJ. 2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Eur Heart J 2016; 39:1144-1161. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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40
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Guazzi M, Arena R, Halle M, Piepoli MF, Myers J, Lavie CJ. 2016 Focused Update: Clinical Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Data Assessment in Specific Patient Populations. Circulation 2016; 133:e694-711. [PMID: 27143685 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has seen an exponential increase in its evidence base. The growing volume of evidence in support of CPX has precipitated the release of numerous scientific statements by societies and associations. In 2012, the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation and the American Heart Association developed a joint document with the primary intent of redefining CPX analysis and reporting in a way that would streamline test interpretation and increase clinical application. Specifically, the 2012 joint scientific statement on CPX conceptualized an easy-to-use, clinically meaningful analysis based on evidence-vetted variables in color-coded algorithms; single-page algorithms were successfully developed for each proposed test indication. Because of an abundance of new CPX research in recent years and a reassessment of the current algorithms in light of the body of evidence, a focused update to the 2012 scientific statement is now warranted. The purposes of this update are to confirm algorithms included in the initial scientific statement not requiring revision, to propose revisions to algorithms included in the initial scientific statement, to propose new algorithms based on emerging scientific evidence, to further clarify the application of oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold, to describe CPX variables with an emerging scientific evidence base, to describe the synergistic value of combining CPX with other assessments, to discuss personnel considerations for CPX laboratories, and to provide recommendations for future CPX research.
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The metabolic exercise test data combined with Cardiac And Kidney Indexes (MECKI) score and prognosis in heart failure. A validation study. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:1067-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Myers J, Arena R, Cahalin LP, Labate V, Guazzi M. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure. Curr Probl Cardiol 2015; 40:322-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Utilidad pronóstica de la prueba de esfuerzo en la estratificación de riesgo de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2015; 85:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Comprehensive analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with systolic heart failure: the Henry Ford Hospital cardiopulmonary exercise testing (FIT-CPX) project. J Card Fail 2015; 21:710-8. [PMID: 26067685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown a strong association between numerous variables from a cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test and prognosis in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, few studies have compared the prognostic value of a majority of these variables simultaneously, so controversy remains regarding optimal interpretation. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a retrospective analysis of patients with HFrEF (n = 1,201; age = 55 ± 13 y; 33% female) and a CPX test from 1997 to 2010. Thirty variables from a CPX test were considered in separate adjusted Cox regression analyses to describe the strength of the relation of each to a composite end point of all-cause mortality, left ventricular assist device implantation, or heart transplantation. During a median follow-up of 3.8 years, there were 577 (48.0%) events. The majority of variables were highly significant (P < .001). Among these, percentage of predicted maximum V˙O2 (ppMV˙O2; Wald = 203; P < .001; C-index = 0.73) was similar to VE-VCO2 slope (Wald = 201; P < .001; C = 0.72) and peak V˙O2 (Wald = 161; P < .001; C = 0.72). In addition, there was no significant interaction observed for peak respiratory exchange ratio <1 vs ≥1. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with prior studies, many CPX test variables were strongly associated with prognosis in patients with HFrEF. The choice of which variable to use is up to the clinician. Renewed attention should be given to ppMV˙O2, which appears to be highly predictive of survival in these patients.
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Aerobic exercise effect on prognostic markers for systolic heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 19:655-67. [PMID: 24129770 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consensus about the positive effect of exercise training on exercise capacity for systolic heart failure (HF); however, the effect on actual prognostic markers such as NTproBNP and minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope has not been evaluated. The primary aim of the proposed study is to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training (AEX) on the VE/VCO2 slope and NTproBNP. The following databases (up to February 30, 2013) were searched with no language limitations: CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2013, issue 2), MEDLINE (from January 1966), EMBASE (from January 1980), and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) (from January 1929). We screened reference lists of articles and also conducted an extensive hand search of the literature. Randomized controlled trials of exercise-based interventions with 2-month follow-up or longer compared to usual medical care or placebo were included. The study population comprised adults aged between 18 and 65 years, with evidence of chronic systolic heart failure (LVEF < 45 % and baseline NTproBNP > 300 pg/ml). Two review authors independently extracted data on study design, participants, interventions, and outcomes. We assessed the risk of bias using PEDro scale. We calculated mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences between intervention and control groups for outcomes with sufficient data; for other outcomes, we described findings from individual studies. Eight studies involving a total of 408 participants met the inclusion criteria across the NTproBNP (5 studies with 191 patients) and VE/VCO2 slope (4 studies with 217 patients). Aerobic exercise significantly improved NTproBNP by a MD of -817.75 [95 % confidence interval (CI) -929.31 to -706.19]. Mean differences across VE/VCO2 slope were -6.55 (95 % CI -7.24 to -5.87). Those patients' characteristics and exercise were similar (frequency = 3-5 times/week; duration = 20-50 min/day; intensity = 60-80 % of VO2 peak) on the included studies. Moreover, the risk of bias across all studies was homogeneous (PEDro scale = 7-8 points). However, based on the statistical analysis, the heterogeneity among the studies was still high, which is related to the variable characteristics of the studies. Aerobic exercise may be effective at improving NTproBNP and the VE/VCO2 slope in systolic HF patients, but these effects are limited to a specific HF population meeting specific inclusion criterion in a limited number of studies. Future randomized controlled studies including diastolic and HF overleap with pulmonary diseases are needed to better understand the exact influence of AEX.
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Prognostic respiratory parameters in heart failure patients with and without exercise oscillatory ventilation — A systematic review and descriptive meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2015; 182:476-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Phillips SA, Vuckovic K, Cahalin LP, Baynard T. Defining the System: Contributors to Exercise Limitations in Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin 2015; 11:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Nathan AS, Loukas B, Moko L, Wu F, Rhodes J, Rathod RH, Systrom DM, Ubeda Tikkanen A, Shafer K, Lewis GD, Landzberg MJ, Opotowsky AR. Exercise oscillatory ventilation in patients with Fontan physiology. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 8:304-11. [PMID: 25550441 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV) refers to regular oscillations in minute ventilation (VE) during exercise. Its presence correlates with heart failure severity and worse prognosis in adults with acquired heart failure. We evaluated the prevalence and predictive value of EOV in patients with single ventricle Fontan physiology. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a cross-sectional analysis and prospective survival analysis of patients who had undergone a Fontan procedure and subsequent cardiopulmonary exercise test. Data were reviewed for baseline characteristics and incident mortality, heart transplant, or nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization. EOV was defined as regular oscillations for >60% of exercise duration with amplitude >15% of average VE. Survival analysis was performed using Cox regression. Among 253 subjects, EOV was present in 37.5%. Patients with EOV were younger (18.8±9.0 versus 21.7±10.1 years; P=0.02). EOV was associated with higher New York Heart Association functional class (P=0.02) and VE/VCO2 slope (36.8±6.9 versus 33.7±5.7; P=0.0002), but not with peak VO2 (59.7±14.3 versus 61.0±16.0% predicted; P=0.52) or noninvasive measures of cardiac function. The presence of EOV was associated with slightly lower mean cardiac index but other invasive hemodynamic variables were similar. During a median follow-up of 5.5 years, 22 patients underwent transplant or died (n=19 primary deaths, 3 transplants with 2 subsequent deaths). EOV was associated with increased risk of death or transplant (hazard ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-10.0; P=0.002) and also predicted the combined outcome of death, transplant, or nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization after adjusting for New York Heart Association functional class, peak VO2, and other covariates (multivariable hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.6; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS EOV is common in the Fontan population and strongly predicts lower transplant-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin S Nathan
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Brittani Loukas
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Lilamarie Moko
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Fred Wu
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Rahul H Rathod
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - David M Systrom
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Ana Ubeda Tikkanen
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Keri Shafer
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Michael J Landzberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.)
| | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.N., F.W., D.M.S., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.); Departments of Cardiology (B.L., L.M., F.W., J.R., R.H.R., A.U.T., K.S., M.J.L., A.R.O.) and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.U.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (G.D.L.).
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Izawa KP, Watanabe S, Brubaker PH, Tochimoto S, Hirano Y, Matsushima S, Suzuki T, Oka K, Saito T, Omori Y, Suzuki K, Osada N, Omiya K, Shimizu H, Akashi YJ. Relation between VE/VCO2 slope and maximum phonation time in chronic heart failure patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e306. [PMID: 25546676 PMCID: PMC4602617 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relation between the regression slope relating minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2 slope) and maximum phonation time (MPT), and the MPT required to attain a threshold value for VE/VCO2 slope of ≤ 34 in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. This cross-sectional study enrolled 115 CHF patients (mean age, 54.5 years; men, 84.9%). VE/VCO2 slope was assessed during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). Thereafter, patients were divided into 2 groups according to exercise capacity: VE/VCO2 slope ≤ 34 (VE/VCO2 ≤ 34 group, n = 81) and VE/VCO2 slope > 34 (VE/VCO2 > 34 group, n = 34). For MPT measurements, all patients produced a sustained vowel/a:/ for as long as possible during respiratory effort from the seated position. All subjects showed significant negative correlation between VE/VCO2 slope and MPT (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). After adjustment for clinical characteristics, MPT was significantly higher in the VE/VCO2 ≤ 34 group vs VE/VCO2 > 34 group (21.4 ± 6.4 vs 17.4 ± 4.3 s, F = 7.4, P = 0.007). The appropriate MPT cut-off value for identifying a VE/VCO2 slope ≤ 34 was 18.12 seconds. An MPT value of 18.12 seconds may be a useful target value for identifying CHF patients with a VE/VCO2 slope ≤ 34 and for risk management in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro P Izawa
- From the Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (KPI); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (SW, ST, SM, TS); Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (PHB); Department of Physical Therapy, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan (YH); Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan (KO); Department of Rehabilitation, Visiting Nursing and Rehabilitation Network, Kawasaki, Japan (TS, YO); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (KS, YJA); Division of Cardiology, St. Marianna University Toyoko Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan (NO); Division of Cardiology, St. Marianna University Yokohama-City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan (KO); and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (HS)
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50
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Additive prognostic value of a cardiopulmonary exercise test score in patients with heart failure and intermediate risk. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:262-4. [PMID: 25464266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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