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Creeden T, Jones DW. "Evolution of Drug-Coated Devices for the Treatment of Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia". Ann Vasc Surg 2024:S0890-5096(24)00147-X. [PMID: 38582201 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
For patients with Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia (CLTI), endovascular approaches to revascularization are often employed as a component of multimodality care aimed at limb preservation. However, patients with CLTI are also prone to treatment failure, particularly following balloon angioplasty alone. Drug-coated devices utilizing Paclitaxel were developed to decrease restenosis but have been primarily studied in patients presenting with claudication. In recent years, data have emerged which describe the efficacy of drug-coated devices in the treatment of patients with CLTI. Concurrently, there has been major controversy surrounding the use of drug-coated devices in peripheral arterial disease. A historical narrative of the development and use of drug-coated devices for peripheral arterial disease is presented, along with discussion of major trials. Evidence argues that paclitaxel-based therapies for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) do not increase mortality risk compared to nondrug-coated devices. In CLTI patients, paclitaxel-based balloons and stents provide superior patency and freedom reintervention compared to nondrug-coated devices when treating femoropopliteal disease. However, the use of Paclitaxel-based therapies for below-the-knee (BTK) interventions has not been shown to provide clinically meaningful outcomes compared to nondrug-based therapies. Newer generation antiproliferative agents (Sirolimus, Everolimus) and delivery systems (bioabsorbable scaffolds) hold promise for BTK interventions with early data suggesting decreased rates of major amputation or major adverse limb events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Creeden
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Douglas W Jones
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Medical Center, Worcester, MA.
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2
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Chen K, Xu L, Liu X. Different drugs in drug-eluting stents for peripheral artery disease: a systematic evaluation and Bayesian meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:520-530. [PMID: 38281227 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have become the first-line treatment for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Currently, there are many types of DESs on the market. The same type of DESs has different concentrations, and various drugs in them show uneven efficacy. The selection of DESs remains controversial. This study was aimed at comparing the long-term real-world outcomes of different DESs in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The databases including Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed were searched with a time frame until March 25, 2023. The primary patency (PP) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 6 months were used as the primary endpoints. A total of 32 studies (5467 patients) were eligible. At the six-month follow-up, DES-Evero 1 ug/mm2 ranked first in terms of PP, with a significant difference from BMSs (RR [95% CI] = 1.6). DES-Siro 0.9 ug/mm2, DES-Siro 1.4 ug/mm2, DES-Siro 1.95 ug/mm2, DES-PTX 0.167 ug/mm2, DES-PTX 1 ug/mm2 and covered stents (CSs) showed significantly better PPs than BMSs. In terms of TLR, DES-Siro 0.9 ug/mm2 (0.31) ranked first, and DES-Evero 1 ug/mm2 ranked last. Among the treatment modalities for PAD, different DESs showed overall encouraging results in improving PP and TLR compared with BMSs. DES-Evero 1 ug/mm2 showed the best PP, but it had the highest reintervention rate at 6 months. Sirolimus-eluting stents were not always more effective with higher concentrations of sirolimus. Among various DESs, sirolimus-eluting stents and everolimus-eluting stents were superior to paclitaxel-eluting stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The First Hospital of Changsha), 311 Yingpan Road, Changsha City, 410005, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Public Health Clinical Center, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiehong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Institute of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People's Hospital), Changsha, China
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3
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Zhou Z, Guo P, Zhang J, Cai F, Liu X, Dai Y. Efficacy Analysis of Drug-Coated Balloons in the Treatment of Ultra-Long Segment Lesions of Femoral Popliteal Artery. Ann Vasc Surg 2024; 99:82-88. [PMID: 37952569 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the midterm clinical efficacy of paclitaxel drug-coated balloons (DCBs) in the treatment of femoral artery TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) grades C/D lesions. METHODS The clinical data of 73 cases with TASC grades C/D lesions of femoral artery treated with paclitaxel DCBs at the Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Hospital of Fujian Medical University from August 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was the primary patency rate. The secondary endpoints were freedom from reintervention, Rutherford classification, ankle-brachial index (ABI), amputation events, and all-cause death. RESULTS A total of 73 cases of limb lesions received endoluminal treatment. The mean age of the patients including 49 males and 24 females was (72.66 ± 11.1) years, with an initial Rutherford classification of 2-5 and an ABI of 0.4 ± 0.1. The mean Rutherford classification was 3.70 ± 0.95. The mean lesion length was (25.75 ± 9.67) cm, including 61.64% chronic occlusive lesions and 27.39% stenotic lesions, the remaining 10.97% were mixed lesions, containing multiple segments of stenosis and chronic total occlusion lesions. 43.8% of the lesions were associated with severe calcification. Stent implantation rate was 8%. Overall mortality at follow-up was 4% at 1 year and 8% at 2 years, and no amputations seen. The ABI was 0.83 ± 0.07 at 1-year follow-up and 0.78 ± 0.05 at 2-year follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve predicted the 1-year phase I patency rate was 75.3% ± 5% and the 2-year patency rate was 63.3% ± 5.7%. Freedom from target lesion revascularization was 78.4 ± 4.9% at 1 year and 69.2% ± 3.6% at 2 years. Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes mellitus, severe calcification, chronic renal insufficiency, and restenosis were the significant factors affecting the patency of target lesions. CONCLUSIONS Paclitaxel DCBs in the treatment of femoral artery with TASC grades C/D lesions can achieve relatively satisfactory midterm clinical safety and efficacy results, provided there is an acceptable result on completion angiogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingfan Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fanggang Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiquan Dai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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4
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Cui HJ, Wu YF. The Efficacy of Drug-Coated Balloons and Drug-Eluting Stents in Infrapopliteal Revascularization: A Meta-analysis. J Endovasc Ther 2024:15266028231222385. [PMID: 38183240 DOI: 10.1177/15266028231222385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of drug-coated balloon (DCB) and drug-eluting stents (DESs) to standard endovascular techniques like percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and bare metal stent (BMS) for treating infrapopliteal artery disease. METHODS Including 8 DCB trials and 4 DES trials, this meta-analysis of 12 recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is comprehensive. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science of Web, Cochrane, and PubMed for this meta-analysis. We searched these databases for papers from their inception to February 2023. We also analyzed the references given in the listed studies and any future study that cited them. No language or publication date restrictions were applied to the 12 RCTs. The experimental group includes 8 DCB studies and 4 DES investigations, the DCB group is primarily concerned with the paclitaxel devices, whereas the DES group is preoccupied with the "-limus" devices. Key clinical outcomes in this study were primary patency and binary restenosis rates. This study's secondary outcomes are late lumen loss (LLL), clinically-driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR), limb amputation, and all-cause mortality. The evidence quality was assessed using Cochrane risk-of-bias. The PROSPERO registration number for this study is CRD42023462038. FINDINGS Only 108 of 1152 publications found satisfied qualifying criteria and contained data. All 13 RCTs have low to moderate bias. Drug-coated balloons and DESs were compared in the excluded study. The analysis comprised 2055 participants from 12 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria, including 1417 DCB patients and 638 DES patients. Drug-coated balloons outperform traditional methods in short-term monitoring of primary patency, binary restenosis, and CD-TLR. The benefits fade over time, and the 2 techniques had similar major amputation rates, mortality rates, and LLL. Drug-eluting stents outperform conventional procedures in primary patency, binary restenosis, and CD-TLR during medium-term to short-term follow-up. Comparing the 2 methods, major and minor amputations, death rate, and LLL were similar. CONCLUSION Comparison of DES and DCB with PTA or BMS shows that DES had better follow-up results. DCB has positive short-term results, but long-term effects differ, however, more research is needed to determine when DES and DCB should be used in medical procedures. CLINICAL IMPACT The provision of additional evidence to substantiate the advancement of drug-coated balloon (DCB) therapy in the treatment of lower limb arteriosclerosis obliterans, particularly in the below-the-knee area characterized by high calcium load and significant occlusion, is comparable in efficacy to conventional procedures. This finding is advantageous for the progress of interventional revascularization. The advancement and efficacy of DCB have resulted in improved treatment outcomes for medical practitioners in clinical settings. Our research incorporates the most recent randomized experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Cui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Feng Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Shen X, Zhuang H. Comparation of drug-eluting stents and control therapy for the treatment of infrapopliteal artery disease: a Bayesian analysis. Int J Surg 2023; 109:4286-4297. [PMID: 37720942 PMCID: PMC10720840 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical limb-threatening ischaemia is a life-threatening disease which often combines with infrapopliteal arterial disease. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is recommended as the first-line treatment for infrapopliteal arterial disease. Drug-eluting stent (DES) is another widely used option; however, its long-term therapeutic effect is controversial. The effectiveness of different DES for infrapopliteal arterial disease needs further exploration. METHODS AND RESULTS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Clinical trials were systematically searched from inception to 1 February 2023. Literatures were included if the study was original, peer-reviewed, published in English or Chinese, and contained patients diagnosed with simple infrapopliteal arterial disease or with properly treated combined inflow tract lesions before or during the study procedure. A total of 953 patients, 504 in the DES group and 449 in the PTA/bare-metal stenting (BMS) group, from 12 randomised controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that DES is superior to control group for improving clinical patency, reducing the restenosis rate, and reducing the amputation rate at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years post-treatment [at 3 years, risk ratio (RR): 1.90, 95% CI 1.23-2.93; RR: 0.87, 95% CI 0.79-0.96; RR: 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-1.00, P =0.049]. In addition, subgroup analyses suggested that DES is superior to BMS and PTA in improving clinical patency and reducing target lesion revascularisation and restenosis rates at 6-month and 1-year post-treatment. The network meta-analysis indicated that sirolimus-eluting stent was superior for improving clinical patency (at 1 year, RR: 0.23, 95% CI 0.08-0.60) and reducing the restenosis rate (at 6 months, RR: 31.58, 95% CI 4.41-307.53, at 1 year, RR: 3.80, 95% CI 1.84-8.87) significantly. However, according to the cumulative rank probabilities test, everolimus-eluting stent may have the lowest target lesion revascularisation rates and amputation rates at 1-year post-treatment (the cumulative rank probability was 77% and 49%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and network meta-analysis showed that DES was associated with more clinical efficacy than PTA/BMS significantly. In addition, sirolimus-eluting stent and everolimus-eluting stent may have better clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Zhuang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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6
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van Overhagen H, Nakamura M, Geraghty PJ, Rao S, Arroyo M, Soga Y, Iida O, Armstrong E, Nakama T, Fujihara M, Ansari MM, Mathews SJ, Gouëffic Y, Jaff MR, Weinberg I, Pinto DS, Ohura N, Couch K, Mustapha JA. Primary results of the SAVAL randomized trial of a paclitaxel-eluting nitinol stent versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in infrapopliteal arteries. Vasc Med 2023; 28:571-580. [PMID: 37844137 PMCID: PMC10693734 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x231199489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective and durable options for infrapopliteal artery revascularization for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) are limited. METHODS The SAVAL trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial of patients with CLTI and infrapopliteal artery lesions with total lesion length ⩽ 140 mm, stenosis ⩾ 70%, and Rutherford category 4-5 assigned 2:1 to treatment with the SAVAL self-expandable paclitaxel drug-eluting stent (DES) or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with an uncoated balloon. The primary effectiveness endpoint was primary vessel patency (i.e., core lab-adjudicated duplex ultrasound-based flow at 12 months in the absence of clinically driven target lesion revascularization or surgical bypass of the target lesion). The primary safety endpoint was the 12-month major adverse event (MAE)-free rate; MAEs were defined as a composite of above-ankle index limb amputation, major reintervention, and 30-day mortality. The endpoints were prespecified for superiority (effectiveness) and noninferiority (safety) at a one-sided significance level of 2.5%. RESULTS A total of 201 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment (N = 130 DES, N = 71 PTA). Target lesion length was 68.1 ± 35.2 mm for the DES group and 68.7 ± 49.2 mm for the PTA group, and 31.0% and 27.6% of patients, respectively, had occlusions. The 12-month primary patency rates were 68.0% for the DES group and 76.0% for the PTA group (Psuperiority = 0.8552). The MAE-free rates were 91.6% and 95.3%, respectively (Pnoninferiority = 0.0433). CONCLUSION The SAVAL trial did not show benefit related to effectiveness and safety with the nitinol DES compared with PTA in infrapopliteal artery lesions up to 140 mm in length. Continued innovation to provide optimal treatments for CLTI is needed. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03551496).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sid Rao
- Vascular Solutions of North Carolina, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Max Arroyo
- St Bernard’s Heart and Vascular, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | | | - Osamu Iida
- Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Ehrin Armstrong
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Adventist Heart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health, St Helena, CA, USA (current)
| | | | | | | | - Santhosh J Mathews
- Bradenton Cardiology Center, Manatee Memorial Hospital, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Yann Gouëffic
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Ido Weinberg
- VasCore – The Vascular Imaging Core Laboratory, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane S Pinto
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norihiko Ohura
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kara Couch
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jihad A Mustapha
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Advanced Cardiac and Vascular Centers for Amputation Prevention, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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7
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Snyder DJ, Zilinyi RS, Pruthi S, George S, Tirziu D, Lansky A, Mintz AJ, Sethi SS, Parikh SA. Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Infrapopliteal Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Primary Patency and Binary Restenosis Rates. J Endovasc Ther 2023:15266028231212133. [PMID: 38008929 DOI: 10.1177/15266028231212133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) remains the mainstay of endovascular therapy for infrapopliteal chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), but outcomes have not been well characterized using high-quality data. The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide an updated benchmark for rates of primary patency and binary restenosis after PTA using prospectively collected, predominantly core-lab adjudicated randomized controlled trial (RCT) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov were queried for RCTs published through November 2022 using PTA as a control arm and including patients with infrapopliteal CLTI. Studies were excluded if >25% of patients had intermittent claudication, other vessels were included, or primary patency or binary restenosis were not outcomes. Outcomes were analyzed using random effects models. This analysis was publicly registered (PROSPERO ID#394543). No funding was utilized. RESULTS Seventeen RCTs were included (1048 patients, 1279 lesions). Pooled primary patency rates using data from 6 RCTs were 68% at 6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]=45%-84%) and 66% at 12 months (95% CI=51%-79%). Pooled binary restenosis rates using data from 11 RCTs were 54% at 6 months (95% CI=33%-73%) and 60% at 9 to 12 months (95% CI=39%-78%). Significant heterogeneity was present in all outcomes (I2>50%, p<0.0001). Publication bias was not observed (Egger's p>0.1). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides estimates for binary restenosis and primary patency following PTA utilizing prospectively collected, predominantly core-lab adjudicated data. Results demonstrate 1-year primary patency rates that are 10% to 20% higher than what has been historically used in power calculations. These new estimates will help facilitate more accurate power analysis for future RCTs. CLINICAL IMPACT Rates of primary patency and binary restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) have not been well-described using high-quality data, and investigators have been utilizing estimates of 40% to 50% and 45% to 65%, respectively, when performing power calculations for trials. This meta-analysis demonstrates using high-quality, prospectively collected, and predominantly core-lab adjudicated randomized controlled trial data that actual rates of primary patency are closer to 60% up to 1 year following PTA and provides the first meta-analysis estimate of binary restenosis rates up to 1 year after PTA. These estimates will help facilitate more accurate power calculations for future RCTs in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert S Zilinyi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonal Pruthi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sareena George
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Tirziu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Group, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexandra Lansky
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Group, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ari J Mintz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjum S Sethi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sahil A Parikh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Watson NW, Mosarla RC, Secemsky EA. Endovascular Interventions for Peripheral Artery Disease: A Contemporary Review. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:1611-1622. [PMID: 37804391 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an increasingly prevalent but frequently underdiagnosed condition that can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. While an initial noninvasive approach is the cornerstone of management, revascularization is often pursued for patients with treatment-refractory claudication or chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). In this review, we discuss the current state of endovascular interventions for PAD and explore the many new emerging technologies. RECENT FINDINGS The last decade has resulted in numerous advances in PAD interventions including the ongoing evolution of drug-coated devices, novel approaches to complex lesions, and contemporary evidence from large clinical trials for CLTI. Advances in endovascular management have allowed for increasingly complex lesions to be tackled percutaneously. Future directions for the field include the continued evolution in device technology, continued development of state-of-the-art techniques to revascularization of complex lesions, and increased collaboration between a largely multidisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Watson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramya C Mosarla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Secemsky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Teng L, Zhang Y, Fang J, Liu X, Shi T, Qu C, Li J, Shen C. A Bayesian network meta-analysis for acute thrombosis after lower extremity artery endovascular treatment. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2023; 102:731-742. [PMID: 37592400 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various endovascular treatment devices have been widely used in the lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD). Their patency efficiency for target lesions has been well studied and reported. Comparison of the risk of acute thrombosis events between the different endovascular treatment devices is unclear. AIMS To rank the risk of acute thrombosis events when bare metal stents (BMSs), covered stents (CSs), drug-eluting stents (DESs), drug-coated balloons (DCBs), and conventional percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) are used to treat LEAD through Bayesian network meta-analysis. METHODS We performed a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the risk of 1-year postoperative acute thrombosis between BMSs, CSs, DESs, DCBs, and PTA for treating LEAD. Bayesian random models were used for pooled endovascular treatment modality comparisons. We ranked these treatment modalities via the Bayesian method according to their surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) and estimated probabilities. RESULTS Nineteen studies (38 study arms; 2758 patients) were included. The Bayesian network ranking of treatments indicated that DCB had the lowest risk of acute thrombosis, PTA had the second-lowest risk of thrombosis, and CS, BMS, and DES had the highest risk of thrombosis. Regarding the treatment efficacy, the OR values of the loss of primary patency were significantly lower for DCB (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.62), DES (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14-0.94), and CS (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18,0.56) than for PTA. When BMS was used as a reference, only the OR for CS was significantly lower (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.82). Correspondingly, the Bayesian ranking of treatments from better to worse target lesion primary patency was CS, DES, DCB, BMS, and PTA. CONCLUSION With the available research evidence and according to the network analysis ranking, DES appears to have the highest risk of acute thrombosis and DCB appears to have the lowest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lequn Teng
- Vascular Surgery Department, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbao Zhang
- Vascular Surgery Department, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Vascular Surgery Department, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinnong Liu
- Vascular Surgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Vascular Surgery Department, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjia Qu
- Vascular Surgery Department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- Vascular Surgery Department, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Shen
- Vascular Surgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Fan W, Tan J, Li L, Feng B, Shi W, Pei J, Yuan G, Yu B. Efficacy and Safety of Absorb Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. J Endovasc Ther 2023; 30:651-663. [PMID: 35510722 DOI: 10.1177/15266028221091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the benefits and risks of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) treated with Absorb everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) by analyzing all the published studies on the clinical characteristics of patients with PAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. Efficacy, safety, and basic characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Four studies were included in meta-analysis, including a total number of 155 patients with PAD. The pooled overall primary patency, freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR), symptom resolution, and wound healing were 90%, 96%, 94%, and 86%, respectively. The pooled perioperative complication and all-cause mortality were 4% and 9%, respectively. Preoperative total occlusion was detected in 43 of 192 lesions (22%). The mean lesion length was 27.26 mm. In terms of comorbidities, the pooled percentage of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease history, and smoking were 65%, 74%, 49%, 43%, 20%, and 57%, respectively. CONCLUSION Among these studies, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities in patients with PAD. The Absorb everolimus-eluting BVS was safe and showed the favorable clinical outcomes in both patency and TLR, especially in infrapopliteal disease with heavy calcification. The conclusions of this meta-analysis still needed to be verified by more relevant studies with more careful design, more rigorous execution, and larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jinyun Tan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weihao Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Pei
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
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11
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Li MX, Tu HX, Yin MC. Meta-analysis of outcomes from drug-eluting stent implantation in infrapopliteal arteries. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5273-5287. [PMID: 37621588 PMCID: PMC10445070 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous drug-eluting stent implantation (DESI) is an emerging and promising treatment modality for infrapopliteal artery diseases (IPADs). This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes and quantitatively analyzes the outcomes of DESI in IPADs considering the hazard ratio (HR), which is a more accurate and appropriate outcome measure than the more commonly used relative risk and odds ratio. AIM To explore the superiority of drug-eluting stents (DESs) vs traditional treatment modalities for IPADs. METHODS The following postoperative indicators were the outcomes of interest: All-cause death (ACD)-free survival, major amputation (MA)-free survival, target lesion revascularization (TLR)-free survival, adverse event (AE)-free survival, and primary patency (PP) survival. The outcome measures were then compared according to their respective HRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The participants were human IPAD patients who underwent treatments for infrapopliteal lesions. DESI was set as the intervention arm, and traditional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without bare metal stent implantation (BMSI) was set as the control arm. A systematic search in the Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was performed on November 29, 2022. All controlled studies published in English with sufficient data on outcomes of interest for extraction or conversion were included. When studies did not directly report the HRs but gave a corresponding survival curve, we utilized Engauge Digitizer software and standard formulas to convert the information and derive HRs. Then, meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials and three cohort studies involving 2639 participants were included. The ACD-free and MA-free survival HR values for DESI were not statistically significant from those of the control treatment (P > 0.05); however, the HR values for TLR-free, AE-free, and PP-survival differed significantly [2.65 (95%CI: 1.56-4.50), 1.57 (95%CI: 1.23-2.01), and 5.67 (95%CI: 3.56-9.03), respectively]. CONCLUSION Compared with traditional treatment modalities (i.e., PTA with or without BMSI), DESI for IPADs is superior in avoiding TLR and AEs and maintaining PP but shows no superiority or inferiority in avoiding ACD and MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hai-Xia Tu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng-Chen Yin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
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12
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Li MX, Tu HX, Yin MC. Meta-analysis of outcomes from drug-eluting stent implantation in infrapopliteal arteries. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5267-5281. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous drug-eluting stent implantation (DESI) is an emerging and promising treatment modality for infrapopliteal artery diseases (IPADs). This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes and quantitatively analyzes the outcomes of DESI in IPADs considering the hazard ratio (HR), which is a more accurate and appropriate outcome measure than the more commonly used relative risk and odds ratio.
AIM To explore the superiority of drug-eluting stents (DESs) vs traditional treatment modalities for IPADs.
METHODS The following postoperative indicators were the outcomes of interest: All-cause death (ACD)-free survival, major amputation (MA)-free survival, target lesion revascularization (TLR)-free survival, adverse event (AE)-free survival, and primary patency (PP) survival. The outcome measures were then compared according to their respective HRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The participants were human IPAD patients who underwent treatments for infrapopliteal lesions. DESI was set as the intervention arm, and traditional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without bare metal stent implantation (BMSI) was set as the control arm. A systematic search in the Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was performed on November 29, 2022. All controlled studies published in English with sufficient data on outcomes of interest for extraction or conversion were included. When studies did not directly report the HRs but gave a corresponding survival curve, we utilized Engauge Digitizer software and standard formulas to convert the information and derive HRs. Then, meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model.
RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials and three cohort studies involving 2639 participants were included. The ACD-free and MA-free survival HR values for DESI were not statistically significant from those of the control treatment (P > 0.05); however, the HR values for TLR-free, AE-free, and PP-survival differed significantly [2.65 (95%CI: 1.56-4.50), 1.57 (95%CI: 1.23-2.01), and 5.67 (95%CI: 3.56-9.03), respectively].
CONCLUSION Compared with traditional treatment modalities (i.e., PTA with or without BMSI), DESI for IPADs is superior in avoiding TLR and AEs and maintaining PP but shows no superiority or inferiority in avoiding ACD and MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hai-Xia Tu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng-Chen Yin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing 100069, China
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13
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Shatnawi NJ, Al-Zoubi NA, Al-Bakkar LA, Abu-Baker AM, Khader YS, Al-Omari M, El-Heis MA. Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Revascularization Index as a Predictor for Primary Endovascular Intervention Outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:495-504. [PMID: 37547281 PMCID: PMC10402884 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s394521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic limb-threatening ischemia in patients with diabetes is associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes. The associated co-morbidities, the heterogeneity of foot presentation and the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions led to the emergence of multiple revascularization strategies and scoring systems to improve management outcomes. This study aimed to introduce a new index, the revascularization index (RI), and to assess its predictive value for the outcomes of primary endovascular intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes presenting with chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Patients and Methods A retrospective electronic medical records review was conducted for patients with type 2 diabetes presenting with chronic limb-threatening ischemia managed at King Abdullah University Hospital by primary endovascular interventions between January 2014 and August 2019. The RI was analyzed for its predictive value for the treatment outcomes. Results A total of 187 patients were included in this study, with a major lower limb amputation rate of 19.3%. The performance of the RI was excellent in predicting secondary revascularization (AUC = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.86, p-value < 0.001), good to predict major amputation (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.85, p-value = 0.047), and poor in predicting death (AUC = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.40-0.55, p-value = 0.398). RI of <1.21 was significantly associated with a higher risk of major lower limb amputation (HR = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.25-26.97, p-value < 0.025), and RI of < 1.3 was associated with a higher risk for secondary revascularization. Conclusion The RI can be used to predict major adverse lower limb events (MALE). It might be used as a guide for the extent of endovascular interventions for diabetic chronic limb-threatening ischemia with multi-level outflow atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf J Shatnawi
- Department of Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nabil A Al-Zoubi
- Department of Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lujain A Al-Bakkar
- Department of Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ammar M Abu-Baker
- Department of Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mamoon Al-Omari
- Department of Radiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mowafeq A El-Heis
- Department of Radiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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14
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Aslan A, Stevens C, Aldine AS, Mamilly A, De Alba L, Arevalo O, Ahuja C, Cuellar HH. The reproducibility of interventional radiology randomized controlled trials and external validation of a classification system. Diagn Interv Radiol 2023; 29:529-534. [PMID: 37070845 PMCID: PMC10679611 DOI: 10.4274/dir.2023.222052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fragility index (FI) measures the robustness of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It complements the P value by taking into account the number of outcome events. In this study, the authors measured the FI for major interventional radiology RCTs. METHODS Interventional radiology RCTs published between January 2010 and December 2022 relating to trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, trans-arterial chemoembolization, needle biopsy, angiography, angioplasty, thrombolysis, and nephrostomy tube insertion were analyzed to measure the FI and robustness of the studies. RESULTS A total of 34 RCTs were included. The median FI of those studies was 4.5 (range 1-68). Seven trials (20.6%) had a number of patients lost to follow-up that was higher than their FI, and 15 (44.1%) had a FI of 1-3. CONCLUSION The median FI, and hence the reproducibility of interventional radiology RCTs, is low compared to other medical fields, with some having a FI of 1, which should be interrupted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assala Aslan
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Christopher Stevens
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Amro Saad Aldine
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Ahmed Mamilly
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Luis De Alba
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Octavio Arevalo
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Chaitanya Ahuja
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
| | - Hugo H. Cuellar
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Ochsner-Louisiana State University, Shreveport, United States
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15
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Dadrass F, Raja SC, Lookstein R. Below-the-Knee Stents and Scaffolds: A Comprehensive Review. Semin Intervent Radiol 2023; 40:167-171. [PMID: 37333740 PMCID: PMC10275668 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-57263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Below-the-knee intervention of chronic limb-threatening ischemia is an area of increasing interest. Due to lower morbidity and possibly better clinical outcomes, endovascular techniques have become increasingly important in this patient population many of who have limited surgical options. This article serves as a review of existing stent and scaffolding devices utilized for infrapopliteal disease. The authors will additionally discuss current indications and review studies that are investigating novel materials used in treating infrapopliteal arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Dadrass
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sahitya C. Raja
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert Lookstein
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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16
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Zuzek Z, Arora S, Helmy I, Jani C, Jaswaney R, Patel K, Patel HP, Patel M, Osman MN, Li J, Shishehbor MH. Underutilization of Drug-Eluting Stents in Infrapopliteal Intervention for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia. J Endovasc Ther 2023; 30:45-56. [PMID: 35075941 DOI: 10.1177/15266028211068763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple randomized clinical trials have shown superiority of drug-eluting stents (DES) over bare-metal stents (BMS) for infrapopliteal disease. However, real-world data on DES utilization and outcomes in infrapopliteal chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) patients are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized the Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) from 2016 to 2017 to extract patients undergoing infrapopliteal intervention with stents (BMS and DES) for CLTI using appropriate ICD-10 codes. Multilevel logistic regression with hospital ID as random effect was used to assess DES utilization. Primary outcome was the composite of target limb major amputation (TLmajA) and target limb revascularization (TLR). Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard regression was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS Our study included a total of 1817 patients. Of these patients, 1056 patients (58.1%) received DES; DES utilization was stable (relative change: +2.5%, p-trend: 0.867) between 2016 and 2017 and was higher in teaching hospitals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.03-1.61, p=0.029] and medium (aOR = 3.13, 95% CI = 2.17-4.55, p≤0.001) and large (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.14-2.17, p=0.005) bed-sized hospitals. Inter-class correlation was 0.44 suggesting ~44% variation in DES utilization between any 2 random hospitals; DES was associated with lower rate of the primary composite outcome (aHR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.62-0.92, p=0.004) compared with BMS. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing infrapopliteal intervention for CLTI, DES demonstrated significant underutilization despite supportive evidence of their superiority compared with BMS; DES was associated with improvement in the primary composite outcome compared with BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zuzek
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shilpkumar Arora
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irfan Helmy
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rahul Jaswaney
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Mohini Patel
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammed Najeeb Osman
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mehdi H Shishehbor
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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17
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Tigkiropoulos K, Abatzis-Papadopoulos M, Sidiropoulou K, Stavridis K, Karamanos D, Lazaridis I, Saratzis N. Polymer Free Amphilimus Drug Eluting Stent for Infrapopliteal Arterial Disease in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia: A New Device in the Armamentarium. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:39. [PMID: 36676663 PMCID: PMC9866247 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Endovascular technologies have significantly improved the outcome of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Drug eluting stents (DES) have documented their efficacy against percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and bare metal stents (BMS) in infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease. However, late in-stent neoatherosclerosis may lead to vascular lumen loss and eventually thrombosis. Polymer free DES constitute a new technology aiming to improve long term patency which their action is still under investigation. The purpose of this study is to report the mechanism of action and to provide a literature review of a novel polymer free amphilimus eluting stent (Cre8, Alvimedica, Instabul, Turkey) in infrapopliteal arterial disease. Methods: Publications listed in electronic databases, European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database, as well as scientific programmes of recent interventional vascular conferences were searched. Three studies were included. We analyzed primary and secondary patency, major amputation rate, freedom from CD-TLR, and mortality. Results: Cre8 was implanted in 79 patients with CLI. Most of the patients (n = 65) were Rutherford class 5-6 (82.3%), and diabetes mellitus (DM) was present in 66 patients (83.5%). Mean primary patency was 82.5% at 12 months. Mean lesion stented length was 20 mm and 35 mm in two studies. Mean limb salvage was 91.3% at 12 months. Freedom from CD-TLR was reported in two out of the three studies and was 96% and 83.8%. Mortality was 15% and 23.8% in the same studies, whilst it was not reported in one study. Conclusion: Stenting of infrapopliteal arteries with Cre8 is safe and feasible in patients with CLI and diabetes. All studies have shown very good primary patency and freedom from CD-TLR at 12 and 24 months. Larger observational prospective studies and randomized trials are necessary to establish long term effectiveness and clinical outcomes using the non-polymer Cre8 DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tigkiropoulos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, 1st Surgical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Guo J, Ning Y, Wang H, Li Y, Su Z, Zhang F, Wu S, Guo L, Gu Y. The efficacy and safety of different endovascular modalities for infrapopliteal arteries lesions: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:993290. [DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.993290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEndovascular treatment has become the first-line therapy for infrapopliteal artery occlusive disease (IPOD), while the optimal endovascular method remains to be determined. We performed a network meta-analysis (NWM) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to simultaneously compare the outcomes of different endovascular modalities for IPOD.Methods and resultsThe Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were used as data sources. The NWM approach used random-effects models based on the frequentist framework. In total, 22 eligible RCTs (44 study arms; 1,348 patients) involving nine endovascular modalities or combinations [balloon angioplasty (BA), drug-coated balloon (DCB), drug-eluting stent (DES), atherectomy device + BA (AD + BA), AD + DCB, balloon-expandable bare metal stent (BMS), self-expanding stent (SES), absorbable metal stents (AMS), and inorganics-coated stent (ICS)] were included. BA had a lower 12-month primary patency rate than DCB (RR 0.50, CI 0.27, 0.93) and AD + DCB (RR 0.34, CI 0.12, 0.93). AD + DCB decreased 6-month TLR compared with AMS (RR 0.15, CI 0.03, 0.90), and DES decreased it compared with BMS (RR 0.25, CI 0.09, 0.71). DCB had a lower 6-month TLR rate than AMS (RR 0.26, CI 0.08, 0.86) and BA (RR 0.51, CI 0.30, 0.89). BA had a higher 12-month TLR rate than DCB (RR 1.76, CI 1.07, 2.90). According to the value of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), AD + DCB was considered the best treatment in terms of primary patency at 6 months (SUCRA = 87.5) and 12 months (SURCA = 91). AD + BA was considered the best treatment in terms of 6-month TLR (SUCRA = 83.1), 12-month TLR (SURCA = 75.8), and 12-month all-cause mortality (SUCRA = 92.5). In terms of 12-month major amputation, DES was considered the best treatment (SUCRA = 78.6), while AD + DCB was considered the worst treatment (SUCRA = 28.8). Moreover, AD + BA always ranks higher than AD + DCB in the comparison including these two combinations. Subgroup analyses of modalities without stenting did not significantly change the primary outcomes.ConclusionADs showed noteworthy advantages in multiple terms for IPOD except for 12-month major amputation. AD + BA may be a better method for IPOD than AD + DCB. The efficacy and safety of ADs are worthy of further investigation.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42022331626].
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19
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Heiss C, Olinic DM, Belch JJF, Brodmann M, Mazzolai L, Stanek A, Madaric J, Krentz A, Schlager O, Lichtenberg M, Frank U. Management of chronic peripheral artery disease patients with indication for endovascular revascularization. VASA 2022; 51:121-137. [PMID: 35418243 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing global burden of patients with chronic peripheral artery disease (PAD) the safe and effective provision of lower limb revascularisation is a growing medical need. Endovascular procedures for the treatment of PAD have become a crucial cornerstone of modern vascular medicine, and the first line revascularisation approach if technically feasible and taking patient choice into consideration. With the increasing age of patients with PAD and the increasing number of comorbidities open vascular surgery is also often not feasible. We outline a framework of key messages, endorsed by the board of the European Society of Vascular Medicine for pre-, peri- and post procedural management of patients requiring endovascular arterial procedures of the lower limbs. These key messages emphasize the important and increasing role of interventional vascular physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, United Kingdom.,The authors contributed equally
| | - Dan-Mircea Olinic
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Emergency Hospital, Medical Clinic no. 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,The authors contributed equally
| | - Jill J F Belch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Brodmann
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Juraj Madaric
- Clinic of Angiology, National Cardiovascular Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrew Krentz
- Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, University of Reading, UK
| | - Oliver Schlager
- Division of Angiology. Department of Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrich Frank
- Department of Angiology, Cantonal Hospital of Grisons, Chur, Switzerland.,The authors contributed equally
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Sivapragasam N, Matchar DB, Zhuang KD, Patel A, Pua U, Win HH, Chandramohan S, Venkatanarasimha N, Chua JME, Tan GWL, Irani FG, Leong S, Tay KH, Chong TT, Tan BS. Cost-Effectiveness of Drug-Coated Balloon Angioplasty Versus Conventional Balloon Angioplasty for Treating Below-the-Knee Arteries in Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: The SINGA-PACLI Trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2022; 45:1663-1669. [PMID: 35237860 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-022-03073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drug-coated balloon angioplasty (DCBA) has been studied as a potentially superior option compared to conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in treating below-the-knee (BTK) arteries in chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). The aim of this study is to examine the cost-effectiveness of DCBA versus PTA in BTK arteries based on a randomized controlled trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective economic study was embedded in a randomized controlled trial of 138 patients with CLTI. Resource use and health outcomes were assessed at baseline, and at 3, 6 and 12 months post-intervention. Costs were calculated from a societal perspective and health outcomes measured using quality-adjusted life years with probabilistic sensitivity analysis performed to account for subject heterogeneity. RESULTS Compared with participants randomized to receive PTA, participants randomized to DCBA gained an average baseline-adjusted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of .012 while average total costs were USD$1854 higher; this translates to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$154,500 additional cost per QALY gained. However, the estimate of ICER had substantial variance with only 48% of bootstrap ICERs meeting a benchmark threshold of US$57,705 (the average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Singapore). CONCLUSION The use of DCBA in BTK arteries in CLTI patients was not cost-effective compared with PTA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2, Randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmali Sivapragasam
- Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - David B Matchar
- Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kun Da Zhuang
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Ankur Patel
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Uei Pua
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Hlaing Hlaing Win
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Sivanathan Chandramohan
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Nanda Venkatanarasimha
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Jasmine M E Chua
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Glenn Wei Leong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Farah G Irani
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Sum Leong
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Kiang Hiong Tay
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Tze Tec Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Bien Soo Tan
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Singapore General Hospital, Radiological Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth-Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
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21
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Liu C, Wu J, Jia H, Lu C, Yan J, Li W, Guo M. Efficacy and safety of drug-coated balloon versus non-drug-coated balloon combined with bare metal stent implantation in treatment of patients with occlusions of the superficial femoral artery: a retrospective study in clinical practice. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1305-1314. [PMID: 35273732 PMCID: PMC8902537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of drug-coated balloon and non-drug-coated balloon combined with bare metal stent implantation for the treatment of patients with occlusions of the superficial femoral artery. METHODS In this retrospective study, 83 patients with occlusions of the superficial femoral artery were included. Among them, 41 patients received paclitaxel drug coated balloon treatment combined with bare metal stent implantation treatment (experimental group), the remaining 42 received non-drug-coated balloon treatment (control group). Patients were followed up at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The primary clinical assessments, including ankle brachial index (ABI), RutherFord grade, Doppler ultrasound, or CT angiography (CTA), were used to observe the patency of target vessels, perioperative and postoperative complications. RESULTS All the diseased vessels were successfully opened. There were no serious intraoperative complications such as vascular rupture or acute thrombosis. There was no significant difference in ankle brachial index, RutherFord grade, and total score between the two groups at one month and six months after operation (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality, amputation rate, or thrombosis between the two groups (P>0.05). Twelve months after the operation, the ankle brachial index, Rutherford grade and total score of the experimental group were better than those of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality, amputation rate, or thrombosis between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Paclitaxel coated balloon is safe and effective in the treatment of superficial femoral arteriosclerosis occlusion. It can significantly improve the ABI and Rutherford grades of patients, and it had a higher patency rate and lower reconstruction rate, but it may affect the healing ability of foot ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyun Jia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjin Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, Shandong, China
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22
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Catheter based interventions for lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 69:62-72. [PMID: 34813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of peripheral arterial intervention has exploded over the past 20 years. Current knowledge includes a growing evidence base for treatment as well as a myriad of new interventional approaches to complex disease. This review seeks to outline the current state of the art for interventional approaches to lower extremity peripheral arterial disease.
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23
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Krishnan P, Tarricone A, Chen S, Sharma S. The role of directional atherectomy in critical-limb ischemia. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 135:17539447211046953. [PMID: 34796770 PMCID: PMC8606915 DOI: 10.1177/17539447211046953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our aim was to review the current literature of the use of directional
atherectomy (DA) in the treatment of lower extremity critical-limb
ischemia. Methods: A search for relevant literature was performed in PubMed and PubMed Central
on 16 April 2020, sorted by best match. Three searches across two databases
were performed. Articles were included that contained clinical and
procedural data of DA interventions in lower extremity critical-limb
ischemia patients. All studies that were systematic reviews were
excluded. Results: Eleven papers were included in this review. Papers were examined under
several parameters: primary patency and secondary patency, limb
salvage/amputation, technical/procedural success,
complications/periprocedural events, and mean lesion length. Primary and
secondary patency rates ranged from 56.3% to 95.0% and 76.4% to 100%,
respectively. Limb salvage rates ranged from 69% to 100%. Lesion lengths
were highly varied, representing a broad population, ranging from 30 ± 33 mm
to 142.4 ± 107.9 mm. Conclusions: DA may be a useful tool in the treatment of lower extremity critical-limb
ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Krishnan
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arthur Tarricone
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samin Sharma
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Tay S, Abdulnabi S, Saffaf O, Harroun N, Yang C, Semenkovich CF, Zayed MA. Comprehensive Assessment of Current Management Strategies for Patients With Diabetes and Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia. Clin Diabetes 2021; 39:358-388. [PMID: 34866779 PMCID: PMC8603325 DOI: 10.2337/cd21-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the most severe form of peripheral artery disease. It is estimated that 60% of all nontraumatic lower-extremity amputations performed annually in the United States are in patients with diabetes and CLTI. The consequences of this condition are extraordinary, with substantial patient morbidity and mortality and high socioeconomic costs. Strategies that optimize the success of arterial revascularization in this unique patient population can have a substantial public health impact and improve patient outcomes. This article provides an up-to-date comprehensive assessment of management strategies for patients afflicted by both diabetes and CLTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirli Tay
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sami Abdulnabi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Omar Saffaf
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nikolai Harroun
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO
- Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Wijnand JGJ, Zarkowsky D, Wu B, van Haelst STW, Vonken EJPA, Sorrentino TA, Pallister Z, Chung J, Mills JL, Teraa M, Verhaar MC, de Borst GJ, Conte MS. The Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) for CLTI: Improving Inter-Observer Agreement. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163454. [PMID: 34441757 PMCID: PMC8396876 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The 2020 Global Vascular Guidelines aim at improving decision making in Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) by providing a framework for evidence-based revascularization. Herein, the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) serves to estimate the chance of success and patency of arterial pathway revascularization based on the extent and distribution of the atherosclerotic lesions. We report the preliminary feasibility results and observer variability of the GLASS. GLASS is a part of the new global guideline and posed as a promising additional tool for EBR strategies to predict the success of lower extremity arterial revascularization. This study reports on the consistency of GLASS scoring to maximize inter-observer agreement and facilitate its application. Methods: GLASS separately scores the femoropopliteal (FP) and infrapopliteal (IP) segment based on stenosis severity, lesion length and the extent of calcification within the target artery pathway (TAP). In our stepwise approach, we used two angiographic datasets. Each following step was based on the lessons learned from the previous step. The primary outcome was inter-observer agreement measured as Cohen’s Kappa, scored by two (step 1 + 2) and four (step 3) blinded and experienced observers, respectively. Steps 1 (n = 139) and 2 (n = 50) were executed within a dataset of a Dutch interventional RCT in CLTI. Step 3 (n = 100) was performed in randomly selected all-comer CLTI patients from two vascular centers in the United States. Results: In step 1, kappa values were 0.346 (FP) and 0.180 (IP). In step 2, applied in the same dataset, the use of other experienced observers and a provided TAP, resulted in similar low kappa values 0.406 (FP) and 0.089 (IP). Subsequently, in step 3, the formation of an altered stepwise approach using component scoring, such as separate scoring of calcification and adding a ruler to the images resulted in kappa values increasing to 0.796 (FP) and 0.730 (IP). Conclusion: This retrospective GLASS validation study revealed low inter-observer agreement for unconditioned scoring. A stepwise component scoring provides acceptable agreement and a solid base for further prospective validation studies to investigate how GLASS relates to treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep G. J. Wijnand
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.W.v.H.); (M.T.); (G.J.d.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-353-4366
| | - Devin Zarkowsky
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.Z.); (B.W.); (T.A.S.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Bian Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.Z.); (B.W.); (T.A.S.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Steven T. W. van Haelst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.W.v.H.); (M.T.); (G.J.d.B.)
| | - Evert-Jan P. A. Vonken
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Thomas A. Sorrentino
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.Z.); (B.W.); (T.A.S.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Zachary Pallister
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.P.); (J.C.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Jayer Chung
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.P.); (J.C.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Joseph L. Mills
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.P.); (J.C.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Martin Teraa
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.W.v.H.); (M.T.); (G.J.d.B.)
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.W.v.H.); (M.T.); (G.J.d.B.)
| | - Michael S. Conte
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.Z.); (B.W.); (T.A.S.); (M.S.C.)
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Use of drug-eluting stents in patients with critical limb ischemia and infrapopliteal arterial disease: a real-world single-center experience. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:1619-1625. [PMID: 34182023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although no drug-eluting stent (DES) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat infrapopliteal arterial disease, several industry-sponsored trials have reported the outcomes with the use of paclitaxel or sirolimus DESs. To the best of our knowledge, only one study to date has reported on the use of everolimus DESs for infrapopliteal arterial disease. In the present study, we analyzed the clinical outcomes with everolimus DESs in our real-world, single-center experience. METHODS A total of 107 limbs with critical limb threatening ischemia (98 patients; 118 lesions) treated with DESs (Xience; Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, Calif) were analyzed. The postoperative early outcomes, major adverse limb events (above the ankle limb amputation or major intervention at 1 year), and major adverse events (death, amputation, target lesion thrombosis or reintervention) were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the primary patency rates (using duplex ultrasound), amputation-free rates, and amputation-free survival rates. RESULTS Of the 118 lesions treated, 33% were in the anterior tibial artery, 28% were in the tibioperoneal (TP) artery, 21% were in the posterior tibial artery, 8% were in the peroneal artery, 5% were in the TP/posterior tibial artery, 4% were in the TP artery/PA, and 1% were in the TP/anterior tibial artery. The mean lesion length was 41 mm, and 59% were totally occluded (41% stenotic). The mean follow-up was 18.5 months (range, 1-70 months). The overall postoperative complication rate was 11% (2% major amputations), with 2% mortality. Late symptom improvement of one or more Rutherford category was obtained in 71%. The major adverse events rate at 30 days and 1 year was 12% and 45%, respectively. The major adverse limb events rate at 1 year was 15%. The overall primary patency rate was 42%. The primary patency rate at 1, 2, and 3 years was 57%, 45%, and 33%, respectively. The major amputation-free and overall amputation-free survival rates were 87%, 80%, and 77% and 76%, 65%, and 61% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The clinical outcomes after DES (Xience; Abbott Vascular) for infrapopliteal lesions were somewhat satisfactory at 1 year but inferior to the previously reported outcomes, especially at 3 years. Further data with long-term follow-up are needed.
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27
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Different Lower Extremity Arterial Calcification Patterns in Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Compared with Asymptomatic Controls. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060493. [PMID: 34072908 PMCID: PMC8226835 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The most severe type of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLI). In CLI, calcification of the vessel wall plays an important role in symptoms, amputation rate, and mortality. However, calcified arteries are also found in asymptomatic persons (non-PAD patients). We investigated whether the calcification pattern in CLI patients and non- PAD patients are different and could possibly explain the symptoms in CLI patients. Materials and Methods: 130 CLI and 204 non-PAD patients underwent a CT of the lower extremities. This resulted in 118 CLI patients (mean age 72 ± 12, 70.3% male) that were age-matched with 118 non-PAD patients (mean age 71 ± 11, 51.7% male). The characteristics severity, annularity, thickness, and continuity were assessed in the femoral and crural arteries and analyzed by binary multiple logistic regression. Results: Nearly all CLI patients have calcifications and these are equally frequent in the femoropopliteal (98.3%) and crural arteries (97.5%), while the non-PAD patients had in just 67% any calcifications with more calcifications in the femoropopliteal (70.3%) than in the crural arteries (55.9%, p < 0.005). The crural arteries of CLI patients had significantly more complete annular calcifications (OR 2.92, p = 0.001), while in non-PAD patients dot-like calcifications dominated. In CLI patients, the femoropopliteal arteries had more severe, irregular/patchy, and thick calcifications (OR 2.40, 3.27, 1.81, p ≤ 0.05, respectively) while in non-PAD patients, thin continuous calcifications prevailed. Conclusions: Compared with non-PAD patients, arteries of the lower extremities of CLI patients are more frequently and extensively calcified. Annular calcifications were found in the crural arteries of CLI patients while dot-like calcifications were mostly present in non-PAD patients. These different patterns of calcifications in CLI point at different etiology and can have prognostic and eventually therapeutic consequences.
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28
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Hammad TA, Shishehbor MH. Advances in chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Vasc Med 2021; 26:126-130. [PMID: 33825578 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x21998436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi H Shishehbor
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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29
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Winscott JG, Hillegass WB. Everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds for infrapopliteal critical limb ischemia: Moving beyond grasping at metal straws. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 97:150-151. [PMID: 33460268 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consistent and durable patency and clinical benefit after initially successful infrapopliteal percutaneous balloon transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for critical limb ischemia remains an unmet need. Permanently implanted metallic stents for suboptimal initial infrapopliteal PTA results also have limited patency and clinical results as well as other drawbacks. In 48 critical limb ischemia patients with infrapopliteal lesions < 50 mm length, everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (EEBVS) achieved 90% primary patency and freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularization at 2 years follow-up with no late scaffold thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Winscott
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Disease, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - William B Hillegass
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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30
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Ferraresi R, Ucci A, Casini A, Caminiti M, Minnella D, Clerici G, Montero-Baker M. GLASS (Global Limb Anatomic Staging System): a critical appraisal. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 62:98-103. [PMID: 33307645 DOI: 10.23736/s0021-9509.20.11696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND THE Global Vascular Guidelines (GVGs) propose a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The aim of this study was to retrospectively classify a large cohort of CLTI patients according to the GLASS, evaluating its distribution in a real-world setting. METHODS Retrospective, single center, observational study enrolling all consecutive CLTI patients submitted to infra-inguinal endovascular revascularization in our institution, between June 2014 and September 2019. Patients were categorized according to the GLASS for femoro-popliteal (FP), infra-popliteal (IP) and infra-malleolar grading. FP and IP grades were merged to get the final GLASS stage for each limb. RESULTS The study included 1995 CLTI patients who underwent 2850 endovascular procedures in which 6009 arterial lesions were successfully treated. The FP segment was classified as: 1292 (45.3%) grade 0, 475 (16.6%) grade 1, 159 (5.6%) grade 2, 209 (7.4%) grade 3, and 715 (25.1%) grade 4. The IP segment was classified as: 1529 (53.6%) grade 0, 183 (6.4%) grade 1, 80 (2.8%) grade 2, 207 (7.3%) grade 3, and 851 (29.9%) grade 4. The combination of FP and IP grading led to GLASS stages: 922 (32.3%) stage 1, 375 (13.2%) stage 2, 1472 (51.6%) stage 3. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of the FP, IP and final GLASS grading was mainly grouped at the two extremes, letting the intermediate grades rather scarce. The majority of patients present with an absent or severely diseased pedal arch, stressing the need to incorporate infra-malleolar disease into the GLASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ferraresi
- Clinic of Diabetic Foot, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy -
| | | | - Andrea Casini
- Clinic of Diabetic Foot, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Caminiti
- Clinic of Diabetic Foot, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Minnella
- Clinic of Diabetic Foot, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Clerici
- Clinic of Diabetic Foot, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Montero-Baker
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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Konijn LC, Takx RA, de Jong PA, Spreen MI, Veger HT, Mali WP, van Overhagen H. Arterial calcification and long-term outcome in chronic limb-threatening ischemia patients. Eur J Radiol 2020; 132:109305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Varcoe RL, Menting TP, Thomas SD, Lennox AF. Long‐term
results of a prospective,
single‐arm
evaluation of
everolimus‐eluting
bioresorbable vascular scaffolds in infrapopliteal arteries. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 97:142-149. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L. Varcoe
- Department of Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Vascular Institute Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Theo P. Menting
- Department of Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shannon D. Thomas
- Department of Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Vascular Institute Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Andrew F. Lennox
- Department of Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Vascular Institute Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Abola MTB, Golledge J, Miyata T, Rha SW, Yan BP, Dy TC, Ganzon MSV, Handa PK, Harris S, Zhisheng J, Pinjala R, Robless PA, Yokoi H, Alajar EB, Bermudez-delos Santos AA, Llanes EJB, Obrado-Nabablit GM, Pestaño NS, Punzalan FE, Tumanan-Mendoza B. Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report from the Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease Asia-Pacific Peripheral Artery Disease Consensus Statement Project Committee. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:809-907. [PMID: 32624554 PMCID: PMC7458790 DOI: 10.5551/jat.53660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most underdiagnosed, underestimated and undertreated of the atherosclerotic vascular diseases despite its poor prognosis. There may be racial or contextual differences in the Asia-Pacific region as to epidemiology, availability of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and even patient treatment response. The Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Diseases (APSAVD) thus coordinated the development of an Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement (APCS) on the Management of PAD. OBJECTIVES The APSAVD aimed to accomplish the following: 1) determine the applicability of the 2016 AHA/ACC guidelines on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease to the Asia-Pacific region; 2) review Asia-Pacific literature; and 3) increase the awareness of PAD. METHODOLOGY A Steering Committee was organized to oversee development of the APCS, appoint a Technical Working Group (TWG) and Consensus Panel (CP). The TWG appraised the relevance of the 2016 AHA/ACC PAD Guideline and proposed recommendations which were reviewed by the CP using a modified Delphi technique. RESULTS A total of 91 recommendations were generated covering history and physical examination, diagnosis, and treatment of PAD-3 new recommendations, 31 adaptations and 57 adopted statements. This Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of PAD constitutes the first for the Asia-Pacific Region. It is intended for use by health practitioners involved in preventing, diagnosing and treating patients with PAD and ultimately the patients and their families themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa B Abola
- Department of Clinical Research, Philippine Heart Center and University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tetsuro Miyata
- Vascular Center, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seung-Woon Rha
- Dept of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University; Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Timothy C Dy
- The Heart Institute, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Salim Harris
- Neurovascular and Neurosonology Division, Neurology Department, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Hiroyoshi Yokoi
- Cardiovascular Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital; International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Elaine B Alajar
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital; University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Elmer Jasper B Llanes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Noemi S Pestaño
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Felix Eduardo Punzalan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines; Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Bernadette Tumanan-Mendoza
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines
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Konijn LCD, Wakkie T, Spreen MI, de Jong PA, van Dijk LC, Wever JJ, Veger HTC, Statius van Eps RG, Mali WPTM, van Overhagen H. 10-Year Paclitaxel Dose-Related Outcomes of Drug-Eluting Stents Treated Below the Knee in Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (The PADI Trial). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2020; 43:1881-1888. [PMID: 32725411 PMCID: PMC7649154 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-020-02602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recently, two meta-analyses concluded that there appears to be an increased risk of long-term mortality of paclitaxel-coated balloons and stents in the superficial femoral and popliteal artery, and paclitaxel-coated balloons below the knee. In this post hoc study of the PADI Trial, we investigated the long-term safety of first-generation paclitaxel-coated drug-eluting stents (DES) below the knee and the dose–mortality relationships of paclitaxel in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI). Materials and Methods The PADI Trial compared paclitaxel-coated DES with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with bail-out bare-metal stents (PTA ± BMS) in patients with CLI treated below the knee. Follow-up was extended to 10 years after the first inclusion, and survival analyses were performed. In addition, dose-related mortality and dose per patient weight-related mortality relations were examined. Results A total of 140 limbs in 137 patients were included in the PADI Trial. Ten years after the first inclusion, 109/137 (79.6%) patients had died. There was no significant difference between mortality in the DES group compared with the PTA ± BMS group (Log-rank p value = 0.12). No specific dose-related mortality (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.99) or dose per weight mortality (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93–1.18, p = 0.46) relationships were identified in the Cox-proportional Hazard models or by Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Conclusions There is a poor 10-year survival in both paclitaxel-coated DES and PTA ± BMS in patients with CLI treated below the knee. No dose-related adverse effects of paclitaxel-coated DES were observed in our study of patients with CLI treated below the knee. Level of Evidence The PADI Trial: level 1, randomized clinical trial Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00270-020-02602-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C D Konijn
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Wakkie
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Marlon I Spreen
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C van Dijk
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J Wever
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo T C Veger
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Randolph G Statius van Eps
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Th M Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik van Overhagen
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545CH/PO box 40551, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Kuno T, Ueyama H, Mikami T, Takagi H, Numasawa Y, Anzai H, Bangalore S. Mortality in patients undergoing revascularization with paclitaxel eluting devices for infrainguinal peripheral artery disease: Insights from a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 96:E467-E478. [PMID: 32691953 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate whether paclitaxel eluting devices increased the risk of death in patients undergoing revascularization for infrainguinal peripheral artery disease using network meta-analyses. METHODS PUBMED and EMBASE were searched through April 2020 for randomized trials in patients with infrainguinal peripheral artery disease who underwent revascularization with or without a paclitaxel eluting device (balloon/stent). Short-term mortality defined as death at 6-12 months, and long-term mortality defined as death at >12 months after revascularization. RESULTS Our search identified 57 eligible randomized controlled studies enrolling a total of 9,362 patients comparing seven revascularization strategies (balloon angioplasty vs. bare metal stent vs. covered stent vs. paclitaxel eluting stent vs. other drug eluting stent vs. paclitaxel-coated balloon vs. bypass surgery). Overall, paclitaxel eluting stent and paclitaxel-coated balloons did not increase short-term mortality (eg, vs. balloon angioplasty: paclitaxel-coated balloon OR [95% CI] 1.21 [0.88-1.66], p = .24; paclitaxel eluting stent OR [95%CI] 1.01 [0.63-1.63], p = .97, respectively). In addition, paclitaxel eluting stent did not show significant increase in long-term mortality (eg, vs. balloon angioplasty: OR [95%CI] 1.06 [0.70-1.59], p = .79). However, paclitaxel-coated balloon showed significant increase in long-term mortality compared to balloon angioplasty and bypass (vs. balloon angioplasty: OR [95% CI] 1.48 [1.06-2.07], p = .021; vs. bypass: OR [95%CI] 1.73 [1.05-2.84], p = .031, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis of randomized trials, there was no significant increase in mortality with paclitaxel eluting stent, but there was increased risk of long-term mortality in paclitaxel-coated balloon for the treatment of infrainguinal peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kuno
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, USA
| | - Hiroki Ueyama
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, USA
| | - Takahisa Mikami
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, USA
| | - Hisato Takagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka Medical Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Numasawa
- Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Ashikaga Hospital, Ashikaga, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Anzai
- Department of Cardiology, SUBARU Health Insurance Ota Memorial Hospital, Ota, Japan
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Kokkinidis DG, Armstrong EJ. Current developments in endovascular therapy of peripheral vascular disease. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:1681-1694. [PMID: 32395311 PMCID: PMC7212127 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
More than 200 million people worldwide have peripheral artery disease (PAD) or its most severe manifestation, critical limb ischemia (CLI). While endovascular treatment has become first line therapy in most cases, a number of challenges remain for optimal treatment of femoropopliteal (FP) or infrapopliteal (IP) disease, especially when these lesions are severely calcified, chronic total occlusions (CTOs) or in-stent restenosis (ISR). Continued evolution of technologies has significantly improved the outcomes for endovascular treatment. A number of new devices are in the pipeline right now, including new paclitaxel eluting stents and balloons, intravascular lithotripsy to treat severely calcified lesions, adventitial delivery of anti-restenotic agents to limit restenosis rates, and percutaneous femoro-popliteal bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damianos G Kokkinidis
- Division of Cardiology, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ehrin J Armstrong
- Division of Cardiology, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Cost-Effectiveness of Drug-Eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia: The PADI Trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2019; 43:376-381. [PMID: 31807849 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-019-02385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drug-eluting stents (DES) improve clinical and morphological long-term results compared to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with bailout bare metal stenting (BMS) in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) and infrapopliteal lesions (PADI trial). We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of DES compared to PTA ± BMS in cooperation with Dutch health insurance company VGZ, using data from the PADI trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the PADI trial, adults with CLI (Rutherford category ≥ 4) and infrapopliteal lesions were randomized to receive DES with paclitaxel or PTA ± BMS. Seventy-four limbs (73 patients) were treated with DES and 66 limbs (64 patients) with PTA ± BMS. The costs were calculated by using the mean costs per stent multiplied by the mean number of stents used per patient (€750 × 1.8 for DES vs €250 × 0.3 for PTA ± BMS). These costs were compared with the costs of major amputation (€16.000) and rehabilitation (first year €15.750, second year €7.375 and third year €3.600). RESULTS The 5-year major amputation rate was lower in the DES group (19.3% vs 34.0% for PTA ± BMS; p = 0.091). In addition, the 5-year amputation-free survival and event-free survival were significantly higher in the DES group (31.8% vs 20.4%, p=0.043; and 26.2% vs 15.3%, p=0.041, respectively). After 1 year, the cost difference per patient between DES and PTA ± BMS is €1.679 in favor of DES and €2.694 after 3 years. CONCLUSION In our analysis, DES are cost-effective due to the higher hospital costs of amputation and rehabilitation in the PTA ± BMS group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1b, analysis based on clinically sensible costs and randomized controlled trial.
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Wijnand JGJ, van Koeverden ID, Teraa M, Spreen MI, Mali WPTM, van Overhagen H, Pasterkamp G, de Borst GJ, Conte MS, Gremmels H, Verhaar MC. Validation of randomized controlled trial-derived models for the prediction of postintervention outcomes in chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2019; 71:869-879. [PMID: 31564582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease and has a large impact on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Interventions are aimed at improving tissue perfusion and averting amputation and secondary cardiovascular complications with an optimal risk-benefit ratio. Several prediction models regarding postprocedural outcomes in CLTI patients have been developed on the basis of randomized controlled trials to improve clinical decision-making. We aimed to determine model performance in predicting clinical outcomes in selected CLTI cohorts. METHODS This study validated the Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL), Finland National Vascular registry (FINNVASC), and Prevention of Infrainguinal Vein Graft Failure (PREVENT III) models in data sets from a peripheral artery disease registry study (Athero-Express) and two randomized controlled trials of CLTI in The Netherlands, Rejuvenating Endothelial Progenitor Cells via Transcutaneous Intra-arterial Supplementation (JUVENTAS) and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Drug-eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Critical Limb Ischemia (PADI). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate their predictive capacity. The primary outcome was amputation-free survival (AFS); secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and amputation at 12 months after intervention. RESULTS The BASIL and PREVENT III models showed predictive values regarding postintervention mortality in the JUVENTAS cohort with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 81% and 70%, respectively. Prediction of AFS was poor to fair (AUC, 0.60-0.71) for all models in each population, with the highest predictive value of 71% for the BASIL model in the JUVENTAS population. The FINNVASC model showed the highest predictive value regarding amputation risk in the PADI population with AUC of 78% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS In general, all models performed poor to fair in predicting mortality and amputation. Because the BASIL model performed best in predicting AFS, we propose use of the BASIL model to aid in the clinical decision-making process in CLTI. However, improvements in performance have to be made for any of these models to be of real additional value in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep G J Wijnand
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian D van Koeverden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Teraa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlon I Spreen
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P T M Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Overhagen
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Conte
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Huntress LA, Fereydooni A, Dardik A, Nassiri N. Endovascular Revascularization Incorporating Infrapopliteal Coronary Drug-Eluting Stents Improves Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia and Tissue Loss. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 63:234-240. [PMID: 31563654 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical limb ischemia (CLI) involving infrapopliteal arterial atherosclerosis and tissue loss remains a formidable clinical scenario with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite level IA evidence, tibial revascularization with coronary drug-eluting stents (DES) remains a seldom-used technique in the United States due, in part, to lack of a Food and Drug Administration-approved indication and dedicated stent technology for infrapopliteal application. Furthermore, follow-up data beyond 1 year remain scarce, and further evidence for improvement in clinical outcomes using this technique is needed. Herein, we present our multi-institutional experience with endovascular revascularization of patients with CLI and tissue loss using coronary DES for infrapopliteal lesions of appropriate dimensions and the Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) score as supportive evidence for improvement in clinical outcomes. METHODS In this retrospective study, 40 sequential tibial revascularization procedures performed in 32 patients with CLI were reviewed. Outcomes including changes in WIfI scores, patency rates, freedom from major amputation, target lesion recurrence, and all-cause mortality were analyzed. Average follow-up duration was 19.3 months (interquartile range: 7-27.1 months). RESULTS Freedom from major amputation was 88.6%. One-year primary patency was 90.3%. Mean ankle-brachial indices increased after revascularization (0.57 ± 0.26 to 0.97 ± 0.26; P = 0.03). All components of the WIfI score significantly improved after revascularization (W: 1.9 to 1.1, P = 0.03; I: 2.0 to 0.6, P = 0.001; and fI: 1.5 to 0.8, P = 0.01). WIfI risk of major amputation score before revascularization was 3.58 ± 0.75 (high risk), which was reduced to 2.04 ± 1.31 (low risk; P < 0.001). One-year survival rate was 90.6%. CONCLUSIONS Coronary DES continue to demonstrate promising primary patency and limb salvage rates in appropriately selected patients undergoing multilevel endovascular revascularization for CLI and tissue loss. In addition to its value as a predictor for major amputation and revascularization benefit, the WIfI score can also serve as a multicomponent tool for objective assessment of outcomes after revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Huntress
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Arash Fereydooni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alan Dardik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Naiem Nassiri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.
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Han D, Kang SH, Kim SH, Yoon CH, Chae IH. Comparison of patency between two different peripheral self-expandable stents, absolute Pro® versus complete SE® in femoropopliteal occlusive disease. INT ANGIOL 2019; 38:305-311. [PMID: 31345007 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.19.04102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-expandable stents, Absolute Pro® (ABS) and Complete SE® (COM), demonstrated safety and efficacy in previous studies. We aimed to determine which stent is more effective for the endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease. METHODS We enrolled patients who underwent endovascular intervention from 2010 to 2015 in our hospital. The primary endpoint was clinical primary patency, which is a composite of freedom from restenosis or clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). RESULTS A total of 197 patients and 210 limbs were analyzed, with 96 limbs of 88 patients assigned to the ABS group and 114 limbs of 109 patients assigned to the COM group. Baseline and lesion characteristics were similar between the two groups. The number of stents per limbs were 1.28±0.55 and 1.29±0.51 in the ABS and COM groups, respectively (P=0.92). The postprocedure ankle-brachial index was significantly improved in both groups compared with the preprocedural one (P<0.01), but there were no differences between the both groups at 6, 12, and 24 months after the index procedure. There were no significant differences in clinical primary patency rate (68.7% in ABS vs. 66.7% in COM, P=0.68) and TLR (9.4% in ABS vs. 14.0% in COM, P=0.41) between the two groups. There was no interaction of the clinical primary patency rate of the two stents and the patients' characteristics or lesion characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective single-center study, ABS and COM showed no difference in clinical efficacy. Both stents can be effectively used for the endovascular intervention of femoropopliteal artery disease when it is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si-Hyuck Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Bundang Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Bundang Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Bundang Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Korea -
| | - In-Ho Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Bundang Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Korea
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Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, White JV, Dick F, Fitridge R, Mills JL, Ricco JB, Suresh KR, Murad MH, Aboyans V, Aksoy M, Alexandrescu VA, Armstrong D, Azuma N, Belch J, Bergoeing M, Bjorck M, Chakfé N, Cheng S, Dawson J, Debus ES, Dueck A, Duval S, Eckstein HH, Ferraresi R, Gambhir R, Gargiulo M, Geraghty P, Goode S, Gray B, Guo W, Gupta PC, Hinchliffe R, Jetty P, Komori K, Lavery L, Liang W, Lookstein R, Menard M, Misra S, Miyata T, Moneta G, Munoa Prado JA, Munoz A, Paolini JE, Patel M, Pomposelli F, Powell R, Robless P, Rogers L, Schanzer A, Schneider P, Taylor S, De Ceniga MV, Veller M, Vermassen F, Wang J, Wang S. Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019; 58:S1-S109.e33. [PMID: 31182334 PMCID: PMC8369495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GUIDELINE SUMMARY Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew W Bradbury
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Kolh
- Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - John V White
- Department of Surgery, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Niles, IL, USA
| | - Florian Dick
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Fitridge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The University of Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph L Mills
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ricco
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospitalof Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren, University Hospital, France
| | - Murat Aksoy
- Department of Vascular Surgery American, Hospital, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Jill Belch
- Ninewells Hospital University of Dundee, UK
| | - Michel Bergoeing
- Escuela de Medicina Pontificia Universidad, Catolica de Chile, Chile
| | - Martin Bjorck
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joseph Dawson
- Royal Adelaide Hospital & University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eike S Debus
- University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Andrew Dueck
- Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health, Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Duval
- Cardiovascular Division, University of, Minnesota Medical School, USA
| | | | - Roberto Ferraresi
- Interventional Cardiovascular Unit, Cardiology Department, Istituto Clinico, Città Studi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Gargiulo
- Diagnostica e Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Wei Guo
- 301 General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Prasad Jetty
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Wei Liang
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Robert Lookstein
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan E Paolini
- Sanatorio Dr Julio Mendez, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manesh Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Health System, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lee Rogers
- Amputation Prevention Centers of America, USA
| | | | - Peter Schneider
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital Honolulu and Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, USA
| | - Spence Taylor
- Greenville Health Center/USC School of Medicine Greenville, USA
| | | | - Martin Veller
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jinsong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, White JV, Dick F, Fitridge R, Mills JL, Ricco JB, Suresh KR, Murad MH. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2019; 69:3S-125S.e40. [PMID: 31159978 PMCID: PMC8365864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Andrew W Bradbury
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Kolh
- Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - John V White
- Department of Surgery, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Niles, Ill
| | - Florian Dick
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Robert Fitridge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The University of Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Joseph L Mills
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ricco
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospitalof Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, Minn
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Lindquist J, Schramm K. Drug-Eluting Balloons and Drug-Eluting Stents in the Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease. Semin Intervent Radiol 2019; 35:443-452. [PMID: 30728660 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The endovascular treatment of PAD has seen a marked rise as minimally invasive techniques and devices have been refined. Two newer devices, drug-eluting stents and drug-eluting balloons, are on the forefront of the battle against limb loss from PAD. This review focuses on the data backing the use of drug-eluting technologies for use in the peripheral arterial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lindquist
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristofer Schramm
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Armstrong EJ, Alam S, Henao S, Lee AC, DeRubertis BG, Montero-Baker M, Mena C, Cua B, Palena LM, Kovach R, Chandra V, AlMahameed A, Walker CM. Multidisciplinary Care for Critical Limb Ischemia: Current Gaps and Opportunities for Improvement. J Endovasc Ther 2019; 26:199-212. [DOI: 10.1177/1526602819826593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI), defined as ischemic rest pain or nonhealing ulceration due to arterial insufficiency, represents the most severe and limb-threatening manifestation of peripheral artery disease. A major challenge in the optimal treatment of CLI is that multiple specialties participate in the care of this complex patient population. As a result, the care of patients with CLI is often fragmented, and multidisciplinary societal guidelines have not focused specifically on the care of patients with CLI. Furthermore, multidisciplinary care has the potential to improve patient outcomes, as no single medical specialty addresses all the facets of care necessary to reduce cardiovascular and limb-related morbidity in this complex patient population. This review identifies current gaps in the multidisciplinary care of patients with CLI, with a goal toward increasing disease recognition and timely referral, defining important components of CLI treatment teams, establishing options for revascularization strategies, and identifying best practices for wound care post-revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehrin J. Armstrong
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado and Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Syed Alam
- Advanced Cardiac and Vascular Centers, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Steve Henao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, New Mexico Heart Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Arthur C. Lee
- The Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian G. DeRubertis
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlos Mena
- Division of Cardiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Venita Chandra
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Varcoe RL, Paravastu SC, Thomas SD, Bennett MH. The use of drug-eluting stents in infrapopliteal arteries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. INT ANGIOL 2019; 38:121-135. [PMID: 30650949 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.19.04049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endovascular treatment below-the-knee is safe and effective but limited by poor patency. Coronary drug-eluting stents (DES) may play a role in providing mechanical scaffolding and deliver anti-proliferative drug to the site of vascular barotrauma to reduce the incidence of restenosis. Our aim was to evaluate and compare the use of contemporary DES with standard endovascular-therapies for atherosclerotic disease of infrapopliteal arteries. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing DES with conventional treatment for symptomatic peripheral artery disease (search date 30 August 2017). The primary endpoint was primary patency. Secondary endpoints were freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR), major amputation, sustained Rutherford class improvement and mortality. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We identified 7 trials enrolling 801 randomly assigned patients (392 DES, 409 control). At the median follow-up of 12-months DES improved rates of primary patency (OR 3.49, 95%CI 2.38-5.12, I2=0%, P<0.00001), freedom from TLR (OR 2.19, 95%CI 1.30-3.69, I2=38%, P=0.003), major amputation (OR 0.56, 95%CI 0.31-0.99, I2=0%, P=0.049), and Rutherford class improvement (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.01-2.59, I2=65%, P=0.046), but not mortality (OR 1.05, 95%CI 0.68-1.62; I2 =0%, P=0.91) compared to control. Subgroup analysis of primary patency favoured DES coated in sirolimus analogues compared to paclitaxel (Test for subgroup differences, Chi2=6.51, df=1, P=0.01, I2=84.6%). CONCLUSIONS At midterm follow-up DES significantly improved rates of primary patency, re-intervention, Rutherford class improvement and major amputation for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease of infrapopliteal arteries compared to control therapy, with no effect on patient survival. Stents coated in sirolimus analogues were more effective than paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L Varcoe
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia - .,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia - .,The Vascular Institute, Prince of Wales, Sydney, Australia -
| | - Sharath C Paravastu
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Shannon D Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Vascular Institute, Prince of Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael H Bennett
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anesthesia, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Hsu CC, Kwan GNC, Singh D, Rophael JA, Anthony C, van Driel ML. Angioplasty versus stenting for infrapopliteal arterial lesions in chronic limb-threatening ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD009195. [PMID: 30536919 PMCID: PMC6517022 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009195.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) is a manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) that includes chronic ischaemic rest pain or ischaemic skin lesions, ulcers, or gangrene for longer than two weeks. The severity of the disease depends on the extent of arterial stenosis and the availability of collateral circulation. Treatment for CLTI aims to relieve ischaemic pain, heal ischaemic ulcers, prevent limb loss, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. CLTI due to occlusive disease in the infrapopliteal arterial circulation (below-knee circulation) can be treated via an endovascular technique by a balloon opening the narrowed vessel, so called angioplasty, with or without the additional deployment of a scaffold made of metal alloy or other material, so called stenting. Endovascular interventions in the infrapopliteal vasculature may improve symptoms in patients with CLTI by re-establishing in-line blood flow to the foot. Controversy remains as to whether a balloon should be used alone to open the vessel, or whether a stent should also be deployed. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone versus PTA with stenting of infrapopliteal arterial lesions (anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, fibular artery (formerly known as peroneal artery), and common tibioperoneal trunk) for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI). SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and AMED databases, as well as World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 25 June 2018. We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing PTA versus PTA with a stent and including patients aged 18 years or over with CLTI. We defined CLTI as Fontaine stage III (ischaemic rest pain) and IV (ischaemic ulcers or gangrene) or consistent with Rutherford category 4 (ischaemic rest pain), 5 (minor tissue loss), and 6 (major tissue loss), with stenotic (> 50% luminal loss) or occluded infrapopliteal artery, including tibiofibular trunk, anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, and fibular artery. We included all types of stents irrespective of design (e.g. bare-metal, drug-eluting, bio-absorbable). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors (CC-TH and GNCK) independently selected suitable trials, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. An additional third review author (MLvD) assessed trial quality and, when necessary, acted as arbiter for study selection and data extraction. Outcomes included technical success of the procedure, procedural complications, patency, major amputation, and mortality. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included in the review seven trials with 542 participants. One trial randomised limbs to undergo PTA alone or PTA with stent placement, and the remaining studies randomised participants. Five trials with 476 participants show that the technical success rate was greater in the stent group than in the angioplasty group (odds ratio (OR) 3.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 7.93; 476 lesions; 5 studies; I² = 23%). Meta-analysis of three eligible trials with 456 participants did not show a clear difference in short-term (within six months) patency between infrapopliteal arterial lesions treated with PTA and those treated with PTA and stenting (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.11; 456 lesions; 3 studies; I² = 77%). Results also did not show clear differences between treatment groups in procedure complication rate (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.01 to 53.60; 360 participants; 5 studies; I² = 85%), rate of major amputations at 12 months (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.56 to 3.22; 306 participants; 4 studies; I² = 0%), and rate of mortality at 12 months (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.17; 497 participants; 6 studies; I² = 0%). Heterogeneity between studies was high for the outcomes procedure complications and primary patency. The overall methodological quality of the trials included in this review was moderate due to selection and performance bias. Studies used different regimens for pretreatment and post-treatment antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication. We downgraded the certainty of the overall evidence for all outcomes by one level to moderate due to inconsistency of results across studies and large confidence intervals (small numbers of trials and participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Trials show that the immediate technical success rate of restoring luminal patency is higher in the stent group but reveal no clear differences in short-term patency at six months between infrapopliteal arterial lesions treated with PTA with stenting versus those treated with PTA without stenting. We ascertained no clear differences between groups in periprocedural complications, major amputation, and mortality. However, use of different regimens for pretreatment and post-treatment antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication and the duration of its use within and between trials may have influenced the outcomes. Limited currently available data suggest that high-quality evidence is insufficient to show that PTA with stent insertion is superior to use of standard PTA alone without stenting for treatment of infrapopliteal arterial lesions. Further studies should standardise the use of antiplatelets/anticoagulants before and after the intervention to improve the comparability of the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie C‐T Hsu
- Gold Coast University HospitalDepartment of Medical Imaging1 Hospital BlvdSouthportQueenslandAustralia4215
| | - Gigi NC Kwan
- Gold Coast University HospitalDepartment of Medical Imaging1 Hospital BlvdSouthportQueenslandAustralia4215
| | - Dalveer Singh
- Qscan Radiology ClinicsSouthportAustralia
- The University of QueenslandFaculty of MedicineBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - John A Rophael
- University of MelbourneDepartment of Surgery ‐ St Vincent's Hospital41 Victoria ParadeFitzroyVictoriaAustralia3065
| | - Chris Anthony
- St Vincent's Hospital390 Victoria StreetDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia2010
| | - Mieke L van Driel
- The University of QueenslandPrimary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of MedicineBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4029
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Varcoe RL, Thomas SD, Lennox AF. Three-Year Results of the Absorb Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold in Infrapopliteal Arteries. J Endovasc Ther 2018; 25:694-701. [DOI: 10.1177/1526602818799736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the midterm performance of the everolimus-eluting Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) for the treatment of symptomatic infrapopliteal atherosclerotic disease. Methods: A single-center study prospectively enrolled 48 symptomatic patients (mean age 82.1±8.0 years; 27 men) between September 2013 and February 2018 to evaluate the Absorb everolimus-eluting BVS system in distal popliteal and tibial lesions. Mean lesion length was 20.1±10.8 mm. Following predilation, up to 2 BVS were implanted in target lesions in 55 limbs. Clinical and duplex ultrasound follow-up was performed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months to determine 30-day morbidity and midterm Kaplan-Meier estimates of binary restenosis, clinically-driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR), amputation, and mortality. Results: Seventy-one scaffolds were implanted to treat 61 lesions. Technical success was achieved in all patients, with no amputation, death, or target limb bypass surgery within 30 days of the index procedure. There was 1 early thrombotic occlusion of 2 BVS in a previously anticoagulated patient not given antiplatelet medication after the procedure. During a mean follow-up of 24.0±15.3 months, 11 (23%) patients died; the remaining 37 were available for follow-up. Binary restenosis (50%–75%) was detected in 6 (8%) scaffolds. Primary patency estimates at 12, 24, and 36 months were 92.2%, 90.3%, and 81.1%; freedom from CD-TLR estimates were 97.2%, 97.2%, and 87.3% at the same time points. No late scaffold thrombosis has been observed. The majority of the 55 limbs (51, 93%) were clinically improved; 4 (7%) were unchanged. Thirty-six (92%) of 39 limbs treated for tissue loss achieved complete wound healing, with no major amputation (limb salvage 100%). Conclusion: Midterm follow-up demonstrates excellent safety, patency, and freedom from CD-TLR rates using the Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold below the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L. Varcoe
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Vascular Institute, Prince of Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shannon D. Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Vascular Institute, Prince of Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew F. Lennox
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Vascular Institute, Prince of Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abdullah O, Omran J, Enezate T, Mahmud E, Shammas N, Mustapha J, Saab F, Abu-fadel M, Ghadban R, Alpert M, Al-Dadah A. Percutaneous angioplasty versus atherectomy for treatment of symptomatic infra-popliteal arterial disease. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2018; 19:423-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Spreen MI, Gremmels H, Teraa M, Sprengers RW, Martens JM, Verhaar MC, Wever JJ, de Borst GJ, Vos JA, Mali WP, van Overhagen H. High and immeasurable ankle-brachial index as predictor of poor amputation-free survival in critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2018; 67:1864-1871.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Endovascular intervention is a mainstay treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in addition to aggressive risk factor modification and exercise programs in patients with favorable anatomy or in those who are considered too high risk for surgical intervention. Treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and bare metal stents (BMS) has been limited by high rates of in-stent restenosis (ISR) requiring repeat revascularization. Drug-eluting stents (DES), developed and designed to reduce ISR, offer a promising solution to the current challenges in endovascular management of PAD. Several randomized clinical trials have shown improved short- and mid-term outcomes with DES as compared with both PTA and BMS. Herein we provide an up-to-date review of the current literature on DES use in PAD.
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