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Kong J, Lu Y, Ren Y, Chen M, Liu G, Shi L. The risk factors and threshold level of subchronic inhalation exposure of reclaimed water. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:639-650. [PMID: 37980046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of reclaimed water is known to cause lung inflammation, and free endotoxins have been shown to be a major risk factor for acute exposure. Subchronic exposure has also been shown to induce inflammatory responses with visible tissue damage. However, subchronic risk factors have yet to be identified, and a threshold for the protection of occupational populations during urban reuse is necessary. In this study, potential risk factors in reclaimed water were examined by subchronic exposure with fractionated reclaimed water, and the health risk threshold was tested with a series of diluted reclaimed water. Accordingly, following a 12-week exposure, macromolecules and microorganisms were found to be two major risk factors in reclaimed water that could cause pulmonary inflammation, including increased proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchoalveolar fluid, formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and elevation of Immunoglobulin A levels. Moreover, inflammation persisted after a 4-week recovery period. The calculated threshold of reclaimed water exposure for mice was 31.8 Endotoxin Unit (EU)/(kg·day) under when exposed to 50% additional relative humidity from reclaimed water at 25°C for 2 hr/day. Meanwhile, the subchronic threshold estimate for humans under the same exposure conditions was found to be 12.2 EU/(kg·day), corresponding to endotoxin levels of 61.7 EU/mL in reclaimed water. The threshold level of endotoxin was lower than that in most non-potable reclaimed water. The findings of this study suggest that occupational exposure of reclaimed water can serve as a potential risk to workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Kong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yunru Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Menghao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangliang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Jiang J, Xu S, Chen Z, Liu W, Zhang L, Li J, Zhu Z, Zhou L. Animal models: An essential tool to dissect the heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:4-10. [PMID: 37533843 PMCID: PMC10393054 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuanglan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liuchao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Animal Core Facility, Key Laboratory of Model Animal, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI02912, USA
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Animal Core Facility, Key Laboratory of Model Animal, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing211166, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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3
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Vijayakumar R, Abdulaziz Alfaiz F, Al-Malki ES, Sandle T. Assessment of airborne endotoxin in sandstorm dust and indoor environments using a novel passive sampling device in Al Zulfi city, Saudi Arabia - Establishing threshold exposure levels. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1257-1266. [PMID: 33613055 PMCID: PMC7878821 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of sandstorm dust events affects local air quality and public health. These issues are becoming of greater concern in Saudi Arabia. There is a significant lack of research on airborne endotoxin exposure and analysis in the Middle East countries and no coherent body of research exists focusing on sandstorm dust in worldwide. In this study, we used a novel design of an aluminum foil plate (AFP) electrostatic dust cloth (EDC) for the passive air sampling of sandstorm dust. A total of 38 sandstorm dust samples were collected during sandstorm episodes occurring between January and April 2020 in both indoor (7 days, n = 20) and outdoor environments (24 h, n = 18). After exposure, and following an extraction procedure, bacterial endotoxin levels were measured using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) gel clot method. The study highlights that the airborne endotoxin level observed was between 10 and 200 EU/m2 in both indoor and outdoor environments, during a sandstorm event. Agricultural activities and farmhouses observed higher airborne endotoxin levels. In general, increased endotoxin levels were related to the severity of the sandstorms. Given that the observed values were high as per existing guidelines for respiratory health, we recommend the setting an occupational airborne exposure limit for bacterial endotoxin. This is the first report and further studies across various sandstorm-hit regions will need to be undertaken, together with various sampling methods, in order to assess for seasonal and geographic trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam S. Al-Malki
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tim Sandle
- Head of Microbiology, Risk Management and Sterility Assurance, Bio Products Laboratory, Elstree, United Kingdom
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4
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Associations Between Bioaerosol Exposures and Lung Function Changes Among Dairy Workers in Colorado. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62:424-430. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schmidt S. Microbial Toxins in E-Liquid: A Potential New Vaping-Related Exposure to Explore. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:94001. [PMID: 31478757 PMCID: PMC6791572 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Polverino F, Lu B, Quintero JR, Vargas SO, Patel AS, Owen CA, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Cernadas M. CFTR regulates B cell activation and lymphoid follicle development. Respir Res 2019; 20:133. [PMID: 31262295 PMCID: PMC6604167 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that promotes persistent lung infection and inflammation and progressive loss of lung function. Patients with CF have increased lung lymphoid follicles (LFs) and B cell-activating factor of tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) that regulates B cell survival and maturation. A direct role for CFTR in B cell activation and disease pathogenesis in CF remains unclear. Methods The number of LFs, BAFF+, TLR4+ and proliferation marker Ki67+ B cells in lung explants or resections from subjects with CF and normal controls was quantified by immunostaining. The role of CFTR in B cell activation and LF development was then examined in two independent cohorts of uninfected CFTR-deficient mice (Cftr−/−) and wild type controls. The number of lung LFs, B cells and BAFF+, CXCR4+, immunoglobulin G+ B cells was examined by immunostaining. Lung and splenocyte B cell activation marker and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in supernatants from isolated B cells from Cftr−/− and wild type mice stimulated in vitro with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results There was a significant increase in well-formed LFs in subjects with CF compared to normal controls. Increased B cell activation and proliferation was observed in lung LFs from CF subjects as was quantified by a significant increase in B cell BAFF, TLR4 and Ki67 expression. Uninfected Cftr−/− mice had increased lung LFs and BAFF+ and CXCR4+ B cells compared to wild type controls. Lung B cells isolated from uninfected Cftr−/− mice demonstrated increased MHC class II expression. In vitro, isolated B cells from Cftr−/− mice produced increased IL-6 when stimulated with LPS compared to wild type controls. Conclusions These data support a direct role for CFTR in B cell activation, proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production that promotes lung LF follicle development in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Polverino
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Bao Lu
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joselyn Rojas Quintero
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Avignat S Patel
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, 01805, USA
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Craig Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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7
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Ren Y, Kong J, Xue J, Shi X, Li H, Qiao J, Lu Y. Effects of ozonation on the activity of endotoxin and its inhalation toxicity in reclaimed water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:153-161. [PMID: 30782557 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosolized reclaimed water can cause inflammatory responses in lung after inhalation, and endotoxin has been identified as the main inducer. Since the effects of disinfection treatments on endotoxins had conflicting results, this study explored the changes of endotoxin activity and inflammation inducing ability of reference endotoxin, gram-negative bacteria solutions and reclaimed water after ozonation respectively, and found that LAL assay based endotoxin activity and mouse inhalation exposure based inflammation examination had inconsistent results. The excessive ozone could not remove the endotoxin activity, but was able to reduce the inflammation inducing ability of free endotoxin. When treating on gram-negative strains, ozone first released the cell-bound endotoxin and caused the dramatic increase of endotoxin activity. But for the inflammatory response, despite the rapid increase at the very beginning, it immediately dropped back with further ozonation. The endotoxin aggregate size was proposed as a key regulator of the toxicity of endotoxin, which was modified by ozone oxidation. In real reclaimed water, insufficient ozone significantly enhanced the inflammatory response, but when the ozone dosages were large enough, the inflammation could be drawn back to the original level, which was consistent with the observations from pure endotoxin and bacteria. This work demonstrates that the endotoxin activity cannot predict the endotoxin-induced toxicity of ozone treated water, and low dosage of ozone treatment may even increase the health risk of reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiayang Kong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinling Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijun Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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8
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Lee MS, Allen JG, Christiani DC. Endotoxin and [Formula: see text] Contamination in Electronic Cigarette Products Sold in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:047008. [PMID: 31017484 PMCID: PMC6785222 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke contains microbes and microbial toxins, such as endotoxin and [Formula: see text], that may have adverse respiratory effects. To our knowledge, the potential for contamination of electronic cigarette (EC) products sold in the United States has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether popular cartridge and e-liquid EC products were contaminated with endotoxin or glucan and to examine differences according to the type and flavor of products. METHODS We selected 37 cartridges and 38 e-liquid products with the highest nicotine content from the ten top-selling U.S. brands. Flavors were classified into four groups: tobacco, menthol, fruit, and other. Endotoxin and glucan were measured using an endotoxin-specific kinetic turbidimetric assay and a Glucatell® Kinetic Assay (Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.), respectively. RESULTS Endotoxin concentrations were over the limit of detection (LOD) in 17 of 75 products tested (23%), and glucan concentrations were greater than LOD in 61 of 75 products (81%). After adjusting for brand and flavor, the mean glucan concentration was 3.2 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI): [Formula: see text], 18.4] in cartridge vs. e-liquid samples. After adjusting for brand and type of product, glucan concentrations in tobacco- and menthol-flavored ECs were 10.4 (95% CI: 1.8, 44.9) and 3.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 17.3) times higher than concentrations found in fruit-flavored products. CONCLUSIONS EC products may be contaminated with microbial toxins. Further studies with large representative samples of products are needed to confirm our findings, identify sources and routes of contamination, and evaluate health effects associated with the use of contaminated products. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ren X, Wu J, Levin D, Santos S, de Faria RL, Zhang M, Lin F. Sputum from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients inhibits T cell migration in a microfluidic device. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1445:52-61. [PMID: 30891781 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease characterized by narrowed airways, resulting in serious breathing difficulty. Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammatory infiltration of leukocytes in the airway is associated with the pathogenesis of COPD. In the present study, we employed a microfluidic approach to assess the effect of COPD sputum on activated human peripheral blood T cell migration and chemotaxis under well-controlled gradient conditions. Our results showed considerable basal migration of T cells derived from peripheral blood of COPD patients and healthy controls in the medium control groups. By contrast, the migration of T cells from COPD patients and healthy controls was significantly inhibited in the presence of a gradient of sputum supernatant from COPD patients. Furthermore, chemotaxis of T cells from COPD patients or healthy subjects toward an SDF-1α gradient was clearly inhibited by sputum samples from the COPD patients. The inhibition effect revealed by the microfluidic cell migration experiments provides new information about the complex involvement of T cell trafficking in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Ren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Susy Santos
- The Victoria Institute of Clinical Research & Evaluation, Victoria General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ricardo Lobato de Faria
- Department of Emergency and Wellness Institute, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Wellness Institute, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Lee YG, Reader BF, Herman D, Streicher A, Englert JA, Ziegler M, Chung S, Karpurapu M, Park GY, Christman JW, Ballinger MN. Sirtuin 2 enhances allergic asthmatic inflammation. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124710. [PMID: 30668546 PMCID: PMC6478424 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic eosinophilic asthma is a chronic condition causing airway remodeling resulting in lung dysfunction. We observed that expression of sirtuin 2 (Sirt2), a histone deacetylase, regulates the recruitment of eosinophils after sensitization and challenge with a triple antigen: dust mite, ragweed, and Aspergillus fumigatus (DRA). Our data demonstrate that IL-4 regulates the expression of Sirt2 isoform 3/5. Pharmacological inhibition of Sirt2 by AGK2 resulted in diminished cellular recruitment, decreased CCL17/TARC, and reduced goblet cell hyperplasia. YM1 and Fizz1 expression was reduced in AGK2-treated, IL-4-stimulated lung macrophages in vitro as well as in lung macrophages from AGK2-DRA-challenged mice. Conversely, overexpression of Sirt2 resulted in increased cellular recruitment, CCL17 production, and goblet cell hyperplasia following DRA challenge. Sirt2 isoform 3/5 was upregulated in primary human alveolar macrophages following IL-4 and AGK2 treatment, which resulted in reduced CCL17 and markers of alternative activation. These gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies indicate that Sirt2 could be developed as a treatment for eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gyu Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brenda F. Reader
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Derrick Herman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Streicher
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua A. Englert
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gye Young Park
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John W. Christman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan N. Ballinger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Xue J, Zhang J, Wu QY, Lu Y. Sub-chronic inhalation of reclaimed water-induced fibrotic lesion in a mouse model. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:240-251. [PMID: 29655095 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When reclaimed water is used as municipal miscellaneous water, acute exposure of the generated aerosol with high levels of endotoxins can cause severe inflammation in the lungs. However, the potential risks of long-term inhalation of reclaimed water remains unclear. To identify the adverse effects of sub-chronic reclaimed water inhalation and explain the underlying mechanisms, a mouse model of 12-week sub-chronic exposure was established, and wastewater before a membrane bioreactor (MBR, positive control) and the MBR effluent (reclaimed water, which met the quality standard of urban use and was currently used for landscape irrigation) were tested in this study. The exposure dose was set to approach the real working scenarios. Lung lavage and histology were analyzed. Obvious epithelial cell apoptosis in the bronchi was observed, along with the accumulation of myofibroblasts and the collagen deposition both in main bronchi and terminal bronchioles. All these symptoms were persistent after 4 weeks of recovery. Inflammation and induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALT) were also observed but diminished after recovery indicating inflammation may not be the direct cause of the symptom. Furthermore, two fibrogenic cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β) were constantly high in the lung during the study. They might be the biomarkers of lung damage after the inhalation of reclaimed water. Adaptive immune responses were also detected as elevated levels of IgG and IgA, but not for IgE. Inhalation of reclaimed water causes sustained fibrotic lesions in the lungs, which suggests potential health risks during urban application where aerosols generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinshan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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12
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Lai PS, Hang JQ, Zhang FY, Sun J, Zheng BY, Su L, Washko GR, Christiani DC. Imaging Phenotype of Occupational Endotoxin-Related Lung Function Decline. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1436-1442. [PMID: 27138294 PMCID: PMC5010398 DOI: 10.1289/ehp195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although occupational exposures contribute to a significant proportion of obstructive lung disease, the phenotype of obstructive lung disease associated with work-related organic dust exposure independent of smoking remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVE We identified the relative contributions of smoking and occupational endotoxin exposure to parenchymal and airway remodeling as defined by quantitative computed tomography (CT). METHODS The Shanghai Textile Worker Study is a longitudinal study of endotoxin-exposed cotton workers and endotoxin-unexposed silk workers that was initiated in 1981. Spirometry, occupational endotoxin exposure, and smoking habits were assessed at 5-year intervals. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) was performed in 464 retired workers in 2011, along with quantitative lung densitometric and airway analysis. RESULTS Significant differences in all CT measures were noted across exposure groups. Occupational endotoxin exposure was associated with a decrease (-1.3%) in percent emphysema (LAAI-950), a 3.3-Hounsfield unit increase in 15th percentile density, an 18.1-g increase in lung mass, and a 2.3% increase in wall area percent. Current but not former smoking was associated with a similar CT phenotype. Changes in LAAI-950 were highly correlated with 15th percentile density (correlation -1.0). Lung mass was the only measure associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) decline, with each 10-g increase in lung mass associated with an additional loss (-6.1 mL) of FEV1 (p = 0.001) between 1981 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS There are many similarities between the effects of occupational endotoxin exposure and those of tobacco smoke exposure on lung parenchyma and airway remodeling. The effects of occupational endotoxin exposure appear to persist even after the cessation of exposure. LAAI-950 may not be a reliable indicator of emphysema in subjects without spirometric impairment. Lung mass is a CT-based biomarker of accelerated lung function decline. CITATION Lai PS, Hang J, Zhang F, Sun J, Zheng BY, Su L, Washko GR, Christiani DC. 2016. Imaging phenotype of occupational endotoxin-related lung function decline. Environ Health Perspect 124:1436-1442; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S. Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing-qing Hang
- Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - J. Sun
- Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bu-Yong Zheng
- Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George R. Washko
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abstract
Background: Long term occupational exposure to cotton dust is associated with respiratory symptoms and loss of pulmonary function. Aim: This study was conducted to explore respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests and chest radiography of workers, and to evaluate the findings of high resolution computed tomographyand its correlation with pulmonary function tests (PFT). Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 cotton workers as exposed group and 100 unexposed subjects. Smokers were excluded from the study. All workers were interviewed and examined by the pulmonologist. PFT and chest radiography were conducted for all subjects. HRCT was performed for those with abnormal PFT or chest radiography. Results: A total of 51% and 31% of the cotton textile workers had one or more respiratory symptoms and respiratory signs respectively. 28% of subjects in the exposed group and 5% of subjects in unexposed group had obstructive pattern. Bronchia wall thickening and air trapping were the most frequent chest radiography and HRCT abnormalities respectively. There was a significant correlation between HRCT and the results of PFT. Conclusion: We conclude that long term exposure to cotton dust is associated with obstructive disease that increase with duration of exposure (history of working years), also use of HRCT as a sensitive tool in the assessment of pathologic changes and it's correlation with PFT, confirms the expected pathophysiology of airway obstruction in cotton workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mansouri
- Department of Respiratory, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Parsa Pili
- Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Management, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abbasi
- Department of Respiratory, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mina Soltani
- Department of Respiratory, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazanin Izadi
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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15
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Wallace RJ, Gropp J, Dierick N, Costa LG, Martelli G, Brantom PG, Bampidis V, Renshaw DW, Leng L. Risks associated with endotoxins in feed additives produced by fermentation. Environ Health 2016; 15:5. [PMID: 26768246 PMCID: PMC4714429 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, feed additives for livestock, such as amino acids and vitamins, are being produced by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli. The potential therefore exists for animals, consumers and workers to be exposed to possibly harmful amounts of endotoxin from these products. The aim of this review was to assess the extent of the risk from endotoxins in feed additives and to calculate how such risk can be assessed from the properties of the additive. Livestock are frequently exposed to a relatively high content of endotoxin in the diet: no additional hazard to livestock would be anticipated if the endotoxin concentration of the feed additive falls in the same range as feedstuffs. Consumer exposure will be unaffected by the consumption of food derived from animals receiving endotoxin-containing feed, because the small concentrations of endotoxin absorbed do not accumulate in edible tissues. In contrast, workers processing a dusty additive may be exposed to hazardous amounts of endotoxin even if the endotoxin concentration of the product is low. A calculation method is proposed to compare the potential risk to the worker, based on the dusting potential, the endotoxin concentration and technical guidance of the European Food Safety Authority, with national exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK.
| | | | - Noël Dierick
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Giovanna Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Vasileios Bampidis
- Division of Animal Production, Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEITHE), 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Lubomir Leng
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia.
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16
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Isoflurane Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury by Preserving Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:377-88. [PMID: 26068207 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane may be protective in preclinical models of lung injury, but its use in patients with lung injury remains controversial and the mechanism of its protective effects remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that this protection is mediated at the level of alveolar tight junctions and investigated the possibility in a two-hit model of lung injury that mirrors human acute respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS Wild-type mice were treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to nebulized endotoxin (n = 8) or saline control (n = 9) and then allowed to recover for 24 h before mechanical ventilation (MV; tidal volume, 15 ml/kg, 2 h) producing ventilator-induced lung injury. Mouse lung epithelial cells were similarly treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Cells were cyclically stretched the following day to mirror the MV protocol used in vivo. RESULTS Mice treated with isoflurane following exposure to inhaled endotoxin and before MV exhibited significantly less physiologic lung dysfunction. These effects appeared to be mediated by decreased vascular leak, but not altered inflammatory indices. Mouse lung epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide and cyclic stretch and lungs harvested from mice after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and MV had decreased levels of a key tight junction protein (i.e., zona occludens 1) that was rescued by isoflurane treatment. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane rescued lung injury induced by a two-hit model of endotoxin exposure followed by MV by maintaining the integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier possibly by modulating the expression of a key tight junction protein.
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17
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Platzer B, Baker K, Vera MP, Singer K, Panduro M, Lexmond WS, Turner D, Vargas SO, Kinet JP, Maurer D, Baron RM, Blumberg RS, Fiebiger E. Dendritic cell-bound IgE functions to restrain allergic inflammation at mucosal sites. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:516-32. [PMID: 25227985 PMCID: PMC4363306 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-mediated cross-linking of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to mast cells/basophils via FcɛRI, the high affinity IgE Fc-receptor, is a well-known trigger of allergy. In humans, but not mice, dendritic cells (DCs) also express FcɛRI that is constitutively occupied with IgE. In contrast to mast cells/basophils, the consequences of IgE/FcɛRI signals for DC function remain poorly understood. We show that humanized mice that express FcɛRI on DCs carry IgE like non-allergic humans and do not develop spontaneous allergies. Antigen-specific IgE/FcɛRI cross-linking fails to induce maturation or production of inflammatory mediators in human DCs and FcɛRI-humanized DCs. Furthermore, conferring expression of FcɛRI to DCs decreases the severity of food allergy and asthma in disease-relevant models suggesting anti-inflammatory IgE/FcɛRI signals. Consistent with the improved clinical parameters in vivo, antigen-specific IgE/FcɛRI cross-linking on papain or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated DCs inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Migration assays confirm that the IgE-dependent decrease in cytokine production results in diminished recruitment of mast cell progenitors; providing a mechanistic explanation for the reduced mast cell-dependent allergic phenotype observed in FcɛRI-humanized mice. Our study demonstrates a novel immune regulatory function of IgE and proposes that DC-intrinsic IgE signals serve as a feedback mechanism to restrain allergic tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Platzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miguel Pinilla Vera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Singer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marisella Panduro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Willem S. Lexmond
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Devin Turner
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Departments of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Kinet
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dieter Maurer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Rebecca M. Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edda Fiebiger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Lai PS, Hang JQ, Valeri L, Zhang FY, Zheng BY, Mehta AJ, Shi J, Su L, Brown D, Eisen EA, Christiani DC. Endotoxin and gender modify lung function recovery after occupational organic dust exposure: a 30-year study. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:546-552. [PMID: 25666844 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to determine the trajectory of lung function change after exposure cessation to occupational organic dust exposure, and to identify factors that modify improvement. METHODS The Shanghai Textile Worker Study is a longitudinal study of 447 cotton workers exposed to endotoxin-containing dust and 472 silk workers exposed to non-endotoxin-containing dust. Spirometry was performed at 5-year intervals. Air sampling was performed to estimate individual cumulative exposures. The effect of work cessation on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was modelled using generalised additive mixed effects models to identify the trajectory of FEV1 recovery. Linear mixed effects models incorporating interaction terms were used to identify modifiers of FEV1 recovery. Loss to follow-up was accounted for with inverse probability of censoring weights. RESULTS 74.2% of the original cohort still alive participated in 2011. Generalised additive mixed models identified a non-linear improvement in FEV1 for all workers after exposure cessation, with no plateau noted 25 years after retirement. Linear mixed effects models incorporating interaction terms identified prior endotoxin exposure (p=0.01) and male gender (p=0.002) as risk factors for impaired FEV1 improvement after exposure cessation. After adjusting for gender, smoking delayed the onset of FEV1 gain but did not affect the overall magnitude of change. CONCLUSIONS Lung function improvement after cessation of exposure to organic dust is sustained. Endotoxin exposure and male gender are risk factors for less FEV1 improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S Lai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing-Qing Hang
- Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Linda Valeri
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Bu-Yong Zheng
- Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Amar J Mehta
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Shi
- China Institute of Industrial Relations, Beijing, China
| | - Li Su
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dan Brown
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David C Christiani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over 60 million people worldwide work in the textile or clothing industry. Recent studies have recognized the contribution of workplace exposures to chronic lung diseases, in particular chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Early studies in textile workers have focused on the relationship between hemp or cotton dust exposure and the development of a syndrome termed byssinosis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to organic dust in textile workers on chronic respiratory disease in the broader context of disease classifications, such as reversible or irreversible obstructive lung disease (i.e. asthma or COPD), and restrictive lung disease. RECENT FINDINGS Cessation of exposure to cotton dust leads to improvement in lung function. Recent animal models have suggested a shift in the lung macrophage:dendritic cell population ratio as a potential mechanistic explanation for persistent inflammation in the lung due to repeated cotton dust-related endotoxin exposure. Other types of textile dust, such as silk, may contribute to COPD in textile workers. SUMMARY Textile dust-related obstructive lung disease has characteristics of both asthma and COPD. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of chronic lung disease due to organic dust exposure in textile workers.
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20
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Melo AC, Valença SS, Gitirana LB, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Machado MN, Magalhães CB, Zin WA, Porto LC. Redox markers and inflammation are differentially affected by atorvastatin, pravastatin or simvastatin administered before endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:57-64. [PMID: 23747588 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Statins are standard therapy for the treatment of lipid disorders, and the field of redox biology accepts that statins have antioxidant properties. Our aim in this report was to consider the pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin administered prior to endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Male mice were divided into 5 groups and intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg), LPS plus atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day; A + LPS group), LPS plus pravastatin (5 mg/kg/day; P + LPS group) or LPS plus simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day; S + LPS group). The control group received saline. All mice were sacrificed one day later. There were fewer leukocytes in the P + LPS and S + LPS groups than in the LPS group. MCP-1 cytokine levels were lower in the P + LPS group, while IL-6 levels were lower in the P + LPS and S + LPS groups. TNF-α was lower in all statin-treated groups. Levels of redox markers (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were lower in the A + LPS group (p < 0.01). The extent of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides) was reduced in all statin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase was lower in the P + LPS group (p < 0.01). Elastance levels were significantly greater in the LPS group compared to the statin groups. Our results suggest that atorvastatin and pravastatin but not simvastatin exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Correa Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Humana e Experimental, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Lai PS, Hofmann O, Baron RM, Cernadas M, Meng QR, Bresler HS, Brass DM, Yang IV, Schwartz DA, Christiani DC, Hide W. Integrating murine gene expression studies to understand obstructive lung disease due to chronic inhaled endotoxin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62910. [PMID: 23675439 PMCID: PMC3652821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Endotoxin is a near ubiquitous environmental exposure that that has been associated with both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These obstructive lung diseases have a complex pathophysiology, making them difficult to study comprehensively in the context of endotoxin. Genome-wide gene expression studies have been used to identify a molecular snapshot of the response to environmental exposures. Identification of differentially expressed genes shared across all published murine models of chronic inhaled endotoxin will provide insight into the biology underlying endotoxin-associated lung disease. METHODS We identified three published murine models with gene expression profiling after repeated low-dose inhaled endotoxin. All array data from these experiments were re-analyzed, annotated consistently, and tested for shared genes found to be differentially expressed. Additional functional comparison was conducted by testing for significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in known pathways. The importance of this gene signature in smoking-related lung disease was assessed using hierarchical clustering in an independent experiment where mice were exposed to endotoxin, smoke, and endotoxin plus smoke. RESULTS A 101-gene signature was detected in three murine models, more than expected by chance. The three model systems exhibit additional similarity beyond shared genes when compared at the pathway level, with increasing enrichment of inflammatory pathways associated with longer duration of endotoxin exposure. Genes and pathways important in both asthma and COPD were shared across all endotoxin models. Mice exposed to endotoxin, smoke, and smoke plus endotoxin were accurately classified with the endotoxin gene signature. CONCLUSIONS Despite the differences in laboratory, duration of exposure, and strain of mouse used in three experimental models of chronic inhaled endotoxin, surprising similarities in gene expression were observed. The endotoxin component of tobacco smoke may play an important role in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S Lai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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