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McCandless MG, Powers AY, Baker KE, Strickland AE. Trends in Demographic and Geographic Disparities in Stroke Mortality Among Older Adults in the United States. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:e620-e630. [PMID: 38403013 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States among older adults. However, the impact of demographic and geographic risk factors remains ambiguous. A clear understanding of these associations and updated trends in stroke mortality can influence health policies and interventions. METHODS This study characterizes stroke mortality among older adults (age ≥55) in the US from January 1999 to December 2020, sourcing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research. Segmented regression was used to analyze trends in crude mortality rate and age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 100,000 individuals stratified by stroke subcategory, sex, ethnicity, urbanization, and state. RESULTS A total of 3,691,305 stroke deaths occurred in older adults in the US between 1999 and 2020 (AAMR = 233.3), with an overall decrease in AAMR during these years. The highest mortality rates were seen in nonspecified stroke (AAMR = 173.5), those 85 or older (crude mortality rate1276.7), men (AAMR = 239.2), non-Hispanic African American adults (AAMR = 319.0), and noncore populations (AAMR = 276.1). Stroke mortality decreased in all states from 1999 to 2019 with the greatest and least decreases seen in California (-61.9%) and Mississippi (-35.0%), respectively. The coronavirus pandemic pandemic saw increased stroke deaths in most groups. CONCLUSIONS While there's a decline in stroke-related deaths among US older adults, outcome disparities remain across demographic and geographic sectors. The surge in stroke deaths during coronavirus pandemic reaffirms the need for policies that address these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G McCandless
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Andrew Y Powers
- Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine E Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Allison E Strickland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Prust ML, Forman R, Ovbiagele B. Addressing disparities in the global epidemiology of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:207-221. [PMID: 38228908 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Though the burden of stroke worldwide seems to have declined in the past three decades, much of this effect reflects decreases in high-income countries (HICs). By contrast, the burden of stroke has grown rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where epidemiological, socioeconomic and demographic shifts have increased the incidence of stroke and other non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, even in HICs, disparities in stroke epidemiology exist along racial, ethnic, socioeconomic and geographical lines. In this Review, we highlight the under-acknowledged disparities in the burden of stroke. We emphasize the shifting global landscape of stroke risk factors, critical gaps in stroke service delivery, and the need for a more granular analysis of the burden of stroke within and between LMICs and HICs to guide context-appropriate capacity-building. Finally, we review strategies for addressing key inequalities in stroke epidemiology, including improvements in epidemiological surveillance and context-specific research efforts in under-resourced regions, development of the global workforce of stroke care providers, expansion of access to preventive and treatment services through mobile and telehealth platforms, and scaling up of evidence-based strategies and policies that target local, national, regional and global stroke disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Prust
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Rachel Forman
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Simmonds KP, Atem FD, Welch BG, Ifejika NL. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Medical Management of Poststroke Complications Among Patients With Acute Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e030537. [PMID: 38390802 PMCID: PMC10944023 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform clinical practice, we sought to identify racial and ethnic differences in the medical management of common poststroke complications. METHODS AND RESULTS A cohort of acutely hospitalized, first-time non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic patients with stroke was identified from electronic medical records of 51 large health care organizations (January 1, 2003 to December 5, 2022). Matched propensity scores were used to account for baseline differences. Primary outcomes included receipt of medication(s) associated with the management of the following poststroke complications: arousal/fatigue, spasticity, mood, sleep, neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and seizure. Differences were measured at 14, 90, and 365 days. Subgroup analyses included differences restricted to patients with ischemic stroke, younger age (<65 years), and stratified by decade (2003-2012 and 2013-2022). Before matching, the final cohort consisted of 348 286 patients with first-time stroke. Matching resulted in 63 722 non-Hispanic Black-NHW pairs and 24 009 Hispanic-NHW pairs. Non-Hispanic Black (versus NHW) patients were significantly less likely to be treated for all poststroke complications, with differences largest for arousal/fatigue (relative risk (RR), 0.58 [95% CI, 0.54-0.62]), spasticity (RR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.0.62-0.67]), and mood disorders (RR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.70-0.74]) at 14 days. Hispanic-NHW differences were similar, albeit with smaller magnitudes, with the largest differences present for spasticity (RR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.63-0.72]), arousal/fatigue (RR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.70-0.85]), and mood disorders (RR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.77-0.82]). Subgroup analyses revealed similar patterns for ischemic stroke and patients aged <65 years. Disparities for the current decade remained significant but with smaller magnitudes compared with the prior decade. CONCLUSIONS There are significant racial and ethnic disparities in the treatment of poststroke complications. The differences were greatest at 14 days, outlining the importance of early identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent P Simmonds
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Folefac D Atem
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Biostatistics University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health Houston TX USA
| | - Babu G Welch
- Department of Neurological Surgery UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Nneka L Ifejika
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Neurology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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Singh H, Fakembe SP, Brown RK, Cameron JI, Nelson MLA, Kokorelias KM, Nekolaichuk E, Salbach NM, Munce S, Tang T, Gray CS, Haghayegh AT, Colquhoun H. Stroke Experiences and Unmet Needs of Individuals of African Descent Living in High-Income Economy Countries: a Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01725-z. [PMID: 37523144 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke service disparities experienced by individuals of African descent highlight the need to optimize services. While qualitative studies have explored participants' unique experiences and service needs, a comprehensive synthesis is lacking. To address current knowledge gaps, this review aimed to synthesize existing literature on the experiences of individuals of African descent impacted by a stroke living in high-income economy countries in terms of stroke prevention, management, and care. METHODS A qualitative meta-synthesis incorporating a meta-study approach was conducted to obtain comprehensive and interpretive insights on the study topic. Four databases were searched to identify qualitative English-language studies published in the year 2022 or earlier on the experiences of adults of African descent who were at risk or impacted by a stroke and living in high-income economy countries. Study methods, theory, and data were analyzed using descriptive and interpretive analyses. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies met our inclusion criteria, including 29 journal articles and 8 dissertations. Multiple authors reported recruitment as a key challenge in study conduct. Multiple existing theories and frameworks of health behaviours, beliefs, self-efficacy, race, and family structure informed research positionality, questions, and analysis across studies. Participant experiences were categorized as (1) engagement in stroke prevention activities and responses to stroke symptoms, (2) self-management and self-identity after stroke, and (3) stroke care experiences. CONCLUSIONS This study synthesizes the experiences and needs of individuals of African descent impacted by stroke. Findings can help tailor stroke interventions across the stroke care continuum, as they suggest the need for intersectional and culturally humble care approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada.
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Semtetam Patience Fakembe
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Racquel K Brown
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jill I Cameron
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L A Nelson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina M Kokorelias
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, Sinai Health System, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erica Nekolaichuk
- Gerstein Science Information Centre, University of Toronto Libraries, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy M Salbach
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Munce
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Terence Tang
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn Steele Gray
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arta Taghavi Haghayegh
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Heather Colquhoun
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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