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Mafla L, So RJ, Collins SL, Chan-Li Y, Lina I, Motz KM, Hillel AT. An Ovine Model Yields Histology and Gene Expression Changes Consistent with Laryngotracheal Stenosis. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38738796 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Animal models for laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) are critical to understand underlying mechanisms and study new therapies. Current animal models for LTS are limited by small airway sizes compared to human. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel, large animal ovine model for LTS. METHODS Sheep underwent either bleomycin-coated polypropylene brush injury to the subglottis (n = 6) or airway stent placement (n = 2) via suspension microlaryngoscopy. Laryngotracheal complexes were harvested 4 weeks following injury or stent placement. For the airway injury group, biopsies (n = 3 at each site) were collected of tracheal scar and distal normal regions, and analyzed for fibrotic gene expression. Lamina propria (LP) thickness was compared between injured and normal areas of trachea. RESULTS No mortality occurred in sheep undergoing airway injury or stent placement. There was no migration of tracheal stents. After protocol optimization, LP thickness was significantly increased in injured trachea (Sheep #3: 529.0 vs. 850.8 um; Sheep #4: 933.0 vs. 1693.2 um; Sheep #5: 743.7 vs. 1378.4 um; Sheep #6: 305.7 vs. 2257.6 um). A significant 62-fold, 20-fold, 16-fold, 16-fold, and 9-fold change of COL1, COL3, COL5, FN1, and TGFB1 was observed in injured scar specimen relative to unaffected airway, respectively. CONCLUSION An ovine LTS model produces histologic and transcriptional changes consistent with fibrosis seen in human LTS. Airway stent placement in this model is safe and feasible. This large airway model is a reliable and reproducible method to assess the efficacy of novel LTS therapies prior to clinical translation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mafla
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Raymond J So
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Samuel L Collins
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Ioan Lina
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Kevin M Motz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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Uryash A, Umlas J, Mijares A, Adams JA, Lopez JR. Enhancing Muscle Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Glucose Uptake: Passive Pulsatile Shear Stress Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2596. [PMID: 37892970 PMCID: PMC10604129 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a significant global public health problem that has seen a substantial increase in the number of affected individuals in recent decades. In a murine model of T2D (db/db), we found several abnormalities, including aberrant intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), decreased glucose transport, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins and creatine phosphokinase (CK), and muscle weakness. Previously, we demonstrated that passive pulsatile shear stress, generated by sinusoidal (headward-forward) motion, using a motion platform that provides periodic acceleration of the whole body in the Z plane (pGz), induces the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) mediated by constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and nNOS). We investigated the effect of pGz on db/db a rodent model of T2D. The treatment of db/db mice with pGz resulted in several beneficial effects. It reduced [Ca2+]i overload; enhanced muscle glucose transport; and decreased ROS levels, interleukins, and CK. Furthermore, pGz treatment increased the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS); reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); and improved muscle strength. The cytoprotective effects of pGz appear to be mediated by NO, since pretreatment with L-NAME, a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, abolished the effects of pGz on [Ca2+]i and ROS production. Our findings suggest that a non-pharmacological strategy such as pGz has therapeutic potential as an adjunct treatment to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA; (A.U.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Jordan Umlas
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA; (A.U.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Alfredo Mijares
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 21827, Venezuela;
| | - Jose A. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA; (A.U.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
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Adams JA, Martínez A. Editorial: Non-pharmacologic Sustained Endothelial Shear Stress: An Evolving Clinical Paradigm. Front Physiol 2021; 12:790022. [PMID: 34867490 PMCID: PMC8635141 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.790022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Whole body periodic acceleration in normal and reduced mucociliary clearance of conscious sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224764. [PMID: 31697733 PMCID: PMC6837306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether nitric oxide (NO) released into the circulation by a noninvasive technology called whole body periodic acceleration (WBPA) could increase mucociliary clearance (MCC). It was based on observations by others that nitric oxide donor drugs increase ciliary beat frequency of nasal epithelium without increasing mucociliary clearance. Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV), a reflection of MCC, was measured in sheep after 1-hour treatment of WBPA and repeated after pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME to demonstrated action of NO. Aerosolized human neutrophil elastase (HNE) was administered to sheep to suppress TMV as might occur in cystic fibrosis and other inflammatory lung diseases. WBPA increased TMV to a peak of 136% of baseline 1h after intervention, an effect blocked by L-NAME. HNE reduced TMV to 55% of baseline but slowing was reversed by WBPA, protection lost in the presence of L-NAME. NO released into the circulation from eNOS by WBPA can acutely access airway epithelium for improving MCC slowed in cystic fibrosis and other inflammatory lung diseases as a means of enhancing host defense against pathogens.
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Adams JA, Pastuszko P, Uryash A, Wilson D, Lopez Padrino JR, Nadkarni V, Pastuszko A. Whole Body Periodic Acceleration (pGz) as a non-invasive preconditioning strategy for pediatric cardiac surgery. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:144-149. [PMID: 29317058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that pGz has cardio and neuroprotective effects due to upregulation of pathways which include eNOS, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory pathways. We analyze protein expression of these pathways in the brain of neonatal piglets, as well as report on the myocardial function after Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest (DHCA) and pGz preconditioning. Animal data affirms both a cardio and neuroprotective role for pGz. These findings suggest that pGz can be a simple, non-invasive cardio and neuroprotective strategy preconditioning strategy in children requiring surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States.
| | - Peter Pastuszko
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Health Systems, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - David Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jose R Lopez Padrino
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Vinay Nadkarni
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Pastuszko
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Effect of whole-body periodic acceleration on exercise-induced muscle damage after eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:985-92. [PMID: 24662009 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of whole-body periodic acceleration (pGz) on exercise-induced-muscle-damage (EIMD) -related symptoms induced by unaccustomed eccentric arm exercise. METHODS Seventeen active young men (23.4 ± 4.6 y) made 6 visits to the research facility over a 2-wk period. On day 1, subjects performed a 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) elbow-flexion test and were randomly assigned to the pGz (n = 8) or control group (n = 9). Criterion measurements were taken on day 2, before and immediately after performance of the eccentric-exercise protocol (10 sets, 10 repetitions using 120% 1RM) and after the recovery period. During subsequent sessions (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) these data were collected before pGz or passive recovery. Measurements included isometric strength (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]), blood markers (creatine kinase, myoglobin, IL-6, TNF-α, TBARS, PGF2α, protein carbonyls, uric acid, and nitrites), soreness, pain, circumference, and range of motion (ROM). RESULTS Significantly higher MVC values were seen for pGz throughout the recovery period. Within-group differences were seen in myoglobin, IL-6, IL-10, protein carbonyls, soreness, pain, circumference, and ROM showing small negative responses and rapid recovery for the pGz condition. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that pGz can be an effective tool for the reduction of EIMD and may contribute to the training-adaptation cycle by speeding up the recovery of the body due to its performance-loss-lessening effect.
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Adams JA, Uryash A, Bassuk J, Sackner MA, Kurlansky P. Biological basis of neuroprotection and neurotherapeutic effects of Whole Body Periodic Acceleration (pGz). Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:681-7. [PMID: 24661939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a well known neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic strategy in animal models and humans with brain injury and cognitive dysfunction. In part, exercise induced beneficial effects relate to endothelial derived nitric oxide (eNO) production and induction of the neurotrophins; Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF). Whole Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA (pGz), is the motion of the supine body headward to footward in a sinusoidal fashion, at frequencies of 100-160 cycles/min, inducing pulsatile shear stress to the vascular endothelium. WBPA (pGz) increases eNO in the cardiovascular system in animal models and humans. We hypothesized that WBPA (pGz) has neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic effects due to enhancement of biological pathways that include eNOS, BDNF and GDNF. We discuss protein expression analysis of these in brain of rodents. Animal and observational human data affirm a neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic role for WBPA (pGz). These findings suggest that WBPA (pGz) in addition to its well known beneficial cardiovascular effects can be a simple non-invasive neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic strategy with far reaching health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States.
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jorge Bassuk
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Marvin A Sackner
- Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul Kurlansky
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, United States
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Sisson JH, Wyatt TA, Pavlik JA, Sarna PS, Murphy PJ. Vest Chest Physiotherapy Airway Clearance is Associated with Nitric Oxide Metabolism. Pulm Med 2013; 2013:291375. [PMID: 24349778 PMCID: PMC3857909 DOI: 10.1155/2013/291375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Vest chest physiotherapy (VCPT) enhances airway clearance in cystic fibrosis (CF) by an unknown mechanism. Because cilia are sensitive to nitric oxide (NO), we hypothesized that VCPT enhances clearance by changing NO metabolism. Methods. Both normal subjects and stable CF subjects had pre- and post-VCPT airway clearance assessed using nasal saccharin transit time (NSTT) followed by a collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analyzed for NO metabolites (NO x ). Results. VCPT shorted NSTT by 35% in normal and stable CF subjects with no difference observed between the groups. EBC NO x concentrations decreased 68% in control subjects after VCPT (before = 115 ± 32 μ M versus after = 37 ± 17 μ M; P < 0.002). CF subjects had a trend toward lower EBC NO x . Conclusion. We found an association between VCPT-stimulated clearance and exhaled NO x levels in human subjects. We speculate that VCPT stimulates clearance via increased NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Sisson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Omaha-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7850, USA
| | - Jacqueline A. Pavlik
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA
| | - Pawanjit S. Sarna
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA
| | - Peter J. Murphy
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA
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Uryash A, Wu H, Bassuk J, Kurlansky P, Sackner MA, Adams JA. Low-amplitude pulses to the circulation through periodic acceleration induces endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1840-7. [PMID: 19325024 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91612.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-amplitude pulses to the vasculature increase pulsatile shear stress to the endothelium. This activates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) to promote NO release and endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. Descent of the dicrotic notch on the arterial pulse waveform and a-to-b ratio (a/b; where a is the height of the pulse amplitude and b is the height of the dicrotic notch above the end-diastolic level) reflects vasodilator (increased a/b) and vasoconstrictor effects (decreased a/b) due to NO level change. Periodic acceleration (pG(z)) (motion of the supine body head to foot on a platform) provides systemic additional pulsatile shear stress. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not pG(z) applied to rats produced endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and increased NO production, and whether the latter was regulated by the Akt/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Male rats were anesthetized and instrumented, and pG(z) was applied. Sodium nitroprusside, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), and wortmannin (WM; to block Akt/PI3K pathway) were administered to compare changes in a/b and mean aortic pressure. Descent of the dicrotic notch occurred within 2 s of initiating pG(z). Dose-dependent increase of a/b and decrease of mean aortic pressure took place with SNP. l-NAME produced a dose-dependent rise in mean aortic pressure and decrease of a/b, which was blunted with pG(z). In the presence of WM, pG(z) did not decrease aortic pressure or increase a/b. WM also abolished the pG(z) blunting effect on blood pressure and a/b of l-NAME-treated animals. eNOS expression was increased in aortic tissue after pG(z). This study indicates that addition of low-amplitude pulses to circulation through pG(z) produces endothelial-dependent vasodilatation due to increased NO in rats, which is mediated via activation of eNOS, in part, by the Akt/PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Deptartment of Research, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33410, USA
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Adams JA, Wu H, Bassuk JA, Arias J, Uryash A, Kurlansky P. Periodic acceleration (pGz) acutely increases endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in endomyocardium of normal swine. Peptides 2009; 30:373-7. [PMID: 19022311 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodic acceleration (pGz) is a non-invasive method of increasing pulsatile shear stress to the endothelium. pGz is achieved by the sinusoidal head to foot motion to the supine body. pGz increases endogenous production of nitric oxide in whole animal models and isolated perfused vessel preparations, and is cardioprotective when applied prior to, during and after ischemia reperfusion. In part, the protective effects of pGz are attributable to nitric oxide (NO). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether pGz up-regulates NOS isoforms in the endomyocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen swine weight 15-20 kg, were anesthetized, instrumented to measure hemodynamics and randomized. Ten animals received 1h of pGz at 180 cycles/min and Gz+/-3.9 m/s(2) [pGz] in addition to conventional ventilatory support and five served as time controls. RESULTS pGz produced a 2.3+/-0.4 and a 6.6+/-0.1 fold significant increase in eNOS and phosphorylated eNOS, 3.6+/-1.1 fold increase in nNOS, and no significant change in iNOS. pGz also produced a 2.4+/-0.3 and 3.9+/-0.2 folds significant increase in both total(t-Akt) and phosphorylated (p-Akt) Akt. CONCLUSIONS pGz is associated with an increase in both total and phosphorylated eNOS and nNOS protein expression in endomyocardium, and induced significant increase in total and phosphorylated-Akt. The data indicates that pGz is a novel method to induce eNOS and nNOS production in the endomyocardium. Therefore, pGz may serve as a powerful non-invasive intervention to activate the beneficial cardiac effects of endothelial and neuronal NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Division of Neonatology 3-BLUM, 4300 Alton Road, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA.
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Martínez A, Arias J, Bassuk JA, Wu H, Kurlansky P, Adams JA. Adrenomedullin is increased by pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium via periodic acceleration (pGz). Peptides 2008; 29:73-8. [PMID: 18054815 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodic acceleration (pGz) is produced by a platform which moves the supine body repetitively in a headward to footward direction. The imparted motion produces pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium. Pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium has been shown to elicit production of a host of cardioprotective, cytoprotective mediators. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if pGz also enhances production of adrenomedullin (AM) in normal healthy swine. Twelve pigs (weight range 20-30 kg) were anesthetized, intubated and placed on conventional mechanical ventilation. All animals were secured to the motion platform. In one group (pGz) (n=7) was activated for 1h, and monitored for an additional 3h. A control group (CONT) (n=5) served as time control. Arterial blood gases, hemodynamic measurements, and serum for AM, interleukin 4, 6 and thromboxane B(2) (TBXB2) were measured at baseline, immediately after pGz, and 3h after pGz had been discontinued. There was no significant change from baseline value in IL-4, IL-6 or TBXB2. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased in pGz-treated animals from 115+/-10 at baseline to 90+/-8 after 60 min of pGz (p<0.01). AM levels increase from 776+/-176 pg/ml baseline to 1160+/-68 pg/ml immediately after pGz, and remained elevated to 1584+/-160 pg/ml, 3h after pGz (p<0.01 vs. BL). This is the first report of AM-enhanced production using a non-invasive method of increasing pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium. pGz increases production of AM in normal healthy swine. These changes are independent of IL-4, IL-6 or TBXB2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Moore
- Center for Human Genomics and Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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