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Liuzzi AG, Meersmans K, Peeters R, De Deyne S, Dupont P, Vandenberghe R. Semantic representations in inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortex during picture naming, reading, and repetition. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26603. [PMID: 38339900 PMCID: PMC10836176 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reading, naming, and repetition are classical neuropsychological tasks widely used in the clinic and psycholinguistic research. While reading and repetition can be accomplished by following a direct or an indirect route, pictures can be named only by means of semantic mediation. By means of fMRI multivariate pattern analysis, we evaluated whether this well-established fundamental difference at the cognitive level is associated at the brain level with a difference in the degree to which semantic representations are activated during these tasks. Semantic similarity between words was estimated based on a word association model. Twenty subjects participated in an event-related fMRI study where the three tasks were presented in pseudo-random order. Linear discriminant analysis of fMRI patterns identified a set of regions that allow to discriminate between words at a high level of word-specificity across tasks. Representational similarity analysis was used to determine whether semantic similarity was represented in these regions and whether this depended on the task performed. The similarity between neural patterns of the left Brodmann area 45 (BA45) and of the superior portion of the left supramarginal gyrus correlated with the similarity in meaning between entities during picture naming. In both regions, no significant effects were seen for repetition or reading. The semantic similarity effect during picture naming was significantly larger than the similarity effect during the two other tasks. In contrast, several regions including left anterior superior temporal gyrus and left ventral BA44/frontal operculum, among others, coded for semantic similarity in a task-independent manner. These findings provide new evidence for the dynamic, task-dependent nature of semantic representations in the left BA45 and a more task-independent nature of the representational activation in the lateral temporal cortex and ventral BA44/frontal operculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gabriella Liuzzi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesLeuven Brain Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Karen Meersmans
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesLeuven Brain Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Radiology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon De Deyne
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesLeuven Brain Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesLeuven Brain Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Neurology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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2
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Schwen Blackett D, Borod JC, Speer SR, Pan X, Harnish SM. The effects of emotional stimuli on Word retrieval in people with aphasia. Neuropsychologia 2024; 192:108734. [PMID: 37952713 PMCID: PMC10833091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies have shown that people with aphasia (PWA) have demonstrated superior language performance for emotional compared to nonemotional stimuli on a range of tasks, including auditory comprehension, verbal pragmatics, repetition, reading, and writing. However, studies on word retrieval, specifically, have suggested a possible interference effect of emotion on naming. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the emotional valence of stimuli on word retrieval in a series of naming tasks in PWA. METHOD Thirteen PWA and 13 neurotypical controls participated in four single-word naming tasks, including 1) object picture naming, 2) action picture naming, 3) category-member generation, and 4) verb generation. Each task included three valence sets of positively-, negatively-, and neutrally-rated pictures or words, which were obtained from the standardized International Affective Picture System (Lang et al., 2008) and the Affective Norms for Emotional Words (Bradley and Lang, 1999) databases. Accuracy and reaction time (RT) were measured and compared across groups, tasks, and valence sets. RESULTS Emotional stimuli, especially negative stimuli, resulted in worse naming performance, as measured by accuracy and RT, compared to nonemotional stimuli in PWA and neurotypical controls. This effect was relatively robust across the four naming tasks. In most cases, negative stimuli resulted in lower accuracy and slower RT than positive stimuli. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that stimulus valence may interfere with word retrieval for PWA and neurotypical adults and that this effect is robust across different types of naming tasks that vary by word class (nouns versus verbs) and stimulus type (pictures versus words). Negative stimuli resulted in worse naming performance than positive stimuli. These results suggest that emotionality of stimuli is an important variable to consider in word retrieval research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Schwen Blackett
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, 110 Pressey Hall, 1070 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Joan C Borod
- Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
| | - Shari R Speer
- Department of Linguistics, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Oxley Hall, 1712 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 310-H Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Stacy M Harnish
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, 110 Pressey Hall, 1070 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Robles Aguirre FA, Marrufo-Meléndez ÓR, Carrillo Mezo R, Torres Agustín R, Nuñez Soria M, Arias-Trejo N, Lara Galindo WF, Silva-Pereyra J, Rodríguez-Camacho MA. Neural correlates of semantic matching in indirect priming. COGN SYST RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Attout L, Grégoire C, Querella P, Majerus S. Neural evidence for a separation of semantic and phonological control processes. Neuropsychologia 2022; 176:108377. [PMID: 36183802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There remain major doubts about the nature and domain specificity of inhibitory control processes, both within and between cognitive domains. This study examined inhibitory processes within the language domain, by contrasting semantic versus phonological inhibitory control. In an fMRI experiment, elderly participants performed phonological and semantic inhibitory control tasks involving resistance to highly or weakly interfering stimuli. In the semantic domain, inhibitory control effects, contrasting high vs. low interference control levels, were observed at univariate and multivariate levels in all fronto-parieto-temporal region-of-interests. In the phonological domain, inhibitory control effects were observed only at multivariate levels, and were restricted to the pars triangularis of the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and to the left middle temporal gyrus. Critically, no reliable multivariate cross-domain prediction of neural patterns associated with inhibitory control was observed. This study supports a functional dissociation of the neural substrates associated with inhibitory control for phonological vs. semantic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Attout
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Coline Grégoire
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Querella
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Taylor C, Hall S, Manivannan S, Mundil N, Border S. The neuroanatomical consequences and pathological implications of bilingualism. J Anat 2022; 240:410-427. [PMID: 34486112 PMCID: PMC8742975 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of people who are able to speak two or more languages. This has been paralleled by an increase in research related to bilingualism. Despite this, much of the neuroanatomical consequences and pathological implications of bilingualism are still subject to discussion. This review aims to evaluate the neuroanatomical structures related to language and to the acquisition of a second language as well as exploring how learning a second language can alter one's susceptibility to and the progression of certain cerebral pathologies. A literature search was conducted on the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. A total of 137 articles regarding the neuroanatomical or pathological implications of bilingualism were included for review. Following analysis of the included papers, this review finds that bilingualism induces significant gray and white matter cerebral changes, particularly in the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule and subcortical areas, and that native language and acquired language largely recruit the same neuroanatomical structures with however, subtle functional and anatomical differences dependent on proficiency and age of language acquisition. There is adequate evidence to suggest that bilingualism offsets the symptoms and diagnosis of dementia, and that it is protective against both pathological and age-related cognitive decline. While many of the neuroanatomical changes are known, more remains to be elucidated and the relationship between bilingualism and other neurological pathologies remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Taylor
- Centre for Learning Anatomical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Samuel Hall
- Centre for Learning Anatomical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Susruta Manivannan
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Nilesh Mundil
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Scott Border
- Centre for Learning Anatomical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Chrabaszcz A, Wang D, Lipski W, Bush A, Crammond D, Shaiman S, Dickey M, Holt L, Turner R, Fiez J, Richardson R. Simultaneously recorded subthalamic and cortical LFPs reveal different lexicality effects during reading aloud. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2021; 60:101019. [PMID: 34305315 PMCID: PMC8294107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2021.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many language functions are traditionally assigned to cortical brain areas, leaving the contributions of subcortical structures to language processing largely unspecified. The present study examines a potential role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in lexical processing, specifically, reading aloud of words (e.g., 'fate') and pseudowords (e.g., 'fape'). We recorded local field potentials simultaneously from the STN and the cortex (precentral, postcentral, and superior temporal gyri) of 13 people with Parkinson's disease undergoing awake deep brain stimulation and compared STN's lexicality-related neural activity with that of the cortex. Both STN and cortical activity demonstrated significant task-related modulations, but the lexicality effects were different in the two brain structures. In the STN, an increase in gamma band activity (31-70 Hz) was present in pseudoword trials compared to word trials during subjects' spoken response. In the cortex, a greater decrease in beta band activity (12-30 Hz) was observed for pseudowords in the precentral gyrus. Additionally, 11 individual cortical sites showed lexicality effects with varying temporal and topographic characteristics in the alpha and beta frequency bands. These findings suggest that the STN and the sampled cortical regions are involved differently in the processing of lexical distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chrabaszcz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - D. Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - W.J. Lipski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - A. Bush
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA, 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, 02115
| | - D.J. Crammond
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - S. Shaiman
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - M.W. Dickey
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - L.L. Holt
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - R.S. Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - J.A. Fiez
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, USA, 15213
| | - R.M. Richardson
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA, 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, 02115
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Mechtenberg H, Xie X, Myers EB. Sentence predictability modulates cortical response to phonetic ambiguity. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 218:104959. [PMID: 33930722 PMCID: PMC8513138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phonetic categories have undefined edges, such that individual tokens that belong to different speech sound categories may occupy the same region in acoustic space. In continuous speech, there are multiple sources of top-down information (e.g., lexical, semantic) that help to resolve the identity of an ambiguous phoneme. Of interest is how these top-down constraints interact with ambiguity at the phonetic level. In the current fMRI study, participants passively listened to sentences that varied in semantic predictability and in the amount of naturally-occurring phonetic competition. The left middle frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and anterior inferior frontal gyrus were sensitive to both semantic predictability and the degree of phonetic competition. Notably, greater phonetic competition within non-predictive contexts resulted in a negatively-graded neural response. We suggest that uncertainty at the phonetic-acoustic level interacts with uncertainty at the semantic level-perhaps due to a failure of the network to construct a coherent meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mechtenberg
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Emily B Myers
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA.
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8
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Guediche S, de Bruin A, Caballero-Gaudes C, Baart M, Samuel AG. Second-language word recognition in noise: Interdependent neuromodulatory effects of semantic context and crosslinguistic interactions driven by word form similarity. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118168. [PMID: 34000398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spoken language comprehension is a fundamental component of our cognitive skills. We are quite proficient at deciphering words from the auditory input despite the fact that the speech we hear is often masked by noise such as background babble originating from talkers other than the one we are attending to. To perceive spoken language as intended, we rely on prior linguistic knowledge and context. Prior knowledge includes all sounds and words that are familiar to a listener and depends on linguistic experience. For bilinguals, the phonetic and lexical repertoire encompasses two languages, and the degree of overlap between word forms across languages affects the degree to which they influence one another during auditory word recognition. To support spoken word recognition, listeners often rely on semantic information (i.e., the words we hear are usually related in a meaningful way). Although the number of multilinguals across the globe is increasing, little is known about how crosslinguistic effects (i.e., word overlap) interact with semantic context and affect the flexible neural systems that support accurate word recognition. The current multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study addresses this question by examining how prime-target word pair semantic relationships interact with the target word's form similarity (cognate status) to the translation equivalent in the dominant language (L1) during accurate word recognition of a non-dominant (L2) language. We tested 26 early-proficient Spanish-Basque (L1-L2) bilinguals. When L2 targets matching L1 translation-equivalent phonological word forms were preceded by unrelated semantic contexts that drive lexical competition, a flexible language control (fronto-parietal-subcortical) network was upregulated, whereas when they were preceded by related semantic contexts that reduce lexical competition, it was downregulated. We conclude that an interplay between semantic and crosslinguistic effects regulates flexible control mechanisms of speech processing to facilitate L2 word recognition, in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guediche
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain.
| | | | | | - Martijn Baart
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur G Samuel
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Stony Brook University, NY 11794-2500, United States; Ikerbasque Foundation, Spain
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9
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Briggs RG, Lin YH, Dadario NB, Kim SJ, Young IM, Bai MY, Dhanaraj V, Fonseka RD, Hormovas J, Tanglay O, Chakraborty AR, Milligan TM, Abraham CJ, Anderson CD, Palejwala AH, Conner AK, O'Donoghue DL, Sughrue ME. Anatomy and White Matter Connections of the Middle Frontal Gyrus. World Neurosurg 2021; 150:e520-e529. [PMID: 33744423 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The middle frontal gyrus (MFG) is involved in attention, working memory, and language-related processing. A detailed understanding of the subcortical white matter tracts connected within the MFG can facilitate improved navigation of white matter lesions in and around this gyrus and explain the postoperative morbidity after surgery. We aimed to characterize the fiber tracts within the MFG according to their connection to neuroanatomic structures through the use of diffusion spectrum imaging-based fiber tractography and validate the findings by gross anatomic dissection for qualitative visual agreement. METHODS Tractography analysis was completed using diffusion imaging data from 10 healthy, adult subjects enrolled in the Human Connectome Project. We assessed the MFG as a whole component according to its fiber connectivity with other neural regions. Mapping was completed on all tracts within both hemispheres, with the resultant tract volumes used to calculate a lateralization index. A modified Klingler technique was used on 10 postmortem dissections to demonstrate the location and orientation of the major tracts. RESULTS Two major connections of the MFG were identified: the superior longitudinal fasciculus, which connects the MFG to parts of the inferior parietal lobule, posterior temporal lobe, and lateral occipital cortex; and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, which connected the MFG to the lingual gyrus and cuneus. Intra- and intergyral short association, U-shaped fibers were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Subcortical white matter pathways integrated within the MFG include the superior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. The MFG is implicated in a variety of tasks involving attention and memory, making it an important cortical region. The postoperative neurologic outcomes related to surgery in and around the MFG could be clarified in the context of the anatomy of the fiber bundles highlighted in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Briggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsin Lin
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Dadario
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sihyong J Kim
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabella M Young
- Cingulum Research, Cingulum Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Y Bai
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vukshitha Dhanaraj
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Dineth Fonseka
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jorge Hormovas
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Onur Tanglay
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arpan R Chakraborty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ty M Milligan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Carol J Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ali H Palejwala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Andrew K Conner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Daniel L O'Donoghue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael E Sughrue
- Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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10
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Urbschat A, Uppenkamp S, Anemüller J. Searchlight Classification Informative Region Mixture Model (SCIM): Identification of Cortical Regions Showing Discriminable BOLD Patterns in Event-Related Auditory fMRI Data. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:616906. [PMID: 33597841 PMCID: PMC7882477 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.616906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of abstract cognitive tasks, e.g., semantic processing of speech, requires the simultaneous use of a carefully selected stimulus design and sensitive tools for the analysis of corresponding neural activity that are comparable across different studies investigating similar research questions. Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) methods are commonly used in neuroimaging to investigate BOLD responses corresponding to neural activation associated with specific cognitive tasks. Regions of significant activation are identified by a thresholding operation during multivariate pattern analysis, the results of which are susceptible to the applied threshold value. Investigation of analysis approaches that are robust to a large extent with respect to thresholding, is thus an important goal pursued here. The present paper contributes a novel statistical analysis method for fMRI experiments, searchlight classification informative region mixture model (SCIM), that is based on the assumption that the whole brain volume can be subdivided into two groups of voxels: spatial voxel positions around which recorded BOLD activity does convey information about the present stimulus condition and those that do not. A generative statistical model is proposed that assigns a probability of being informative to each position in the brain, based on a combination of a support vector machine searchlight analysis and Gaussian mixture models. Results from an auditory fMRI study investigating cortical regions that are engaged in the semantic processing of speech indicate that the SCIM method identifies physiologically plausible brain regions as informative, similar to those from two standard methods as reference that we compare to, with two important differences. SCIM-identified regions are very robust to the choice of the threshold for significance, i.e., less “noisy,” in contrast to, e.g., the binomial test whose results in the present experiment are highly dependent on the chosen significance threshold or random permutation tests that are additionally bound to very high computational costs. In group analyses, the SCIM method identifies a physiologically plausible pre-frontal region, anterior cingulate sulcus, to be involved in semantic processing that other methods succeed to identify only in single subject analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Urbschat
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Uppenkamp
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Anemüller
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Lindsey A, Bunker L, Mozeiko J, Coelho C. Primed to cue. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2020; 86:105998. [PMID: 32470645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral effects of lexical priming are well studied in the cognitive sciences. Clinical use of the term and widespread implementation of priming based behavioral interventions has remained limited. This is despite the fact that response-contingent cueing, a behavioral intervention technique used during many cognitive-linguistic interventions, is grounded in theories of priming research. The aim of this manuscript is to connect behavioral performance changes observed following priming with those noted following cueing, providing a theoretical rationale for the therapeutic use of both priming and cueing in language and cognitive interventions. In this review, we establish a conceptual basis for how both primes and cues serve to pre-engage the neural system by triggering the retrieval of linked conceptual knowledge, resulting in faster and more accurate responses. Differences between the two (primes and cues) have been linked to timing and conscious intentional engagement, though these distinctions are often task dependent. Additionally, this paper will provide evidence of the clinical utility of priming. Studies of priming in adults with acquired brain injuries are discussed and clinical interventions based on theories of priming are examined. Furthermore, the present work will briefly detail the inhibitory effects of priming to aid clinicians and researchers in deciding how to pair primes and cues with intended retrieval targets. In summation, the present work is intended to bridge two related fields providing both theoretical and clinical insight with respect to the use of primes and cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lindsey
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, United States; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Lisa Bunker
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Jennifer Mozeiko
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, United States; Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
| | - Carl Coelho
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, United States; Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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12
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Rossi S, Gugler MF, Rungger M, Galvan O, Zorowka PG, Seebacher J. How the Brain Understands Spoken and Sung Sentences. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E36. [PMID: 31936356 PMCID: PMC7017195 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates whether meaning is similarly extracted from spoken and sung sentences. For this purpose, subjects listened to semantically correct and incorrect sentences while performing a correctness judgement task. In order to examine underlying neural mechanisms, a multi-methodological approach was chosen combining two neuroscientific methods with behavioral data. In particular, fast dynamic changes reflected in the semantically associated N400 component of the electroencephalography (EEG) were simultaneously assessed with the topographically more fine-grained vascular signals acquired by the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). EEG results revealed a larger N400 for incorrect compared to correct sentences in both spoken and sung sentences. However, the N400 was delayed for sung sentences, potentially due to the longer sentence duration. fNIRS results revealed larger activations for spoken compared to sung sentences irrespective of semantic correctness at predominantly left-hemispheric areas, potentially suggesting a greater familiarity with spoken material. Furthermore, the fNIRS revealed a widespread activation for correct compared to incorrect sentences irrespective of modality, potentially indicating a successful processing of sentence meaning. The combined results indicate similar semantic processing in speech and song.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rossi
- ICONE-Innsbruck Cognitive Neuroscience, Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred F Gugler
- Department for Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Rungger
- Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Galvan
- Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick G Zorowka
- Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Seebacher
- Department for Hearing, Speech, and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Kowialiewski B, Van Calster L, Attout L, Phillips C, Majerus S. Neural Patterns in Linguistic Cortices Discriminate the Content of Verbal Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2997-3014. [PMID: 31813984 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An influential theoretical account of working memory (WM) considers that WM is based on direct activation of long-term memory knowledge. While there is empirical support for this position in the visual WM domain, direct evidence is scarce in the verbal WM domain. This question is critical for models of verbal WM, as the question of whether short-term maintenance of verbal information relies on direct activation within the long-term linguistic knowledge base or not is still debated. In this study, we examined the extent to which short-term maintenance of lexico-semantic knowledge relies on neural activation patterns in linguistic cortices, and this by using a fast encoding running span task for word and nonword stimuli minimizing strategic encoding mechanisms. Multivariate analyses showed specific neural patterns for the encoding and maintenance of word versus nonword stimuli. These patterns were not detectable anymore when participants were instructed to stop maintaining the memoranda. The patterns involved specific regions within the dorsal and ventral pathways, which are considered to support phonological and semantic processing to various degrees. This study provides novel evidence for a role of linguistic cortices in the representation of long-term memory linguistic knowledge during WM processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kowialiewski
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Calster
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Phillips
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Popp M, Trumpp NM, Kiefer M. Processing of Action and Sound Verbs in Context: An FMRI Study. Transl Neurosci 2019; 10:200-222. [PMID: 31637047 PMCID: PMC6795028 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent theories propose a flexible recruitment of sensory and motor brain regions during conceptual processing depending on context and task. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the influence of context and task on conceptual processing of action and sound verbs. Participants first performed an explicit semantic context decision task, in which action and sound verbs were presented together with a context noun. The same verbs were repeatedly presented in a subsequent implicit lexical decision task together with new action and sound verbs. Thereafter, motor and acoustic localizer tasks were administered to identify brain regions involved in perception and action. During the explicit task, we found differential activations to action and sound verbs near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. During the implicit lexical decision task, differences between action and sound verbs were absent. However, feature-specific repetition effects were observed near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. The present results suggest flexible conceptual representations depending on context and task. Feature-specific effects were observed only near, but not within corresponding sensorimotor brain regions, as defined by the localizer tasks. Our results therefore only provide limited evidence in favor of grounded cognition theories assuming a close link between the conceptual and the sensorimotor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Popp
- Ulm University, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Markus Kiefer
- Ulm University, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Mattheiss SR, Levinson H, Graves WW. Duality of Function: Activation for Meaningless Nonwords and Semantic Codes in the Same Brain Areas. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2516-2524. [PMID: 29901789 PMCID: PMC5998986 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the neural substrates of semantic (word meaning) processing have typically focused on semantic manipulations, with less consideration for potential differences in difficulty across conditions. While the idea that particular brain regions can support multiple functions is widely accepted, studies of specific cognitive domains rarely test for co-location with other functions. Here we start with standard univariate analyses comparing words to meaningless nonwords, replicating our recent finding that this contrast can activate task-positive regions for words, and default-mode regions in the putative semantic network for nonwords, pointing to difficulty effects. Critically, this was followed up with a multivariate analysis to test whether the same areas activated for meaningless nonwords contained semantic information sufficient to distinguish high- from low-imageability words. Indeed, this classification was performed reliably better than chance at 75% accuracy. This is compatible with two non-exclusive interpretations. Numerous areas in the default-mode network are task-negative in the sense of activating for less demanding conditions, and the same areas contain information supporting semantic cognition. Therefore, while areas of the default mode network have been hypothesized to support semantic cognition, we offer evidence that these areas can respond to both domain-general difficulty effects, and to specific aspects of semantics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Mattheiss
- Department of Psychology, Smith Hall, Room 301, Rutgers University - Newark, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hillary Levinson
- Department of Psychology, Smith Hall, Room 301, Rutgers University - Newark, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - William W Graves
- Department of Psychology, Smith Hall, Room 301, Rutgers University - Newark, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
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16
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The Representation of Semantic Information Across Human Cerebral Cortex During Listening Versus Reading Is Invariant to Stimulus Modality. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7722-7736. [PMID: 31427396 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0675-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integral part of human language is the capacity to extract meaning from spoken and written words, but the precise relationship between brain representations of information perceived by listening versus reading is unclear. Prior neuroimaging studies have shown that semantic information in spoken language is represented in multiple regions in the human cerebral cortex, while amodal semantic information appears to be represented in a few broad brain regions. However, previous studies were too insensitive to determine whether semantic representations were shared at a fine level of detail rather than merely at a coarse scale. We used fMRI to record brain activity in two separate experiments while participants listened to or read several hours of the same narrative stories, and then created voxelwise encoding models to characterize semantic selectivity in each voxel and in each individual participant. We find that semantic tuning during listening and reading are highly correlated in most semantically selective regions of cortex, and models estimated using one modality accurately predict voxel responses in the other modality. These results suggest that the representation of language semantics is independent of the sensory modality through which the semantic information is received.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans can comprehend the meaning of words from both spoken and written language. It is therefore important to understand the relationship between the brain representations of spoken or written text. Here, we show that although the representation of semantic information in the human brain is quite complex, the semantic representations evoked by listening versus reading are almost identical. These results suggest that the representation of language semantics is independent of the sensory modality through which the semantic information is received.
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17
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Spalek K, Oganian Y. The neurocognitive signature of focus alternatives. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 194:98-108. [PMID: 31154233 PMCID: PMC6565807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Focus alternatives are words/phrases that can substitute for the focused constituent of an utterance. In "Carsten has picked [CHERRIES]F from the tree.", (marked by pitch focus on cherries), the speaker wants to not only convey the fact that Carsten has picked cherries, but also to contrast cherries with other fruit that could have been picked, such as plums. Although focus alternatives are key to understanding the implicit aspects of an utterance, nothing is known about their neural representation. We directly contrasted neural representations of lexico-semantic similarity and focus alternative status using fMRI. Semantic relatedness was reflected in decreased activation in the bilateral superior temporal gyri. By contrast, processing of focus alternatives induced increased activations in the precuneus and the fronto-median wall, two regions previously implicated in discourse processing. These results suggest that focus alternative status is processed separately from semantic relatedness, at the level of discourse integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Spalek
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for German Language and Linguistics, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yulia Oganian
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, 94158 San Francisco, CA, USA.
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18
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Matchin W, Brodbeck C, Hammerly C, Lau E. The temporal dynamics of structure and content in sentence comprehension: Evidence from fMRI-constrained MEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:663-678. [PMID: 30259599 PMCID: PMC6865621 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have a striking capacity to combine words into sentences that express new meanings. Previous research has identified key brain regions involved in this capacity, but little is known about the time course of activity in these regions, as hemodynamic methods such as fMRI provide little insight into temporal dynamics of neural activation. We performed an MEG experiment to elucidate the temporal dynamics of structure and content processing within four brain regions implicated by fMRI data from the same experiment: the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), the posterior temporal lobe (PTL), the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), and the anterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The TPJ showed increased activity for both structure and content near the end of the sentence, consistent with a role in incremental interpretation of event semantics. The PTL, a region not often associated with core aspects of syntax, showed a strong early effect of structure, consistent with predictive parsing models, and both structural and semantic context effects on function words. These results provide converging evidence that the PTL plays an important role in lexicalized syntactic processing. The ATL and IFG, regions traditionally associated with syntax, showed minimal effects of sentence structure. The ATL, PTL and IFG all showed effects of semantic content: increased activation for real words relative to nonwords. Our fMRI-guided MEG investigation therefore helps identify syntactic and semantic aspects of sentence comprehension in the brain in both spatial and temporal dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Matchin
- Department of Communication Sciences and DisordersUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina
| | - Christian Brodbeck
- Institute for Systems ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | - Ellen Lau
- Department of LinguisticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
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19
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Quiñones I, Molinaro N, Mancini S, Hernández-Cabrera JA, Barber H, Carreiras M. Tracing the interplay between syntactic and lexical features: fMRI evidence from agreement comprehension. Neuroimage 2018; 175:259-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Angwin AJ, Wilson WJ, Copland DA, Barry RJ, Myatt G, Arnott WL. The impact of auditory white noise on semantic priming. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 180-182:1-7. [PMID: 29653279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that white noise can improve cognitive performance for some individuals, particularly those with lower attention, and that this effect may be mediated by dopaminergic circuitry. Given existing evidence that semantic priming is modulated by dopamine, this study investigated whether white noise can facilitate semantic priming. Seventy-eight adults completed an auditory semantic priming task with and without white noise, at either a short or long inter-stimulus interval (ISI). Measures of both direct and indirect semantic priming were examined. Analysis of the results revealed significant direct and indirect priming effects at each ISI in noise and silence, however noise significantly reduced the magnitude of indirect priming. Analyses of subgroups with higher versus lower attention revealed a reduction to indirect priming in noise relative to silence for participants with lower executive and orienting attention. These findings suggest that white noise focuses automatic spreading activation, which may be driven by modulation of dopaminergic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Angwin
- University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Wayne J Wilson
- University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David A Copland
- University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Robert J Barry
- University of Wollongong, School of Psychology and Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Grace Myatt
- University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
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21
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Alain C, Du Y, Bernstein LJ, Barten T, Banai K. Listening under difficult conditions: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018. [PMID: 29536592 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain networks supporting speech identification and comprehension under difficult listening conditions are not well specified. The networks hypothesized to underlie effortful listening include regions responsible for executive control. We conducted meta-analyses of auditory neuroimaging studies to determine whether a common activation pattern of the frontal lobe supports effortful listening under different speech manipulations. Fifty-three functional neuroimaging studies investigating speech perception were divided into three independent Activation Likelihood Estimate analyses based on the type of speech manipulation paradigm used: Speech-in-noise (SIN, 16 studies, involving 224 participants); spectrally degraded speech using filtering techniques (15 studies involving 270 participants); and linguistic complexity (i.e., levels of syntactic, lexical and semantic intricacy/density, 22 studies, involving 348 participants). Meta-analysis of the SIN studies revealed higher effort was associated with activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left inferior parietal lobule, and right insula. Studies using spectrally degraded speech demonstrated increased activation of the insula bilaterally and the left superior temporal gyrus (STG). Studies manipulating linguistic complexity showed activation in the left IFG, right middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral STG. Planned contrasts revealed left IFG activation in linguistic complexity studies, which differed from activation patterns observed in SIN or spectral degradation studies. Although there were no significant overlap in prefrontal activation across these three speech manipulation paradigms, SIN and spectral degradation showed overlapping regions in left and right insula. These findings provide evidence that there is regional specialization within the left IFG and differential executive networks underlie effortful listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lori J Bernstein
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thijs Barten
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Banai
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Abstract
An extensive program of research in the past 2 decades has focused on the role of modal sensory, motor, and affective brain systems in storing and retrieving concept knowledge. This focus has led in some circles to an underestimation of the need for more abstract, supramodal conceptual representations in semantic cognition. Evidence for supramodal processing comes from neuroimaging work documenting a large, well-defined cortical network that responds to meaningful stimuli regardless of modal content. The nodes in this network correspond to high-level "convergence zones" that receive broadly crossmodal input and presumably process crossmodal conjunctions. It is proposed that highly conjunctive representations are needed for several critical functions, including capturing conceptual similarity structure, enabling thematic associative relationships independent of conceptual similarity, and providing efficient "chunking" of concept representations for a range of higher order tasks that require concepts to be configured as situations. These hypothesized functions account for a wide range of neuroimaging results showing modulation of the supramodal convergence zone network by associative strength, lexicality, familiarity, imageability, frequency, and semantic compositionality. The evidence supports a hierarchical model of knowledge representation in which modal systems provide a mechanism for concept acquisition and serve to ground individual concepts in external reality, whereas broadly conjunctive, supramodal representations play an equally important role in concept association and situation knowledge.
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23
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Brooks JA, Shablack H, Gendron M, Satpute AB, Parrish MH, Lindquist KA. The role of language in the experience and perception of emotion: a neuroimaging meta-analysis. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:169-183. [PMID: 27539864 PMCID: PMC5390741 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies demonstrate that labeling one's emotional experiences and perceptions alters those states. Here, we used a comprehensive meta-analysis of the neuroimaging literature to systematically explore whether the presence of emotion words in experimental tasks has an impact on the neural representation of emotional experiences and perceptions across studies. Using a database of 386 studies, we assessed brain activity when emotion words (e.g. 'anger', 'disgust') and more general affect words (e.g. 'pleasant', 'unpleasant') were present in experimental tasks vs not present. As predicted, when emotion words were present, we observed more frequent activations in regions related to semantic processing. When emotion words were not present, we observed more frequent activations in the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, bilaterally. The presence of affect words did not have the same effect on the neural representation of emotional experiences and perceptions, suggesting that our observed effects are specific to emotion words. These findings are consistent with the psychological constructionist prediction that in the absence of accessible emotion concepts, the meaning of affective experiences and perceptions are ambiguous. Findings are also consistent with the regulatory role of 'affect labeling'. Implications of the role of language in emotion construction and regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly Shablack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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24
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Hassanpour MS, Eggebrecht AT, Peelle JE, Culver JP. Mapping effective connectivity within cortical networks with diffuse optical tomography. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041402. [PMID: 28744475 PMCID: PMC5521306 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how cortical networks interact in response to task demands is important both for providing insight into the brain's processing architecture and for managing neurological diseases and mental disorders. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) is a neuroimaging technique that offers the significant advantages of having a naturalistic, acoustically controllable environment and being compatible with metal implants, neither of which is possible with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used HD-DOT to study the effective connectivity and assess the modulatory effects of speech intelligibility and syntactic complexity on functional connections within the cortical speech network. To accomplish this, we extend the use of a generalized psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis framework. In particular, we apply PPI methods to event-related HD-DOT recordings of cortical oxyhemoglobin activity during auditory sentence processing. We evaluate multiple approaches for selecting cortical regions of interest and for modeling interactions among these regions. Our results show that using subject-based regions has minimal effect on group-level connectivity maps. We also demonstrate that incorporating an interaction model based on estimated neural activity results in significantly stronger effective connectivity. Taken together our findings support the use of HD-DOT with PPI methods for noninvasively studying task-related modulations of functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlega S. Hassanpour
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Physics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Mahlega S. Hassanpour, E-mail:
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Peelle
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Otolaryngology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Physics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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25
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Morean DF. Effects of semantic weight on verb retrieval in individuals with aphasia: A different perspective. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2017; 69:119-129. [PMID: 28898710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of people with aphasia have word retrieval difficulty and effective treatment remains elusive. There have been a few studies that have explored the effects of semantic complexity on verb retrieval in individuals with aphasia; each used a variation of Breedin et al.'s (1998) delayed repetition/story completion task. Although each subsequent investigator worked to address potential confounds in order to achieve more valid results that would give rise to a clearer understanding of these deficits, findings and their interpretations have varied. In our replication, groups of individuals with aphasia (9 agrammatic and 9 anomic) plus 12 age-matched controls participated in a story completion task that included novel distracter stories to prevent rehearsal. Additionally, stimuli were developed in strict adherence to novel semantic and syntactic templates to control for relevant factors, and stimuli were prerecorded to ensure uniform delivery. We calculated the number of target verbs produced and overall production of light and heavy verbs, and error analysis was performed with special attention to semantically appropriate substitutions. In contrast to previous studies, we found no significant performance differences on these measures within or between groups. Exploratory analyses were performed. Results are discussed in terms of relevant factors of verb retrieval and implications for future experimental design. Application to much-needed verb retrieval treatment is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane F Morean
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab (formerly, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), 355 East Erie Street, 25th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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26
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Just MA, Wang J, Cherkassky VL. Neural representations of the concepts in simple sentences: Concept activation prediction and context effects. Neuroimage 2017; 157:511-520. [PMID: 28629977 PMCID: PMC5600844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been possible to identify individual concepts from a concept's brain activation pattern, there have been significant obstacles to identifying a proposition from its fMRI signature. Here we demonstrate the ability to decode individual prototype sentences from readers' brain activation patterns, by using theory-driven regions of interest and semantic properties. It is possible to predict the fMRI brain activation patterns evoked by propositions and words which are entirely new to the model with reliably above-chance rank accuracy. The two core components implemented in the model that reflect the theory were the choice of intermediate semantic features and the brain regions associated with the neurosemantic dimensions. This approach also predicts the neural representation of object nouns across participants, studies, and sentence contexts. Moreover, we find that the neural representation of an agent-verb-object proto-sentence is more accurately characterized by the neural signatures of its components as they occur in a similar context than by the neural signatures of these components as they occur in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Adam Just
- Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging, Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging, Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir L Cherkassky
- Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging, Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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27
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Kwok VPY, Dan G, Yakpo K, Matthews S, Fox PT, Li P, Tan LH. A Meta-Analytic Study of the Neural Systems for Auditory Processing of Lexical Tones. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:375. [PMID: 28798670 PMCID: PMC5526909 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural systems of lexical tone processing have been studied for many years. However, previous findings have been mixed with regard to the hemispheric specialization for the perception of linguistic pitch patterns in native speakers of tonal language. In this study, we performed two activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses, one on neuroimaging studies of auditory processing of lexical tones in tonal languages (17 studies), and the other on auditory processing of lexical information in non-tonal languages as a control analysis for comparison (15 studies). The lexical tone ALE analysis showed significant brain activations in bilateral inferior prefrontal regions, bilateral superior temporal regions and the right caudate, while the control ALE analysis showed significant cortical activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and left temporo-parietal regions. However, we failed to obtain significant differences from the contrast analysis between two auditory conditions, which might be caused by the limited number of studies available for comparison. Although the current study lacks evidence to argue for a lexical tone specific activation pattern, our results provide clues and directions for future investigations on this topic, more sophisticated methods are needed to explore this question in more depth as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Y Kwok
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China
| | - Guo Dan
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound ImagingShenzhen, China
| | - Kofi Yakpo
- Department of Linguistics, School of Humanities, University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Matthews
- Department of Linguistics, School of Humanities, University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peter T Fox
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China.,Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen, China.,Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Veterans Health Care SystemSan Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China.,Department of Psychology, and Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Li-Hai Tan
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China.,Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound ImagingShenzhen, China
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28
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Gomes CA, Mecklinger A, Zimmer H. Behavioural and neural evidence for the impact of fluency context on conscious memory. Cortex 2017; 92:271-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Anurova I, Immonen P. Native vs. second language discrimination in the modulation of the N400/N400m. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1289-1299. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Anurova
- Neuroscience Unit; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Helsinki; Haartmaninkatu 8 P.O. Box 63 00014 Helsinki Finland
- BioMag Laboratory; HUS Medical Imaging Center; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Perttu Immonen
- Neuroscience Unit; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Helsinki; Haartmaninkatu 8 P.O. Box 63 00014 Helsinki Finland
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30
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Abstract
Some concepts have richer semantic representations than others. That is, when considering the meaning of concepts, subjects generate more information (more features, more associates) for some concepts than for others. This variability in semantic richness influences responses in speeded tasks that involve semantic processing, such as lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks. It has been suggested that concepts with richer semantic representations build stronger attractors in semantic space, allowing faster settling of activation patterns and thus faster responding. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural activation associated with semantic richness by contrasting activation for words with high and low numbers of associates in a semantic categorization task. Results were consistent with faster semantic settling for words with richer representations: Words with a low number of semantic associates produced more activation than words with a high number of semantic associates in a number of regions, including left inferior frontal and inferior temporal gyri.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bradley G. Goodyear
- 2 Seaman Family MR Research Centre; 3 Department of Radiology; 4 Department of Clinical Neurosciences; 5 Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Zhu L, Niu Z, Nie Y, Yang Y, Li K, Jin Z, Wei J. The Brain Effective Connectivity of Chinese during Rhyming Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162158. [PMID: 27583349 PMCID: PMC5008726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to brain language processing, the activation patterns have been well studied, and recently there are great interest in the connectivity models. The crucial brain areas for phonological processing involves left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG). Specially in Chinese processing, the left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG) is considered as an essential region. However, the connectivity pattern among these brain areas is not well understood. In this study, a rhyming experiment of Chinese was conducted, and the Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and the Bayesian model selection (BMS) were used to examine the interaction between brain regions and choose the best model for rhyming task of Chinese. By examining the interactions, it was found that LMFG exerted inhibitory modulation on LIPL and LIFG; the phonological processing enhanced the connection from LIPL to LIFG and LMFG, which suggested the important roles of these connections for the increased phonological load; And LpMTG modulated LIFG and LMFG negatively, and LIPL positively under rhyming judgment task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Niu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yaoxin Nie
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Li
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyao Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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32
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An fMRI study investigating effects of conceptually related sentences on the perception of degraded speech. Cortex 2016; 79:57-74. [PMID: 27100909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that the perception of degraded speech is influenced by within sentence meaning and recruits one or more components of a frontal-temporal-parietal network. The goal of the current study is to examine whether the overall conceptual meaning of a sentence, made up of one set of words, influences the perception of a second acoustically degraded sentence, made up of a different set of words. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we presented an acoustically clear sentence followed by an acoustically degraded sentence and manipulated the semantic relationship between them: Related in meaning (but consisting of different content words), Unrelated in meaning, or Same. Results showed that listeners' word recognition accuracy for the acoustically degraded sentences was significantly higher when the target sentence was preceded by a conceptually related compared to a conceptually unrelated sentence. Sensitivity to conceptual relationships was associated with enhanced activity in middle and inferior frontal, temporal, and parietal areas. In addition, the left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG), left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), and left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) showed activity that correlated with individual performance on the Related condition. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) showed increased activation in the Same condition suggesting that it is sensitive to perceptual similarity rather than the integration of meaning between the sentence pairs. A fronto-temporo-parietal network appears to consolidate information sources across multiple levels of language (acoustic, lexical, syntactic, semantic) to build, and ultimately integrate conceptual information across sentences and facilitate the perception of a degraded speech signal. However, the nature of the sources of information that are available differentially recruit specific regions and modulate their activity within this network. Implications of these findings for the functional architecture of the network are considered.
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33
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Weber K, Lau EF, Stillerman B, Kuperberg GR. The Yin and the Yang of Prediction: An fMRI Study of Semantic Predictive Processing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148637. [PMID: 27010386 PMCID: PMC4806910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Probabilistic prediction plays a crucial role in language comprehension. When predictions are fulfilled, the resulting facilitation allows for fast, efficient processing of ambiguous, rapidly-unfolding input; when predictions are not fulfilled, the resulting error signal allows us to adapt to broader statistical changes in this input. We used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to examine the neuroanatomical networks engaged in semantic predictive processing and adaptation. We used a relatedness proportion semantic priming paradigm, in which we manipulated the probability of predictions while holding local semantic context constant. Under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, we replicate previous observations of reduced activity to semantically predictable words in the left anterior superior/middle temporal cortex, reflecting facilitated processing of targets that are consistent with prior semantic predictions. In addition, under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity we observed significant differences in the effects of semantic relatedness within the left inferior frontal gyrus and the posterior portion of the left superior/middle temporal gyrus. We suggest that together these two regions mediated the suppression of unfulfilled semantic predictions and lexico-semantic processing of unrelated targets that were inconsistent with these predictions. Moreover, under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, a functional connectivity analysis showed that the left inferior frontal and left posterior superior/middle temporal gyrus were more tightly interconnected with one another, as well as with the left anterior cingulate cortex. The left anterior cingulate cortex was, in turn, more tightly connected to superior lateral frontal cortices and subcortical regions-a network that mediates rapid learning and adaptation and that may have played a role in switching to a more predictive mode of processing in response to the statistical structure of the wider environmental context. Together, these findings highlight close links between the networks mediating semantic prediction, executive function and learning, giving new insights into how our brains are able to flexibly adapt to our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Weber
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen F. Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Maryland, Department of Linguistics, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stillerman
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gina R. Kuperberg
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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34
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Increasing breadth of semantic associations with left frontopolar direct current brain stimulation: a role for individual differences. Neuroreport 2015; 26:296-301. [PMID: 25714417 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of left frontopolar versus auditory (control) cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the breadth of semantic associations produced in a cued free association task. A within-participants design administered anodal tDCS over the left frontopolar or auditory cortex, centered at electrode site AFZ or T7 using a 4×1 targeted stimulation montage. During stimulation, participants produced free associates in response to cues designed to promote narrow, moderate, or broad semantic associations. We measured the latent semantic associative strength of generated words relative to cues. The cue manipulation produced expected effects on the associative breadth of generated words, but there was no main effect of stimulation site, and calculated Bayes factors showed strong support for the null hypothesis. However, individual differences in creative potential, as assessed by the remote associates test, reliably and positively predicted increases in associative breadth under the frontopolar versus the auditory control condition, but only in response to narrow cues. In conclusion, the present data support neuroimaging studies demonstrating the involvement of left frontopolar cortical regions in generating relatively broad semantic associations. They also provide novel evidence that individual differences in creative potential may modulate the influence of brain stimulation on the breadth of generated semantic associations.
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35
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Buetler KA, de León Rodríguez D, Laganaro M, Müri R, Nyffeler T, Spierer L, Annoni JM. Balanced bilinguals favor lexical processing in their opaque language and conversion system in their shallow language. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 150:166-76. [PMID: 26545236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Referred to as orthographic depth, the degree of consistency of grapheme/phoneme correspondences varies across languages from high in shallow orthographies to low in deep orthographies. The present study investigates the impact of orthographic depth on reading route by analyzing evoked potentials to words in a deep (French) and shallow (German) language presented to highly proficient bilinguals. ERP analyses to German and French words revealed significant topographic modulations 240-280 ms post-stimulus onset, indicative of distinct brain networks engaged in reading over this time window. Source estimations revealed that these effects stemmed from modulations of left insular, inferior frontal and dorsolateral regions (German>French) previously associated to phonological processing. Our results show that reading in a shallow language was associated to a stronger engagement of phonological pathways than reading in a deep language. Thus, the lexical pathways favored in word reading are reinforced by phonological networks more strongly in the shallow than deep orthography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Buetler
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diego de León Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marina Laganaro
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - René Müri
- Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nyffeler
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marie Annoni
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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36
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Abstract
Recent studies establish that cortical oscillations track naturalistic speech in a remarkably faithful way. Here, we test whether such neural activity, particularly low-frequency (<8 Hz; delta-theta) oscillations, similarly entrain to music and whether experience modifies such a cortical phenomenon. Music of varying tempi was used to test entrainment at different rates. In three magnetoencephalography experiments, we recorded from nonmusicians, as well as musicians with varying years of experience. Recordings from nonmusicians demonstrate cortical entrainment that tracks musical stimuli over a typical range of tempi, but not at tempi below 1 note per second. Importantly, the observed entrainment correlates with performance on a concurrent pitch-related behavioral task. In contrast, the data from musicians show that entrainment is enhanced by years of musical training, at all presented tempi. This suggests a bidirectional relationship between behavior and cortical entrainment, a phenomenon that has not previously been reported. Additional analyses focus on responses in the beta range (∼15-30 Hz)-often linked to delta activity in the context of temporal predictions. Our findings provide evidence that the role of beta in temporal predictions scales to the complex hierarchical rhythms in natural music and enhances processing of musical content. This study builds on important findings on brainstem plasticity and represents a compelling demonstration that cortical neural entrainment is tightly coupled to both musical training and task performance, further supporting a role for cortical oscillatory activity in music perception and cognition.
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37
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Stimulus-driven changes in the direction of neural priming during visual word recognition. Neuroimage 2015; 125:428-436. [PMID: 26514294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual object recognition is generally known to be facilitated when targets are preceded by the same or relevant stimuli. For written words, however, the beneficial effect of priming can be reversed when primes and targets share initial syllables (e.g., "boca" and "bono"). Using fMRI, the present study explored neuroanatomical correlates of this negative syllabic priming. In each trial, participants made semantic judgment about a centrally presented target, which was preceded by a masked prime flashed either to the left or right visual field. We observed that the inhibitory priming during reading was associated with a left-lateralized effect of repetition enhancement in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), rather than repetition suppression in the ventral visual region previously associated with facilitatory behavioral priming. We further performed a second fMRI experiment using a classical whole-word repetition priming paradigm with the same hemifield procedure and task instruction, and obtained well-known effects of repetition suppression in the left occipito-temporal cortex. These results therefore suggest that the left IFG constitutes a fast word processing system distinct from the posterior visual word-form system and that the directions of repetition effects can change with intrinsic properties of stimuli even when participants' cognitive and attentional states are kept constant.
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38
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Trendel O, Werle COC. Distinguishing the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes to improve prediction of food choices. Appetite 2015; 104:33-43. [PMID: 26471802 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviors largely result from automatic processes. Yet, in existing research, automatic or implicit attitudes toward food often fail to predict eating behaviors. Applying findings in cognitive neuroscience research, we propose and find that a central reason why implicit attitudes toward food are not good predictors of eating behaviors is that implicit attitudes are driven by two distinct constructs that often have diverging evaluative consequences: the automatic affective reactions to food (e.g., tastiness; the affective basis of implicit attitudes) and the automatic cognitive reactions to food (e.g., healthiness; the cognitive basis of implicit attitudes). More importantly, we find that the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes directly and uniquely influence actual food choices under different conditions. While the affective basis of implicit attitude is the main driver of food choices, it is the only driver when cognitive resources during choice are limited. The cognitive basis of implicit attitudes uniquely influences food choices when cognitive resources during choice are plentiful but only for participants low in impulsivity. Researchers interested in automatic processes in eating behaviors could thus benefit by distinguishing between the affective and cognitive bases of implicit attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Trendel
- Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard BP 127, 38003 Cedex 01, France.
| | - Carolina O C Werle
- Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard BP 127, 38003 Cedex 01, France
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39
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Takaya S, Kuperberg GR, Liu H, Greve DN, Makris N, Stufflebeam SM. Asymmetric projections of the arcuate fasciculus to the temporal cortex underlie lateralized language function in the human brain. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:119. [PMID: 26441551 PMCID: PMC4569731 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arcuate fasciculus (AF) in the human brain has asymmetric structural properties. However, the topographic organization of the asymmetric AF projections to the cortex and its relevance to cortical function remain unclear. Here we mapped the posterior projections of the human AF in the inferior parietal and lateral temporal cortices using surface-based structural connectivity analysis based on diffusion MRI and investigated their hemispheric differences. We then performed the cross-modal comparison with functional connectivity based on resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) and task-related cortical activation based on fMRI using a semantic classification task of single words. Structural connectivity analysis showed that the left AF connecting to Broca's area predominantly projected in the lateral temporal cortex extending from the posterior superior temporal gyrus to the mid part of the superior temporal sulcus and the middle temporal gyrus, whereas the right AF connecting to the right homolog of Broca's area predominantly projected to the inferior parietal cortex extending from the mid part of the supramarginal gyrus to the anterior part of the angular gyrus. The left-lateralized projection regions of the AF in the left temporal cortex had asymmetric functional connectivity with Broca's area, indicating structure-function concordance through the AF. During the language task, left-lateralized cortical activation was observed. Among them, the brain responses in the temporal cortex and Broca's area that were connected through the left-lateralized AF pathway were specifically correlated across subjects. These results suggest that the human left AF, which structurally and functionally connects the mid temporal cortex and Broca's area in asymmetrical fashion, coordinates the cortical activity in these remote cortices during a semantic decision task. The unique feature of the left AF is discussed in the context of the human capacity for language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Takaya
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gina R Kuperberg
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Psychology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Douglas N Greve
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Stufflebeam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA ; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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40
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Feng G, Chen Q, Zhu Z, Wang S. Separate Brain Circuits Support Integrative and Semantic Priming in the Human Language System. Cereb Cortex 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Semantic priming is a crucial phenomenon to study the organization of semantic memory. A novel type of priming effect, integrative priming, has been identified behaviorally, whereby a prime word facilitates recognition of a target word when the 2 concepts can be combined to form a unitary representation. We used both functional and anatomical imaging approaches to investigate the neural substrates supporting such integrative priming, and compare them with those in semantic priming. Similar behavioral priming effects for both semantic (Bread–Cake) and integrative conditions (Cherry–Cake) were observed when compared with an unrelated condition. However, a clearly dissociated brain response was observed between these 2 types of priming. The semantic-priming effect was localized to the posterior superior temporal and middle temporal gyrus. In contrast, the integrative-priming effect localized to the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus and left anterior temporal cortices. Furthermore, fiber tractography showed that the integrative-priming regions were connected via uncinate fasciculus fiber bundle forming an integrative circuit, whereas the semantic-priming regions connected to the posterior frontal cortex via separated pathways. The results point to dissociable neural pathways underlying the 2 distinct types of priming, illuminating the neural circuitry organization of semantic representation and integration.
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41
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Zhang L, Li W, Wei D, Yang W, Yang N, Qiao L, Qiu J, Zuo XN, Zhang Q. The association between the brain and mind pops: a voxel-based morphometry study in 256 Chinese college students. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:332-41. [PMID: 25972117 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mind pops or involuntary semantic memories refer to words, phrases, images, or melodies that suddenly pop into one's mind without any deliberate attempt to recall them. Despite their prevalence in everyday life, research on mind pops has started only recently. Notably, mind pops are very similar to clinical involuntary phenomena such as hallucinations in schizophrenia, suggesting their potential role in pathology. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between mind pops and the brain morphometry measured in 302 healthy young adults; after exclusions, 256 participants were included in our analyses. Specifically, the Mind Popping Questionnaire (MPQ) was employed to measure the degree of individual mind pops, whereas the Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to compute the volumes of both gray and white matter tissues. Multiple regression analyses on MPQ and VBM metrics indicated that high-frequency mind pops were significantly associated with smaller gray matter volume in the left middle temporal gyrus as well as with larger gray and white matter volume in the right medial prefrontal cortex. This increase in mind pops is also linked to higher creativity and the personality trait of 'openness'. These data not only suggest a key role of the two regions in generating self-related thoughts, but also open a possible link between brain and creativity or personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenfu Li
- Mental Health Department of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, 272013, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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42
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Ames DL, Honey CJ, Chow MA, Todorov A, Hasson U. Contextual Alignment of Cognitive and Neural Dynamics. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:655-64. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effective real-world communication requires the alignment of multiple individuals to a common perspective or mental framework. To study how this alignment occurs at the level of the brain, we measured BOLD response during fMRI while participants (n = 24) listened to a series of vignettes either in the presence or absence of a valid contextual cue. The valid contextual cue was necessary to understand the information in each vignette. We then examined where and to what extent the shared valid context led to greater intersubject similarity of neural processing. Regions of the default mode network including posterior cingulate cortex and medial pFC became more aligned when participants shared a valid contextual framework, whereas other regions, including primary sensory cortices, responded to the stimuli reliably regardless of contextual factors. Taken in conjunction with previous research, the present results suggest that default mode regions help the brain to organize incoming verbal information in the context of previous knowledge.
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43
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Rodd JM, Vitello S, Woollams AM, Adank P. Localising semantic and syntactic processing in spoken and written language comprehension: an Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 141:89-102. [PMID: 25576690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to identify brain regions that are recruited by linguistic stimuli requiring relatively demanding semantic or syntactic processing. We included 54 functional MRI studies that explicitly varied the semantic or syntactic processing load, while holding constant demands on earlier stages of processing. We included studies that introduced a syntactic/semantic ambiguity or anomaly, used a priming manipulation that specifically reduced the load on semantic/syntactic processing, or varied the level of syntactic complexity. The results confirmed the critical role of the posterior left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (LIFG) in semantic and syntactic processing. These results challenge models of sentence comprehension highlighting the role of anterior LIFG for semantic processing. In addition, the results emphasise the posterior (but not anterior) temporal lobe for both semantic and syntactic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rodd
- Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Vitello
- Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Woollams
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patti Adank
- Department of Speech, Hearing, and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Jessen S, Kotz SA. Affect differentially modulates brain activation in uni- and multisensory body-voice perception. Neuropsychologia 2015; 66:134-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
The functional neuroanatomy of speech processing has been difficult to characterize. One major impediment to progress has been the failure to consider task effects when mapping speech-related processing systems. We summarize a dual-stream model of speech processing that addresses this situation. In this model, a ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension, and a dorsal stream maps acoustic speech signals to parietal and frontal-lobe articulatory networks. The model assumes that the ventral stream is largely bilaterally organized, although there are important computational differences between the left- and right-hemisphere systems, whereas the dorsal stream is strongly left-hemisphere-dominant.
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Rodriguez Moreno D, Schiff ND, Hirsch J. Negative blood oxygen level dependent signals during speech comprehension. Brain Connect 2014; 5:232-44. [PMID: 25412406 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech comprehension studies have generally focused on the isolation and function of regions with positive blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals with respect to a resting baseline. Although regions with negative BOLD signals in comparison to a resting baseline have been reported in language-related tasks, their relationship to regions of positive signals is not fully appreciated. Based on the emerging notion that the negative signals may represent an active function in language tasks, the authors test the hypothesis that negative BOLD signals during receptive language are more associated with comprehension than content-free versions of the same stimuli. Regions associated with comprehension of speech were isolated by comparing responses to passive listening to natural speech to two incomprehensible versions of the same speech: one that was digitally time reversed and one that was muffled by removal of high frequencies. The signal polarity was determined by comparing the BOLD signal during each speech condition to the BOLD signal during a resting baseline. As expected, stimulation-induced positive signals relative to resting baseline were observed in the canonical language areas with varying signal amplitudes for each condition. Negative BOLD responses relative to resting baseline were observed primarily in frontoparietal regions and were specific to the natural speech condition. However, the BOLD signal remained indistinguishable from baseline for the unintelligible speech conditions. Variations in connectivity between brain regions with positive and negative signals were also specifically related to the comprehension of natural speech. These observations of anticorrelated signals related to speech comprehension are consistent with emerging models of cooperative roles represented by BOLD signals of opposite polarity.
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Zhu Z, Gold BT, Chang CF, Wang S, Juan CH. Left middle temporal and inferior frontal regions contribute to speed of lexical decision: a TMS study. Brain Cogn 2014; 93:11-7. [PMID: 25463244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of left anterior inferior frontal gyrus (aLIFG) and left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) has been observed in some functional neuroimaging studies of lexical decision but not others. It is thus unclear whether these two regions are necessary for word recognition. By applying continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) which temporally suppresses local brain function, we examined whether aLIFG and LMTG play causal roles in word recognition in a visual lexical decision task (LDT). Furthermore, we manipulated stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between prime and target to test whether these regions contribute to word recognition differently. In the LDT task, target words were preceded by semantically related primes (Related Condition; RC) or semantically unrelated words (Unrelated Condition; UC), under both short (150 ms) and long (600 ms) SOA conditions. TMS of aLIFG and LMTG significantly affected the word recognition speed compared to TMS of Vertex. Our results provide evidence that both aLIFG and LMTG contribute to word recognition speed. Furthermore, at short SOA, TMS of aLIFG or LMTG prolonged reaction time (RT). In contrast, at long SOA, there was a significant region by SOA by TMS interaction such that TMS of aLIFG prolonged RT, whereas TMS of LMTG speeded RT. These results suggest that aLIFG and LMTG may play different roles in word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zude Zhu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Brian T Gold
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chi-Fu Chang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Suiping Wang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan.
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Mueller JL, Rueschemeyer SA, Ono K, Sugiura M, Sadato N, Nakamura A. Neural networks involved in learning lexical-semantic and syntactic information in a second language. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1209. [PMID: 25400602 PMCID: PMC4214356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of language acquisition in a realistic learning environment. Japanese native speakers were trained in a miniature version of German prior to fMRI scanning. During scanning they listened to (1) familiar sentences, (2) sentences including a novel sentence structure, and (3) sentences containing a novel word while visual context provided referential information. Learning-related decreases of brain activation over time were found in a mainly left-hemispheric network comprising classical frontal and temporal language areas as well as parietal and subcortical regions and were largely overlapping for novel words and the novel sentence structure in initial stages of learning. Differences occurred at later stages of learning during which content-specific activation patterns in prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortices emerged. The results are taken as evidence for a domain-general network supporting the initial stages of language learning which dynamically adapts as learners become proficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta L Mueller
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany ; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kentaro Ono
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu, Japan ; Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akinori Nakamura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu, Japan
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An fMRI study of concreteness effects in spoken word recognition. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:34. [PMID: 25269448 PMCID: PMC4243442 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for the brain mechanisms recruited when processing concrete versus abstract concepts has been largely derived from studies employing visual stimuli. The tasks and baseline contrasts used have also involved varying degrees of lexical processing. This study investigated the neural basis of the concreteness effect during spoken word recognition and employed a lexical decision task with a novel pseudoword condition. Methods The participants were seventeen healthy young adults (9 females). The stimuli consisted of (a) concrete, high imageability nouns, (b) abstract, low imageability nouns and (c) opaque legal pseudowords presented in a pseudorandomised, event-related design. Activation for the concrete, abstract and pseudoword conditions was analysed using anatomical regions of interest derived from previous findings of concrete and abstract word processing. Results Behaviourally, lexical decision reaction times for the concrete condition were significantly faster than both abstract and pseudoword conditions and the abstract condition was significantly faster than the pseudoword condition (p < 0.05). The region of interest analysis showed significantly greater activity for concrete versus abstract conditions in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate and bilaterally in the angular gyrus. There were no significant differences between abstract and concrete conditions in the left superior temporal gyrus or inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusions These findings confirm the involvement of the bilateral angular gyrus, left posterior cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in retrieving concrete versus abstract concepts during spoken word recognition. Significant activity was also elicited by concrete words relative to pseudowords in the left fusiform and left anterior middle temporal gyrus. These findings confirm the involvement of a widely distributed network of brain regions that are activated in response to the spoken recognition of concrete but not abstract words. Our findings are consistent with the proposal that distinct brain regions are engaged as convergence zones and enable the binding of supramodal input.
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Neill E, Rossell SL, Kordzadze M. Investigating word associations in a schizotypy sample: contrasting implicit and explicit processing. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2014; 19:134-48. [PMID: 23862769 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.807727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizotypy is a useful schizophrenia analogue that controls for confounding factors such as medication and general intellectual decline. In the current study this analogue approach was used to examine implicit/explicit and direct/indirect semantic memory function. This is the first study to examine both implicit and explicit semantic access in the same schizotypy sample. METHODS Participants completed four semantic tasks: (1) implicit indirect priming, (2) implicit direct priming, (3) explicit object (indirect) task, and (4) explicit association (direct) task. The schizophrenia literature suggests that semantic impairments are associated with thought disorder. As such, participants were divided into low (n=18) and high (n=18) schizotypy groups based on their responses to a thought disorder subscale of the Oxford Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-Life) scale. RESULTS In terms of implicit performance, the high schizotypy group demonstrated increased direct priming but nonsignificant indirect priming. The low schizotypy group demonstrated no significant difference in direct and indirect priming. Performance on the explicit tasks was equivalent between the two groups for direct stimuli. On the indirect explicit task, high schizotypy was associated with an increase in errors. CONCLUSIONS Increased direct priming in high schizotypy is equivalent to that seen in schizophrenia, which has been interpreted as increased spreading of activation. Abnormal performance using the indirect stimuli was found across implicit and explicit versions. The relevance of these findings to schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Neill
- a Cognitive Neuropsychology , MAPrc, Monash University, School of Psychology and Psychiatry , 1st Floor, Old Baker Building, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne , VIC 3004 , Australia
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