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Towards the Identification of an In Vitro Tool for Assessing the Biological Behavior of Aerosol Supplied Nanomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040563. [PMID: 29561767 PMCID: PMC5923605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP)-based inhalation systems for drug delivery can be administered in liquid form, by nebulization or using pressurized metered dose inhalers, and in solid form by means of dry powder inhalers. However, NP delivery to the lungs has many challenges including the formulation instability due to particle-particle interactions and subsequent aggregation, causing poor deposition in the small distal airways and subsequent alveolar macrophages activity, which could lead to inflammation. This work aims at providing an in vitro experimental design for investigating the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of NP, and their biological behavior, when they are used as NP-based inhalation treatments, comparing two different exposure systems. By means of an aerosol drug delivery nebulizer, human lung cells cultured at air–liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to two titanium dioxide NP (NM-100 and NM-101), obtained from the JRC repository. In parallel, ALI cultures were exposed to NP suspension by direct inoculation, i.e., by adding the NP suspensions on the apical side of the cell cultures with a pipette. The formulation stability of NP, measured as hydrodynamic size distributions, the cell viability, cell monolayer integrity, cell morphology and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion were investigated. Our results demonstrated that the formulation stability of NM-100 and NM-101 was strongly dependent on the aggregation phenomena that occur in the conditions adopted for the biological experiments. Interestingly, comparable biological data between the two exposure methods used were observed, suggesting that the conventional exposure coupled to ALI culturing conditions offers a relevant in vitro tool for assessing the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of NP and their biological behavior, when NP are used as drug delivery systems.
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Movia D, Di Cristo L, Alnemari R, McCarthy JE, Moustaoui H, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Spadavecchia J, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. The curious case of how mimicking physiological complexity in in vitro models of the human respiratory system influences the inflammatory responses. A preliminary study focused on gold nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dania Movia
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Roaa Alnemari
- Department of Clinical Medicine; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Hanane Moustaoui
- CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT; Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomateriaux et d'Agents Therapeutiques Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France CNRS; Paris France
| | - Marc Lamy de la Chapelle
- CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT; Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomateriaux et d'Agents Therapeutiques Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France CNRS; Paris France
| | - Jolanda Spadavecchia
- CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT; Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomateriaux et d'Agents Therapeutiques Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France CNRS; Paris France
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- CRANN Institute, AMBER Centre; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine; School of Medicine, Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- CRANN Institute, AMBER Centre; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
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Ren DL, Li YJ, Hu BB, Wang H, Hu B. Melatonin regulates the rhythmic migration of neutrophils in live zebrafish. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:452-60. [PMID: 25763660 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a vital role in physiology and behavior such as the sleep-wake cycle and blood pressure and hormone levels. Immune responses also display circadian rhythmicity and particularly pineal melatonin contributes to immunological processes. Little attention, however, is given to mechanisms underlying rhythmic neutrophil responses to the injury. Here, we used a transgenic Tg(lyz:EGFP) zebrafish tail fin transection model to investigate whether the recruitment of neutrophils toward the injured site is regulated by the circadian clock. We found that migrating neutrophils display robust rhythmicity, peaking at darkness. Melatonin positively regulates rhythmic neutrophil migration, as evidenced that treatment with melatonin at low dosage can significantly enhance neutrophil recruitment toward the injured site, which is attenuated by luzindole treatment and in pinealectomized fish. Furthermore, using a transgenic zebrafish eyeball model, we observed that melatonin enhances secretion of two cytokines, TNF-α and IL-8, both of which markedly enhance neutrophil migration. Taken together, these results highlight a positive role of melatonin in rhythmic neutrophil migration and help obtain a better understanding of circadian regulation in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-long Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Nishigaki Y, Palaniswami R, Nishigaki I. In vitrostudies on mangiferin protection against cadmium-induced human renal endothelial damage and cell death via the MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:57-66. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1019137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rodriguez Garcia M, Patel MV, Shen Z, Fahey JV, Biswas N, Mestecky J, Wira CR. Mucosal Immunity in the Human Female Reproductive Tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Amjadi F, Salehi E, Mehdizadeh M, Aflatoonian R. Role of the innate immunity in female reproductive tract. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:1. [PMID: 24592358 PMCID: PMC3928842 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.124626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is well equipped to meet the sexually transmitted pathogens, allogeneic sperm, and the immunologically distinct fetus. Analysis of the FRT indicates that epithelial cells provide a physical barrier against pathogens and microbial infections as well as secretions containing anti-microbial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines which recruit and activate immune cells. Epithelial and immune cells confer protection in part through Toll-like receptors. The aim of this literature is to review the diverse components of the innate immune system, contributing to an exclusive protection system throughout the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Applied Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Fiorentino M, Lammers KM, Levine MM, Sztein MB, Fasano A. In vitro Intestinal Mucosal Epithelial Responses to Wild-Type Salmonella Typhi and Attenuated Typhoid Vaccines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:17. [PMID: 23408152 PMCID: PMC3569575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by S. Typhi, is responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. Little information is available regarding epithelium-bacterial interactions in S. Typhi infection. We have evaluated in vitro the effects of wild-type S. Typhi, the licensed Ty21a typhoid vaccine and the leading strains CVD 908-htrA and CVD 909 vaccine candidates on intestinal barrier function and immune response. Caco2 monolayers infected with wild-type S. Typhi exhibited alterations in the organization of tight junctions, increased paracellular permeability, and a rapid decrease in Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance as early as 4 h post-exposure. S. Typhi triggered the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6. Caco2 cells infected with the attenuated strains exhibited a milder pro-inflammatory response with minimal disruption of the barrier integrity. We conclude that wild-type S. Typhi causes marked transient alterations of the intestinal mucosa that are more pronounced than those observed with Ty21a or new generation attenuated typhoid vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiorentino
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rennolds J, Malireddy S, Hassan F, Tridandapani S, Parinandi N, Boyaka PN, Cormet-Boyaka E. Curcumin regulates airway epithelial cell cytokine responses to the pollutant cadmium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:256-61. [PMID: 22142850 PMCID: PMC3259219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic metal present in the environment and its inhalation can lead to pulmonary disease such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These lung diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation. Here we show that exposure of human airway epithelial cells to cadmium promotes a polarized apical secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, two pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines known to play an important role in pulmonary inflammation. We also determined that two distinct pathways controlled secretion of these proinflammatory cytokines by human airway epithelial cells as cadmium-induced IL-6 secretion occurs via an NF-κB dependent pathway, whereas IL-8 secretion involves the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Interestingly, the natural antioxidant curcumin could prevent both cadmium-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by human airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, curcumin could be used to prevent airway inflammation due to cadmium inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rennolds
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Smitha Malireddy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Fatemat Hassan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Narasimham Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Corresponding author: Tel: (614) 292-0946; Fax: (614) 293-4799,
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Hickey DK, Patel MV, Fahey JV, Wira CR. Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:185-94. [PMID: 21353708 PMCID: PMC3094911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the multiple levels of pre-existing immunity in the upper and lower female reproductive tract. In addition, we highlight the need for further research of innate and adaptive immune protection of mucosal surfaces in the female reproductive tract. Innate mechanisms include the mucus lining, a tight epithelial barrier and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines by epithelial and innate immune cells. Stimulation of the innate immune system also serves to bridge the adaptive arm resulting in the generation of pathogen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Less understood are the multiple components that act in a coordinated way to provide a network of ongoing protection. Innate and adaptive immunity in the human female reproductive tract are influenced by the stage of menstrual cycle and are directly regulated by the sex steroid hormones, progesterone and estradiol. Furthermore, the effect of hormones on immunity is mediated both directly on immune and epithelial cells and indirectly by stimulating growth factor secretion from stromal cells. The goal of this review is to focus on the diverse aspects of the innate and adaptive immune systems that contribute to a unique network of protection throughout the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hickey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Chow AWM, Liang JFT, Wong JSC, Fu Y, Tang NLS, Ko WH. Polarized secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by human airway epithelia 16HBE14o- cells in response to cationic polypeptide challenge. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12091. [PMID: 20711426 PMCID: PMC2920803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway epithelium participates in asthmatic inflammation in many ways. Target cells of the epithelium can respond to a variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Damage to the surface epithelium occurs following the secretion of eosinophil-derived, highly toxic cationic proteins. Moreover, the surface epithelium itself is responsible for the synthesis and release of cytokines that cause the selective recruitment, retention, and accumulation of various inflammatory cells. To mimic the damage seen during asthmatic inflammation, the bronchial epithelium can be challenged with highly charged cationic polypeptides such as poly-L-arginine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells, 16HBE14o- cells, were "chemically injured" by exposing them to poly-l-arginine as a surrogate of the eosinophil cationic protein. Cytokine antibody array data showed that seven inflammatory mediators were elevated out of the 40 tested, including marked elevation in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 secretion. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression levels were elevated as measured with real-time PCR. Cell culture supernatants from apical and basolateral compartments were collected, and the IL-6 and IL-8 production was quantified with ELISA. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by 16HBE14o- epithelia into the apical compartment was significantly higher than that from the basolateral compartment. Using specific inhibitors, the production of IL-6 and IL-8 was found to be dependent on p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 MAPK, and NF-kappaB pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results clearly demonstrate that damage to the bronchial epithelia by poly-L-arginine stimulates polarized IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. This apically directed secretion of cytokines may play an important role in orchestrating epithelial cell responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Wai-ming Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jocelyn Feng-ting Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Janice Siu-chong Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Nelson Leung-sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresource and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-hung Ko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresource and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection of bovine bronchial epithelial cells increases neutrophil adhesion and activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 131:167-76. [PMID: 19406483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) predisposes cattle to secondary pneumonia with Mannheimia haemolytica as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). One cell type that has received limited investigation for its role in the inflammation that accompanies BRD is the respiratory epithelial cell. In the present study we investigated mechanisms by which BHV-1 infection of respiratory epithelial cells contributes to the recruitment and activation of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in vitro. Primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial (BBE) cells were infected with BHV-1 and assessed for cytokine expression by real-time PCR. We found that BHV-1 infection elicits a rapid IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA response by BBE cells. Bovine PMNs exhibited greater adherence to BHV-1 infected BBE cells than uninfected cells. The increased adherence was significantly reduced by the addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody or human soluble TNF-alpha receptor (sTNF-alphaR). Pre-incubation of bovine PMNs with conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells increased PMN migration, which was inhibited by addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody, sTNF-alphaR, or an IL-8 peptide inhibitor. Conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells activated bovine PMNs in vitro as demonstrated by PMN shape change, production of reactive oxygen species and degranulation. PMNs also exhibited increased LFA-1 expression and susceptibility to M. haemolytica LKT following incubation with BHV-1 infected BBE cell conditioned media. Our results suggest that BHV-1 infection of BBE cells triggers cytokine expression that contributes to the recruitment and activation of neutrophils, and amplifies the detrimental effects of M. haemolytica LKT.
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Hermanns MI, Unger RE, Kehe K, Peters K, Kirkpatrick CJ. Lung epithelial cell lines in coculture with human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: development of an alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro. J Transl Med 2004; 84:736-52. [PMID: 15077120 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a coculture system of human distal lung epithelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells in order to study the cellular interactions of epithelium and endothelium at the alveolocapillary barrier in both pathogenesis and recovery from acute lung injury. The aim was to determine conditions for the development of functional cellular junctions and the formation of a tight epithelial barrier similar to that observed in vivo. The in vitro coculture system consisted of monolayers of human lung epithelial cell lines (A549 or NCI H441) and primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) on opposite sides of a permeable filter membrane. A549 failed to show sufficient differentiation with respect to formation of a tight epithelial barrier with intact cell-cell junctions. Stimulated with dexamethasone, the cocultures of NCI H441 and HPMEC established contact-inhibited differentiated monolayers, with NCI H441 showing a continuous, circumferential immunostaining of the tight junctional protein, ZO-1 and the adherens junction protein, E-cadherin. The generation of a polarized epithelial cell monolayer with typical junctional structures was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in average transbilayer electrical resistance (TER) values of 500 Omega cm(2) after 10-12 days of cocultivation and correlated with a reduced flux of the hydrophilic permeability marker, sodium-fluorescein. In addition, basolateral distribution of the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha caused a significant reduction of TER-values after 24 h exposure. This decrease in TER could be re-established to control level by removal of the cytokine within 24 h. Thus, the coculture system of the NCI H441 with HPMEC should be a suitable in vitro model system to examine epithelial and endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, infectious lung diseases and toxic lung injury. In addition, it could be used to improve techniques of lung drug delivery that also requires a functional barrier.
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Townley RG, Horiba M. Airway hyperresponsiveness: a story of mice and men and cytokines. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003; 24:85-110. [PMID: 12644720 DOI: 10.1385/criai:24:1:85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is an essential part of the definition of asthma. Although our understanding of the allergic inflammatory and immunologic mechanisms of asthma have markedly increased, the mechanism of BHR remains to be elucidated. Increased BHR is associated temporally with exposure to allergens, certain respiratory viruses, pollutants such as ozone, and certain occupational chemicals. An important research use of determining the degree of BHR to direct and indirect challenge is to determine the efficacy of pharmacologic and immunodulatory agents. Beta-adrenergic agents inhibit BHR and certain genetic polymorphisms of the beta-adrenergic receptor are associated with increased BHR. When beta-adrenergic receptors are blocked, sensitivity to allergens is markedly increased in patients with asthma and animal models of asthma. Allergen challenge and clinical asthma are associated with synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha which have been shown to decrease the response to beta-agonists and increased the reactivity to methacholine and the airways neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. The Th2 cytokine IL-13 is increased in the airways of asthmatics and increases BHR in normal unsensitized animals. The mechanisms of this effect of IL-13 are being intensively investigated. Our group has shown that IL-13 induced BHR persisted for at least 7 days and the soluble receptor IL-13R2alpha protected against their BHR. Other investigators have demonstrated that IL-13 is necessary and sufficient for the induction of BHR and that eosinophilic airway inflammation in the absence of IL-13 fails to induce BHR. These studies indicate that treatment of human asthma with antagonists of IL-13 may be very effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Townley
- Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Howat WJ, Holmes JA, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Basement membrane pores in human bronchial epithelium: a conduit for infiltrating cells? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:673-80. [PMID: 11159204 PMCID: PMC1850329 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the presence of oval-shaped pores in the basement membrane of the human bronchial airway that may be used as conduits for immune cells to traffic between the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments. Human bronchial mucosa collected after surgery was stripped of epithelial cells without damaging the basement membrane. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed oval-shaped pores 0.75 to 3.85 microm in diameter in the bronchial basement membrane at a density of 863 pores/mm2. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the pores spanned the full depth of the basement membrane, with a concentration of collagen-like fibers at the lateral edges of the pore. Infiltrating cells apparently moved through the pores, both in the presence and absence of the epithelium. Taken together, these results suggest that immune cells use basement membrane pores as predefined routes to move between the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments without disruption of the basement membrane. As a persistent feature of the basement membrane, pores could facilitate inflammatory cell access to the epithelium and greatly increase the frequency of intercellular contact between trafficking cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Howat
- Division of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Kidney JC, Proud D. Neutrophil transmigration across human airway epithelial monolayers: mechanisms and dependence on electrical resistance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:389-95. [PMID: 10970831 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.3.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine neutrophil transepithelial migration in the basolateral-to-luminal direction, bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) were grown at an air-medium interface on the lower face of permeable supports, and resistance across each membrane was recorded before measuring neutrophil transmigration over 2 h. Subconfluent monolayers (resistance < 250 Omega) permitted high spontaneous migration of neutrophils (7.4+/-1%), which was further enhanced (29.7+/-3%) in response to interleukin (IL)-8 (100 ng/ml). Confluent monolayers (250 to 700 Omega) showed low spontaneous migration (2+/- 0.5%) but responded markedly to IL-8 (12.4+/-1.3%). Left in culture, 16HBE resistances continued to increase and were associated with minimal spontaneous migration (< 0.5%) or responses to IL-8. Using cells in the 250 to 700 Omega range, neutrophil migration to IL-8 was dose-dependent and was enhanced when epithelial cells were incubated with a combination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Neutrophil migration was stimulus-specific and was reduced by preincubation of epithelial cells with a F(ab')(2) anti-intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, or by preincubation of neutrophils with anti-CD18, anti-CD11a, anti-CD11b, or anti-CD11c, but not by anti-CD11d, indicating a role for beta(2)-integrin-ICAM-1 interaction in the migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kidney
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Harari Y, Weisbrodt NW, Moody FG. Ileal mucosal response to bacterial toxin challenge. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 49:306-13. [PMID: 10963544 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200008000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of postinjury intestinal mucosal barrier disruption remains obscure. The present study examines the hypothesis that the bacterial toxin formyl-methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) plays an initial role in this process. METHODS Mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (4,400 molecular weight) was measured in perfused distal rat ileum with and without FMLP. Dextran and myeloperoxidase appearance in the lumenal perfusate was assessed in response to surrogates of traumatic stress: ischemia/reperfusion, total abdominal irradiation, and total parenteral nutrition. Recovery of FMLP in the effluent of static closed and perfused ileal loops was determined by mass spectrometry. Release of mast cell mediators in the presence of FMLP was determined in ileal everted sacs. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of FMLP was recovered in perfusion effluent in contrast to 5% in closed loops. There was a transient increase in ileal permeability in FMLP/perfused, untreated rats, and in ischemia/reperfusion and total parenteral nutrition treated rats that was recorded with a concomitant increment in myeloperoxidase (inflammatory marker) in all experimental models except irradiated rats, which were unresponsive to FMLP. FMLP responsiveness was associ. ated with a significant rise in release of serotonin (mast cell mediator). CONCLUSION These results suggest that mast cells and other resident inflammatory cells within the gut wall are involved in FMLP-induced changes in mucosal barrier permeability and raise the possibility that under conditions of traumatic stress, proinflammatory mediators within the gut wall might be activated by toxic factors in the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Harari
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77225, USA
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18
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Pizurki L, Morris MA, Chanson M, Solomon M, Pavirani A, Bouchardy I, Suter S. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator does not affect neutrophil migration across cystic fibrosis airway epithelial monolayers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:1407-16. [PMID: 10751364 PMCID: PMC1876904 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/1999] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that airway inflammation dominated by neutrophils, ie, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) was observed in infants and children with cystic fibrosis (CF) even in the absence of detectable infection. To assess whether there is a CF-related anomaly of PMN migration across airway epithelial cells, we developed an in vitro model of chemotactic migration across tight and polarized CF(15) cells, a CF human nasal epithelial cell line, seeded on porous filters. To compare PMN migration across a pair of CF and control monolayers in the physiological direction, inverted CF(15) cells were infected with increasing concentrations of recombinant adenoviruses containing either the normal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA, the DeltaF508 CFTR cDNA, or the beta-galactosidase gene. The number of PMN migrating in response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe across inverted CF(15) monolayers expressing beta-galactosidase was similar to that seen across CF(15) monolayers rescued with CFTR, whatever the proportion of cells expressing the transgene. Moreover, PMN migration across monolayers expressing various amounts of mutated CFTR was not different from that observed across matched counterparts expressing normal CFTR. Finally, PMN migration in response to adherent or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was equivalent across CF and corrected monolayers. The possibility that mutated CFTR may exert indirect effects on PMN recruitment, via an abnormal production of the chemotactic cytokine interleukin-8, was also explored. Apical and basolateral production of interleukin-8 by polarized CF cells expressing mutated CFTR was not different from that observed with rescued cells, either in baseline or stimulated conditions. CF(15) cells displayed a CF phenotype that could be corrected by CFTR-containing adenoviruses, because two known CF defects, Cl(-) secretion and increased P. aeruginosa adherence, were normalized after infection with those viruses. Thus, we conclude that the presence of a mutated CFTR does not per se lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response of CF surface epithelial cells in the absence or presence of a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pizurki
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Rosseau S, Selhorst J, Wiechmann K, Leissner K, Maus U, Mayer K, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. Monocyte migration through the alveolar epithelial barrier: adhesion molecule mechanisms and impact of chemokines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:427-35. [PMID: 10605039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar monocyte influx requires adherence and transmigration through the vascular endothelium, extracellular matrix, and alveolar epithelium. For investigating the monocyte migratory process across the epithelial barrier, we employed both the A549 cell line and isolated human alveolar epithelial cells. Under baseline conditions, spontaneous bidirectional transepithelial monocyte migration was noted, which was dose-dependently increased in the presence of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. TNF-alpha stimulation of the alveolar epithelium provoked the polarized apical secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES and up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, accompanied by markedly enhanced transepithelial monocyte traffic in the basal-to-apical direction. Multiple adhesive interactions were noted to contribute to the enhanced monocyte traffic across the TNF-alpha-stimulated alveolar epithelium: these included the beta 2 integrins CD11a, CD11b, CD11c/CD18, the beta 1 integrins very late Ag (VLA)-4, -5, and -6, and the integrin-associated protein CD47 on monocytes, as well as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD47, and matrix components on the epithelial side. In contrast, spontaneous monocyte migration through unstimulated epithelium depended predominantly on CD11b/CD18 and CD47, with some additional contribution of VLA-4, -5, and -6. In summary, unlike transendothelial monocyte traffic, for which beta 1 and beta 2 integrins are alternative mechanisms, monocyte migration across the alveolar epithelium largely depends on CD11b/CD18 and CD47 but required the additional engagement of the beta 1 integrins for optimal migration. In response to inflammatory challenge, the alveolar epithelium orchestrates enhanced monocyte traffic to the apical side by polarized chemokine secretion and up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosseau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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