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Smiley RW, Dababat AA, Iqbal S, Jones MGK, Maafi ZT, Peng D, Subbotin SA, Waeyenberge L. Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1692-1720. [PMID: 30676930 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0355-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a "bushy-knotted" appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smiley
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Pendleton
| | - Abdelfattah A Dababat
- Soil Borne Pathogens Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadia Iqbal
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences,Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth
| | - Michael G K Jones
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences,Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth
| | - Zahra Tanha Maafi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran
| | - Deliang Peng
- Nematology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing
| | - Sergei A Subbotin
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; and Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - Lieven Waeyenberge
- Crop Protection Research Area, Plant Sciences Unit, Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
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Qiao F, Luo L, Peng H, Luo S, Huang W, Cui J, Li X, Kong L, Jiang D, Chitwood DJ, Peng D. Characterization of Three Novel Fatty Acid- and Retinoid-Binding Protein Genes (Ha-far-1, Ha-far-2 and Hf-far-1) from the Cereal Cyst Nematodes Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160003. [PMID: 27479008 PMCID: PMC4968833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi are major parasites of wheat, reducing production worldwide. Both are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, and their development and parasitism depend strongly on nutrients obtained from hosts. Secreted fatty acid- and retinol-binding (FAR) proteins are nematode-specific lipid carrier proteins used for nutrient acquisition as well as suppression of plant defenses. In this study, we obtained three novel FAR genes Ha-far-1 (KU877266), Ha-far-2 (KU877267), Hf-far-1 (KU877268). Ha-far-1 and Ha-far-2 were cloned from H. avenae, encoding proteins of 191 and 280 amino acids with molecular masses about 17 and 30 kDa, respectively and sequence identity of 28%. Protein Blast in NCBI revealed that Ha-FAR-1 sequence is 78% similar to the Gp-FAR-1 protein from Globodera pallida, while Ha-FAR-2 is 30% similar to Rs-FAR-1 from Radopholus similis. Only one FAR protein Hf-FAR-1was identified in H. filipjevi; it had 96% sequence identity to Ha-FAR-1. The three proteins are alpha-helix-rich and contain the conserved domain of Gp-FAR-1, but Ha-FAR-2 had a remarkable peptide at the C-terminus which was random-coil-rich. Both Ha-FAR-1 and Hf-FAR-1 had casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, while Ha-FAR-2 had predicted N-glycosylation sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three proteins clustered together, though Ha-FAR-1 and Hf-FAR-1 adjoined each other in a plant-parasitic nematode branch, but Ha-FAR-2 was distinct from the other proteins in the group. Fluorescence-based ligand binding analysis showed the three FAR proteins bound to a fluorescent fatty acid derivative and retinol and with dissociation constants similar to FARs from other species, though Ha-FAR-2 binding ability was weaker than that of the two others. In situ hybridization detected mRNAs of Ha-far-1 and Ha-far-2 in the hypodermis. The qRT-PCR results showed that the Ha-far-1and Ha-far-2 were expressed in all developmental stages; Ha-far-1 expressed 70 times more than Ha-far-2 in all stages. The highest expression level of Ha-far-1 was observed in fourth-stage juvenile (J4), whereas the highest expression level of Ha-far-2 occurred in second-stage juvenile (J2). In conclusion, we have identified two novel far genes from H. avenae and one from H. filipjevi and have provided further indication that nematode far genes are present in a variety of nematode species, where the FAR proteins share similar basic structure, expression pattern and biochemical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lilian Luo
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Huan Peng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shujie Luo
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenkun Huang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jiangkuan Cui
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lingan Kong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - David J. Chitwood
- Nematology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Building 011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America
| | - Deliang Peng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Montes MJ, López-Braña I, Romero MD, Sin E, Andrés MF, Martín-Sánchez JA, Delibes A. Biochemical and genetic studies of two Heterodera avenae resistance genes transferred from Aegilops ventricosa to wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 107:611-618. [PMID: 12756472 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two Heterodera avenae resistance genes, Cre2 from Aegilops ventricosa AP-1 and Cre5 from Ae. ventricosa #10, were shown to confer a high level of resistance to the Spanish pathotype Ha71. No susceptible plants were found in the F(2) progeny from the cross between the two accessions of Ae. ventricosa, suggesting that their respective resistance factors were allelic. However, genes Cre2 and Cre5 apparently were transferred to a different chromosomal location in the wheat line H-93-8 and in the 6M(v)(6D) substitution, respectively, as proved by F(2) segregation of their cross progeny. The induction of several defence responses during early infection by the same H. avenae pathotype in resistant lines carrying Cre2 or Cre5 genes was studied. Isoelectrofocusing (IEF) isozyme analysis revealed that peroxidase, esterase and superoxide dismutase activity increased after nematode infection, in roots of resistant lines in comparison with their susceptible parents. Differential induced isoforms were also identified when IEF patterns of resistant lines were compared. A DNA marker, absent in Cre5-carrying genotypes, was found to be linked, thought not very tightly, to the Cre2 gene in the H-93-8 line. The differences observed between the Cre2 and Cre5 genes with respect to their chromosomal location in wheat introgression lines, de-toxificant enzyme induction and behaviour against different pathotypes, suggest they are different H. avenae resistance sources for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Montes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETS Ing Agrónomos, UPM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
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