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Talebibarmi P, Vahidi B, Ebad M. In silico analysis of embolism in cerebral arteries using fluid-structure interaction method. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30443. [PMID: 38720729 PMCID: PMC11077041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, particularly embolic stroke, stands as a significant global contributor to mortality and long-term disabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation of emboli motion through the middle cerebral artery (MCA), a prevalent site for embolic stroke. Our patient-specific computational model integrates major branches of the middle cerebral artery reconstructed from magnetic resonance angiography images, pulsatile flow dynamics, and emboli of varying geometries, sizes, and material properties. The fluid-structure interactions method is employed to simulate deformable emboli motion through the middle cerebral artery, allowing observation of hemodynamic changes in artery branches upon embolus entry. We investigated the impact of embolus presence on shear stress magnitude on artery walls, analyzed the effects of embolus material properties and geometries on embolus trajectory and motion dynamics within the middle cerebral artery. Additionally, we evaluated the non-Newtonian behavior of blood, comparing it with Newtonian blood behavior. Our findings highlight that embolus geometry significantly influences trajectory, motion patterns, and hemodynamics within middle cerebral artery branches. Emboli with visco-hyperelastic material properties experienced higher stresses upon collision with artery walls compared to those with hyperelastic properties. Furthermore, considering blood as a non-Newtonian fluid had notable effects on emboli stresses and trajectories within the artery, particularly during collisions. Notably, the maximum von Mises stress experienced in our study was 21.83 kPa, suggesting a very low probability of emboli breaking during movement, impact, and after coming to a stop. However, in certain situations, the magnitude of shear stress on them exceeded 1 kPa, increasing the likelihood of cracking and disintegration. These results serve as an initial step in anticipating critical clinical conditions arising from arterial embolism in the middle cerebral artery. They provide insights into the biomechanical parameters influencing embolism, contributing to improved clinical decision-making for stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Talebibarmi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Vahidi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Ebad
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Roopnarinesingh R, Leppert M, Mukherjee D. Evidence and Mechanisms for Embolic Stroke in Contralateral Hemispheres From Carotid Artery Sources. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030792. [PMID: 38014680 PMCID: PMC10727331 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disambiguation of embolus pathogenesis in embolic strokes is often a clinical challenge. One common source of embolic stroke is the carotid arteries, with emboli originating due to plaque buildup or perioperatively during revascularization procedures. Although it is commonly thought that thromboemboli from carotid sources travel to cerebral arteries ipsilaterally, there are existing reports of contralateral embolic events that complicate embolus source destination relationship for carotid sources. Here, we hypothesize that emboli from carotid sources can travel to contralateral hemispheres and that embolus interactions with collateral hemodynamics in the circle of Willis influence this process. METHODS AND RESULTS We use a patient-specific computational embolus-hemodynamics interaction model developed in prior works to conduct an in silico experiment spanning 4 patient vascular models, 6 circle of Willis anastomosis variants, and 3 different thromboembolus sizes released from left and right carotid artery sites. This led to a total of 144 different experiments, estimating trajectories and distribution of approximately 1.728 million embolus samples. Across all cases considered, emboli from left and right carotid sources showed nonzero contralateral transport (P value <-0.05). Contralateral movement revealed a size dependence, with smaller emboli traveling more contralaterally. Detailed analysis of embolus dynamics revealed that collateral flow routes in the circle of Willis played a role in routing emboli, and transhemispheric movement occurred through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries in the circle of Willis. CONCLUSIONS We generated quantitative data demonstrating the complex dynamics of finite size thromboembolus particles as they interact with pulsatile arterial hemodynamics and traverse the vascular network of the circle of Willis. This leads to a nonintuitive source-destination relationship for emboli originating from carotid artery sites, and emboli from carotid sources can potentially travel to cerebral arteries on contralateral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Leppert
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Debanjan Mukherjee
- Paul M Rady Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBolderCO
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3
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Roopnarinesingh R, Leppert M, Mukherjee D. Evidence And Mechanisms For Embolic Stroke In Contralateral Hemispheres From Carotid Artery Sources. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.20.23288892. [PMID: 37162897 PMCID: PMC10168406 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.23288892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Disambiguation of embolus etiology in embolic strokes is often a clinical challenge. One common source of embolic stroke is the carotid arteries, with emboli originating due to plaque build up, or perioperatively during revascularization procedures. While it is commonly thought that thromboemboli from carotid sources travel to cerebral arteries ipsilaterally, there are existing reports of contralateral embolic events which complicate embolus source destination relationship for carotid sources. Here, we hypothesize that emboli from carotid sources can travel to contralateral hemispheres, and that embolus interactions with collateral hemodynamics in the Circle of Willis influences this process. We use a patient-specific computational embolus-hemodynamics interaction model developed in prior works to conduct an in silico experiment spanning 4 patient vascular models, 6 Circle of Willis anastomosis variants, and 3 different thromboembolus sizes released from left and right carotid artery sites. This led to a total of 144 different experiments, estimating trajectories and distribution of approximately 1.728 million embolus samples. Across all cases considered, emboli from left and right carotid sources showed non-zero contralateral transport (p value < 0.05). Contralateral movement revealed a size-dependence, with smaller emboli traveling more contralaterally. Detailed analysis of embolus dynamics revealed that collateral flow routes in Circle of Willis played a role in routing emboli, and transhemispheric movement occurred through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries in the Circle of Willis. We generated quantitative data demonstrating the complex dynamics of finite size thromboembolus particles as they interact with pulsatile arterial hemodynamics, and traverse the vascular network of the Circle of Willis. This leads to a non-intuitive source-destination relationship for emboli originating from carotid artery sites, and emboli from carotid sources can potentially travel to cerebral arteries on contralateral hemispheres.
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4
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Nicholls JK, Turner P, Lecchini-Visintini A, Ince J, de Vries G, Cappellugola L, Oura M, Ebirim KU, Pallett E, Ramnarine KV, Chung EML. Effects of Blood Pressure on Brain Tissue Pulsation Amplitude in a Phantom Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023:S0301-5629(23)00200-4. [PMID: 37400302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The precise mechanism and determinants of brain tissue pulsations (BTPs) are poorly understood, and the impact of blood pressure (BP) on BTPs is relatively unexplored. This study aimed to explore the relationship between BP parameters (mean arterial pressure [MAP] and pulse pressure [PP]) and BTP amplitude, using a transcranial tissue Doppler prototype. METHODS A phantom brain model generating arterial-induced BTPs was developed to observe BP changes in the absence of confounding variables and cerebral autoregulation feedback processes. A regression model was developed to investigate the relationship between bulk BTP amplitude and BP. The separate effects of PP and MAP were evaluated and quantified. RESULTS The regression model (R2 = 0.978) revealed that bulk BTP amplitude measured from 27 gates significantly increased with PP but not with MAP. Every 1 mm Hg increase in PP resulted in a bulk BTP amplitude increase of 0.29 µm. CONCLUSION Increments in BP were significantly associated with increments in bulk BTP amplitude. Further work should aim to confirm the relationship between BP and BTPs in the presence of cerebral autoregulation and explore further physiological factors having an impact on BTP measurements, such as cerebral blood flow volume, tissue distensibility and intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Nicholls
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Poppy Turner
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrea Lecchini-Visintini
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Ince
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Georgina de Vries
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Laurie Cappellugola
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mitsuhiro Oura
- Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Edward Pallett
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Kumar V Ramnarine
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; Medical Physics Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma M L Chung
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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5
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Hague JP, Keelan J, Beishon L, Swienton D, Robinson TG, Chung EML. Three-dimensional simulations of embolic stroke and an equation for sizing emboli from imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3021. [PMID: 36810427 PMCID: PMC9944911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke simulations are needed to run in-silico trials, develop hypotheses for clinical studies and to interpret ultrasound monitoring and radiological imaging. We describe proof-of-concept three-dimensional stroke simulations, carrying out in silico trials to relate lesion volume to embolus diameter and calculate probabilistic lesion overlap maps, building on our previous Monte Carlo method. Simulated emboli were released into an in silico vasculature to simulate 1000 s of strokes. Infarct volume distributions and probabilistic lesion overlap maps were determined. Computer-generated lesions were assessed by clinicians and compared with radiological images. The key result of this study is development of a three-dimensional simulation for embolic stroke and its application to an in silico clinical trial. Probabilistic lesion overlap maps showed that the lesions from small emboli are homogeneously distributed throughout the cerebral vasculature. Mid-sized emboli were preferentially found in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and posterior region of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territories. For large emboli, MCA, PCA and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) lesions were comparable to clinical observations, with MCA, PCA then ACA territories identified as the most to least probable regions for lesions to occur. A power law relationship between lesion volume and embolus diameter was found. In conclusion, this article showed proof-of-concept for large in silico trials of embolic stroke including 3D information, identifying that embolus diameter could be determined from infarct volume and that embolus size is critically important to the resting place of emboli. We anticipate this work will form the basis of clinical applications including intraoperative monitoring, determining stroke origins, and in silico trials for complex situations such as multiple embolisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Hague
- grid.10837.3d0000 0000 9606 9301School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Jonathan Keelan
- grid.10837.3d0000 0000 9606 9301School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Lucy Beishon
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - David Swienton
- grid.269014.80000 0001 0435 9078Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK
| | - Thompson G. Robinson
- grid.511501.1NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leicester, LE3 9QP UK
| | - Emma M. L. Chung
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK ,grid.269014.80000 0001 0435 9078Department of Medical Physics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
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6
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Bhardwaj S, Craven BA, Sever JE, Costanzo F, Simon SD, Manning KB. Modeling Flow in an In Vitro Anatomical Cerebrovascular Model with Experimental Validation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523948. [PMID: 36711518 PMCID: PMC9882108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of mortality that occurs when an embolus becomes lodged in the cerebral vasculature and obstructs blood flow in the brain. The severity of AIS is determined by the location and how extensively emboli become lodged, which are dictated in large part by the cerebral flow and the dynamics of embolus migration which are difficult to measure in vivo in AIS patients. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to predict the patient-specific hemodynamics and embolus migration and lodging in the cerebral vasculature to better understand the underlying mechanics of AIS. To be relied upon, however, the computational simulations must be verified and validated. In this study, a realistic in vitro experimental model and a corresponding computational model of the cerebral vasculature are established that can be used to investigate flow and embolus migration and lodging in the brain. First, the in vitro anatomical model is described, including how the flow distribution in the model is tuned to match physiological measurements from the literature. Measurements of pressure and flow rate for both normal and stroke conditions were acquired and corresponding CFD simulations were performed and compared with the experiments to validate the flow predictions. Overall, the CFD simulations were in relatively close agreement with the experiments, to within ±7% of the mean experimental data with many of the CFD predictions within the uncertainty of the experimental measurement. This work provides an in vitro benchmark data set for flow in a realistic cerebrovascular model and is a first step towards validating a computational model of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Brent A. Craven
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jacob E. Sever
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Scott D. Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Keefe B. Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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7
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Bhardwaj S, Craven BA, Sever JE, Costanzo F, Simon SD, Manning KB. Modeling flow in an in vitro anatomical cerebrovascular model with experimental validation. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1130201. [PMID: 36908295 PMCID: PMC9996037 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1130201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of mortality that occurs when an embolus becomes lodged in the cerebral vasculature and obstructs blood flow in the brain. The severity of AIS is determined by the location and how extensively emboli become lodged, which are dictated in large part by the cerebral flow and the dynamics of embolus migration which are difficult to measure in vivo in AIS patients. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to predict the patient-specific hemodynamics and embolus migration and lodging in the cerebral vasculature to better understand the underlying mechanics of AIS. To be relied upon, however, the computational simulations must be verified and validated. In this study, a realistic in vitro experimental model and a corresponding computational model of the cerebral vasculature are established that can be used to investigate flow and embolus migration and lodging in the brain. First, the in vitro anatomical model is described, including how the flow distribution in the model is tuned to match physiological measurements from the literature. Measurements of pressure and flow rate for both normal and stroke conditions were acquired and corresponding CFD simulations were performed and compared with the experiments to validate the flow predictions. Overall, the CFD simulations were in relatively close agreement with the experiments, to within ±7% of the mean experimental data with many of the CFD predictions within the uncertainty of the experimental measurement. This work provides an in vitro benchmark data set for flow in a realistic cerebrovascular model and is a first step towards validating a computational model of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Brent A. Craven
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Correspondence: Brent A. Craven Keefe B. Manning
| | - Jacob E. Sever
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Scott D. Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Keefe B. Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
- Correspondence: Brent A. Craven Keefe B. Manning
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8
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Talaie R, Torkian P, Amili O, Aboufirass Y, Rostambeigi N, Jalaeian H, Golzarian J. Particle Distribution in Embolotherapy, How Do They Get There? A Critical Review of the Factors Affecting Arterial Distribution of Embolic Particles. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:885-897. [PMID: 35524027 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embolization has tremendously evolved in recent years and has expanded to treatment of a variety of pathologic processes. There has been emerging evidence that the level of arterial occlusion and the distribution of embolic particles may play an important role in the clinical outcome. This is a comprehensive literature review to identify variables that play important role in determination of level of occlusion of blood vessels and distribution of embolic particles. The literature searches between 1996 to 2020 through PubMed and Ovid-MEDLINE yielded over 1030 articles of which 30 studies providing details on the level of occlusion are reviewed here. We divided the playing factors into characteristics of the particles, solution/injection and vascular bed. Accordingly, particle size, type and aggregation, compressibility/deformability, and biodegradability are categorized as the factors involving particles' behavioral nature. Infusion rate and concentration/dilution of the medium are related to the carrying solution. Hemodynamics and the arterial resistance are characteristics of the vascular bed that also play an important role in the distribution of embolic particles. Understanding and predicting the level of embolization is a complex multi-factor problem that requires more evidence, warranting further randomized controlled trials, and powered human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Talaie
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pooya Torkian
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Omid Amili
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Nassir Rostambeigi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hamed Jalaeian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jafar Golzarian
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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9
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Flow dynamics in acute ischemic stroke due to embolic occlusion of a fetal posterior cerebral artery treated with endovascular thrombectomy - report of two cases. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:1727-1733. [PMID: 35345563 PMCID: PMC8956950 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal variant of the posterior cerebral artery (fPCA) conserves a major blood flow from the anterior to the posterior cerebral circulation via a strong persistent caudal portion of the embryonic internal carotid artery. We present two cases where endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke was complicated by this flow diversion. Though direct thrombectomy of the fPCA using a stent retriever was feasible and successful in both cases outcome remained unfavourable due to a continuous redirection of embolic material into the posterior circulation. Knowledge of flow dynamics in a fPCA is important for endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke.
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10
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Multimodal thrombectomy device for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5295. [PMID: 35351922 PMCID: PMC8964697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a potentially deadly medical condition that is costly to treat and impacts thousands of Americans every year. DVT is characterized by the formation of blood clots within the deep venous system of the body. If a DVT dislodges it can lead to venous thromboembolism (VTE) and pulmonary embolism (PE), both of which can lead to significant morbidity or death. Current treatment options for DVT are limited in both effectiveness and safety, in part because the treatment of the DVT cannot be confined to a defined sequestered treatment zone. We therefore developed and tested a novel thrombectomy device that enables the sequesteration of a DVT to a defined treatment zone during fragmentation and evacuation. We observed that, compared to a predicate thrombectomy device, the sequestered approach reduced distal DVT embolization during ex vivo thrombectomy. The sequestered approach also facilitated isovolumetric infusion and suction that enabled clearance of the sequestered treatment zone without significantly impacting vein wall diameter. Results suggest that our novel device using sequestered therapy holds promise for the treatment of high risk large-volume DVTs.
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11
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Xu L, Liao J, Liu L, Zhao LB, Liu SD, Chen Y, Tang G, Wang J, Chen D, Liu T, Zhou T, Zhou ZH, Yang DY. The relation between aortic arch branching types and the location of large vessel occlusion in cardioembolic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 89:171-176. [PMID: 34119264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac embolism is the leading etiology of ischemic strokes. There are arguments about the left-right propensity of cardioembolic strokes.This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the different aortic arch types and the location of large vessel occlusion (LVO) in cardioembolic stroke.We retrospectively identified all patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our comprehensive stroke center who had medium- to high-risk cardioembolicsources according to the TOAST classification.Only those with LVO and available images of the aortic arch were included. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the aortic arch types: Type I (n = 44), Type II (n = 105), Type III (n = 36).The thrombus was divided into large thrombus or small thrombus based on the location of LVO.Overall, left-sided strokes (50.8%) were almost equal to right-sided (49.2%). There was a growing tendency for the percentage of left-sided infarcts with advancement of the aortic arch types either in the total cases or in the atrial fibrillation cases, with no statistical difference between the 3 aortic arch types.In type III aortic arch, left-sided strokes (69.0%) were twice than right-sided (31%) in large thrombus (P < 0.05), while right-sided strokes (85.7%) were more common than left-sided (14.3%) in small thrombus (P < 0.05).Conversely, in type Ⅰ and II aortic arches, left-sided strokes were more common than right-sided in small thrombus, while right-sided strokes were more common than left-sided in large thrombus (P < 0.05). The left-right propensity of cardioembolic stroke is related to the proximity of clot lodging in different aortic arch types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Health Management, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Bo Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Dong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Yu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 439, Xuanhua Road, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China; Department of Internal Medicine, Changdu People's Hospital, Changdu 854000, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Rossin EJ, Gilbert AL, Koen N, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Cunnane ME, Rizzo JF. Site of Origin of the Ophthalmic Artery Influences the Risk for Retinal Versus Cerebral Embolic Events. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:24-28. [PMID: 31985565 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embolic events leading to retinal ischemia or cerebral ischemia share common risk factors; however, it has been well documented that the rate of concurrent cerebral infarction is higher in patients with a history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) than in those with monocular vision loss (MVL) due to retinal ischemia. Despite the fact that emboli to the ophthalmic artery (OA) and middle cerebral artery share the internal carotid artery (ICA) as a common origin or transit for emboli, the asymmetry in their final destination has not been fully explained. We hypothesize that the anatomic location of the OA takeoff from the ICA may contribute to the differential flow of small emboli to the retinal circulation vs the cerebral circulation. METHODS We report a retrospective, comparative, case-control study on 28 patients with retinal ischemia and 26 patients with TIA or cerebral infarction caused by embolic events. All subjects underwent either computed tomography angiography or MRA. The location of the ipsilateral OA origin off the ICA was then graded in a blinded fashion and compared between cohorts. Vascular risk factors were collected for all patients, including age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arrhythmia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and smoking. RESULTS We find that in patients with retinal ischemia of embolic etiology, the ipsilateral OA takeoff from the ICA is more proximal than in patients with cerebral infarcts or TIA (P = 0.0002). We found no statistically significant differences in demographic, vascular, or systemic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS We find that the mean anatomical location of the OA takeoff from the ICA is significantly more proximal in patients with MVL due to retinal ischemia compared with patients with TIA or cerebral ischemia. This finding contributes significantly to our understanding of a long observed but poorly understood phenomenon that patients with MVL are less likely to have concurrent cerebral ischemia than are patients with TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Rossin
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Service (EJR, ALG, JFR), Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Vitreoretinal Surgery Service (EJR), Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Neuro-Ophthalmology (ALG), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, Northern California; Department of Otolaryngology (NK), Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; The Warren Alpert Medical School (NK), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Neurointerventional Service (TML-M), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Radiology (MEC), Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Vuong J, Ma H, Phan T. Concurrent middle and posterior cerebral artery stroke: Answer. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 83:152. [PMID: 33317881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vuong
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STAR), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Henry Ma
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STAR), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STAR), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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14
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Malone F, McCarthy E, Delassus P, Buhk JH, Fiehler J, Morris L. An in vitro assessment of atrial fibrillation flow types on cardiogenic emboli trajectory paths. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2020; 234:1421-1431. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411920946873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most significant contributor to thrombus formation within the heart and is responsible for 45% of all cardio embolic strokes, which account for approximately 15% of acute ischemic strokes cases worldwide. Atrial fibrillation can result in a reduction of normal cardiac output and cycle length of up to 30% and 40%, respectively. A total of 240 embolus analogues were released into a thin-walled, patient-specific aortic arch under normal (60 embolus analogues) and varying atrial fibrillation (180 embolus analogues) pulsatile flow conditions. Under healthy flow conditions (n = 60), the embolus analogues tended to follow the flow rate split through each outlet vessel. There was an increase in clot trajectories along the common carotid arteries under atrial fibrillation flow conditions. A shorter pulse period (0.3 s) displayed the highest percentage of clots travelling to the brain (24%), with a greater percentage of clots travelling through the left common carotid artery (17%). This study provides an experimental insight into the effect varying cardiac output and cycle length can have on the trajectory of a cardiac source blood clots travelling to the cerebral vasculature and possibly causing a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Malone
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eugene McCarthy
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrick Delassus
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jan-Hendrick Buhk
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liam Morris
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Berndt M, Poppert H, Steiger K, Pelisek J, Oberdieck P, Maegerlein C, Zimmer C, Wunderlich S, Friedrich B, Boeckh-Behrens T, Ikenberg B. Thrombus Histology of Basilar Artery Occlusions : Are There Differences to the Anterior Circulation? Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 31:753-761. [PMID: 33006654 PMCID: PMC8463366 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-020-00964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with acute vessel occlusions of the anterior circulation histopathology of retrieved cerebral thrombi has been reported to be associated to stroke etiology. Due to the relatively small incidence of posterior circulation stroke, exclusive histopathologic analyses are missing for this subgroup. The aim of the study was to investigate thrombus histology for patients with basilar artery occlusions and uncover differences to anterior circulation clots with respect to underlying etiology. METHODS A total of 59 basilar thrombi were collected during intracranial mechanical recanalization and quantitatively analyzed in terms of their relative fractions of the main constituents, e.g. fibrin/platelets (F/P), red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). Data were compared to histopathological analyses of 122 thrombi of the anterior circulation with respect to underlying pathogenesis. RESULTS The composition of basilar thrombi differed significantly to thrombi of the anterior circulation with an overall higher RBC amount (median fraction in % (interquartile range):0.48 (0.37-0.69) vs. 0.37 (0.28-0.50), p < 0.001) and lower F/P count (0.45 (0.21-0.58) vs. 0.57 (0.44-0.66), p < 0.001). Basilar thrombi composition did not differ between the different etiological stroke subgroups. CONCLUSION The results depict a differing thrombus composition of basilar thrombi in comparison to anterior circulation clots with an overall higher amount of RBC. This may reflect different pathophysiologic processes between anterior and posterior circulation thrombogenesis, e.g. a larger proportion of appositional thrombus growth in the posterior circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berndt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - H Poppert
- Helios Klinikum München West, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Maegerlein
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Boeckh-Behrens
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Ikenberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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16
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Patel N, Banahan C, Janus J, Horsfield MA, Cox A, Marshall D, Colman J, Morlese J, Evans DH, Hannon C, Egan V, Garrard P, Hague JP, Chung EML. Neurological impact of emboli during adult cardiac surgery. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:117006. [PMID: 32623144 PMCID: PMC7718579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study draws on advances in Doppler ultrasound bubble sizing to investigate whether high volumes of macro-bubbles entering the brain during cardiac surgery increase the risk of new cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), ischemic MR lesions, or post-operative cognitive decline (POCD). Methods Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound recordings were analysed to estimate numbers of emboli and macrobubbles (>100 μm) entering the brain during cardiac surgery. Logistic regression was used to explore the hypothesis that emboli characteristics affect the incidence of new brain injuries identified through pre- and post-operative MRI and neuropsychological testing. Results TCD, MRI, and neuropsychological test data were compared between 28 valve and 18 CABG patients. Although valve patients received over twice as many emboli per procedure [median: 1995 vs. 859, p = .004], and seven times as many macro-bubbles [median: 218 vs. 28, p = .001], high volumes of macrobubbles were not found to be significantly associated with new CMBs, new ischaemic lesions, or POCD. The odds of acquiring new CMBs increased by approximately 5% [95% CI: 1 to 10%] for every embolus detected in the first minute after the release of the aortic cross-clamp (AxC). Logistic regression models also confirmed previous findings that cardiopulmonary bypass time and valve surgery were significant predictors for new CMBs (both p = .03). Logistic regression analysis estimated an increase in the odds of acquiring new CMBs of 6% [95% CI: 1 to 12%] for every minute of bypass time over 91 mins. Conclusions This small study provides new information about the properties and numbers of bubbles entering the brain during surgery, but found no evidence to substantiate a direct link between large numbers of macrobubbles and adverse cognitive or MR outcome. Clinical Trial Registration URL - http://www.isrctn.com. Unique identifier: 66022965. Higher numbers of macrobubbles enter the brain during valve surgery compared to bypass graft surgery. Macrobubbles did not appear to be linked to new cerebral microbleeds, ischemic lesions, or cognitive decline. Emboli received following release of the aortic cross-clamp predicted new cerebral microbleeds. Other factors predicting new microbleeds included cardiopulmonary bypass duration and surgery type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - Caroline Banahan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Justyna Janus
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Mark A Horsfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anthony Cox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - David Marshall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jordan Colman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - John Morlese
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - David H Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Claire Hannon
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Vincent Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - James P Hague
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keyns, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Emma M L Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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17
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De Potter T, Yodfat O, Shinar G, Neta A, Reddy VY, Neuzil P, Veltkamp R, Connolly SJ. Permanent Bilateral Carotid Filters for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22:144. [PMID: 32910288 PMCID: PMC7496024 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review A novel permanent carotid filter device for percutaneous implantation was developed for the purpose of stroke prevention. In this review, we cover rationale, existing preclinical and clinical data, and potential future directions for research using such a device. Recent Findings The Vine™ filter was assessed for safety in sheep and in 2 observational human studies, the completed CAPTURE 1 (n = 25) and the ongoing CAPTURE 2 (planned n = 100). CAPTURE 1 has shown high procedural and long-term implant safety. A control group was not available for comparison. Summary A mechanical filter for permanent stroke prevention can be implanted bilaterally in the common carotid artery safely and efficiently. A randomized trial is planned for 2021 (n = 3500, INTERCEPT) to demonstrate superiority of a filter + anticoagulation strategy over anticoagulation alone in patients at high risk for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Potter
- Cardiovascular Center, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, B-9300 Aalst, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Y. Reddy
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Petr Neuzil
- Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stuart J. Connolly
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
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18
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Detection of Weak Doppler Microembolic Signature using Two-Dimensional-Adaptive Time-Frequency Threshold from Spectrogram. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Shapiro M, Raz E, Nossek E, Chancellor B, Ishida K, Nelson PK. Neuroanatomy of the middle cerebral artery: implications for thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12:768-773. [PMID: 32107286 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Our perspective on anatomy frequently depends on how this anatomy is utilized in clinical practice, and by which methods knowledge is acquired. The thrombectomy revolution, of which the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the most common target, is an example of a clinical paradigm shift with a unique perspective on cerebrovascular anatomy. This article reviews important features of MCA anatomy in the context of thrombectomy. Recognizing that variation, frequently explained by evolutionary concepts, is the rule when it comes to branching pattern, vessel morphology, territory, or collateral potential is key to successful thrombectomy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Shapiro
- Radiology and Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eytan Raz
- Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erez Nossek
- Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Breehan Chancellor
- Radiology and Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Koto Ishida
- Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Kim Nelson
- Radiology and Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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20
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McGah PM. Embolus Transport Simulations with Fully Resolved Particle Surfaces. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2019; 10:648-659. [PMID: 31529410 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-019-00430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been interest in recent work in using computational fluid dynamics with Lagrangian analysis to calculate the trajectory of emboli-like particles in the vasculature. While previous studies have provided an understanding of the hemodynamic factors determining the fates of such particles and their relationship to risk of stroke, most analyses have relied on a particle equation of motion that assumes the particle is "small" e.g., much less than the diameter of the vessel. This work quantifies the limit when a particle can no longer be considered "small". METHODS The motion of embolus-like particles are simulated using an overset mesh technique. This allows the fluid stresses on the particle surface to be fully resolved. Consequently, the particles can be of arbitrary size or shape. The trajectory of resolved particles and "small" particles are simulated through a patient-specific carotid artery bifurcation model with particles 500, 1000, and 2000 μm in diameter. The proportions of particles entering the internal carotid artery are treated as the outcome of the particle fate, and statistical comparisons are made to ascertain the importance of non-small particle effects. RESULTS For the 2000 μm embolus, the proportion of particles traveling to the internal carotid artery is 74.7 ± 1.3% (mean ± 95% confidence margin) for the "small" particle model and is 85.7 ± 5.4% for a resolved particle model. The difference is statistically significant, [Formula: see text], based on the binomial test for the particle outcomes. No statistically discernible differences are found for the smaller diameter particles. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative differences are observable for the 2000 μm trajectories between the "small" and resolved particle models which is a particle diameter 27% relative to the common carotid artery diameter. A fully resolved particle model ought to be considered for emboli trajectory simulations when the particle size ratio is ≳ 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McGah
- Siemens PLM Software Inc., 13810 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA.
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21
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Malone F, McCarthy E, Delassus P, Buhk JH, Fiehler J, Morris L. Embolus Analog Trajectory Paths Under Physiological Flowrates Through Patient-Specific Aortic Arch Models. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2734765. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4043832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common irregular heartbeat among the world's population and is a major contributor to cardiogenic embolisms and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the role AF flow plays in the trajectory paths of cardiogenic emboli has not been experimentally investigated. A physiological simulation system was designed to analyze the trajectory patterns of bovine embolus analogs (EAs) (n = 720) through four patient-specific models, under three flow conditions: steady flow, normal pulsatile flow, and AF pulsatile flow. It was seen that EA trajectory paths were proportional to the percentage flowrate split of 25–31% along the branching vessels. Overall, AF flow conditions increased trajectories through the left- (LCCA) and right (RCCA)-common carotid artery by 25% with respect to normal pulsatile flow. There was no statistical difference in the distribution of clot trajectories when the clot was released from the right, left, or anterior positions. Significantly, more EAs traveled through the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) than through the LCCA or the left subclavian. Yet of the EAs that traveled through the common carotid arteries, there was a greater affiliation toward the LCCA compared to the RCCA (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Malone
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland e-mail:
| | - E. McCarthy
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - P. Delassus
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - J. H. Buhk
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - J. Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - L. Morris
- GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland e-mail:
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22
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In Vitro Study of Particle Transport in Successively Bifurcating Vessels. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:2271-2283. [PMID: 31165293 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To reach a predictive understanding of how particles travel through bifurcating vessels is of paramount importance in many biomedical settings, including embolization, thromboembolism, and drug delivery. Here we utilize an in vitro model in which solid particles are injected through a rigid vessel that symmetrically bifurcates in successive branching generations. The geometric proportion and fluid dynamics parameters are relevant to the liver embolization. The volumetric flow field is reconstructed via phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, from which the particle trajectories are calculated for a range of size and density using the particle equation of motion. The method is validated by directly tracking the injected particles via optical imaging. The results indicate that, opposite to the common assumption, the particles distribution is fundamentally different from the volumetric flow partition. In fact, the amount of delivered particles vary substantially between adjacent branches even when the flow is uniformly distributed. This is not due to the inertia of the particles, nor to gravity. The particle distribution is rather rooted in their different pathways, which in turn are linked to their release origin along the main vessel cross-section. Therefore, the tree geometry and the associated flow streamlines are the prime determinant of the particle fate, while local changes of volumetric flow rate to selected branches do not generally produce proportional changes of particle delivery.
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23
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Malone F, McCarthy E, Delassus P, Buhk JH, Fiehler J, Morris L. Investigation of the Hemodynamics Influencing Emboli Trajectories Through a Patient-Specific Aortic Arch Model. Stroke 2019; 50:1531-1538. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Malone
- From the GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland (F.M., E.M., P.D., L.M.)
| | - Eugene McCarthy
- From the GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland (F.M., E.M., P.D., L.M.)
| | - Patrick Delassus
- From the GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland (F.M., E.M., P.D., L.M.)
| | - Jan-Hendrick Buhk
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr, Germany (J.-H.B., J.F.)
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr, Germany (J.-H.B., J.F.)
| | - Liam Morris
- From the GMedTech, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland (F.M., E.M., P.D., L.M.)
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24
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Conti M, Vandenberghe S, Marconi S, Ferrari E, Romarowski RM, Morganti S, Auricchio F, Demertzis S. Reversed Auxiliary Flow to Reduce Embolism Risk During TAVI: A Computational Simulation and Experimental Study. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2018; 10:124-135. [PMID: 30341729 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-018-00386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endovascular treatments, such as transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), carry a risk of embolization due to debris dislodgement during various procedural steps. Although embolic filters are already available and marketed, mechanisms underlying cerebral embolism still need to be elucidated in order to further reduce cerebrovascular events. METHODS We propose an experimental framework with an in silico duplicate allowing release of particles at the level of the aortic valve and their subsequent capture in the supra-aortic branches, simulating embolization under constant inflow and controlled hemodynamic conditions. The effect of a simple flow modulation, consisting of an auxiliary constant flow via the right subclavian artery (RSA), on the amount of particle entering the brachiocephalic trunk was investigated. Preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed in order to assess the minimum retrograde flow-rate from RSA required to deviate particles. RESULTS Our results show that a constant reversed auxiliary flow of 0.5 L/min from the RSA under a constant inflow of 4 L/min from the ascending aorta is able to protect the brachiocephalic trunk from particle embolisms. Both computational and experimental results also demonstrate that the distribution of the bulk flow dictates the distribution of the particles along the aortic branches. This effect has also shown to be independent of release location and flow rate. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms that the integration of in vitro experiments and in silico analyses allows designing and benchmarking novel solutions for cerebral embolic protection during TAVI such as the proposed embo-deviation technique based on an auxiliary retrograde flow from the right subclavian artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Conti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Stefania Marconi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo M Romarowski
- 3D and Computer Simulation Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Simone Morganti
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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25
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Amuluru K, Ho JP, Al-Mufti F, Solander S, Romero CE. Endovascular intervention of acute ischemic stroke due to occlusion of fetal posterior cerebral artery. Interv Neuroradiol 2018; 25:202-207. [PMID: 30231797 DOI: 10.1177/1591019918801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A fetal posterior cerebral artery (FPCA) is an anatomic variant in which the posterior cerebral artery is an embryological derivative of the internal carotid artery. Although most cases of ischemic strokes in patients with FPCAs involve embolic infarcts, emergent large vessel occlusion of a FPCA is extremely rare. We present two cases of successful endovascular intervention for emergent occlusion of a FPCA, one of which is only the second reported case of a mechanical thrombectomy of a FPCA. We review the embryology of FPCA, the controversy regarding its association with cerebral infarcts, and various approaches used in the treatment of such occlusive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Amuluru
- 1 Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Hamot, Erie, USA
| | - James P Ho
- 2 Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Raleigh, USA
| | - Fawaz Al-Mufti
- 3 Department of Neuroendovascular Surgery and Neurocritical Care, Westchester Medical Center at New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | - Sten Solander
- 2 Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Raleigh, USA
| | - Charles E Romero
- 1 Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Hamot, Erie, USA
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26
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Leker RR, Messé SR, Erus G, Bilello M, Fanning M, Acker M, Massaro A, Kasner SE, Floyd T. What Makes New Ischemic Lesions Symptomatic after Aortic Valve Replacement? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2943-2948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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27
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Mukherjee D, Jani ND, Selvaganesan K, Weng CL, Shadden SC. Computational Assessment of the Relation Between Embolism Source and Embolus Distribution to the Circle of Willis for Improved Understanding of Stroke Etiology. J Biomech Eng 2017; 138:2531719. [PMID: 27367268 DOI: 10.1115/1.4033986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stroke caused by an embolism accounts for about a third of all stroke cases. Understanding the source and cause of the embolism is critical for diagnosis and long-term treatment of such stroke cases. The complex nature of the transport of an embolus within large arteries is a primary hindrance to a clear understanding of embolic stroke etiology. Recent advances in medical image-based computational hemodynamics modeling have rendered increasing utility to such techniques as a probe into the complex flow and transport phenomena in large arteries. In this work, we present a novel, patient-specific, computational framework for understanding embolic stroke etiology, by combining image-based hemodynamics with discrete particle dynamics and a sampling-based analysis. The framework allows us to explore the important question of how embolism source manifests itself in embolus distribution across the various major cerebral arteries. Our investigations illustrate prominent numerical evidence regarding (i) the size/inertia-dependent trends in embolus distribution to the brain; (ii) the relative distribution of cardiogenic versus aortogenic emboli among the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries; (iii) the left versus right brain preference in cardio-emboli and aortic-emboli transport; and (iv) the source-destination relationship for embolisms affecting the brain.
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28
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Spontaneous dissections of the anterior cerebral artery: a meta-analysis of the literature and three recent cases. Neuroradiology 2016; 58:997-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-016-1731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Khodaee F, Vahidi B, Fatouraee N. Analysis of mechanical parameters on the thromboembolism using a patient-specific computational model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The heart and the carotid arteries are the most common sites of origin of embolic disease to the brain. Clots arising from these locations are the most common types of brain emboli. Less common cerebral emboli include air, fat, calcium, infected vegetations, and tumor cells as well as emboli originating in the venous system. Although infarcts can be the final result of any type of embolism, described herein are the ancillary and sometimes unique imaging features of less common types of cerebral emboli that may allow for a specific diagnosis to be made or at least suspected in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Zakhari
- Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Mauricio Castillo
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, Room 3326 Old Infirmary Building, Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, USA
| | - Carlos Torres
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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31
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Bergui M, Castagno D, D’Agata F, Cicerale A, Anselmino M, Maria Ferrio F, Giustetto C, Halimi F, Scaglione M, Gaita F. Selective Vulnerability of Cortical Border Zone to Microembolic Infarct. Stroke 2015; 46:1864-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Patel N, Horsfield MA, Banahan C, Janus J, Masters K, Morlese J, Egan V, Chung EM. Impact of Perioperative Infarcts After Cardiac Surgery. Stroke 2015; 46:680-6. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Patel
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Mark A. Horsfield
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Caroline Banahan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Justyna Janus
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Katie Masters
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - John Morlese
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Vincent Egan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
| | - Emma M.L. Chung
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., M.A.H., C.B., J.J., K.M., E.C.); Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.P., E.C.); University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom (M.A.H., C.B., J.M., E.C.); and Faculty of Psychology and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (V.E.)
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33
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An In Vitro Evaluation of Emboli Trajectories Within a Three-Dimensional Physical Model of the Circle of Willis Under Cerebral Blood Flow Conditions. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2265-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Nam SW, Choi S, Cheong Y, Kim YH, Park HK. Evaluation of aneurysm-associated wall shear stress related to morphological variations of circle of Willis using a microfluidic device. J Biomech 2014; 48:348-53. [PMID: 25497378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although microfluidic systems have been important tools in analytical chemistry, life sciences, and medical research, their application was rather limited for drug-screening and biosensors. Here, we described a microfluidic device consisting of a multilayer micro-channel system that represented the hemodynamic cerebral vascular system. We analyzed wall shear stresses related to aneurysm formation in the circle of Willis (CoW) and their morphological variations using this system. This device was controlled by pneumatic valves, which occluded various major arteries by closing the associated channels. The hemodynamic analysis indicated that higher degrees of shear stress occurred in an anterior communicating artery (ACoA), particularly in the hypoplastic region of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) and the P1 segment. Furthermore, occlusion of a common carotid artery (CCA) or a middle cerebral artery (MCA) increased the shear stress, whereas occlusion of a vertebral artery (VA) decreased the shear stress. These results indicate that the morphological variation of the CoW may affect aneurysm formation resulting from increased wall shear stress. Therefore, the technique described in this paper provides a novel method to investigate the hemodynamics of complex cerebral vascular systems not accessible from previous clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Won Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Samjin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjin Cheong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyonggi-do 480-717, Korea.
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Shoamanesh A, Masoud H, Furey K, Duerfeldt K, Lau H, Romero JR, Pikula A, Teal P, Nguyen TN, Kase CS, Babikian VL. Larger A1/M1 Diameter Ratio Predicts Embolic Anterior Cerebral Artery Territorial Stroke. Stroke 2014; 45:2798-800. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Shoamanesh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Hesham Masoud
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Katrina Furey
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Kaylyn Duerfeldt
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Helena Lau
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Jose R. Romero
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Aleksandra Pikula
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Philip Teal
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Thanh N. Nguyen
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Carlos S. Kase
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
| | - Viken L. Babikian
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.S.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.M., K.F., K.D., H.L., J.R.R., A.P., T.N.N., C.S.K., V.L.B.); and Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (P.T.)
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36
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Fabbri D, Long Q, Das S, Pinelli M. Computational modelling of emboli travel trajectories in cerebral arteries: influence of microembolic particle size and density. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 13:289-302. [PMID: 24585077 PMCID: PMC3968521 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is responsible for up to 80 % of stroke cases. Prevention of the reoccurrence of ischaemic attack or stroke for patients who survived the first symptoms is the major treatment target. Accurate diagnosis of the emboli source for a specific infarction lesion is very important for a better treatment for the patient. However, due to the complex blood flow patterns in the cerebral arterial network, little is known so far of the embolic particle flow trajectory and its behaviour in such a complex flow field. The present study aims to study the trajectories of embolic particles released from carotid arteries and basilar artery in a cerebral arterial network and the influence of particle size, mass and release location to the particle distributions, by computational modelling. The cerebral arterial network model, which includes major arteries in the circle of Willis and several generations of branches from them, was generated from MRI images. Particles with diameters of 200, 500 and 800 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}μm and densities of 800, 1,030 and 1,300 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {kg/m}^{3}$$\end{document}kg/m3 were released in the vessel’s central and near-wall regions. A fully coupled scheme of particle and blood flow in a computational fluid dynamics software ANASYS CFX 13 was used in the simulations. The results show that heavy particles (density large than blood or a diameter larger than 500 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}μm) normally have small travel speeds in arteries; larger or lighter embolic particles are more likely to travel to large branches in cerebral arteries. In certain cases, all large particles go to the middle cerebral arteries; large particles with higher travel speeds in large arteries are likely to travel at more complex and tortuous trajectories; emboli raised from the basilar artery will only exit the model from branches of basilar artery and posterior cerebral arteries. A modified Circle of Willis configuration can have significant influence on particle distributions. The local branch patterns of internal carotid artery to middle cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery can have large impact on such distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Fabbri
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex , UB8 3PH, UK
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37
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Silicone models as basic training and research aid in endovascular neurointervention--a single-center experience and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 2014; 37:331-7; discussion 337. [PMID: 24463914 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-014-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development and wider use of neurointerventional procedures have increased the demand for a comprehensive training program for the trainees, in order to safely and efficiently perform these procedures. Artificial vascular models are one of the dynamic ways to train the new generation of neurointerventionists to acquire the basic skills of material handling, tool manipulation through the vasculature, and development of hand-eye coordination. Herein, the authors present their experience regarding a long-established training program and review the available literature on the advantages and disadvantages of vascular silicone model training. Additionally, they present the current research applications of silicone replicas in the neurointerventional arena.
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38
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Fahy P, McCarthy P, Sultan S, Hynes N, Delassus P, Morris L. An experimental investigation of the hemodynamic variations due to aplastic vessels within three-dimensional phantom models of the circle of Willis. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:123-38. [PMID: 24018609 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A complete circle of Willis (CoW) is found in approximately 30-50% of the population. Anatomical variations, such as absent or surgically clamped vessels, can result in undesirable flow patterns. These can affect the brain's ability to maintain cerebral perfusion and the formation of cerebral aneurysms. An experimental test system was developed to simulate cerebral physiological conditions through three flexible 3D patient-specific models of complete and incomplete CoW geometries. Flow visualizations were performed with isobaric dyes and the mapped dye streamlines were tracked throughout the models. Three to seven flow impact locations were observed for all configurations, corresponding to known sites for aneurysmal formation. Uni and bi-directional cross-flows occurred along the communicating arteries. The greatest shunting of flow occurred for a missing pre-communicating anterior (A1) and posterior (P1) cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral arteries had the greatest reduction (15-37%) in efferent flow rates for missing either a unilateral A1 or bilateral P1 segments. The bi-directional cross-flows, with multiple afferent flow mixing, observed along the communicating arteries may explain the propensity of aneurysm formation at these sites. Reductions in efferent flow rates due to aplastic vessel configurations may affect normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fahy
- Galway Medical Technologies Centre (GMedTech), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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39
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Carr IA, Nemoto N, Schwartz RS, Shadden SC. Size-dependent predilections of cardiogenic embolic transport. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H732-9. [PMID: 23792681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00320.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While it is intuitively clear that aortic anatomy and embolus size could be important determinants for cardiogenic embolic stroke risk and stroke location, few data exist confirming or characterizing this hypothesis. The objective of this study is to use medical imaging and computational modeling to better understand if aortic anatomy and embolus size influence predilections for cardiogenic embolic transport and right vs. left hemisphere propensity. Anatomically accurate models of the human aorta and branch arteries to the head were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) angiography of 10 patients. Blood flow was modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations using a well-validated flow solver with physiologic inflow and boundary conditions. Embolic particulate was released from the aortic root and tracked through the common carotid and vertebral arteries for a range of particle sizes. Cardiogenic emboli reaching the carotid and vertebral arteries appeared to have a strong size-destination relationship that varied markedly from expectations based on blood distribution. Observed trends were robust to modeling parameters. A patient's aortic anatomy appeared to significantly influence the probability a cardiogenic particle becomes embolic to the head. Right hemisphere propensity appeared dominant for cardiogenic emboli, which has been confirmed clinically. The predilections discovered through this modeling could represent an important mechanism underlying cardiogenic embolic stroke etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Carr
- Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illionis
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40
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Gounis MJ, Wakhloo AK, Chueh JY. Preclinical Investigations for Thrombectomy Devices--Does it Translate to Humans? Stroke 2013; 44:S7-S10. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Korn-Lubetzki I, Molshatzki N, Benderly M, Steiner I. The relatively good outcome of cerebellum-brainstem ischemic strokes. Eur Neurol 2012; 69:8-13. [PMID: 23146821 DOI: 10.1159/000342886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our clinical experience suggests that the outcome of cerebellum-brainstem ischemic strokes is better than that of hemispheric ischemic strokes. METHODS Within the setting of 2 national Israeli prospective stroke surveys, we analyzed risk factors, etiology, severity at presentation, and prognosis of first ischemic cerebellum-brainstem stroke (259 patients), comparing with strokes within the anterior circulation (1,029 patients). RESULTS Patients with cerebellum-brainstem strokes were younger and had less frequently atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure. Cardioembolic etiology was significantly less prevalent (p < 0.001). Severity at presentation was milder (p < 0.001). At discharge, worsening of the modified Rankin Scale was present in a smaller number of patients (p < 0.001); more returned to their home (p < 0.001). Six-month and 1-year mortality were lower (p < 0.001 for both). Adjusted logistic regression models showed that patients with cerebellum-brainstem strokes had 50% smaller chances of dying (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.31-0.98) and a smaller chance of worsening of the modified Rankin Scale at discharge (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.46-0.82). CONCLUSIONS Cerebellum-brainstem strokes are less frequently cardioembolic, have a less severe presentation, and carry a better immediate and long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Korn-Lubetzki
- Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. ikl @ cc.huji.ac.il
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Vahidi B, Fatouraee N. Large deforming buoyant embolus passing through a stenotic common carotid artery: a computational simulation. J Biomech 2012; 45:1312-22. [PMID: 22365500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arterial embolism is responsible for the death of lots of people who suffers from heart diseases. The major risk of embolism in upper limbs is that the ruptured particles are brought into the brain, thus stimulating neurological symptoms or causing the stroke. We presented a computational model using fluid-structure interactions (FSI) to investigate the physical motion of a blood clot inside the human common carotid artery. We simulated transportation of a buoyant embolus in an unsteady flow within a finite length tube having stenosis. Effects of stenosis severity and embolus size on arterial hemodynamics were investigated. To fulfill realistic nonlinear property of a blood clot, a rubber/foam model was used. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation (ALE) and adaptive mesh method were used inside fluid domain to capture the large structural interfacial movements. The problem was solved by simultaneous solution of the fluid and the structure equations. Stress distribution and deformation of the clot were analyzed and hence, the regions of the embolus prone to lysis were localized. The maximum magnitude of arterial wall shear stress during embolism occurred at a short distance proximal to the throat of the stenosis. Through embolism, arterial maximum wall shear stress is more sensitive to stenosis severity than the embolus size whereas role of embolus size is more significant than the effect of stenosis severity on spatial and temporal gradients of wall shear stress downstream of the stenosis and on probability of clot lysis due to clot stresses while passing through the stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Vahidi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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