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Wyld M, Webster AC. Myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with kidney failure: can we do better? Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1352-1354. [PMID: 38537266 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wyld
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney School of Public Health, 129a Edward Ford Building A27, Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
- Department of Renal and Transplant Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela C Webster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney School of Public Health, 129a Edward Ford Building A27, Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
- Department of Renal and Transplant Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Gallacher PJ, Yeung D, Bell S, Shah ASV, Mills NL, Dhaun N. Kidney replacement therapy: trends in incidence, treatment, and outcomes of myocardial infarction and stroke in a nationwide Scottish study. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1339-1351. [PMID: 38426727 PMCID: PMC11015953 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with kidney failure have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Whilst temporal trends of myocardial infarction and stroke are declining in the general population, these have not been evaluated in patients with kidney failure. This study aimed to describe national trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with kidney failure (i.e. on dialysis or with a kidney transplant) over a 20-year period, stratified by age and sex. METHODS In this retrospective national data linkage study, all patients with kidney failure in Scotland (UK) receiving kidney replacement therapy between January 1996 and December 2016 were linked to national hospitalization, prescribing, and death records. The primary outcomes were the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke, and subsequent cardiovascular death. Generalized additive models were constructed to estimate age-standardized, sex-stratified incidence rates and trends in cardiovascular and all-cause death. RESULTS Amongst 16 050 patients with kidney failure [52 (SD 15) years; 41.5% women], there were 1992 [66 (SD 12) years; 34.8% women] and 996 [65 (SD 13) years; 45.1% women] incident myocardial infarctions and strokes, respectively, between January 1996 and December 2016. During this period, the age-standardized incidence of myocardial infarction per 100 000 decreased in men {from 4376 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3998-4785] to 1835 (95% CI 1692-1988)} and women [from 3268 (95% CI 2982-3593) to 1369 (95% CI 1257-1491)]. Similarly, the age-standardized incidence of stroke per 100 000 also decreased in men [from 1978 (95% CI 1795-2175) to 799 (95% CI 729-875)] and women [from 2234 (95% CI 2031-2468) to 903 (95% CI 824-990)]. Compared with the general population, the incidence of myocardial infarction was four- to eight-fold higher in patients with kidney failure, whilst for stroke it was two- to four-fold higher. The use of evidence-based cardioprotective treatment increased over the study period, and the predicted probability of cardiovascular death within 1 year of myocardial infarction for a 66-year-old patient with kidney failure (mean age of the cohort) fell in men (76.6% to 38.6%) and women (76.8% to 38.8%), and also decreased in both sexes following stroke (men, from 63.5% to 41.4%; women, from 67.6% to 45.8%). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke has halved in patients with kidney failure over the past 20 years but remains significantly higher than in the general population. Despite improvements in treatment and outcomes, the prognosis of these patients following myocardial infarction and stroke remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gallacher
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - David Yeung
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Samira Bell
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Scottish Renal Registry, Scottish Health Audits, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- Department of Non-Communicable Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Lv J, Zheng M, Zhu Y. Outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in kidney transplant recipients: An analysis of US Nationwide inpatient sample. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:327-334. [PMID: 36238191 PMCID: PMC9510820 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A kidney transplant is often the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease, compared with a lifetime on dialysis. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have a reduced risk for new strokes than patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) G5 treated by dialysis (CKD G5D). However, the benefit of Kidney transplant on post-stroke hospitalization outcomes has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of hospitalization after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in KTRs and patients with CKD G5D. This retrospective study used patient data from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. From 2005 to 2018, patients hospitalized with AIS were classified into 3 groups, including KTRs (n = 1,833), patients with CKD G5D (n = 26,767), and those without CKD (CKD-free, n = 986,945). Patients with CKD G1–G4 or unspecified stage, and graft failure requiring dialysis were excluded. In-hospital mortality, medical complications, transfer to nursing homes, and length of stay (LOS) were compared. Compared to CKD-free group, KTRs had no significant higher risks for in-hospital mortality, transfer to nursing homes, and LOS, but a greater risk for medical complications after adjusting for relevant factors. CKD G5D group had higher risks for in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.93–2.15), medical complications (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.45–1.54), and transfer to nursing homes (aOR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07–1.13), and a 0.07 day (95% CI: 0.06–0.08) longer LOS than CKD-free group. In conclusion, the outcomes of AIS hospitalization were more favorable in KTRs as compared with CKD G5D. Furthermore, the risks for in-hospital mortality, transfer to long-term care facilities, and LOS were not significantly different between KTRs and CKD-free patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 95 Yong’an Road , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 95 Yong’an Road , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Jingcheng Lv
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 95 Yong’an Road , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 95 Yong’an Road , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 95 Yong’an Road , Beijing , 100050 , China
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Hernandez L, Ward LJ, Arefin S, Ebert T, Laucyte-Cibulskiene A, Heimbürger O, Barany P, Wennberg L, Stenvinkel P, Kublickiene K. Blood-brain barrier and gut barrier dysfunction in chronic kidney disease with a focus on circulating biomarkers and tight junction proteins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4414. [PMID: 35292710 PMCID: PMC8924178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney failure and associated uraemia have implications for the cardiovascular system, brain, and blood–brain barrier (BBB). We aim to examine BBB disruption, by assessing brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels, and gut-blood barrier (GBB) disruption by trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Additionally, endothelial tight-junction protein expressions and modulation via TMAO were assessed. Serum from chronic kidney disease (CKD) female and male haemodialysis (HD) patients, and controls, were used to measure BDNF and NSE by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and TMAO by mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescent staining of subcutaneous fat biopsies from kidney transplant recipients, and controls, were used to measure microvascular expression of tight-junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin, JAM-1), and control microvasculature for TMAO effects. HD patients versus controls, had significantly lower and higher serum levels of BDNF and NSE, respectively. In CKD biopsies versus controls, reduced expression of claudin-5, occludin, and JAM-1 were observed. Incubation with TMAO significantly decreased expression of all tight-junction proteins in the microvasculature. Uraemia affects BBB and GBB resulting in altered levels of circulating NSE, BDNF and TMAO, respectively, and it also reduces expression of tight-junction proteins that confer BBB maintenance. TMAO serves as a potential candidate to alter BBB integrity in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liam J Ward
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agne Laucyte-Cibulskiene
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Olof Heimbürger
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Barany
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wennberg
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Khou V, De La Mata NL, Kelly PJ, Masson P, O'Lone E, Morton RL, Webster AC. Epidemiology of cardiovascular death in kidney failure: An Australian and New Zealand cohort study using data linkage. Nephrology (Carlton) 2022; 27:430-440. [PMID: 35001453 PMCID: PMC9306651 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim Cardiovascular mortality risk evolves over the lifespan of kidney failure (KF), as patients develop comorbid disease and transition between treatment modalities. Absolute cardiovascular death rates would help inform clinical practice and health‐care provision, but are not well understood across a continuum of dialysis and transplant states. We aimed to characterize cardiovascular death across the natural history of KF using a lifespan approach. Methods We performed a population‐based cohort study of incident patients commencing kidney replacement therapy in Australia and New Zealand. Cardiovascular deaths were identified using data linkage to national death registers. We estimated the probability of death and kidney transplant using multi‐state models, and calculated rates of graft failure and cardiovascular death across demographic factors and comorbidities. Results Among 60 823 incident patients followed over 381 874 person‐years, 25% (8492) of deaths were from cardiovascular disease. At 15 years from treatment initiation, patients had a 15.2% probability of cardiovascular death without being transplanted, but only 2.3% probability of cardiovascular death post‐transplant. Females had a 3% lower probability of cardiovascular death at 15 years (15.3% vs. 18.6%) but 4% higher probability of non‐cardiovascular death (54.5% vs. 50.8%). Within the first year of dialysis, cardiovascular mortality peaked in the second month and showed little improvement across treatment era. Conclusion Despite improvements over time, cardiovascular death remains common in KF, particularly among the dialysis population and in the first few months of treatment. Multi‐state models can provide absolute measures of cardiovascular mortality across both dialysis and transplant states. In this population‐based cohort study using multi‐state models (alive without kidney transplant [KT], CV death without KT, non‐CV death without KT, alive after first KT, CV death after first KT and non‐CV death after first KT), the probability of CV death was higher in non‐KT than KT patients at 15 years from treatment. In patients on dialysis, CV mortality was highest from the second month after commencing dialysis and remained high thereafter. Thus, the use of multi‐state models provides helpful information on impacts of different treatments with respect to serious outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Khou
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole L De La Mata
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick J Kelly
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip Masson
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma O'Lone
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela C Webster
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Renal and Transplant Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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De La Mata NL, Rosales B, MacLeod G, Kelly PJ, Masson P, Morton RL, Wyburn K, Webster AC. Sex differences in mortality among binational cohort of people with chronic kidney disease: population based data linkage study. BMJ 2021; 375:e068247. [PMID: 34785509 PMCID: PMC8593820 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate sex differences in mortality among people with kidney failure compared with the general population. DESIGN Population based cohort study using data linkage. SETTING The Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA), which includes all patients receiving kidney replacement therapy in Australia (1980-2019) and New Zealand (1988-2019). Data were linked to national death registers to determine deaths and their causes, with additional details obtained from ANZDATA. PARTICIPANTS Of 82 844 people with kidney failure, 33 329 were female (40%) and 49 555 were male (60%); 49 376 deaths (20 099 in female patients; 29 277 in male patients) were recorded over a total of 536 602 person years of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative measures of survival, including standardised mortality ratios, relative survival, and years of life lost, using general population data to account for background mortality (adjusting for country, age, sex, and year). Estimates were stratified by dialysis modality (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) and for the subpopulation of kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS Few differences in outcomes were found between male and female patients with kidney failure. However, compared with the general population, female patients with kidney failure had greater excess all cause deaths than male patients (female patients: standardised mortality ratio 11.3, 95% confidence interval 11.2 to 11.5, expected deaths 1781, observed deaths 20 099; male patients: 6.9, 6.8 to 6.9, expected deaths 4272, observed deaths 29 277). The greatest difference was observed among younger patients and those who died from cardiovascular disease. Relative survival was also consistently lower in female patients, with adjusted excess mortality 11% higher (95% confidence interval 8% to 13%). Average years of life lost was 3.6 years (95% confidence interval 3.6 to 3.7) greater in female patients with kidney failure compared with male patients across all ages. No major differences were found in mortality by sex for haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Kidney transplantation reduced but did not entirely remove the sex difference in excess mortality, with similar relative survival (P=0.83) and years of life lost difference reduced to 2.3 years (95% confidence interval 2.2 to 2.3) between female and male patients. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the general population, female patients had greater excess deaths, worse relative survival, and more years of life lost than male patients, however kidney transplantation reduced these differences. Future research should investigate whether systematic differences exist in access to care and possible strategies to mitigate excess mortality among female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L De La Mata
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenda Rosales
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Grace MacLeod
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick J Kelly
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Masson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Wyburn
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Renal Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela C Webster
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Renal and Transplant Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mark PB, Jhund PS, Walters MR, Petrie MC, Power A, White C, Robertson M, Connolly E, Anker SD, Bhandari S, Farrington K, Kalra PA, Tomson CR, Wheeler DC, Winearls CG, McMurray JJ, Macdougall IC, Ford I. Stroke in Hemodialysis Patients Randomized to Different Intravenous Iron Strategies: A Prespecified Analysis from the PIVOTAL Trial. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1761-1769. [PMID: 35372992 PMCID: PMC8785850 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004272021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background People with kidney failure treated with hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of stroke compared with similarly aged people with normal kidney function. One concern is that treatment of renal anemia might increase stroke risk. We studied risk factors for stroke in a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled trial of intravenous iron treatment strategies in HD. Methods We analyzed data from the Proactive IV Iron Therapy in Haemodialysis Patients (PIVOTAL) trial, focusing on variables associated with risk of stroke. The trial randomized 2141 adults who had started HD <12 months earlier and who were receiving an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) to high-dose IV iron administered proactively or low-dose IV iron administered reactively in a 1:1 ratio. Possible stroke events were independently adjudicated. We performed analyses to identify variables associated with stroke during follow-up and assessed survival following stroke. Results During a median 2.1 years of follow-up, 69 (3.2%) patients experienced a first postrandomization stroke. Fifty-seven (82.6%) were ischemic strokes, and 12 (17.4%) were hemorrhagic strokes. There were 34 postrandomization strokes in the proactive arm and 35 postrandomization strokes in the reactive arm (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 1.44; P=0.66). In multivariable models, women, diabetes, history of prior stroke at baseline, higher baseline systolic BP, lower serum albumin, and higher C-reactive protein were independently associated with stroke events during follow-up. Hemoglobin, total iron, and ESA dose were not associated with risk of stroke. Fifty-eight percent of patients with a stroke event died during follow-up compared with 23% without a stroke. Conclusions In patients on HD, stroke risk is broadly associated with risk factors previously described to increase cardiovascular risk in this population. Proactive intravenous iron does not increase stroke risk.Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Proactive IV Iron Therapy in Haemodialysis Patients (PIVOTAL), 2013-002267-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B. Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pardeep S. Jhund
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Walters
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Power
- Richard Bright Renal Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire White
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Connolly
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan D. Anker
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Department of Cardiology, Berlin–Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philip A. Kalra
- Salford Royal Hospital and University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R.V. Tomson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wheeler
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Winearls
- Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John J.V. McMurray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C. Macdougall
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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A long-term nationwide study on chronic kidney disease-related mortality in Italy: trends and associated comorbidity. J Nephrol 2021; 35:505-515. [PMID: 34357572 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) represent a major public health concern worldwide with increasing incidence and prevalence. However, the epidemiological dimension of CKD in Italy is still under evaluation. By analyzing all the conditions reported on death certificates (multiple causes of death), we aimed to investigate the real burden of CKD mortality in Italy over 15 years and identify the main conditions contributing to death in association with CKD. METHODS Death certificates of all deaths occurring in Italy from 2003 to 2017 were analyzed. Certificates reporting CKD were identified as CKD-related deaths. CKD-related mortality was investigated through age-standardized mortality rates, by sex and age. Conditions associated with CKD were identified through an indicator (age-standardized proportion ratio) measuring the excess proportion (value > 1) of having such conditions mentioned in the death certificate with and without CKD. RESULTS From 2003 to 2017, multiple-cause-based CKD mortality rates increased by 60% in males and by 54% in females. The overall increase was mostly attributable to people aged 80 years or more. Several conditions were associated with CKD, the most relevant being diabetes (age-standardized proportion ratio = 2.2), obesity (2.1), systemic connective tissue disorders (2.3), anemia (2.7), and genitourinary system diseases (2.6). CONCLUSIONS Multiple-cause-of-death data revealed a significant increase in CKD-related mortality in recent years, providing a measure of the burden of CKD on overall mortality in Italy. Moreover, multiple cause analysis allowed to identify the main conditions contributing to death in association with CKD, which should be aggressively targeted by clinicians to prevent CKD adverse outcomes.
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Dave RG, Geevar T, Aaron S, Ninan Benjamin R, Mammen J, Kumar S, Vijayan R, Gowri M, C Nair S. Diagnostic utility of flow cytometry based coated-platelets assay as a biomarker to predict thrombotic or hemorrhagic phenotype in acute stroke. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 102:246-253. [PMID: 34152689 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coated-platelets are sub-population of platelets "coated" with highly procoagulant proteins and phosphatidylserine that sustains thrombin generation. They are produced upon dual agonist stimulation by collagen and thrombin. This study was conducted to assess if there was any difference in the levels of coated-platelets in patients with primary intracranial hemorrhage (PICH) and ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) as compared to healthy controls, and to see if coated-platelet levels had any influence on the hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of ischemic stroke. METHODS Coated-platelet levels were determined by flow cytometry using fluorescently tagged Annexin V antibody to identify phosphatidylserine exposed on the surface of platelets activated by dual agonists (convulxin and thrombin) in cross-sectional cohort of 75 patients with stroke and 34 controls. RESULTS Patients with PICH (n = 35) had significantly lower coated-platelets than the controls (adjusted mean ± SE, 21.0 ± 1.9% vs. 36.1 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001), while patients with LAA (n = 30) had significantly higher coated-platelets than controls (adjusted mean ± SE, 51.9 ± 1.5% vs. 36.1 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001). Patients with subsequent HT of ischemic stroke (n = 10) had significantly lower coated-platelet levels at admission compared to those without HT (adjusted mean ± SE, 18.1 ± 2.6% vs. 51.9 ± 1.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Coated-platelet levels are significantly different in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke as compared with controls. Lower levels of coated-platelets measured by flow cytometry may be earliest predictor of subsequent HT in patients with ischemic stroke even before the radiological changes suggestive of HT are visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutvi Gautam Dave
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tulasi Geevar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjith Aaron
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Joy Mammen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Snehil Kumar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Vijayan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahasampath Gowri
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sukesh C Nair
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kelly DM, Ademi Z, Doehner W, Lip GYH, Mark P, Toyoda K, Wong CX, Sarnak M, Cheung M, Herzog CA, Johansen KL, Reinecke H, Sood MM. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Consensus and Guidance From a KDIGO Controversies Conference. Stroke 2021; 52:e328-e346. [PMID: 34078109 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global health burden of chronic kidney disease is rapidly rising, and chronic kidney disease is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Proposed underlying mechanisms for this relationship include shared traditional risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, uremia-related nontraditional risk factors, such as oxidative stress and abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and dialysis-specific factors such as cerebral hypoperfusion and changes in cardiac structure. Chronic kidney disease frequently complicates routine stroke risk prediction, diagnosis, management, and prevention. It is also associated with worse stroke severity, outcomes and a high burden of silent cerebrovascular disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Here, we present a summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebrovascular disease in chronic kidney disease from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Controversies Conference on central and peripheral arterial disease with a focus on knowledge gaps, areas of controversy, and priorities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhla M Kelly
- Wolfson Center for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (D.M.K.)
| | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (Z.A.)
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), and Department of Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (W.D.)
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.)
| | - Patrick Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.)
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan (K.T.)
| | - Christopher X Wong
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (C.X.W.)
| | - Mark Sarnak
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.S.)
| | - Michael Cheung
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, Brussels, Belgium (M.C.)
| | | | - Kirsten L Johansen
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.J.)
| | - Holger Reinecke
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Germany (H.R.)
| | - Manish M Sood
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, ON, Canada (M.M.S.)
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Wyld M, Webster AC. Chronic Kidney Disease is a Risk Factor for Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105730. [PMID: 33926795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a sustained reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and/or presence of albuminuria. People with CKD have adverse cardiovascular outcomes including stroke. CKD and stroke share several risk factors, most notably older age, diabetes and hypertension, but CKD is also an independent risk factor for stroke. Relative burden of increased risk is worse for younger people and women, with <40 years with end stage CKD having more than 11 times the risk of their age-matched peers. Risk also varies by CKD treatment, with a risk peak for those starting dialysis, but dropping after the first month of treatment. Proposed mechanisms for increased risk are uraemia, cerebral blood flow dysregulation, vascular calcification, arterial stiffness, chronic inflammation, vascular access impacts, and for those on haemodialysis the use of anticoagulation to maintain dialysis circuits. Outcomes for people with CKD and stroke are poorer; functional outcomes may be impacted by reduced access to specialised stroke care. Stroke mortality is higher for those with CKD; with standardised mortality ratio more than three times higher than expected, but for some groups higher still (young women <40 years with a kidney transplant have 19 times the risk of stroke mortality than women without a transplant). Interventions to prevent and treat stroke lack the evidence base in CKD patients that is present for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wyld
- Centre of Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela C Webster
- Centre of Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, 129a Edward Ford Building A27, NSW 2006, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Akku R, Jayaprakash TP, Ogbue OD, Malhotra P, Khan S. Current Trends Featuring the Bridge Between Stroke and End-Stage Renal Disease: A Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e9484. [PMID: 32874811 PMCID: PMC7455460 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Excess Stroke Deaths in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Population-based Cohort Study Using Data Linkage. Transplantation 2019; 104:2129-2138. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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