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Zhang N, Nao J, Zhang S, Dong X. Novel insights into the activating transcription factor 4 in Alzheimer's disease and associated aging-related diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024:101144. [PMID: 38797197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ageing is inherent to all human beings, most mechanistic explanations of ageing results from the combined effects of various physiological and pathological processes. Additionally, aging pivotally contributes to several chronic diseases. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding protein family, has recently emerged as a pivotal player owing to its indispensable role in the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease and aging-related diseases. Moreover, ATF4 is integral to numerous biological processes. Therefore, this article aims to comprehensively review relevant research on the role of ATF4 in the onset and progression of aging-related diseases, elucidating its potential mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Our objective is to furnish scientific evidence for the early identification of risk factors in aging-related diseases and pave the way for new research directions for their treatment. By elucidating the signaling pathway network of ATF4 in aging-related diseases, we aspire to gain a profound understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms, offering novel strategies for addressing aging and developing related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Seventh Clinical College of China Medical University, No. 24 Central Street, Xinfu District, Fushun 113000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Wu T, Jiang Y, Shi W, Wang Y, Li T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel targeted approach to repair bone defects by regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:480. [PMID: 37464413 PMCID: PMC10353205 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration therapy is clinically important, and targeted regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is important in regenerative medicine. The processing of proteins in the ER controls cell fate. The accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins occurs in pathological states, triggering ER stress. ER stress restores homeostasis through three main mechanisms, including protein kinase-R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1ɑ (IRE1ɑ) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the UPR has both adaptive and apoptotic effects. Modulation of ER stress has therapeutic potential for numerous diseases. Repair of bone defects involves both angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Here, we review the effects of ER stress on osteogenesis and angiogenesis, with emphasis on ER stress under high glucose (HG) and inflammatory conditions, and the use of ER stress inducers or inhibitors to regulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, we highlight the ability for exosomes to regulate ER stress. Recent advances in the regulation of ER stress mediated osteogenesis and angiogenesis suggest novel therapeutic options for bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weipeng Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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4
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Sheu ML, Pan LY, Yang CN, Sheehan J, Pan LY, You WC, Wang CC, Pan HC. Thrombin-Induced Microglia Activation Modulated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11416. [PMID: 37511175 PMCID: PMC10380349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protein which is closely related to neurodegenerative disorders. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well expressed in microglia cells involving inflammatory disorders of the brain. However, it remains unclear as to how modulation of AhR expression by thrombin is related to the development of neurodegeneration disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of AhR in the development of thrombin-induced neurodegenerative processes, especially those concerning microglia. The primary culture of either wild type or AhR deleted microglia, as well as BV-2 cell lines, was used for an in vitro study. Hippocampal slice culture and animals with either wild type or with AhR deleted were used for the ex vivo and in vivo studies. Simulations of ligand protein docking showed a strong integration between the thrombin and AhR. In thrombin-triggered microglia cells, deleting AhR escalated both the NO release and iNOS expression. Such effects were abolished by the administration of the AhR agonist. In thrombin-activated microglia cells, downregulating AhR increased the following: vascular permeability, pro-inflammatory genetic expression, MMP-9 activity, and the ratio of M1/M2 phenotype. In the in vivo study, thrombin induced the activation of microglia and their volume, thereby contributing to the deterioration of neurobehavior. Deleting AhR furthermore aggravated the response in terms of impaired neurobehavior, increasing brain edema, aggregating microglia, and increasing neuronal death. In conclusion, thrombin caused the activation of microglia through increased vessel permeability, expression of inflammatory response, and phenotype of M1 microglia, as well the MMP activity. Deleting AhR augmented the above detrimental effects. These findings indicate that the modulation of AhR is essential for the regulation of thrombin-induced brain damages and that the AhR agonist may harbor the potentially therapeutic effect in thrombin-induced neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ning Yang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Liang-Yu Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Weir-Chiang You
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chia Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40210, Taiwan
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5
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Heydari N, Sharifi R, Nourbakhsh M, Golpour P, Nourbakhsh M. Long non-coding RNAs TUG1 and MEG3 in patients with type 2 diabetes and their association with endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02007-5. [PMID: 36662419 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), and maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) play a regulatory role in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of these lncRNAs in patients with type 2 diabetes and their association with biochemical and ER stress parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants included 57 patients with diabetes and 32 healthy individuals. Real-time PCR was performed to assess MALAT1, TUG1, MEG3, ATF4, and CHOP gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Plasma GRP78, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and insulin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS The expression of TUG1, MEG3, ATF4, and CHOP genes was significantly increased in the patients with diabetes compared to healthy individuals. MALAT1 gene expression was also higher in patients group; although it did not reach significant levels. TUG1 and MEG3 expression revealed significant positive correlations with the indices of glycemic control, including FBS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and AGEs, as well as markers of ER stress. MALAT1 expression was also positively correlated with ATF4 and AGEs. CONCLUSION The expression levels of TUG1 and MEG3 lncRNAs were increased in patients with diabetes and were associated with glycemic control and components of ER stress. Thus, these lncRNAs might be considered appropriate markers to identify ER stress due to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Heydari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - R Sharifi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
| | - M Nourbakhsh
- Hazrat Aliasghar Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Golpour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - M Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
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Liu CQ, Liu XY, Ouyang PW, Liu Q, Huang XM, Xiao F, Cui YH, Zhou Q, Pan HW. Ferrostatin-1 attenuates pathological angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy via inhibition of ferroptosis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109347. [PMID: 36502924 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vision-threatening ocular disease that occurs in premature infants, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Since oxidative stress has been well documented in the ROP development, we aimed to investigate whether ferroptosis, a new type of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron overload, is also involved in ROP. We detected the lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and the expression of ferroptosis markers in the retina of mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. After ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1, was administered by intravitreal injection, ferroptosis marker, lipid peroxidation, retinal vasculature and glial cell activation were examined. We found decreased expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, increased expression of FTH1 and TFRC, as well as increase of lipid peroxidation in the retina of OIR mice. Ferrostatin-1 administration significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, and also reversed the change of ferroptosis marker. Neovascular area and avascular area were suppressed and the pathological vasculature changes including acellular vessels and ghost pericytes were decreased. Microglial cell and Müller cell activation was not evidently influenced by ferrostatin-1 treatment. Our findings suggest that ferroptosis is involved in the pathological angiogenesis and might be a promising target for ROP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Wen Ouyang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Modulation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Expression Alleviated Neuropathic Pain in a Chronic Constriction Nerve Injury Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911255. [PMID: 36232555 PMCID: PMC9570158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is well known to occur after damage to the somatosensory system. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has neuroprotective effects when the central nervous system is subjected to internal and external stimulations. However, the exact mechanism by which AhR regulates neuropathic pain is poorly understood. Nerve explant culture and the chronic constrictive nerve injury (CCI) model in wild or AhR-knockout mice were used in this study. In the nerve explant culture, the ovoid number increased in the AhR−/− condition and was decreased by omeprazole (AhR agonist) in a dose-dependent manner. Increased nerve degeneration and the associated inflammation response appeared in the AhR−/− condition, and these changes were attenuated by omeprazole. High expression of AhR in the injured nerve was noted after CCI. Deletion of AhR aggravated nerve damages and this was restored by omeprazole. Deletion of AhR increased NGF expression and reduced axon number in the paw skin, but this was attenuated by omeprazole. A highly expressed inflammation reaction over the dorsal spinal cord, somatosensory cortex, and hippocampus was noted in the AhR-deleted animals. Administration of omeprazole attenuated not only the inflammatory response, but also the amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential. Deletion of AhR further aggravated the neurobehavior compared with the wild type, but such behavior was attenuated by omeprazole. Chronic constrictive nerve injury augmented AhR expression of the injured nerve, and AhR deletion worsened the damage, while AhR agonist omeprazole counteracted such changes. AhR agonists could be potential candidates for neuropathic pain treatment.
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Lee WJ, Lin KH, Wang JS, Sheu WHH, Shen CC, Yang CN, Wu SM, Shen LW, Lee SH, Lai DW, Lan KL, Tung CW, Liu SH, Sheu ML. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency augments dysregulated microangiogenesis and diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113725. [PMID: 36152407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a pathophysiologic vasculopathic process with obscure mechanisms and limited effective therapeutic strategies. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important regulator of xenobiotic metabolism and an environmental sensor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of AhR in the development of DR and elucidate the molecular mechanism of its downregulation. DR was evaluated in diabetes-induced retinal injury in wild type and AhR knockout (AhR-/-) mice. Retinal expression of AhR was determined in human donor and mice eyes by immunofluorescence since AhR activity was examined in diabetes. AhR knockout (AhRKO) mice were used to induce diabetes with streptozotocin, high-fat diet, or genetic double knockout with diabetes spontaneous mutation (Leprdb) (DKO; AhR-/-×Leprdb/db) for investigating structural, functional, and metabolic abnormalities in vascular and epithelial retina. Structural molecular docking simulation was used to survey the pharmacologic AhR agonists targeting phosphorylated AhR (Tyr245). Compared to diabetic control mice, diabetic AhRKO mice had aggravated alterations in retinal vasculature that amplified hallmark features of DR like vasopermeability, vascular leakage, inflammation, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, capillary degeneration, and neovascularization. AhR agonists effectively inhibited inflammasome formation and promoted AhR activity in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pigment epithelial cells. AhR activity and protein expression was downregulated, resulting in a decrease in DNA promoter binding site of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) by gene regulation in transcriptional cascade. This was reversed by AhR agonists. Our study identified a novel of DR model that target the protective AhR/PEDF axis can potentially maintain retinal vascular homeostasis, providing opportunities to delay the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sing Wang
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ning Yang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Mao Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Lai
- Experimental Animal Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Li Lan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Ren J, Zhang S, Pan Y, Jin M, Li J, Luo Y, Sun X, Li G. Diabetic retinopathy: Involved cells, biomarkers, and treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953691. [PMID: 36016568 PMCID: PMC9396039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least nine kinds of retinal cells, including photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, glial cells (Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia), endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Its mechanism is complicated and involves loss of cells, inflammatory factor production, neovascularization, and BRB impairment. However, the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Drug treatment for DR has been gradually advancing recently. Research on potential drug targets relies upon clear information on pathogenesis and effective biomarkers. Therefore, we reviewed the recent literature on the cellular pathology and the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of DR in terms of blood, protein, and clinical and preclinical drug therapy (including synthesized molecules and natural molecules). This review may provide a theoretical basis for further DR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
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10
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Chen J, Sun Y, Chen L, Zhou Y. NADH-Cytochrome B5 reductase 2 suppresses retinal vascular dysfunction through regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109186. [PMID: 35820466 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive vascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is related to retinal vascular abnormalities. NADH-Cytochrome B5 Reductase 2 (CBR2) has been implicated in angiogenesis, but the effect of CBR2 on angiogenesis and endothelial cell biological behavior in DR remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of CBR2 on retinal vascular dysfunction under diabetic conditions. The histological analyses were performed to explore the effect of CBR2 on pathological change in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat retinas. The effect of CBR2 on endothelial cell function was explored by CCK-8, scratch wound, transwell, tube formation, and immunofluorescence assays in high glucose (HG)-stimulated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). CBR2 expression was significantly downregulated in DM rat retinas and HG-stimulated HRMECs. Intravitreal injection of CBR2-expressing lentivirus under diabetic conditions reduced retinal angiogenesis, acellular capillary formation, and pericyte loss, along with decreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in vivo. Moreover, CBR2 overexpression inhibited cell growth and tube formation and led to decreased expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA in HG-induced HRMECs. Interestingly, the repressive effects of CBR2 on cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation under HG conditions were strongly reversed when VEGFA was overexpressed. Overall, the key findings of our study suggested that CBR2 might alleviate retinal vascular dysfunction and abnormal endothelial proliferation during the process of DR by regulating VEGFA, providing a piece of potent evidence for DR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yizhou Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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11
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Wu K, Zhou K, Zhao M, Xiang L, Mei T, Xu W, Shang B, Liu X, Lai Y, Lin M, Luo J, Zhao L. TCF7L2 promotes ER stress signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 221:109142. [PMID: 35691375 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common blindness in working-age adults. Transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) is a susceptibility gene of DR, however, its roles in the pathogenesis of DR are still largely unknown. In this study, we found that TCF7L2 was mainly located in the cell nucleus of retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL), while it was not expressed in the cell nucleus of retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL). Expression of TCF7L2 was significantly elevated in the retinas of db/db diabetic mice and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mice. Also, in Ad-hTCF7L2 treated hiPSCs-derived retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)-related endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling was remarkably activated. Moreover, knockdown of TCF7L2 significantly inhibited ATF6-related ER stress signaling. Furthermore, the data of endothelial permeability assay showed that RPCs pretreated with Ad-hTCF7L2 lead to enhanced monolayer permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and knockdown of TCF7L2 or ATF6 in RPCs could alleviate the monolayer permeability of HUVECs. Thus, our results showed that TCF7L2 could trigger ATF6-related ER stress signaling and promote vein endothelial cell permeability, which will provide important insight into the role of TCF7L2 in the pathogenesis of DR and contribute to designing potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kesi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingfang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bizhi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingkai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Liu SC, Sheu ML, Tsai YC, Lin YC, Chang CW, Lai DW. Attenuation of in vitro and in vivo melanin synthesis using a Chinese herbal medicine through the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153876. [PMID: 34923233 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In traditional Chinese medicine, the skin reflects the health of body organs. A skin whitening agent, named seven whitening creams (also called Chi-Bai-San), has been used since ancient times in China. Chi-Bai-San reduces melanin and helps to reduce wrinkles. PURPOSE We aimed to determine the skin-whitening ability and safe dose of the seven compounds in Chi-Bai-San. STUDY DESIGN A common use for Chinese medicine is decocted in water. To mimic the function of Chi-Bai-San apply in clinical, we boiled all seven compound in water, respectively. These single recipe extractions and a mixture of these seven items were used in zebrafish embryo and B16F10 melanoma cell to identify the anti-melanogenesis function. METHODS Chi-Bai-San comprises Bai-Lian (Ampelopsis japonica), Bai-Ji (Bletilla striata), Bai-Zhi (Angelica dahurica), Bai-Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala), Bai-Shau (Paeonia lactiflora), Fu-Ling (Wolfiporia cocos), and Jen-Ju-Fen (Pearl powder). All components were extracted by heating in distilled water. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation. The extracted components were introduced into zebrafish embryos at different doses to determine the safe dose. B16F10 melanoma cells were treated with the final dose of each component and the component mixture. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity were assessed in zebrafish and B16F10 cells. Chi-Bai-San and its components were exposed to α MSH-induced B16F10 cells, and detected for mechanism of anti-melanogenesis pathway. RESULTS Most compounds were not toxic at a low dose (0.1 mg/ml), except A. macrocephala, which resulted in a survival rate of only 30% at 72 hpf. The final dose of A. dahurica, P. lactiflora, W. cocos, and pearl was 1 mg/ml; that of A. japonica was 0.5 mg/ml; and that of A. macrocephala and B. striata was 0.1 mg/ml. Chi-Bai-San markedly decreased melanin content 37.47% in zebrafish embryos. Further, Chi-Bai-San abolished tyrosinase activity and MITF-mediated tyrosinase expression by down regulating the upstream transcription factors ZEB2, β-catenin, and CREB2 in α MSH-induced B16F10 cells. Additionally, Chi-Bai-San might reduce melanosome secretion from melanocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that safety and efficacy of heat-extracted Chi-Bai-San, which can reduce αMSH-induced melanin production by inhibiting the key role of melogenic-related transcription factor and promote the synergic effect of seven types of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tsai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, College of Biotechnology & Bioresources, Da-Yeh University
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management
| | - De-Wei Lai
- Experimental Animal Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
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Sun X, Chen C, Liu H, Tang S. High glucose induces HSP47 expression and promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors through the IRE1α/XBP1/HIF-1α pathway in retinal Müller cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1411. [PMID: 34676004 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of blindness globally. Müller cells are key players in diabetes-associated retinal inflammation and dysfunction. However, the pathological changes of Müller cells in response to high glucose (HG) and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the key role of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) in HG-induced unfolded protein and inflammatory responses. Primary mouse Müller cells were starved in serum-free DMEM overnight and then treated with HG (30 mM) for 0, 6, 12 or 24 h. It was observed that HG (30 mM) significantly induced the protein expression of HSP47, inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase and endonuclease-1α (IRE1α) and spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s) in primary mouse Müller cells compared with the untreated group. In addition, the immunoprecipitation results revealed that HSP47 directly interacted with IRE1α, and this interaction was significantly enhanced by HG exposure for 12 or 24 h compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of HSP47 significantly suppressed HG-induced activation of the IRE1α/XBP1s/hypoxia inducible factor-1 subunit α (HIF-1α) pathway and upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor subunit B, inducible nitric oxide synthase and angiopoietin-2 in Müller cells. Furthermore, overexpression of IRE1α or HIF-1α partially attenuated HSP47-siRNA-mediated inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression in Müller cells. Collectively, these results indicated that HG may induce HSP47 expression and promote the inflammatory response through enhancing the interaction between HSP47 and IRE1α, and activating the IRE1α/XBP1s/HIF-1α pathway in retinal Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shaowen Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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14
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Nanou A, Bourbouli M, Vetrano S, Schaeper U, Ley S, Kollias G. Endothelial Tpl2 regulates vascular barrier function via JNK-mediated degradation of claudin-5 promoting neuroinflammation or tumor metastasis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109168. [PMID: 34038728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability and leakage are hallmarks of several pathologies and determine disease progression and severity by facilitating inflammatory/metastatic cell infiltration. Using tissue-specific genetic ablation in endothelial cells, we have investigated in vivo the role of Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) member with pleiotropic effects in inflammation and cancer. In response to proinflammatory stimuli, endothelial Tpl2 deletion alters tight junction claudin-5 protein expression through inhibition of JNK signaling and lysosomal degradation activation, resulting in reduced vascular permeability and immune cell infiltration. This results in significantly attenuated disease scores in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and fewer tumor nodules in a hematogenic lung cancer metastasis model. Accordingly, pharmacologic inhibition of Tpl2 or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Tpl2 knockdown recapitulates our findings and reduces lung metastatic tumor invasions. These results establish an endothelial-specific role for Tpl2 and highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking the endothelial-specific Tpl2 pathway in chronic inflammatory and metastatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nanou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Science Research Center (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Attika, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Science Research Center (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Attika, Greece
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Steven Ley
- Immune Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Imperial College, London, UK
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Science Research Center (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Attika, Greece; Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Wang L, Han Y, Wang X. The relationship between plasma serglycin levels and the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23663. [PMID: 33314317 PMCID: PMC7957973 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication which is closely related to diabetes, remains the leading cause of vision loss around the world among older adults. Serglycin (SRGN) was known as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan, exerting its function in the formation of mast cell secretory granules and mediates the storage of various compounds in secretory vesicles. The present study illustrates the potential clinical value and experimental mechanisms of SRGN in the DR. Methods Firstly, the mRNA expression and protein expression of SRGN in plasma samples from NPDR, PDR patients, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm) cases, and healthy controls were measured by qPCR and Western blotting assays, respectively. Then, the potentials of SRGN functioning as a diagnostic indicator in DR were verified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We established in vitro DR model of human retinal endothelial cells through high‐glucose treatment. The expression of SRGN and its mechanisms of regulating cellular processes were illustrated subsequently. Results Our data revealed that SRGN was dramatically upregulated in NPDR and PDR cases compared with healthy controls and T2DM patients; meanwhile, the expression of SRGN was further increased in the PDR group with regard to the NPDR group. Furthermore, the ROC analysis demonstrated that SRGN could distinguish the DR cases from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy controls with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7680 (95% CI = 0.6780 ~ 0.8576, sensitivity = 47.27%, specificity = 100%, cutoff value = 1.4727) and 0.8753 (95% CI = 0.8261 ~ 0.9244, sensitivity = 69.23%, specificity = 100%, cutoff value = 1.6923), respectively. In vitro high‐glucose treatment showed that the SRGN expressions were dramatically increased. The loss of SRGN could partially counteract the inhibition of HREC proliferation caused by high‐glucose stimulation. Meanwhile, SRGN knockdown could reverse the promotion of HREC apoptosis induced by high glucose as well. Conclusions Consequently, our study implied that SRGN might serve as a promising biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity in the DR diagnosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Han
- Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
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16
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Lv J, Bao S, Liu T, Wei L, Wang D, Ye W, Wang N, Song S, Li J, Chudhary M, Ren X, Kong L. Sulforaphane delays diabetes-induced retinal photoreceptor cell degeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:477-486. [PMID: 32783101 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious neurodegenerative disease that is induced by hyperglycaemia. Oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are involved in the development of DR. Sulforaphane (SF) is widely found in cruciferous plants and has a protective effect against retinal neurodegeneration in diabetes, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which SF protects against photoreceptor degeneration in diabetes. In vivo, a mouse model of diabetes was established by streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and the mice were treated with/without SF. Electroretinography (ERG) and H&E staining were used to evaluate retinal function and morphology. In vitro, 661w cells were treated with AGEs with/without SF. Cell viability and apoptosis were analysed by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. The expression of proteins and genes was assessed by western blot and qRT-PCR. The amplitude of the a-wave was decreased and the morphology was changed in the diabetic mice, and these changes were delayed by SF treatment. The percentage of apoptotic cells was increased and the cell viability was decreased after the treatment of 661w cells with AGEs. Moreover, the expression of GRP78, Txnip and TNFα was increased, however, this increased expression was reversed by SF treatment via AMPK pathway activation. Taken together, these data show that SF can delay photoreceptor degeneration in diabetes, and the underlying mechanism is related to the inhibition of ER stress, inflammation and Txnip expression through the activation of the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuyin Bao
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028300, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tianhe Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weikang Ye
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Nina Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Maryam Chudhary
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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Oduro PK, Fang J, Niu L, Li Y, Li L, Zhao X, Wang Q. Pharmacological management of vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: TCM and western medicine compared based on biomarkers and biochemical parameters. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104893. [PMID: 32434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a worldwide health concern while burdening significant populace of countries with time due to a hefty increase in both incidence and prevalence rates. Hyperglycemia has been buttressed both in clinical and experimental studies to modulate widespread molecular actions that effect macro and microvascular dysfunctions. Endothelial dysfunction, activation, inflammation, and endothelial barrier leakage are key factors contributing to vascular complications in diabetes, plus the development of diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases. The recent increase in molecular, transcriptional, and clinical studies has brought a new scope to the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this review, an attempt made to discuss up to date critical and emerging molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and viable pharmacological management targets. Importantly, we exploit some Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)/TCM isolated bioactive compounds modulating effects on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, clinical studies data on biomarkers and biochemical parameters involved in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes was compared between clinically used western hypoglycemic drugs and TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jingmei Fang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lu Niu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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18
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Wu JH, Li YN, Chen AQ, Hong CD, Zhang CL, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li PC, Wang Y, Mao L, Xia YP, He QW, Jin HJ, Yue ZY, Hu B. Inhibition of Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling alleviates vascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10154. [PMID: 31943789 PMCID: PMC7005627 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and leads to blindness. Anti‐VEGF is a primary treatment for DR. Its therapeutic effect is limited in non‐ or poor responders despite frequent injections. By performing a comprehensive analysis of the semaphorins family, we identified the increased expression of Sema4D during oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced retinopathy. The levels of soluble Sema4D (sSema4D) were significantly increased in the aqueous fluid of DR patients and correlated negatively with the success of anti‐VEGF therapy during clinical follow‐up. We found that Sema4D/PlexinB1 induced endothelial cell dysfunction via mDIA1, which was mediated through Src‐dependent VE‐cadherin dysfunction. Furthermore, genetic disruption of Sema4D/PlexinB1 or intravitreal injection of anti‐Sema4D antibody reduced pericyte loss and vascular leakage in STZ model as well as alleviated neovascularization in OIR model. Moreover, anti‐Sema4D had a therapeutic advantage over anti‐VEGF on pericyte dysfunction. Anti‐Sema4D and anti‐VEGF also conferred a synergistic therapeutic effect in two DR models. Thus, this study indicates an alternative therapeutic strategy with anti‐Sema4D to complement or improve the current treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can-Dong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital, Central South University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Lu JM, Zhang ZZ, Ma X, Fang SF, Qin XH. Repression of microRNA-21 inhibits retinal vascular endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis via PTEN dependent-PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Fearnley GW, Latham AM, Hollstein M, Odell AF, Ponnambalam S. ATF-2 and Tpl2 regulation of endothelial cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109481. [PMID: 31760171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to soluble and membrane-bound factors to activate signalling cascades that control cell proliferation and cell death. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a soluble ligand that modulates a variety of cellular responses including cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is not well understood how VEGF-A signalling pathways regulate cell proliferation and cell death. To address this, we examined VEGF-A-regulated signalling pathways in the cytosol and nucleus and functional requirement for such cellular responses. The VEGF-A-regulated transcription factor, ATF-2, is required for cell cycle proteins such as p53, p21 and Cyclin D1. A cytosolic serine/threonine protein kinase (Tpl2) modulates ATF-2-regulated effects on the endothelial cell cycle. Such regulatory effects impact on endothelial cell proliferation, cell viability and apoptosis. These cellular effects influence complex cell-based organisation such as endothelial tubulogenesis. Our study now provides a framework for incorporating VEGF-A-stimulated signalling events from the cytosol to the nucleus which helps to understand how cell proliferation and apoptosis are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antony M Latham
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Adam F Odell
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, UK; School of Health Sciences, York St. John University, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, UK
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21
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Zhong WQ, Li ZZ, Jiang H, Zou YP, Wang HT, Cai Y, Zhao Y, Zhao JH. Elevated ATF4 Expression in Odontogenic Keratocysts Epithelia: Potential Involvement in Tissue Hypoxia and Stromal M2 Macrophage Infiltration. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:801-812. [PMID: 31424999 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419871550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), its association with hypoxia and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration, and its potential relationships with angiogenesis in OKC. The expression of ATF4, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) in OKC samples and normal oral mucosa (OM) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, microvessel density (MVD) was measured using antibody against CD31. M2-polarized macrophages were identified using double-staining for CD68+ and CD163+. The correlations of ATF4 with HIF-1α, M-CSF, and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration were determined by Spearman's rank correlation test and hierarchical clustering. Human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) were used in in vitro experiments. Our data showed that the expression of HIF-1α, ATF4, and M-CSF was significantly upregulated in the epithelium of OKC when compared with the OM. The expression of ATF4 was positively correlated with that of HIF-1α, M-CSF, MVD, and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration. Elevated expression of ATF4 in the epithelial lining of OKC may facilitate the M2 macrophages infiltration in response to hypoxia, leading to the development of OKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Sankrityayan H, Oza MJ, Kulkarni YA, Mulay SR, Gaikwad AB. ER stress response mediates diabetic microvascular complications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2247-2257. [PMID: 31430543 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis orchestrates the folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, thus governing cellular functions. Alterations in ER homeostasis result in the activation of signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to regain ER homeostasis. Nevertheless, failure of UPR leads to activation of autophagy-mediated cell death. Several recent studies emphasized the association of the ER stress (ERS) response with the initiation and progression of diabetes. In this review, we highlight the contribution of the ERS response, such as UPR and autophagy, in the initiation and progression of diabetes and associated microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DN), retinopathy, and neuropathy, in various experimental models, as well as in humans. We highlight the ERS as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic microvascular complications and, thus, the urgent need for the development of improved synthetic and natural inhibitors of ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Manisha J Oza
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India; SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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23
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LncRNA-MALAT1 promotes neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy through regulating miR-125b/VE-cadherin axis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181469. [PMID: 30988072 PMCID: PMC6522718 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently the leading cause of blindness and visual disability in adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Neovascularization has been identified as an important clinical property in DR, however, the exact mechanisms in DR neovascularization are still unclear and need further elucidation. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to detect the expression level of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), miR-125b and vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) in human retina microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs) treated with high glucose (HG). Luciferase assay was used to detect interaction of MALAT1 with miR-125b and miR-125b with VE-cadherin. MTT assay, transwell assay, tube formation assay and vascular permeability assay were conducted to detect the cell viability, migration tube formation ability and permeability of hRMECs, respectively. ELISA was used to examine the release of VE-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Western blotting was used to access the protein expression of VE-cadherin, VEGF, β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Results: MALAT1 and VE-cadherin were up-regulated while miR-125b was down-regulated in hRMECs treated with HG. MALAT1 could competitively bind to miR-125b against VE-cadherin at the site of 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), leading to the up-regulation of VE-cadherin. Knockdown of MALAT1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, tube formation and vascular permeability of hRMECs induced by HG through up-regulating miR-125b. Furthermore, we found the deletion of MALAT1 suppressed the VE-cadherin/β-catenin complex and neovascularization related proteins expression, which was up-regulated by HG. Conclusion: Knockdown of MALAT1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of hRMECs via suppressing the VE-cadherin/β-catenin complex through targeting miR-125b. Inhibition of MALAT1 may serve as a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapy for DR.
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