Knockout of Sorbin And SH3 Domain Containing 2 (Sorbs2) in Cardiomyocytes Leads to Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Mice

Reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns mediates perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced fetal cardiac dysplasia

Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is associated with adverse health effects, including congenital heart disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the embryotoxicity of PFOS using C57BL/6 J mice to characterize fetal heart defects after PFOS exposure, with the induction of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into cardiomyocytes (CMs) as a model of early-stage heart development. We also performed DNA methylation analysis to clarify potential underlying mechanisms and identify targets of PFOS. Our results revealed that PFOS caused septal defects and excessive ventricular trabeculation cardiomyopathy at 5 mg/kg/day in embryonic mice and inhibited the proliferation and pluripotency of ESCs at concentrations >20 μM. Moreover, it decreased the beating rate and the population of CMs during cardiac differentiation. Decreases were observed in the abundances of NPPA+ trabecular and HEY2+ compact CMs. Additionally, DNA methyl transferases and ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases were regulated dynamically by PFOS, with TETs inhibitor treatment inducing significant decreases similar as PFOS. 850 K DNA methylation analysis combined with expression analysis revealed several potential targets of PFOS, including SORBS2, FHOD1, SLIT2, SLIT3, ADCY9, and HDAC9. In conclusion, PFOS may reprogram DNA methylation, especially demethylation, to induce cardiac toxicity, causing ventricular defects in vivo and abnormal cardiac differentiation in vitro.

Sorbs2 Deficiency and Vascular BK Channelopathy in Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Vascular large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel, composed of the α-subunit (BK-α) and the β1-subunit (BK-β1), is a key determinant of coronary vasorelaxation and its function is impaired in diabetic vessels. However, our knowledge of diabetic BK channel dysregulation is incomplete. The Sorbs2 (Sorbin homology [SoHo] and Src homology 3 [SH3] domains-containing protein 2), is ubiquitously expressed in arteries, but its role in vascular pathophysiology is unknown.

METHODS

The role of Sorbs2 in regulating vascular BK channel activity was determined using patch-clamp recordings, molecular biological techniques, and in silico analysis.

RESULTS

Sorbs2 is not only a cytoskeletal protein but also an RNA-binding protein that binds to BK channel proteins and BK-α mRNA, regulating BK channel expression and function in coronary smooth muscle cells. Molecular biological studies reveal that the SH3 domain of Sorbs2 is necessary for Sorbs2 interaction with BK-α subunits, while both the SH3 and SoHo domains of Sorbs2 interact with BK-β1 subunits. Deletion of the SH3 or SoHo domains abolishes the Sorbs2 effect on the BK-α/BK-β1 channel current density. Additionally, Sorbs2 is a target gene of the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2), which binds to the promoter of Sorbs2 and regulates Sorbs2 expression in coronary smooth muscle cells. In vivo studies demonstrate that Sorbs2 knockout mice at 4 months of age display a significant decrease in BK channel expression and function, accompanied by impaired BK channel Ca2+-sensitivity and BK channel-mediated vasodilation in coronary arteries, without altering their body weights and blood glucose levels. Importantly, Sorbs2 expression is significantly downregulated in the coronary arteries of db/db type 2 diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Sorbs2, a downstream target of Nrf2, plays an important role in regulating BK channel expression and function in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular Sorbs2 is downregulated in diabetes. Genetic knockout of Sorbs2 manifests coronary BK channelopathy and vasculopathy observed in diabetic mice, independent of obesity and glucotoxicity.

TNF-α-induced Inhibition of Protein Myristoylation Via Binding Between NMT1 and Sorbs2 in Osteoblasts

BACKGROUND/AIM

Bone resolution due to tumor invasion often occurs on the surface of the jaw and is important for clinical prognosis. Although cytokines, such as TNF-α are known to impair osteoblasts, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Protein myristoylation, a post-translational modification, plays an important role in the development of immune responses and cancerization of cells. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying this involvement will provide insights into molecular-targeted therapies. N-myristoyltransferase1 (NMT1), a specific enzyme involved in myristoylation, is expressed in cancer cells and in other normal cells, suggesting that changes in myristoylation may result from the regulation of NMT1 in cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using newly emerging state-of-the-art techniques such as the Click-it assay, RNA interference, mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting, the expression of myristoylated proteins and the role of TNF-α stimulation on NMT1 and Sorbs2 binding were evaluated in a murine osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1).

RESULTS

The expression of myristoylated proteins was detected; however, TNF-α stimulation resulted in their inhibition in MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of NMT1 also increased. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified Sorbs2 as a novel binding protein of NMT1, which upon TNF-α stimulation, inhibited myristoylation.

CONCLUSION

The binding between NMT1 and Sorbs2 can regulate myristoylation, and NMT1 can be considered as a potential target molecule for tumor invasion.

Modulation of miR-29 influences myocardial compliance likely through coordinated regulation of calcium handling and extracellular matrix

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control the expression of diverse subsets of target mRNAs, and studies have found miRNA dysregulation in failing hearts. Expression of miR-29 is abundant in heart, increases with aging, and is altered in cardiomyopathies. Prior studies demonstrate that miR-29 reduction via genetic knockout or pharmacologic blockade can blunt cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice. Surprisingly, this depended on specifically blunting miR-29 actions in cardiomyocytes versus fibroblasts. To begin developing more translationally relevant vectors, we generated a novel transgene-encoded miR-29 inhibitor (TuD-29) that can be incorporated into a viral-mediated gene therapy for cardioprotection. Here, we corroborate that miR-29 expression and activity is higher in cardiomyocytes versus fibroblasts and demonstrate that TuD-29 effectively blunts hypertrophic responses in cultured cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts. Furthermore, we found that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated miR-29 overexpression in mouse hearts induces early diastolic dysfunction, whereas AAV:TuD-29 treatment improves cardiac output by increasing end-diastolic and stroke volumes. The integration of RNA sequencing and miRNA-target interactomes reveals that miR-29 regulates genes involved in calcium handling, cell stress and hypertrophy, metabolism, ion transport, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These investigations support a likely versatile role for miR-29 in influencing myocardial compliance and relaxation, potentially providing a unique therapeutic avenue to improve diastolic function in heart failure patients.

MiR-484 promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in mice via downregulation of Sorbs2

OBJECTIVE

MicroRNA 484 (miR-484) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of different diseases and is typically described as a mitochondrial regulator. Whether miR-484 is involved in lipid metabolism or exerts a role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear.

METHODS

miR-484 levels were examined in the livers of male mice fed a high-fat diet and in hepatocytes treated with free fatty acids. Sorbin and SH3 structural domain-containing protein 2 (Sorbs2) were identified as a novel target of miR-484 by sequencing mRNA in the livers of miR-484 knockout mice. Sorbs2 liver-specific knockdown mice were constructed by tail vein injection of adeno-associated virus vector to miR-484 knockout mice. In addition, genetic manipulation of SORBS2 was performed in human hepatocyte lines, mouse primary hepatocytes, and the liver.

RESULTS

Serum and hepatic miR-484 levels are upregulated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mice. miR-484 knockdown ameliorated hepatocyte steatosis, whereas miR-484 overexpression increased hepatocyte lipid load. miR-484 knockdown-mediated alleviation of hepatic steatosis, liver injury, inflammation, and apoptosis was compromised after high-fat diet-induced knockdown of Sorbs2 in mouse liver and free fatty acid-induced primary mouse hepatocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

These results identify Sorbs2-mediated mitochondrial β-oxidation and apoptosis that promote miR-484 knockdown-mediated remission of hepatic steatosis.

MiR-21-3p in extracellular vesicles from vascular fibroblasts of spontaneously hypertensive rat promotes proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells

Enhanced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to vascular remodeling in hypertension. Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). This study shows the important roles of EVs-mediated miR-21-3p transfer in VSMC proliferation and migration and underlying mechanisms in SHR. AFs and VSMCs were obtained from aorta of Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and SHR. EVs were separated from AFs culture with ultracentrifugation method. MiR-21-3p content in the EVs of SHR was increased compared with those of WKY. MiR-21-3p mimic promoted VSMC proliferation and migration of WKY and SHR, while miR-21-3p inhibitor attenuated proliferation and migration only in the VSMCs of SHR. EVs of SHR stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration, which were attenuated by miR-21-3p inhibitor. Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2 (SORBS2) mRNA and protein levels were reduced in the VSMCs of SHR. MiR-21-3p mimic inhibited, while miR-21-3p inhibitor promoted SORBS2 expressions in the VSMCs of both WKY and SHR. EVs of SHR reduced SORBS2 expression, which was prevented by miR-21-3p inhibitor. EVs of WKY had no significant effect on SORBS2 expressions. SORBS2 overexpression attenuated the roles of miR-21-3p mimic and EVs of SHR in promoting VSMC proliferation and migration of SHR. Overexpression of miR-21-3p in vivo promotes vascular remodeling and hypertension. These results indicate that miR-21-3p in the EVs of SHR promotes VSMC proliferation and migration via negatively regulating SORBS2 expression.

Suppression of RBFox2 by Multiple MiRNAs in Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure

Heart failure is the final stage of various cardiovascular diseases and seriously threatens human health. Increasing mediators have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure, including the RNA binding protein RBFox2. It participates in multiple aspects of the regulation of cardiac function and plays a critical role in the process of heart failure. However, how RBFox2 itself is regulated remains unclear. Here, we dissected transcriptomic signatures, including mRNAs and miRNAs, in a mouse model of heart failure after TAC surgery. A global analysis showed that an asymmetric alternation in gene expression and a large-scale upregulation of miRNAs occurred in heart failure. An association analysis revealed that the latter not only contributed to the degradation of numerous mRNA transcripts, but also suppressed the translation of key proteins such as RBFox2. With the aid of Ago2 CLIP-seq data, luciferase assays verified that RBFox2 was targeted by multiple miRNAs, including Let-7, miR-16, and miR-200b, which were significantly upregulated in heart failure. The overexpression of these miRNAs suppressed the RBFox2 protein and its downstream effects in cardiomyocytes, which was evidenced by the suppressed alternative splicing of the Enah gene and impaired E-C coupling via the repression of the Jph2 protein. The inhibition of Let-7, the most abundant miRNA family targeting RBFox2, could restore the RBFox2 protein as well as its downstream effects in dysfunctional cardiomyocytes induced by ISO treatment. In all, these findings revealed the molecular mechanism leading to RBFox2 depression in heart failure, and provided an approach to rescue RBFox2 through miRNA inhibition for the treatment of heart failure.