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Bernardi-Gómez C, Valdivieso-Cortadella S, Llorente M, Aureli F, Amici F. Vigilance has mainly a social function in a wild group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23559. [PMID: 37839064 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Vigilance is a widespread behavior that allows individuals to socially acquire information and/or effectively detect potential risks posed by predators and conspecifics. In this study, we aimed to investigate how social factors (i.e., subgroup size, number of males and immatures in the subgroup, presence of fission and fusion events, subgroup activity), individual characteristics (i.e., sex, presence of dependent offspring) and possible vulnerability to predation (i.e., being in smaller subgroups or lower in the canopy) explain variation in vigilance behavior in a wild group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). We collected vigilance data during focal samples of all adults, subadults and juveniles of the group (N = 38), and ran generalized linear mixed models with a Bayesian approach. We found that the proportion of time both sexes spent in vigilance increased with subgroup size and during fusion events. Individuals also spent more time in vigilance when the subgroup was resting or socializing compared to other activities. Moreover, the proportion of time spent in vigilance increased in subgroups with more immatures. An alternative model with similar fit suggested that the proportion of time spent in vigilance increased in females when subgroups included more adult and subadult males. Overall, these results suggest that our study group mainly directed vigilance toward conspecifics (i.e., social vigilance), probably as a result of the relatively low predation pressure experienced, and contribute to the understanding of the multiple social factors affecting vigilance in group-living primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miquel Llorente
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca "Llenguatge i Cognició", Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Federica Amici
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Iki S, Kutsukake N. Japanese macaques relax vigilance when surrounded by kin. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nishikawa M, Suzuki M, Sprague DS. Activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony in wild female Japanese macaques. Behav Processes 2021; 191:104473. [PMID: 34363911 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The degree of behavioural synchrony of animals within a group can be considered a reflection of how individuals adjust their behaviours to manage the costs/benefits accompanying group-living. In this study, we focused on activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony as behavioural synchrony. We aimed to quantify the degree of behavioural synchrony and identify which factors can affect the synchrony in wild females of Japanese macaques. Japanese macaques live in female philopatric multi-female and multi-male groups and have a linear dominance hierarchy. The groups are characterized by changing spatio-temporal cohesiveness among group members. Two observers conducted simultaneous focal animal sampling on adult females using global positioning system devices to record locations. The overall degree of activity synchrony was positive compared with random, and the degree was highest when macaques were located within visual range of each other. Both activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony were influenced by spatial cohesion, i.e. interindividual distance, which shows that the probabilities of synchrony were higher with individuals located closer. Activity synchrony was also influenced by activity type, showing that the probabilities of synchrony were higher when individuals engaged in foraging. These results suggest that synchronized foraging may be caused by enhanced feeding with other group members when they are closer to each other. Our approach to quantitatively measure spatial dispersal while observing group members simultaneously revealed the roles of spatial cohesion and activity types for determining the degree of behavioral synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nishikawa
- Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Mariko Suzuki
- Amami Wildlife Conservation Center, Koshinohata 551, Ongachi, Yamato, Oshima, Kagoshima 894-3104, Japan
| | - David S Sprague
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
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Kurihara Y, Muto H. Behavioral responses of Japanese macaques to playback-simulated intergroup encounters. Behav Processes 2020; 182:104279. [PMID: 33189797 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Group-living animals gain fitness benefits from intergroup aggression, but also incur costs. Advertisement behaviors, such as long-distance calls and scent marking, help animals avoid disadvantageous, or less rewarding, fights. However, it remains unclear how species that lack advertisement behaviors respond to auditory information from other groups. We hypothesized that such species use auditory information prior to visual contact with the opponent group to determine its relative resource holding potential. Here, we aimed to identify the behavioral responses of Japanese macaques to simulated intergroup encounters. We conducted a vocal playback experiment and behavioral observations of 11 adult males and females from two groups intermittently from October 2015 to June 2017. In response to vocalizations of other groups, the macaques stopped feeding, decreased contact calling, and increased visual scanning, which could enable them to make timely and accurate decisions as to whether to fight or flee. The spatial cohesion of the group did not change. These results partly support our hypothesis and suggest that the onset of increased vigilance to opponents is prior to visual contact with them. The present study highlights the importance of investigating early phases of intergroup encounters in species lacking advertisement behaviors to obtain new insights on intergroup conflicts in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan; Center for Education and Research in Field Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Muto
- School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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6
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Tsuji Y, Campos-Arceiz A, Prasad S, Kitamura S, McConkey KR. Intraspecific differences in seed dispersal caused by differences in social rank and mediated by food availability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1532. [PMID: 32001788 PMCID: PMC6992765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We use individual-based information on the behavior of wild female Japanese macaques in two consecutive years with different food availability (nut-rich vs. nut-poor) to test effects of dominance rank and nut fruiting on seed dispersal parameters. We predicted that social rank would affect dispersal (1) quantity, (2) quality, (3) species richness, and (4) percentage of berries in the diet in the nut-poor year, while these differences would disappear in the nut-rich year. We found seeds of nine fleshy-fruited plant species in the feces of the monkeys. The frequency of seed occurrence for two plant species (Viburnum dilatatum and Rosa multiflora) showed an interaction between dominance ranks and years; in the nut-poor year V. dilatatum seeds were more abundant among dominant females and R. multiflora among subordinates, while such inter-rank differences disappeared in the nut-rich year. Similarly, the intact ratio of V. dilatatum seeds was lower for dominants in the nut-poor year, while inter-rank variations disappeared in the nut-rich year. Finally, percentage of berries in diet and seed richness showed no inter-annual nor inter-rank variations. Our study highlights that differences in individuals’ social rank lead to within-group variation in seed dispersal services and that these differences are dependent on nut availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Soumya Prasad
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, 5600012, India
| | - Shumpei Kitamura
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kim R McConkey
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia.,National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, 5600012, India
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Busia L, Schaffner CM, Aureli F. Watch out! Insecure relationships affect vigilance in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gil MA, Baskett ML, Schreiber SJ. Social information drives ecological outcomes among competing species. Ecology 2019; 100:e02835. [PMID: 31330041 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Through its behavior, an organism intentionally or unintentionally produces information. Use of this "social information" by surrounding conspecifics or heterospecifics is a ubiquitous phenomenon that can drive strong correlations in fitness-associated behaviors, such as predator avoidance, enhancing survival within and among competing species. By eliciting indirect positive interactions between competing individuals or species, social information might alter overall competitive outcomes. To test this potential, we present new theory that quantifies the effect of social information, modeled as predator avoidance signals/cues, on the outcomes from intraspecific and interspecific competition. Our analytical and numerical results reveal that social information can rescue populations from extinction and can shift the long-term outcome of competitive interactions from mutual exclusion to coexistence, or vice versa, depending on the relative strengths of intraspecific and interspecific social information and competition. Our findings highlight the importance of social information in determining ecological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gil
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - M L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - S J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Matsumoto-Oda A, Okamoto K, Takahashi K, Ohira H. Group size effects on inter-blink interval as an indicator of antipredator vigilance in wild baboons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10062. [PMID: 29968733 PMCID: PMC6030190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vigilance in animals is an important means for predator detection. Animals living in groups reduce their predation risk as more individuals are present. In contrast to most other animals studied, many studies on primates do not support the prediction that individual vigilance will decline as group size increases. For animals to obtain visual information during vigilance behaviour, their eyes must be open. Therefore, if animals are able to perceive differential risk of predation, the inter-blink interval (eye-opening) should increase, and the blink duration (eye-closure) should decrease under higher predation risk. We tested this prediction by measuring inter-blink interval in wild anubis baboons (Papio anubis) in peripheral and centre individuals within a group, and between larger and smaller groups. We found that the inter-blink interval for young males, often located at the front edge of the group, was longer than that of adult males, adult females, and young females, often located in the center of the group, and that the inter-blink interval for adult males was longer when the group was smaller. These results suggest that inter-blink interval can be used as an indicator of primate vigilance toward predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto-Oda
- Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kohei Okamoto
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Ohira
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Gil MA, Hein AM, Spiegel O, Baskett ML, Sih A. Social Information Links Individual Behavior to Population and Community Dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:535-548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Allan AT, Hill RA. What have we been looking at? A call for consistency in studies of primate vigilance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:4-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T.L. Allan
- Department of Anthropology; Durham University; Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
- Primate and Predator Project; Lajuma Research Centre; PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt 0920 South Africa
| | - Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology; Durham University; Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
- Primate and Predator Project; Lajuma Research Centre; PO Box 522, Louis Trichardt 0920 South Africa
- Department of Zoology; University of Venda; Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa
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Kurihara Y, Hanya G. Comparison of feeding behavior between two different-sized groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). Am J Primatol 2015; 77:986-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Japan
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13
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Kazahari N. Maintaining social cohesion is a more important determinant of patch residence time than maximizing food intake rate in a group-living primate, Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2014; 55:179-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Otani Y, Sawada A, Hanya G. Short-term separation from groups by male Japanese macaques: Costs and benefits in feeding behavior and social interaction. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:374-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Otani
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Akiko Sawada
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
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Sugiura H, Shimooka Y, Tsuji Y. Japanese Macaques Depend not Only on Neighbours but also on More Distant Members for Group Cohesion. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sugiura
- Wildlife Research Center; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimooka
- Department of Environmental Science; Teikyo University of Science and Technology; Uenohara Yamanashi Japan
| | - Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
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Crofoot MC. The cost of defeat: Capuchin groups travel further, faster and later after losing conflicts with neighbors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:79-85. [PMID: 23900797 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although competition between social groups is central to hypotheses about the evolution of human social organization, competitive interactions among group-mates are thought to play a more dominant role in shaping the behavior and ecology of other primate species. However, few studies have directly tested the impact of intergroup conflicts in non-human primates. What is the cost of defeat? To address this question, the movements of six neighboring white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) social groups living on Barro Colorado Island, Panama were tracked simultaneously using an Automated Radio Telemetry System (ARTS), for a period of six months. Groups moved 13% (441 m) further on days they lost interactions compared with days they won interactions. To cover these larger distances, they traveled faster, stopped less frequently, and remained active later in the evening. Defeat also caused groups to alter their patterns of space use. Losing groups had straighter travel paths than winning groups, larger net displacements and were more likely to change their sleeping site. These results demonstrate that losing groups pay increased travel costs and suggest that they forage in low-quality areas. They provide some of the first direct evidence that intergroup conflicts have important energetic consequences for members of competitively unsuccessful primate social groups. A better understanding of how intergroup competition impacts patterns of individual fitness is thus needed to clarify the role that this group-level process plays in shaping the evolution of human- and non-human primate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Crofoot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá; Division of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
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Effects of proximity and activity on visual and auditory monitoring in wild Japanese Macaques. Am J Primatol 2011; 73:623-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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