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Ferrari PA, Salis CB, Macciò A. Current Evidence Supporting the Role of miRNA as a Biomarker for Lung Cancer Diagnosis Through Exhaled Breath Condensate Collection: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2025; 15:683. [PMID: 40430112 PMCID: PMC12113289 DOI: 10.3390/life15050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/19/2025] [Accepted: 04/20/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, has brought exhaled breath condensate (EBC) into focus as a promising non-invasive sample for detecting molecular biomarkers, particularly microRNAs, which regulate gene expression and contribute to tumorigenesis. Ten key studies encompassing approximately 866 subjects consistently demonstrated distinct patterns of miRNA dysregulation in lung cancer. Notably, several reported panels achieved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 75% through the identification of distinct miRNA signatures in EBC, with oncogenic miRNAs (e.g., miR-21) upregulated and tumor-suppressor miRNAs (e.g., miR-486) downregulated in lung cancer patients. Analytical advancements, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), have improved miRNA detection sensitivity and specificity, addressing prior limitations of low yield and variability. NGS enabled the identification of novel miRNAs and proved especially effective in overcoming the low RNA yield associated with EBC samples. However, challenges persist regarding standardization of collection, sample dilution, and potential contamination. Moreover, the reproducibility of miRNA signatures across diverse patient populations remains a critical issue. Large-scale, multicenter validation studies are needed to establish robust diagnostic algorithms integrating EBC-derived miRNAs with existing clinical tools. The potential of EBC miRNA profiling to support current screening strategies could significantly improve early lung cancer detection and patient outcomes. Nevertheless, its clinical transition requires further methodological optimization and biomarker validation. This review critically evaluates current evidence on miRNA detection in EBC for lung cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Albino Ferrari
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Oncology Hospital “A. Businco”, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ed Alta Specializzazione “G. Brotzu”, Via Jenner Snc, 09121 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Bruno Salis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43a, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonio Macciò
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS. 554, km 4500, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
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Czarnecka-Chrebelska KH, Kordiak J, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D. Respiratory Tract Oncobiome in Lung Carcinogenesis: Where Are We Now? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4935. [PMID: 37894302 PMCID: PMC10605430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of microbiota in developing and treating diseases, including lung cancer (LC), is becoming increasingly recognized. Studies have shown differences in microorganism populations in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of patients with lung cancer compared to healthy individuals, indicating a link between dysbiosis and lung cancer. However, it is not only important to identify "which bacteria are present" but also to understand "how" they affect lung carcinogenesis. The interactions between the host and lung microbiota are complex, and our knowledge of this relationship is limited. This review presents research findings on the bacterial lung microbiota and discusses the mechanisms by which lung-dwelling microorganisms may directly or indirectly contribute to the development of lung cancer. These mechanisms include influences on the host immune system regulation and the local immune microenvironment, the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells (causing cell cycle disorders, mutagenesis, and DNA damage), and lastly, the MAMPs-mediated path involving the effects of bacteriocins, TLRs signaling induction, and TNF release. A better understanding of lung microbiota's role in lung tumor pathology could lead to identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic management for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Kordiak
- Department of Thoracic, General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Cordiano R, Di Gioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL. Malondialdehyde as a Potential Oxidative Stress Marker for Allergy-Oriented Diseases: An Update. Molecules 2023; 28:5979. [PMID: 37630231 PMCID: PMC10457993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a compound that is derived from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been used as a biomarker to measure oxidative stress in various biological samples in patients who are affected by a wide range of diseases. The aim of our work is to provide an updated overview of the role of MDA as a marker of oxidative stress in allergy-related diseases. We considered studies involving both paediatric and adult patients affected by rhinitis, asthma, urticaria and atopic dermatitis. The measurement of MDA was performed on different types of samples. The reported data highlight the role of serum MDA in inflammatory airway diseases. According to the literature review, the oxidative stress status in asthmatic patients, assessed via MDA determination, appears to worsen in the presence of other allergic airway diseases and in relation to the disease severity. This suggests that MDA can be a suitable marker for monitoring the disease status. However, there are several limitations in the considered studies due to the different samples used and the lack of phenotyping and description of the clinical period of patients examined. In cutaneous allergic diseases, the role of MDA is controversial because of the smallness of the studies and the heterogeneity of the samples and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cordiano
- Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- YDA—Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65121 Pescara, Italy
| | - Rocco Mangifesta
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Claudia Panzera
- Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Paola Lucia Minciullo
- Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (P.L.M.)
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Tan DJ, Lodge CJ, Walters EH, Lowe AJ, Bui DS, Bowatte G, Kandane‐Rathnayake R, Aldakheel FM, Erbas B, Hamilton GS, Thomas PS, Hew M, Tang MLK, Abramson MJ, Perret JL, Dharmage SC. Biomarkers of asthma relapse and lung function decline in adults with spontaneous asthma remission: A population-based cohort study. Allergy 2023; 78:957-967. [PMID: 36301194 PMCID: PMC10953440 DOI: 10.1111/all.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which biomarkers of asthma activity persist in spontaneous asthma remission and whether such markers are associated with future respiratory outcomes remained unclear. We investigated the association between sub-clinical inflammation in adults with spontaneous asthma remission and future asthma relapse and lung function decline. METHODS The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study is a population-based cohort (n = 8583). Biomarkers of systemic inflammation were measured on participants at age 45, and latent profile analysis was used to identify cytokine profiles. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and nitric oxide products in exhaled breath condensate (EBC NOx) were measured at age 50. Participants with spontaneous asthma remission at ages 45 (n = 466) and 50 (n = 318) were re-evaluated at age 53, and associations between baseline inflammatory biomarkers and subsequent asthma relapse and lung function decline were assessed. RESULTS We identified three cytokine profiles in adults with spontaneous asthma remission: average (34%), Th2-high (42%) and Th2-low (24%). Compared to the average profile, a Th2-high profile was associated with accelerated decline in post-BD FEV1 /FVC (MD -0.18% predicted per-year; 95% CI -0.33, -0.02), while a Th2-low profile was associated with accelerated decline in both post-BD FEV1 (-0.41%; -0.75, -0.06) and post-BD FVC (-0.31%; -0.62, 0.01). BHR and high TNF-α during spontaneous remission were associated with an increased risk of asthma relapse. In contrast, we found no evidence of association between EBC NOx and either asthma relapse or lung function decline. CONCLUSION BHR and serum inflammatory cytokines have prognostic value in adults with spontaneous asthma remission. At-risk individuals with BHR, Th2-high or Th2-low cytokine profiles may benefit from closer monitoring and on-going follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Tan
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Caroline J. Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of Medicine, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Adrian J. Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dinh S. Bui
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | | | - Fahad M. Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public HealthLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health ResearchLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - Garun S. Hamilton
- School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Monash Lung, Sleep, Allergy and ImmunologyMonash HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paul S. Thomas
- Prince of Wales' Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark Hew
- School of Public Health & Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mimi L. K. Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer L. Perret
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Breathing and SleepMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shyamali C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Toumpanakis D, Usmani OS. Small airways disease in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Med 2023; 211:107222. [PMID: 36965591 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder, characterized by panacinar emphysema mainly in the lower lobes, and predisposes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at a younger age, especially in patients with concomitant cigarette smoking. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (a1-AT) is a serine protease inhibitor that mainly blocks neutrophil elastase and maintains protease/antiprotease balance in the lung and AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene that encodes a1-AT protein. PiZZ is the most common genotype associated with severe AATD, leading to reduced circulating levels of a1-AT. Besides its antiprotease function, a1-AT has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects and AATD results in defective innate immunity. Protease/antiprotease imbalance affects not only the lung parenchyma but also the small airways and recent studies have shown that AATD is associated with small airway dysfunction. Alterations in small airways structure with peripheral ventilation inhomogeneities may precede emphysema formation, providing a unique opportunity to detect early disease. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current evidence for the contribution of small airways disease in AATD-associated lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Toumpanakis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; General State Hospital for Thoracic Diseases of Athens "Sotiria", Greece.
| | - Omar S Usmani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Portacci A, Pierucci P, Quaranta VN, Quaranta S, Iorillo I, Locorotondo C, Buonamico E, Dragonieri S, Carpagnano GE. A glimpse in post-COVID pathophysiology: the role of exhaled breath condensate pH as an early marker of residual alveolar inflammation. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1093-1099. [PMID: 36170967 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2130764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND . Residual alveolar inflammation seems to be paramount in post-COVID pathophysiology. Currently, we still lack a reliable marker to detect and track alveolar phlogosis in these patients. Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) pH has robust evidences highlighting its correlation with lung phlogosis in various diseases. We aim to define the reliability of alveolar and bronchial EBC pH in the assessment and in the follow up of post-COVID related inflammation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled 10 patients previously hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. We performed a complete follow-up after 3 months and 6 months from discharge. Each visit included routine blood tests, arterial blood gas analysis, 6-minute walking test, spirometry, diffusing capacity and body plethysmography. Finally, bronchial and alveolar EBC were collected at the end of each visit. RESULTS Alveolar EBC pH was significantly lower than bronchial EBC pH at T1. Moreover, alveolar EBC pH tended to be more acid after 3 months from hospital discharge compared to the same sample 6 months later. Serum inflammatory biomarkers showed no significant differences from T1 to T2. However, alveolar EBC pH was positively correlated with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. CONCLUSIONS Collecting EBC pH could help to understand pathophysiologic mechanism as well as monitoring alveolar inflammation in the post-COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Portacci
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pierucci
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sara Quaranta
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iorillo
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Cristian Locorotondo
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Buonamico
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Silvano Dragonieri
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Medicine "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Ghelli F, Panizzolo M, Garzaro G, Squillacioti G, Bellisario V, Colombi N, Bergamaschi E, Guseva Canu I, Bono R. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179820. [PMID: 36077213 PMCID: PMC9456215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a comprehensive set of physiological processes that an organism undertakes in response to a wide variety of foreign stimuli, such as viruses, bacteria, and inorganic particles. A key role is played by cytokines, protein-based chemical mediators produced by a broad range of cells, including the immune cells recruited in the inflammation site. The aim of this systematic review is to compare baseline values of pro/anti-inflammatory biomarkers measured in Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) in healthy, non-smoking adults to provide a summary of the concentrations reported in the literature. We focused on: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C reactive protein (CRP). Eligible articles were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Due to the wide differences in methodologies employed in the included articles concerning EBC sampling, storage, and analyses, research protocols were assessed specifically to test their adherence to the ATS/ERS Task Force guidelines on EBC. The development of reference intervals for these biomarkers can result in their introduction and use in both research and clinical settings, not only for monitoring purposes but also, in the perspective of future longitudinal studies, as predictive parameters for the onset and development of chronic diseases with inflammatory aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ghelli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Federated Library of Medicine “F. Rossi”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Shi HJ, Yuan RX, Zhang JZ, Chen JH, Hu AM. Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221088695. [PMID: 35466751 PMCID: PMC9044793 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221088695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the association between exposure to midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment and the risk of delirium. Methods We performed a systematic cohort study with two sets of cohorts to estimate the relative risks of outcomes among patients administered midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment. Propensity score matching was performed to generate a balanced 1:1 matched cohort and identify potential prognostic factors. The outcomes included the odds of delirium, mortality, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospitalization, and odds of being discharged home. Results A total of 78,364 patients were included in this study, of whom 22,159 (28.28%) had positive records. Propensity matching successfully balanced covariates for 9348 patients (4674 per group). Compared with no administration of midazolam, midazolam administration was associated with a significantly higher risk of delirium, higher mortality, and a longer intensive care unit stay. Patients treated with midazolam were relatively less likely to be discharged home. There was no significant difference in hospitalization duration. Conclusions Midazolam may be an independent risk factor for delirium in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Jie Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui-Xia Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - An-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Radivojev S, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Pinto JT, Laggner P, Cavecchi A, Cesari N, Cella M, Melli F, Paudel A, Fröhlich E. Impact of simulated lung fluid components on the solubility of inhaled drugs and predicted in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120893. [PMID: 34274456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orally inhaled products (OIPs) are gaining increased attention, as pulmonary delivery is a preferred route for the treatment of various diseases. Yet, the field of inhalation biopharmaceutics is still in development phase. For a successful correlation between various in vitro data obtained during formulation characterization and in vivo performance, it is necessary to understand the impact of parameters such as solubility and dissolution of drugs. In this work, we used in vitro-in silico feedback-feedforward approach to gain a better insight into the biopharmaceutics behavior of inhaled Salbutamol Sulphate (SS) and Budesonide (BUD). The thorough characterization of the in vitro test media and the impact of different in vitro fluid components such as lipids and protein on the solubility of aforementioned drugs was studied. These results were subsequently used as an input into the developed in silico models to investigate potential PK parameter changes in vivo. Results revealed that media comprising lipids and albumin were the most biorelevant and impacted the solubility of BUD the most. On the contrary, no notable impact was seen in case of SS. The use of simple media such as phosphate buffer saline (PBS) might be sufficient to use in solubility studies of the highly soluble and permeable drugs. However, its use for the poorly soluble drugs is limited due to the greater potential for interactions within in vivo environment. The use of in silico tools showed that the model response varies, depending on the used media. Therefore, this work highlights the relevance of carefully selecting the media composition when investigating solubility and dissolution behavior, especially in the early phases of drug development and of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Radivojev
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Cesari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Massimo Cella
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Melli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria.
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10
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Seifi M, Rastkari N, Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Nazmara S, Kashani H, Zare A, Pourpak Z, Hashemi SY, Yunesian M. Investigating the relationship between particulate matter and inflammatory biomarkers of exhaled breath condensate and blood in healthy young adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12922. [PMID: 34155256 PMCID: PMC8217428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are measured to estimate the effects of air pollution on humans. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between particulate matter and inflammatory biomarkers in blood plasma and exhaled air in young adults. The obtained results were compared in two periods; i.e., winter and summer. GRIMM Dust Monitors were used to measure PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in indoor and outdoor air. A total of 40 healthy young adults exhaling air condensate were collected. Then, biomarkers of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nitrosothiols (RS-NOs), and Tumor necrosis factor-soluble receptor-II (sTNFRII) were measured by 96 wells method ELISA and commercial kits (HS600B R&D Kit and ALX-850–037-KI01) in EBC while interleukin-6 (IL-6), sTNFRII and White Blood Cell (WBC) were measured in blood plasma in two periods of February 2013 (winter) and May 2013 (summer). Significant association was found between particulate matter and the white blood cell count (p < 0.001), as well as plasma sTNFRII levels (p-value = 0.001). No significant relationship was found between particulate matter with RS-NOs (p = 0.128), EBC RSNOs (p-value = 0.128), and plasma IL-6 (p-value = 0.167). In addition, there was no significant relationship between interleukin-6 of exhaled air with interleukin-6 of plasma (p-value < 0.792 in the first period and < 0.890 in the second period). sTNFRII was not detected in EBC. Considering the direct effect between increasing some biomarkers in blood and EBC and particulate matter, it is concluded that air pollution causes this increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Seifi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Kashani
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Zare
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourpak
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Yaser Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Połomska J, Bar K, Sozańska B. Exhaled Breath Condensate-A Non-Invasive Approach for Diagnostic Methods in Asthma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122697. [PMID: 34207327 PMCID: PMC8235112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of asthma has been intensively studied, but its underlying mechanisms such as airway inflammation, control of airway tone, and bronchial reactivity are still not completely explained. There is an urgent need to implement novel, non-invasive diagnostic tools that can help to investigate local airway inflammation and connect the molecular pathways with the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of asthma. The new biomarkers of different asthma endotypes could be used to confirm diagnosis, predict asthma exacerbations, or evaluate treatment response. In this paper, we briefly describe the characteristics of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) that is considered to be an interesting source of biomarkers of lung disorders. We look at the composition of EBC, some aspects of the collection procedure, the proposed biomarkers for asthma, and its clinical implications. We also indicate the limitations of the method and potential strategies to standardize the procedure of EBC collection and analytical methods.
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12
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Zhang C, Cheng Y, Liu F, Ma J, Wang G. A community study of the risk for obstructive sleep apnea and respiratory inflammation in an adult Chinese population. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:531-540. [PMID: 33851902 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1914466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk and respiratory inflammation evaluated by the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and plasma surfactant protein-D (SP-D), based on the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) screening values in an adult, urban community in Beijing, China.Methods: Volunteers aged >40 years were recruited from the Shichahai community of central Beijing (Registration number: NCT04832711). Their general information and disease history were recorded. OSA risk was assessed using the BQ. IL-6 in EBC and plasma SP-D were d etected by enzyme-linked immunoassay through specimens collected while fasting. The differences in IL-6 and SP-D values between high-risk and low-risk groups for OSA were compared, and the factors affecting their values were analyzed.Results: Among 1,239 participants, 18.8% of participants were in the high-risk group. There were more participants with higher body mass index, chronic hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in EBC IL-6 and plasma SP-D between the high- and low-OSA risk groups (p > 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex and chronic comorbidities, multivariate logistic regression showed that there was no correlation between risk of OSA and IL-6 in EBC. However, the risk of OSA (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI]: 1.69 [1.15,2.48]; β = 0.522) and BMI (OR [95%CI]: 0.94 [0.91,0.98]; β = -0.061) were independently associated with plasma SP-D level (p < 0.05 for both). Stratification analysis showed that OSA risk were independently associated with plasma SP-D levels in participants <65 years, or men, or participants with BMI<25.Conclusion: This study showed that plasma SP-D, an inflammation biomarker, was associated with risk of OSA and BMI in a Chinese central urban community.The relationship between the risk of OSA and respiratory inflammation in community populations needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Mousapasandi A, Herbert C, Thomas P. Potential use of biomarkers for the clinical evaluation of sarcoidosis. J Investig Med 2021; 69:jim-2020-001659. [PMID: 33452128 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. In the appropriate clinical and radiological context and with the exclusion of other diagnoses, the disease is characterized by the pathological presence of non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas. Sarcoidosis is postulated to be a multifactorial disease caused by chronic antigenic stimulation. The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis encompasses a complex interaction between the host, genetic factors and postulated environmental and infectious triggers, which result in granuloma development.The exact pathogenesis of the disease has yet to be elucidated, but some of the inflammatory pathways that play a key role in disease progression and outcomes are becoming apparent, and these may form the logical basis for selecting potential biomarkers.Biomarkers are biological molecules that are altered pathologically. To date, there exists no single reliable biomarker for the evaluation of sarcoidosis, either diagnostically or prognostically but new candidates are emerging. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis ideally requires a biopsy confirming non-caseating granulomas, but the likelihood of progression that requires intervention remains unpredictable. These challenging aspects could be potentially resolved by incorporating biomarkers into clinical practice for both diagnosis and monitoring disease activity.This review outlines the current knowledge on sarcoidosis with an emphasis on pulmonary sarcoidosis, and delineates the understanding surrounding the implication of biomarkers for the clinical evaluation of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mousapasandi
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cristan Herbert
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales' Hospital and Prince of Wales' Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Ishak A, Stick SM, Turkovic L, Ranganathan SC, King L, Harrison J, Sly PD, Caudri D, Schultz A. BAL Inflammatory Markers Can Predict Pulmonary Exacerbations in Children With Cystic Fibrosis. Chest 2020; 158:2314-2322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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15
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Hamed R, Schenck DM, Fiegel J. Surface rheological properties alter aerosol formation from mucus mimetic surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7823-7834. [PMID: 32756700 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surface tension and surface viscoelastic properties on the formation of aerosol droplets generated from mucus-like viscoelastic gels (mucus mimetics) during shearing with a high velocity air stream were investigated. Mucus mimetic samples were formulated with similar composition (94% water and 6% dissolved solids, consisting of mucins, proteins, and ions), surface tension (via the addition of surfactant to the mimetic surface) and bulk viscoelastic properties (via crosslinking of mucin macromolecules in the mimetic) to that of native non-diseased tracheal mucus. The surface tension of the mucus mimetic was decreased by spreading one of two surfactants, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or calf lung surfactant (Infasurf®), on the mimetic surface. Aerosols were generated from the mimetic surfaces during simulated coughing using an enhanced simulated cough machine (ESCM) operating under controlled environmental conditions. The size distribution of aerosol droplets generated during simulated coughing from the surfactant-coated mimetic surfaces was multimodal, while no droplets were generated from the bare mimetic surface due to its high surface viscoelastic properties and high surface tension. The concentration of aerosols generated from the DPPC-coated mimetic was higher than that of the Infasurf®-coated mimetic, even though the surface tension of the two interfaces was the same. The experimental results suggest that a balance of surface elastic behavior and surface viscous behavior is required for the generation of aerosols from the viscoelastic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel M Schenck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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16
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Sulaiman I, Schuster S, Segal LN. Perspectives in lung microbiome research. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 56:24-29. [PMID: 32623064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the existence and role of the lung microbiome has grown at a slower pace than other microbiome research areas. This is likely a consequence of the original dogma that the lung was a sterile environment although there are other barriers that are worth discussing. Here we will not be conducting an exhaustive review of the current literature on the lung microbiome, but rather we will focus on what we see as some important challenges that the field needs to face in order to improve our mechanistic understanding of the lung microbiome and its role on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Sulaiman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Sheeja Schuster
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States.
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17
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Pattnaik B, Sryma PB, Mittal S, Agrawal A, Guleria R, Madan K. MicroRNAs in pulmonary sarcoidosis: A systematic review. Respir Investig 2020; 58:232-238. [PMID: 32305227 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is made by correlating clinical and radiological features along with the histopathological demonstration of non-necrotizing granulomas in tissue samples. Diagnosis is often challenging as the clinical profile may mimic other granulomatous disorders, including infections, inflammatory diseases, and lymphoid malignancies. Differentiation from tuberculosis is especially crucial in endemic regions where exclusion of mediastinal tuberculosis is necessary before any immunosuppressant treatment can be initiated for symptomatic sarcoidosis. Identification of biomarkers, which can aid in diagnosis as well as prognosis, can be helpful in clinical decision making. MicroRNAs are small non-coding regulatory RNAs that serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have been studied as emerging biomarkers in many other respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the context of sarcoidosis, miRNA expression has been studied in the lungs, lymph nodes, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was performed by two authors independently, and relevant studies were retrieved for review. This systematic review summarizes the current information on miRNAs in sarcoidosis, the biological mechanisms involved in CD4+ T-helper 1 and macrophage polarization, and the use of exhaled breath condensate as an alternative, noninvasive and potential source of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Pattnaik
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - P B Sryma
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Mittal
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Centre of Excellence in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Karan Madan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
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18
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Ziaka M, Makris D, Fotakopoulos G, Tsilioni I, Befani C, Liakos P, Zygoulis P, Zakynthinos E. High-Tidal-Volume Mechanical Ventilation and Lung Inflammation in Intensive Care Patients With Normal Lungs. Am J Crit Care 2020; 29:15-21. [PMID: 31968080 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate whether high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation is associated with increased lung inflammation compared with low-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients with no evidence of lung injury. METHODS In this prospective, single-blind, randomized (1:1), parallel-group study, 18 critically ill patients with normal lungs were randomly assigned to receive mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of either 6 mL/kg (low tidal volume) or 12 mL/kg (high tidal volume) during the first 4 days in the intensive care unit. RESULTS At baseline and at 24, 48, and 96 hours, exhaled breath condensate was collected to measure interleukin 1β, interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor α, and total nitric oxide metabolites. Interleukin 1β levels in exhaled breath condensate were significantly increased at 24 hours compared with baseline in the high-tidal-volume group but not in the low-tidal-volume group. The interleukin 1β increase in the high-tidal-volume group was transient. Exhaled breath condensate levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor α, and total nitric oxide metabolites did not differ significantly between the high-tidal-volume and low-tidal-volume groups at any time point. CONCLUSION Short-term mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 12 mL/kg may trigger inflammatory responses in the lungs of intensive care unit patients without preexisting lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Ziaka
- Mairi Ziaka is associate director, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic Barmelweid, Switzerland, and lecturer, School of Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria; during the study, she was specialized in intensive care medicine, Critical Care Department, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - George Fotakopoulos
- George Fotakopoulos is a neurosurgeon academic fellow, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Thessaly
| | - Irini Tsilioni
- Irini Tsilioni, Christina Befani, and Paris Zygoulis are physicians
| | - Christina Befani
- Irini Tsilioni, Christina Befani, and Paris Zygoulis are physicians
| | | | - Paris Zygoulis
- Irini Tsilioni, Christina Befani, and Paris Zygoulis are physicians
| | - Epaminondas Zakynthinos
- Epaminondas Zakynthinos is a professor and director; Intensive Care Medicine, Critical Care Department, University of Thessaly
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19
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Mäkitie AA, Almangush A, Youssef O, Metsälä M, Silén S, Nixon IJ, Haigentz M, Rodrigo JP, Saba NF, Vander Poorten V, Ferlito A. Exhaled breath analysis in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2019; 42:787-793. [PMID: 31854494 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) comprises a heterogeneous group of upper aerodigestive tract malignant neoplasms, the most frequent of which is squamous cell carcinoma. HNC forms the eighth most common cancer type and the incidence is increasing. However, survival has improved only moderately during the past decades. Currently, early diagnosis remains the mainstay for improving treatment outcomes in this patient population. Unfortunately, screening methods to allow early detection of HNC are not yet established. Therefore, many cases are still diagnosed at advanced stage, compromising outcomes. Exhaled breath analysis (EBA) is a diagnostic tool that has been recently introduced for many cancers. Breath analysis is non-invasive, cost-effective, time-saving, and can potentially be applied for cancer screening. Here, we provide a summary of the accumulated evidence on the feasibility of EBA in the diagnosis of HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Omar Youssef
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Silén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iain J Nixon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center/Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias-University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Oncology, Section of Head and Neck Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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20
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Carlton EF, Flori HR. Biomarkers in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:505. [PMID: 31728358 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a heterogenous process resulting in a severe acute lung injury. A single indicator does not exist for PARDS diagnosis. Rather, current diagnosis requires a combination of clinical and physiologic variables. Similarly, there is little ability to predict the path of disease, identify those at high risk of poor outcomes or target therapies specific to the underlying pathophysiology. Biomarkers, a measured indicator of a pathologic state or response to intervention, have been studied in PARDS due to their potential in diagnosis, prognostication and measurement of therapeutic response. Additionally, PARDS biomarkers show great promise in furthering our understanding of specific subgroups or endotypes in this highly variable disease, and thereby predict which patients may benefit and which may be harmed by PARDS specific therapies. In this chapter, we review the what, when, why and how of biomarkers in PARDS and discuss future directions in this quickly changing landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Carlton
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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Núñez-Naveira L, Mariñas-Pardo LA, Montero-Martínez C. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Exhaled Breath Condensate and Proposal of Dermcidin and S100A9 as Possible Markers for Lung Cancer Prognosis. Lung 2019; 197:523-531. [PMID: 31115649 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New sampling techniques to analyse lung diseases, such as exhaled breath condensate (EBC), are a breakthrough in research field since they are less invasive and less traumatic for the patients compared to lung biopsies. Nevertheless, there is an increasing need to optimize not only the sampling protocols but the storage and processing of specimens to get accurate results. METHODS Exhaled breath condensate was sampled employing the ECoScreen device. Concentrated protein was obtained after ultracentrifugation, lyophilization and reversed-phase chromatography. MALDI-time of flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to determine the protein profile in EBC. Commercially available ELISA kits were used to detect the selected biomarker in the EBC after MALDI-MS proteins identification. RESULTS The obtained EBC volume after two periods of 10 min doubled the amount obtained after 20 min. One hundred peptides were detected by MALDI-MS, and 18 proteins were identified after reversed-phase chromatography concentration. Dermcidin (P81605), S100A9 (P06702) and Cathepsin G (P08311) were selected to be analysed by ELISA. Dermcidin and S100A9 expression were statistically higher in lung cancer versus healthy volunteers. VEGF concentrations decreased, respectively, by 5.94 and 11.42-fold after 1 and 2 years of frozen EBC preservation in parallel with the declined number of proteins identified by MALDI-MS. CONCLUSION Exhaled breath condensate analysis combined with MS technique may become a valuable method for lung cancer screening and Dermcidin and S100A9 may serve as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Núñez-Naveira
- University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), As Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Mariñas-Pardo
- University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), As Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carmen Montero-Martínez
- University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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22
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Yu Y, Zhu C, Shen H, Liu C, Guo R, Gao Y, Wu W, Lu L. Galactomannan detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid corrected by urea dilution for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among nonneutropenic patients. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:465-476. [PMID: 30962990 PMCID: PMC6409274 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the diagnostic performance of galactomannan (GM) detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) corrected by urea dilution and modification of the AspICU clinical algorithm. METHODS GM detection in serum and BALF samples was performed in nonneutropenic patients on the day of clinically suspected invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) between January 2016 and June 2018, and urea was measured in the plasma and BALF. The BALF GM concentration was corrected by urea dilution, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine the optimal cut-off value. RESULTS A total of 184 patients who were suspected of IPA, were enrolled in this prospective study together with 30 patients with lung cancer as a control group. Seventy-eight patients were diagnosed with IPA, including 37 who were verified by pathology. The urea plasma-to-urea BALF ratio in the IPA group [4.18 (IQR, 3.52-4.91)] was greater than that in the non-IPA group [3.42 (IQR, 3.12-3.76), P<0.001]. The ROC curve showed that defining the cut-off value as 2.94 optical density index (ODI) for the corrected BALF GM resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 85.91% and 94.07%, respectively, and was more accurate than the use of the uncorrected values (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The corrected BALF GM was valuable for diagnosing IPA in nonneutropenic patients. The modified AspICU clinical algorithm based on this measurement represents a reliable diagnostic instrument in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200005, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Emergency, Minhang District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Ruru Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
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23
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Looking for Airways Periostin in Severe Asthma: Could It Be Useful for Clustering Type 2 Endotype? Chest 2018; 154:1083-1090. [PMID: 30336944 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.08.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma is heterogeneous clinically and biologically and is often difficult to control. In particular, the type 2 (T2) immunity endotype of severe asthma is gaining increasing interest because it is susceptible to newly developed biologic treatments that can transform the quality of life of these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze periostin concentrations in the airways of patients with severe asthma, evaluating its role in clustering the T2 endotype. METHODS We enrolled 40 consecutive patients with severe asthma (T2 endotype: n = 25; non-T2 endotype: n = 15), 21 patients with mild to moderate asthma, and 15 healthy control subjects. All subjects enrolled underwent exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and sputum collection, eosinophil count in blood, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and IgE measurement. Periostin was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit on EBC and induced sputum (IS) supernatant. RESULTS We were able to detect higher periostin levels in the EBC (0.75 ± 0.46 vs 0.70 ± 0.19 vs 0.11 ± 0.05 ng/mL, P < .05 and P < .01) and in IS (0.55 ± 0.23 vs 0.31 ± 0.13 vs 0.16 ± 0.120 ng/mL, P < .05 and P < .01) of patients with severe asthma compared with patients with mild to moderate asthma and healthy control subjects, respectively. We further found an increase of periostin levels in both samples in T2 endotype compared with non-T2 endotype (EBC: 0.88 ± 0.46 vs 0.52 ± 0.46 ng/mL; IS: 0.69 ± 0.19 vs 0.39 ± 0.16 ng/mL; P < .05) and a correlation between periostin levels in EBC and sputum. CONCLUSIONS We found that periostin is measurable in the airways and increased in patients with severe asthma, especially in those from the T2 endotype. Unlike serum periostin, which may be derived from several sources outside the lung, airways periostin is a useful marker of severe eosinophilic asthma and may help to phenotype patients that will respond to the biologic agents.
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Rahimpour E, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jouyban A. Non-volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate: review of methodological aspects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6411-6440. [PMID: 30046867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to bronchial and nasal lavages, the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a promising, simple, non-invasive, repeatable, and diagnostic method for studying the composition of airway lining fluid with the potential to assess lung inflammation, exacerbations, and disease severity, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment regimens. Recent investigations have revealed the potential applications of EBC analysis in systemic diseases. In this review, we highlight the analytical studies conducted on non-volatile compounds/biomarkers in EBC. In contrast to other related articles, this review is classified on the basis of analytical techniques and includes almost all the applied methods and their methodological limitations for quantification of non-volatile compounds in EBC samples, providing a guideline for further researches. The studies were identified by searching the SCOPUS database with the keywords "biomarkers," "non-volatile compounds," "determination method," and "EBC."
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Aldakheel FM, Bourke JE, Thomas PS, Matheson MC, Abramson MJ, Hamilton GS, Lodge CJ, Thompson BR, Walters EH, Allen KJ, Erbas B, Perret JL, Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ. NO x in exhaled breath condensate is related to allergic sensitization in young and middle-aged adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:171-179. [PMID: 30107057 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and allergic diseases are heterogeneous. Measurement of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may help to discriminate between different phenotypes and may assist with clinical prognostication. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess associations between total nitric oxide products (NOx ) in EBC and different allergic phenotypes and lung function in young and middle-aged adults. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were nested within two Australian longitudinal studies, the Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study (MACS, mean age 17.8 years) and the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS, mean age 49.4 years). Levels of EBC NOx were determined by Griess-reaction fluorescent method. Associations were assessed between EBC NOx and different allergic phenotypes, lung function and airway reactivity. RESULTS Atopy, with or without asthma or rhinitis, was associated with increased EBC NOx levels particularly in individuals with poly-aero-sensitization. These findings were generally consistent across the two age groups. In the older cohort, use of ICS in the previous 12 months masked the association between sensitization and EBC NOx (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.21-1.96, p for interaction = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In these population-based samples, EBC NOx was most strongly associated with atopic sensitization, rather than either current asthma or rhinitis, possibly indicating underlying increased airway inflammation associated with atopy. Therefore, EBC NOx could be a key predictor of atopy in both young and middle-aged adults, regardless of the presence of concomitant asthma or rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Paul S Thomas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Garun S Hamilton
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Caroline J Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Katrina J Allen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jennifer L Perret
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Air quality and health Research and evaluation (CAR), Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Torres IM, Patankar YR, Berwin B. Acidosis exacerbates in vivo IL-1-dependent inflammatory responses and neutrophil recruitment during pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L225-L235. [PMID: 28982735 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00338.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic microenvironments commonly occur at sites of inflammation and bacterial infections. In the context of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we previously demonstrated that acidosis enhances the cellular proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β response in vitro. However, how pH alterations affect in vivo IL-1β responses and subsequent IL-1-driven inflammation during infection with P. aeruginosa is unclear. Here, we report that acidosis enhances in vivo IL-1β production and downstream IL-1 receptor-dependent responses during infection with P. aeruginosa in models of acute pneumonia and peritonitis. Importantly, we demonstrate that infection with P. aeruginosa within an acidic environment leads to enhanced production of a subset of proinflammatory cytokines, including chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 1, IL-6, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and increased neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, with the use of IL-1 receptor type 1-deficient mice, we identify the contribution of the IL-1 signaling pathway to the acidosis-enhanced inflammatory response and pathology. These data provide insights into the potential benefit of pH regulation during bacterial infections to control disease progression and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iviana M Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Yash R Patankar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brent Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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López-Sánchez LM, Jurado-Gámez B, Feu-Collado N, Valverde A, Cañas A, Fernández-Rueda JL, Aranda E, Rodríguez-Ariza A. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for the early diagnosis of lung cancer using proteomics. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L664-L676. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00119.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored whether the proteomic analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may provide biomarkers for noninvasive screening for the early detection of lung cancer (LC). EBC was collected from 192 individuals [49 control (C), 49 risk factor-smoking (S), 46 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 48 LC]. With the use of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, 348 different proteins with a different pattern among the four groups were identified in EBC samples. Significantly more proteins were identified in the EBC from LC compared with other groups (C: 12.4 ± 1.3; S: 15.3 ± 1; COPD: 14 ± 1.6; LC: 24.2 ± 3.6; P = 0.0001). Furthermore, the average number of proteins identified per sample was significantly higher in LC patients, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.8, indicating diagnostic value. Proteins frequently detected in EBC, such as dermcidin and hornerin, along with others much less frequently detected, such as hemoglobin and histones, were identified. Cytokeratins (KRTs) were the most abundant proteins in EBC samples, and levels of KRT6A, KRT6B, and KRT6C isoforms were significantly higher in samples from LC patients ( P = 0.0031, 0.0011, and 0.0009, respectively). Moreover, the amount of most KRTs in EBC samples from LC patients showed a significant positive correlation with tumor size. Finally, we used a random forest algorithm to generate a robust model using EBC protein data for the diagnosis of patients with LC where the area under the ROC curve obtained indicated a good classification (82%). Thus this study demonstrates that the proteomic analysis of EBC samples is an appropriated approach to develop biomarkers for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. López-Sánchez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernabé Jurado-Gámez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; and
| | - Nuria Feu-Collado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; and
| | - Araceli Valverde
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amanda Cañas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Aranda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ariza
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Spain
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Bhimji A, Bhaskaran A, Singer LG, Kumar D, Humar A, Pavan R, Lipton J, Kuruvilla J, Schuh A, Yee K, Minden MD, Schimmer A, Rotstein C, Keshavjee S, Mazzulli T, Husain S. Aspergillus galactomannan detection in exhaled breath condensate compared to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 24:640-645. [PMID: 28970160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive means of sampling the airways that has shown significant promise in the diagnosis of many disorders. There have been no reports of its usefulness in the detection of galactomannan (GM), a component of the cell wall of Aspergillus. The suitability of EBC for the detection of GM for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) using the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was investigated. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study of lung transplant recipient and haemotologic malignancy patients at a university centre. EBC samples were compared to concomitant bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples among lung transplant recipients and healthy controls. EBC was collected over 10 minutes using a refrigerated condenser according to the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society recommendations, with the BAL performed immediately thereafter. RESULTS A total of 476 EBC specimens with 444 matched BAL specimens collected from lung transplant recipients (n = 197) or haemotologic malignancy patients (n = 133) were examined. Both diluted and untreated EBC optical density (OD) values (0.0830, interquartile range (IQR) 0.0680-0.1040; and 0.1130, IQR 0.0940-0.1383), respectively, from all patients regardless of clinical syndrome were significantly higher than OD values in healthy control EBCs (0.0508, IQR 0.0597-0.0652; p < 0.0001). However, the OD index values did not correlate with the diagnosis of IA (44 samples were associated with IA). Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between EBC GM and the matched BAL specimen. CONCLUSIONS GM is detectable in EBC; however, no correlation between OD index values and IA was noted in lung transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhimji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Bhaskaran
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L G Singer
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Humar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Pavan
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Lipton
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kuruvilla
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Schuh
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Yee
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Minden
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Schimmer
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Rotstein
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Keshavjee
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Mazzulli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - S Husain
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by multiple phenotypes. Treatment of patients with severe disease can be challenging. Predictive biomarkers are measurable characteristics that reflect the underlying pathophysiology of asthma and can identify patients that are likely to respond to a given therapy. This review discusses current knowledge regarding predictive biomarkers in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent trials evaluating biologic therapies targeting IgE, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4 have utilized predictive biomarkers to identify patients who might benefit from treatment. Other work has suggested that using composite biomarkers may offer enhanced predictive capabilities in tailoring asthma therapy. Multiple biomarkers including sputum eosinophil count, blood eosinophil count, fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO), and serum periostin have been used to identify which patients will respond to targeted asthma medications. Further work is needed to integrate predictive biomarkers into clinical practice.
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Microbiota in Exhaled Breath Condensate and the Lung. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00515-17. [PMID: 28389539 PMCID: PMC5452816 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00515-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung microbiota is commonly sampled using relatively invasive bronchoscopic procedures. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection potentially offers a less invasive alternative for lung microbiota sampling. We compared lung microbiota samples retrieved by protected specimen brushings (PSB) and exhaled breath condensate collection. We also sought to assess whether aerosolized antibiotic treatment would influence the lung microbiota and whether this change could be detected in EBC. EBC was collected from 6 conscious sheep and then from the same anesthetized sheep during mechanical ventilation. Following the latter EBC collection, PSB samples were collected from separate sites within each sheep lung. On the subsequent day, each sheep was then treated with nebulized colistimethate sodium. Two days after nebulization, EBC and PSB samples were again collected. Bacterial DNA was quantified using 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR. The V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Quality control and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering were performed with mothur. The EBC samples contained significantly less bacterial DNA than the PSB samples. The EBC samples from anesthetized animals clustered separately by their bacterial community compositions in comparison to the PSB samples, and 37 bacterial OTUs were identified as differentially abundant between the two sample types. Despite only low concentrations of colistin being detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, PSB samples were found to differ by their bacterial compositions before and after colistimethate sodium treatment. Our findings indicate that microbiota in EBC samples and PSB samples are not equivalent. IMPORTANCE Sampling of the lung microbiota usually necessitates performing bronchoscopic procedures that involve a hospital visit for human participants and the use of trained staff. The inconvenience and perceived discomfort of participating in this kind of research may deter healthy volunteers and may not be a safe option for patients with advanced lung disease. This study set out to evaluate a less invasive method for collecting lung microbiota samples by comparing samples taken via protected specimen brushings (PSB) to those taken via exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection. We found that there was less bacterial DNA in EBC samples compared with that in PSB samples and that there were differences between the bacterial communities in the two sample types. We conclude that while EBC and PSB samples do not produce equivalent microbiota samples, the study of the EBC microbiota may still be of interest.
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Morozov VN, Mikheev AY. A collection system for dry solid residues from exhaled breath for analysis via atomic force microscopy. J Breath Res 2017; 11:016006. [PMID: 28068290 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled air contains sub-micron droplets of lung liquid, which potentially bear biomarkers of lung diseases. After dehydration they form dry residue particles (DRPs). As a first step in developing techniques to characterize individual DRPs, a new electrostatic collector was designed in which DRPs are charged within a unipolar corona charger, concentrated in a cone funnel, and deposited onto a limited area of a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. The collector captures 80%-90% of DRPs at an optimal flow rate of 0.15 l min-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed flattened round particles 20-50 nm high, with notable protrusions at their surface suggestive of an inhomogeneous internal structure. Exposure to humid air resulted in the DRPs spreading over the surface, with a 50%-200% decrease in their heights and an increase in their lateral dimensions so that their volume decreased by only 10% ± 3%. Exposure to saturated chloroform vapor resulted in drainage of 10%-15% of the DRP volume (presumably lipids), forming collar-shaped rings around each particle but leaving the core size and structure unchanged. AFM measurements combined with laser counter measurements of the DRP concentrations were used to estimate that one liter of air exhaled by volunteers contained less than 100 pg of dry residue material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Morozov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya Str., Moscow Region, Pushchino, Russian Federation. The National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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32
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Pleil JD. Breath biomarkers in toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2669-2682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Youssef O, Sarhadi VK, Armengol G, Piirilä P, Knuuttila A, Knuutila S. Exhaled breath condensate as a source of biomarkers for lung carcinomas. A focus on genetic and epigenetic markers-A mini-review. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:905-914. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Youssef
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Virinder Kaur Sarhadi
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS-Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aija Knuuttila
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Hayes SA, Haefliger S, Harris B, Pavlakis N, Clarke SJ, Molloy MP, Howell VM. Exhaled breath condensate for lung cancer protein analysis: a review of methods and biomarkers. J Breath Res 2016; 10:034001. [PMID: 27380020 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and is considered one of the most aggressive human cancers, with a 5 year overall survival of 10-15%. Early diagnosis of lung cancer is ideal; however, it is still uncertain as to what technique will prove successful in the systematic screening of high-risk populations, with the strongest evidence currently supporting low dose computed tomography (LDCT). Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has recently been proposed as an alternative low risk and non-invasive screening method to investigate early-stage neoplastic processes in the airways. However, there still remains a relative paucity of lung cancer research involving EBC, particularly in the measurement of lung proteins that are centrally linked to pathogenesis. Considering the ease and safety associated with EBC collection, and advances in the area of mass spectrometry based profiling, this technology has potential for use in screening for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. This review will examine proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia in patient EBC with a particular emphasis on LC, as well as discussing methodological challenges involving in proteomic analysis of EBC specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hayes
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome. Classification of asthma into phenotypes and endotypes can improve understanding and treatment of the disease. Identification and utilization of biomarkers, particularly those linked to T2 inflammation, can help group patients into phenotypes, predict those who will respond to a specific therapy, and assess the response to treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Biomarkers are present in sputum, exhaled breath, and blood of patients with asthma. These include sputum eosinophils and neutrophils, fractional excretion of nitric oxide, blood eosinophilia, IgE, and periostin. Many of these biomarkers are associated with eosinophilic inflammation propagated mainly by T2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13, which are released from Th2 cells and Type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Biomarkers have been utilized in recent trials of novel biologic agents targeted at T2 inflammation and may contribute to the defining population who would respond to these therapies. SUMMARY Despite advances in the identification and utilization of asthma biomarkers, further studies are needed to better clarify the role of biomarkers, individually or in combination, in the diagnosis and treatment of severe asthma. Future therapeutic trials should include the use of biomarkers in their design, which may lead to a more personalized approach to therapy and improved outcomes.
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May AK, Brady JS, Romano-Keeler J, Drake WP, Norris PR, Jenkins JM, Isaacs RJ, Boczko EM. A pilot study of the noninvasive assessment of the lung microbiota as a potential tool for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2015; 147:1494-1502. [PMID: 25474571 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a common complication in critically ill surgical patients, and its diagnosis remains problematic. Exhaled breath contains aerosolized droplets that reflect the lung microbiota. We hypothesized that exhaled breath condensate fluid (EBCF) in hygroscopic condenser humidifier/heat and moisture exchanger (HCH/HME) filters would contain bacterial DNA that qualitatively and quantitatively correlate with pathogens isolated from quantitative BAL samples obtained for clinical suspicion of pneumonia. METHODS Forty-eight adult patients who were mechanically ventilated and undergoing quantitative BAL (n = 51) for suspected pneumonia in the surgical ICU were enrolled. Per protocol, patients fulfilling VAP clinical criteria undergo quantitative BAL bacterial culture. Immediately prior to BAL, time-matched HCH/HME filters were collected for study of EBCF by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, convenience samples of serially collected filters in patients with BAL-diagnosed VAP were analyzed. RESULTS Forty-nine of 51 time-matched EBCF/BAL fluid samples were fully concordant (concordance > 95% by κ statistic) relative to identified pathogens and strongly correlated with clinical cultures. Regression analysis of quantitative bacterial DNA in paired samples revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.85). In a convenience sample, qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of serial HCH/HME samples for bacterial DNA demonstrated an increase in load that preceded the suspicion of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial DNA within EBCF demonstrates a high correlation with BAL fluid and clinical cultures. Bacterial DNA within EBCF increases prior to the suspicion of pneumonia. Further study of this novel approach may allow development of a noninvasive tool for the early diagnosis of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison K May
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
| | - Jacob S Brady
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Wonder P Drake
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Patrick R Norris
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Judith M Jenkins
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Erik M Boczko
- Department of Mathematics, Ohio University, Athens, OH
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Kacprzak D, Pawliczak R. Does aspirin-induced oxidative stress cause asthma exacerbation? Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:494-504. [PMID: 26170841 PMCID: PMC4495142 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.41960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) is a distinct clinical syndrome characterized by severe asthma exacerbations after ingestion of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The exact pathomechanism of AIA remains unknown, though ongoing research has shed some light. Recently, more and more attention has been focused on the role of aspirin in the induction of oxidative stress, especially in cancer cell systems. However, it has not excluded the similar action of aspirin in other inflammatory disorders such as asthma. Moreover, increased levels of 8-isoprostanes, reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress in expired breath condensate in steroid-naïve patients with AIA compared to AIA patients treated with steroids and healthy volunteers, has been observed. This review is an attempt to cover aspirin-induced oxidative stress action in AIA and to suggest a possible related pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kacprzak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Exhaled Breath Condensate: Technical and Diagnostic Aspects. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:435160. [PMID: 26106641 PMCID: PMC4461795 DOI: 10.1155/2015/435160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 30-year progress of research on exhaled breath condensate in a disease-based approach. Methods. We searched PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: exhaled breath condensate (EBC), biomarkers, pH, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), smoking, COPD, lung cancer, NSCLC, mechanical ventilation, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung diseases, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and drugs. Results. We found 12600 related articles in total in Google Scholar, 1807 in ScienceDirect, and 1081 in PubMed/Medline, published from 1980 to October 2014. 228 original investigation and review articles were eligible. Conclusions. There is rapidly increasing number of innovative articles, covering all the areas of modern respiratory medicine and expanding EBC potential clinical applications to other fields of internal medicine. However, the majority of published papers represent the results of small-scale studies and thus current knowledge must be further evaluated in large cohorts. In regard to the potential clinical use of EBC-analysis, several limitations must be pointed out, including poor reproducibility of biomarkers and absence of large surveys towards determination of reference-normal values. In conclusion, contemporary EBC-analysis is an intriguing achievement, but still in early stage when it comes to its application in clinical practice.
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van Vliet D, Alonso A, Rijkers G, Heynens J, Rosias P, Muris J, Jöbsis Q, Dompeling E. Prediction of asthma exacerbations in children by innovative exhaled inflammatory markers: results of a longitudinal study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119434. [PMID: 25799487 PMCID: PMC4370663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In asthma management guidelines the primary goal of treatment is asthma control. To date, asthma control, guided by symptoms and lung function, is not optimal in many children and adults. Direct monitoring of airway inflammation in exhaled breath may improve asthma control and reduce the number of exacerbations. AIM 1) To study the use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), in the prediction of asthma exacerbations in a pediatric population. 2) To study the predictive power of these exhaled inflammatory markers combined with clinical parameters. METHODS 96 asthmatic children were included in this one-year prospective observational study, with clinical visits every 2 months. Between visits, daily symptom scores and lung function were recorded using a home monitor. During clinical visits, asthma control and FeNO were assessed. Furthermore, lung function measurements were performed and EBC was collected. Statistical analysis was performed using a test dataset and validation dataset for 1) conditionally specified models, receiver operating characteristic-curves (ROC-curves); 2) k-nearest neighbors algorithm. RESULTS Three conditionally specified predictive models were constructed. Model 1 included inflammatory markers in EBC alone, model 2 included FeNO plus clinical characteristics and the ACQ score, and model 3 included all the predictors used in model 1 and 2. The area under the ROC-curves was estimated as 47%, 54% and 59% for models 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The k-nearest neighbors predictive algorithm, using the information of all the variables in model 3, produced correct predictions for 52% of the exacerbations in the validation dataset. CONCLUSION The predictive power of FeNO and inflammatory markers in EBC for prediction of an asthma exacerbation was low, even when combined with clinical characteristics and symptoms. Qualitative improvement of the chemical analysis of EBC may lead to a better non-invasive prediction of asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillys van Vliet
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+),Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ariel Alonso
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, CAPHRI, MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger Rijkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Heynens
- Department of Pediatrics, Orbis Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Department of Pediatrics, Orbis Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Muris
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+),Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+),Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Muccilli V, Saletti R, Cunsolo V, Ho J, Gili E, Conte E, Sichili S, Vancheri C, Foti S. Protein profile of exhaled breath condensate determined by high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 105:134-149. [PMID: 25555262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method based on liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry coupled with electrophoretic separation, for determination and relative quantification of the protein composition of exhaled breath condensate (EBC), was developed. Application of the procedure to a sample of EBC, pooled from nine healthy subjects, resulted in the identification of 167 unique gene products, 113 of which not previously reported in EBC samples. The abundance of the protein identified was estimated by means of the exponentially modified protein abundance index protocol (emPAI). Cytokeratins were by far the most abundant proteins in EBC samples. Many of the identified proteins were associated with multiple cellular location with cytoplasm constituting the largest group. Cytosol, nucleus, membrane, cytoskeleton and extracellular were other abundantly represented locations. No amylase was detected, suggesting the absence of saliva protein contamination. The profile obtained represents the most comprehensive protein characterization of EBC so far reported and demonstrates that this approach provides a powerful tool for investigating the protein profile of EBC samples. Compared with analogous investigations, this study also shows that the protein profile of EBC is strongly affected by the sampling method adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Jenny Ho
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Stafford House, Boundary Way, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Conte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Sichili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Foti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Aramini B, D’Ovidio F. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the lung transplant recipient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-014-0092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Berastegui C, Román J, Monforte V, Bravo C, López-Meseguer M, Montero MÁ, Culebras M, Gómez-Ollés S, Román A. Biomarkers of pulmonary rejection. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:3163-9. [PMID: 24182778 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunologic complications after lung transplantation (LT) include acute cellular rejection (ACR), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and most forms of chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). ACR is an inflammatory process in which the reaction is mediated by the T-cell population. Most episodes of ACR fully recover with treatment, but repeated bouts are considered to be a risk factor for CAD. Biomarker cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-15, IL-6, CCL5, CCR2 and IFNγ may play significant roles in this complication. Formerly bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) or chronic rejection or most forms of CAD were considered to be immunologic complications not amenable therapeutic measures. CAD, the main limitation for long-term survival in LT, is characterized histologically by airway epithelial cell apoptosis and luminal fibrosis in the respiratory bronchioles causing airflow obstruction and, in some cases, lung parenchymal affectations causing restrictive lung disease. Several biomarkers have been studied in CAD, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, IL-13, IFN γ, and TGF β cytokines, pH, bile acid, and tripsine of gastroesophageal reflux and toll-like receptors of innate immunity. Herein we have reviewed the literature of biomarkers involved in lung rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berastegui
- Respiratory Department, Institute of Research, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Rosso MI, Roark S, Taylor E, Ping X, Ward JM, Roche K, McCracken C, Brown LAS, Gauthier TW. Exhaled breath condensate in intubated neonates--a window into the lung's glutathione status. Respir Res 2014; 15:1. [PMID: 24397246 PMCID: PMC3890556 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of exhaled breath condensates (EBC) is a non-invasive technique to evaluate biomarkers such as antioxidants in the pediatric population, but limited data exists of its use in intubated patients, particularly newborns. Currently, tracheal aspirate (TA) serves as the gold standard collection modality in critically ill newborns, but this method remains invasive. We tested the hypothesis that glutathione status would positively correlate between EBC and TA collections in intubated newborns in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU). We also hypothesized that these measurements would be associated with alveolar macrophage (AM) glutathione status in the newborn lung. METHODS Reduced glutathione (rGSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and total GSH (rGSH + (2 X GSSG)) were measured in sequential EBC and TA samples from 26 intubated newborns via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, AM glutathione was evaluated via immunofluorescence. Pearson's correlation coefficient and associated 95% confidence intervals were used to quantify the associations between raw and urea-corrected concentrations in EBC and TA samples and AM staining. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05 using two-tailed tests. The sample size was projected to allow for a correlation coefficient of 0.5, with 0.8 power and alpha of 0.05. RESULTS EBC was obtainable from intubated newborns without adverse clinical events. EBC samples demonstrated moderate to strong positive correlations with TA samples in terms of rGSH, GSSG and total GSH. Positive correlations between the two sampling sites were observed in both raw and urea-corrected concentrations of rGSH, GSSG and total GSH. AM glutathione staining moderately correlated with GSSG and total GSH status in both the TA and EBC. CONCLUSIONS GSH status in EBC samples of intubated newborns significantly correlated with the GSH status of the TA sample and was reflective of cellular GSH status in this cohort of neonatal patients. Non-invasive EBC sampling of intubated newborns holds promise for monitoring antioxidant status such as GSH in the premature lung. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the potential relationships between EBC biomarkers in the intubated premature newborn and respiratory morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Theresa W Gauthier
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ahmadzai H, Cameron B, Chui J, Lloyd A, Wakefield D, Thomas PS. Measurement of neopterin, TGF-β
1
and ACE in the exhaled breath condensate of patients with sarcoidosis. J Breath Res 2013; 7:046003. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Breath tests in respiratory and critical care medicine: from research to practice in current perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:702896. [PMID: 24151617 PMCID: PMC3789325 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied the most, and most researches have now focused on asthma. More than a thousand different volatile organic compounds have been observed in low concentrations in normal human breath. Alkanes and methylalkanes, the majority of breath volatile organic compounds, have been increasingly used by physicians as a novel method to diagnose many diseases without discomforts of invasive procedures. None of the individual exhaled volatile organic compound alone is specific for disease. Exhaled breath analysis techniques may be available to diagnose and monitor the diseases in home setting when their sensitivity and specificity are improved in the future.
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Leung TF, Ko FWS, Wong GWK. Recent advances in asthma biomarker research. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2013; 7:297-308. [PMID: 23907809 DOI: 10.1177/1753465813496863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by recurrent and reversible airflow obstruction, which is routinely monitored by history and physical examination, spirometry and home peak flow diaries. As airway inflammation is central to asthma pathogenesis, its monitoring should be part of patient management plans. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide level (FeNO) is the most extensively studied biomarker of airway inflammation, and FeNO references were higher in Chinese (Asians) than Whites. Published evidence was inconclusive as to whether FeNO is a useful management strategy for asthma. Other biomarkers include direct (histamine, methacholine) and indirect (adenosine, hypertonic saline) challenges of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), induced sputum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). A management strategy that normalized sputum eosinophils among adult patients resulted in reductions of BHR and asthma exacerbations. However, subsequent adult and pediatric studies failed to replicate these benefits. Asthma phenotypes as defined by inflammatory cell populations in sputum were also not stable over a 12-month period. A recent meta-analysis concluded that induced sputum is not accurate enough to be applied in routine monitoring of childhood asthma. There is poor correlation between biomarkers that reflect different asthma dimensions: spirometry (airway caliber), BHR (airway reactivity) and FeNO or induced sputum (airway inflammation). Lastly, EBC is easily obtained noninvasively by cooling expired air. Many biomarkers ranging from acidity (pH), leukotrienes, aldehydes, cytokines to growth factors have been described. However, significant overlap between groups and technical difficulty in measuring low levels of inflammatory molecules are the major obstacles for EBC research. Metabolomics is an emerging analytical method for EBC biomarkers. In conclusion, both FeNO and induced sputum are useful asthma biomarkers. However, they will only form part of the clinical picture. Longitudinal studies with focused hypotheses and well-designed protocols are needed to establish the roles of these biomarkers in asthma management. The measurement of biomarkers in EBC remains a research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting F Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 6/F, Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sarcoidosis: Immunopathogenesis and Immunological Markers. Int J Chronic Dis 2013; 2013:928601. [PMID: 26464848 PMCID: PMC4590933 DOI: 10.1155/2013/928601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder invariably affecting the lungs. It is a disease with noteworthy variations in clinical manifestation and disease outcome and has been described as an “immune paradox” with peripheral anergy despite exaggerated inflammation at disease sites. Despite extensive research, sarcoidosis remains a disease with undetermined aetiology. Current evidence supports the notion that the immune response in sarcoidosis is driven by a putative antigen in a genetically susceptible individual. Unfortunately, there currently exists no reliable biomarker to delineate the disease severity and prognosis. As such, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis remains a vexing clinical challenge. In this review, we outline the immunological features of sarcoidosis, discuss the evidence for and against various candidate etiological agents (infective and noninfective), describe the exhaled breath condensate, a novel method of identifying immunological biomarkers, and suggest other possible immunological biomarkers to better characterise the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
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Fernandez R, Gili G, Villagra A, Lopez-Aguilar J, Artigas A. Assessment of the inflammatory effect of low-dose oxygen in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:711-6. [PMID: 23296630 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although low doses of oxygen (FiO2 <0.50) are considered nontoxic, recent studies have shown that even lower doses increase pulmonary inflammatory mediators. We aimed to evaluate the acute effects of reducing FiO2 on pulmonary inflammation in mechanically ventilated patients without respiratory failure. METHODS This study was a prospective, single-center crossover study in a medical/surgical intensive care unit at a university hospital. Hemodynamically stable patients under mechanical ventilation for >24 h without severe respiratory failure (PaO2/FiO2 >250). A basal FiO2 of 0.40 was reduced to 0.21 provided SpO2 remained higher than 90 %. Patients who could not tolerate the reduction in FiO2 to 0.21 were excluded. RESULTS We screened 40 patients, but only 28 (70 %) tolerated FiO2 0.21. We measured common clinical variables and inflammatory mediators in plasma and in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) at the end of three 4-h periods: (1) basal (FiO2 0.40), (2) after FiO2 reduction to 0.21, and (3) after returning FiO2 0.40. We used one-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with FiO2 as the grouping variable. Median values of inflammatory mediators in EBC showed nonsignificant changes among the three periods: NO2 + NO3 17.1, 14.1 and 11.0 μmol/L (p = 0.2), and 8-isoprostane 4.4, 8.2 and 5.3 pg/ml (p = 0.6) for the three periods, respectively. Plasma levels also showed nonsignificant changes during the period of the study: NO2 + NO3 12.6, 16.3 and 15.0 μmol/L (p = 0.9), TNFα 13.5, 18.0 and 14.5 pg/ml (p = 0.8), IL-4 12.9, 18.7 and 23.9 pg/ml (p = 0.1), IL-6 50.9, 35.1 and 28.3 pg/ml (p = 0.6), and IL-10 15.2, 22.2 and 22.2 pg/ml (p = 0.7) for the three periods, respectively. CONCLUSION FiO2 0.40 in mechanically ventilated patients without severe respiratory failure did not increase systemic or pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandez
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital S. Joan de Deu - Fundacio Althaia, CIBERES, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, c/ Dr Joan Soler 1, 08242, Manresa, Spain.
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Simpson JL, Wark PA. The role of exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled breath condensates in evaluating airway inflammation in asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:607-20. [PMID: 23495773 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation is central to the development and progression of asthma. Monitoring airway inflammation can be invasive and technically difficult, making its use limited in clinical practice. Several advances have been made in non-invasive techniques to monitor and measure inflammation from the airways. OBJECTIVE To examine the suitability of exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled breath condensates as diagnostic tools in asthma. METHOD The current literature regarding the use of exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled breath condensate to assess and manage asthma was reviewed. CONCLUSION Exhaled nitric oxide is a clinically useful marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Although showing promise, significant validation and investigation are required before exhaled breath condensate could be utilized in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Simpson
- NHRMC Centre for Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Level 3 Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag 1 Hunter Region Mail Centre, Newcastle NSW 2310, Australia +61 02 49214965 ; +61 02 49855850 ;
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