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Furl N, Begum F, Ferrarese FP, Jans S, Woolley C, Sulik J. Caricatured facial movements enhance perception of emotional facial expressions. Perception 2022; 51:313-343. [PMID: 35341407 PMCID: PMC9017061 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221086452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although faces “in the wild” constantly undergo complicated movements, humans adeptly
perceive facial identity and expression. Previous studies, focusing mainly on identity,
used photographic caricature to show that distinctive form increases perceived
dissimilarity. We tested whether distinctive facial movements showed
similar effects, and we focussed on both perception of expression and
identity. We caricatured the movements of an animated computer head,
using physical motion metrics extracted from videos. We verified that these “ground truth”
metrics showed the expected effects: Caricature increased physical dissimilarity between
faces differing in expression and those differing in identity. Like the ground truth
dissimilarity, participants’ dissimilarity perception was increased by caricature when
faces differed in expression. We found these perceived dissimilarities to reflect the
“representational geometry” of the ground truth. However, neither of these findings held
for faces differing in identity. These findings replicated across two paradigms: pairwise
ratings and multiarrangement. In a final study, motion caricature did not improve
recognition memory for identity, whether manipulated at study or test. We report several
forms of converging evidence for spatiotemporal caricature effects on dissimilarity
perception of different expressions. However, more work needs to be done to discover what
identity-specific movements can enhance face identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Jans
- Royal Holloway, 3162University of London, UK
| | | | - Justin Sulik
- Royal Holloway, 3162University of London, UK; Cognition, Values & Behavior, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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2
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Neurocognitive effects of a training program for poor face recognizers using shape and texture caricatures: A pilot investigation. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108133. [PMID: 34971671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggested disproportional usage of shape information by people with poor face recognition, although texture information appears to be more important for familiar face recognition. Here, we tested a training program with faces that were selectively caricatured in either shape or texture parameters. Forty-eight young adults with poor face recognition skills (1 SD below the mean in at least 2/3 face processing tests: CFMT, GFMT, BFFT) were pseudo-randomly assigned to either one of two training groups or a control group (n = 16 each). Training comprised six sessions over three weeks. Per session, participants studied ten unfamiliar facial identities whose shape or texture characteristics were caricatured. Before and after training (or waiting in the control group), all participants completed EEG experiments on face learning and famous face recognition, and behavioral face processing tests. Results showed small but specific training-induced improvements: Whereas shape training improved face matching (training tasks, and to some extent GFMT), texture training elicited marked improvements in face learning (CFMT). Moreover, for the texture training group the N170 ERP was enhanced for novel faces post-training, suggesting training-induced changes in early markers of face processing. Although further research is necessary, this suggests that parameter-specific caricature training is a promising way to improve performance in people with poor face recognition skills.
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3
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Macnamara A, Chen C, Schinazi VR, Saredakis D, Loetscher T. Simulating Macular Degeneration to Investigate Activities of Daily Living: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:663062. [PMID: 34483815 PMCID: PMC8414246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Investigating difficulties during activities of daily living is a fundamental first step for the development of vision-related intervention and rehabilitation strategies. One way to do this is through visual impairment simulations. The aim of this review is to synthesize and assess the types of simulation methods that have been used to simulate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in normally sighted participants, during activities of daily living (e.g., reading, cleaning, and cooking). Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in five databases and a critical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various AMD simulation methods (following PRISMA guidelines). The review focuses on the suitability of each method for investigating activities of daily living, an assessment of clinical validation procedures, and an evaluation of the adaptation periods for participants. Results: Nineteen studies met the criteria for inclusion. Contact lenses, computer manipulations, gaze contingent displays, and simulation glasses were the main forms of AMD simulation identified. The use of validation and adaptation procedures were reported in approximately two-thirds and half of studies, respectively. Conclusions: Synthesis of the methodology demonstrated that the choice of simulation has been, and should continue to be, guided by the nature of the study. While simulations may never completely replicate vision loss experienced during AMD, consistency in simulation methodology is critical for generating realistic behavioral responses under vision impairment simulation and limiting the influence of confounding factors. Researchers could also come to a consensus regarding the length and form of adaptation by exploring what is an adequate amount of time and type of training required to acclimatize participants to vision impairment simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Macnamara
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Celia Chen
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Victor R Schinazi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Society & Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dimitrios Saredakis
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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4
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Stoney C, Robbins RA, Mckone E. A stimulus set of people famous to current generation Australian undergraduates, with recognition norms for face images and names. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Stoney
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Rachel A. Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Elinor Mckone
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
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5
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Lane J, Robbins RA, Rohan EMF, Crookes K, Essex RW, Maddess T, Sabeti F, Mazlin JL, Irons J, Gradden T, Dawel A, Barnes N, He X, Smithson M, McKone E. Caricaturing can improve facial expression recognition in low-resolution images and age-related macular degeneration. J Vis 2019; 19:18. [DOI: 10.1167/19.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Lane
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emilie M. F. Rohan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kate Crookes
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan W. Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ted Maddess
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Faran Sabeti
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mazlin
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jessica Irons
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tamara Gradden
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amy Dawel
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nick Barnes
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University and Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuming He
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Smithson
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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6
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Impacts of impaired face perception on social interactions and quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: A qualitative study and new community resources. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209218. [PMID: 30596660 PMCID: PMC6312296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Previous studies and community information about everyday difficulties in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have focussed on domains such as reading and driving. Here, we provide the first in-depth examination of how impaired face perception impacts social interactions and quality of life in AMD. We also develop a Faces and Social Life in AMD brochure and information sheet, plus accompanying conversation starter, aimed at AMD patients and those who interact with them (family, friends, nursing home staff). Method Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 AMD patients covering the full range from mild vision loss to legally blind. Thematic analysis was used to explore the range of patient experiences. Results Patients reported faces appeared blurred and/or distorted. They described recurrent failures to recognise others' identity, facial expressions and emotional states, plus failures of alternative non-face strategies (e.g., hairstyle, voice). They reported failures to follow social nuances (e.g., to pick up that someone was joking), and feelings of missing out ('I can't join in'). Concern about offending others (e.g., by unintentionally ignoring them) was common, as were concerns of appearing fraudulent ('Other people don't understand'). Many reported social disengagement. Many reported specifically face-perception-related reductions in social life, confidence, and quality of life. All effects were observed even with only mild vision loss. Patients endorsed the value of our Faces and Social Life in AMD Information Sheet, developed from the interview results, and supported future technological assistance (digital image enhancement). Conclusion Poor face perception in AMD is an important domain contributing to impaired social interactions and quality of life. This domain should be directly assessed in quantitative quality of life measures, and in resources designed to improve community understanding. The identity-related social difficulties mirror those in prosopagnosia, of cortical rather than retinal origin, implying findings may generalise to all low-vision disorders.
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7
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Lane J, Rohan EMF, Sabeti F, Essex RW, Maddess T, Barnes N, He X, Robbins RA, Gradden T, McKone E. Improving face identity perception in age-related macular degeneration via caricaturing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15205. [PMID: 30315188 PMCID: PMC6185956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have difficulty recognising people's faces. We tested whether this could be improved using caricaturing: an image enhancement procedure derived from cortical coding in a perceptual 'face-space'. Caricaturing exaggerates the distinctive ways in which an individual's face shape differs from the average. We tested 19 AMD-affected eyes (from 12 patients; ages 66-93 years) monocularly, selected to cover the full range of vision loss. Patients rated how different in identity people's faces appeared when compared in pairs (e.g., two young men, both Caucasian), at four caricature strengths (0, 20, 40, 60% exaggeration). This task gives data reliable enough to analyse statistically at the individual-eye level. All 9 eyes with mild vision loss (acuity ≥ 6/18) showed significant improvement in identity discrimination (higher dissimilarity ratings) with caricaturing. The size of improvement matched that in normal-vision young adults. The caricature benefit became less stable as visual acuity further decreased, but caricaturing was still effective in half the eyes with moderate and severe vision loss (significant improvement in 5 of 10 eyes; at acuities from 6/24 to poorer than <6/360). We conclude caricaturing has the potential to help many AMD patients recognise faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Lane
- Research School of Psychology, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emilie M F Rohan
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Faran Sabeti
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Rohan W Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ted Maddess
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nick Barnes
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, and Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuming He
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rachel A Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tamara Gradden
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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8
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McKone E, Robbins RA, He X, Barnes N. Caricaturing faces to improve identity recognition in low vision simulations: How effective is current-generation automatic assignment of landmark points? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204361. [PMID: 30286112 PMCID: PMC6171855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous behavioural studies demonstrate that face caricaturing can provide an effective image enhancement method for improving poor face identity perception in low vision simulations (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, bionic eye). To translate caricaturing usefully to patients, assignment of the multiple face landmark points needed to produce the caricatures needs to be fully automatised. Recent development in computer science allows automatic face landmark detection of 68 points in real time and in multiple viewpoints. However, previous demonstrations of the behavioural effectiveness of caricaturing have used higher-precision caricatures with 147 landmark points per face, assigned by hand. Here, we test the effectiveness of the auto-assigned 68-point caricatures. We also compare this to the hand-assigned 147-point caricatures. METHOD We assessed human perception of how different in identity pairs of faces appear, when veridical (uncaricatured), caricatured with 68-points, and caricatured with 147-points. Across two experiments, we tested two types of low-vision images: a simulation of blur, as experienced in macular degeneration (testing two blur levels); and a simulation of the phosphenised images seen in prosthetic vision (at three resolutions). RESULTS The 68-point caricatures produced significant improvements in identity discrimination relative to veridical. They were approximately 50% as effective as the 147-point caricatures. CONCLUSION Realistic translation to patients (e.g., via real time caricaturing with the enhanced signal sent to smart glasses or visual prosthetic) is approaching feasibility. For maximum effectiveness software needs to be able to assign landmark points tracing out all details of feature and face shape, to produce high-precision caricatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Robbins
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Xuming He
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nick Barnes
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Bionic Vision Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Limbach K, Kaufmann JM, Wiese H, Witte OW, Schweinberger SR. Enhancement of face-sensitive ERPs in older adults induced by face recognition training. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:197-213. [PMID: 30114386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A common cognitive problem reported by older people is compromised face recognition, which is often paralleled by age-related changes in face-sensitive and memory-related components in event-related brain potentials (ERPs). We developed a new training using photorealistic caricatures based on evidence that caricatures are beneficial for people with compromised face processing. Twenty-four older participants (62-75 yrs, 13 female) completed 12 training sessions (3 per week, 60 min each) and 24 older participants (61-76 yrs, 12 female) acted as controls. Before and after training (or waiting), participants took part in a diagnostic test battery for face processing abilities, and in ERP experiments on face learning and recognition. Although performance improvements during the training provided little evidence for generalization to other face processing tasks, ERPs showed substantial training-related enhancements of face-sensitive ERPs. Specifically, we observed marked increases of the N170, P200 and N250 components, which may indicate training-induced enhancement of face detection and activation of identity-specific representations. Thus, neuronal correlates of face processing are plastic in older age, and can be modulated by caricature training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Limbach
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jürgen M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany.
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10
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Irons JL, Gradden T, Zhang A, He X, Barnes N, Scott AF, McKone E. Face identity recognition in simulated prosthetic vision is poorer than previously reported and can be improved by caricaturing. Vision Res 2017; 137:61-79. [PMID: 28688907 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The visual prosthesis (or "bionic eye") has become a reality but provides a low resolution view of the world. Simulating prosthetic vision in normal-vision observers, previous studies report good face recognition ability using tasks that allow recognition to be achieved on the basis of information that survives low resolution well, including basic category (sex, age) and extra-face information (hairstyle, glasses). Here, we test within-category individuation for face-only information (e.g., distinguishing between multiple Caucasian young men with hair covered). Under these conditions, recognition was poor (although above chance) even for a simulated 40×40 array with all phosphene elements assumed functional, a resolution above the upper end of current-generation prosthetic implants. This indicates that a significant challenge is to develop methods to improve face identity recognition. Inspired by "bionic ear" improvements achieved by altering signal input to match high-level perceptual (speech) requirements, we test a high-level perceptual enhancement of face images, namely face caricaturing (exaggerating identity information away from an average face). Results show caricaturing improved identity recognition in memory and/or perception (degree by which two faces look dissimilar) down to a resolution of 32×32 with 30% phosphene dropout. Findings imply caricaturing may offer benefits for patients at resolutions realistic for some current-generation or in-development implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Irons
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia; ARC Centre for Cognition and Its Disorders, Australian National University, Australia.
| | - Tamara Gradden
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Angel Zhang
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Xuming He
- National Information and Communication Technology Australia (NICTA), Australia; College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Australia; Data61, CSIRO, Australia
| | - Nick Barnes
- National Information and Communication Technology Australia (NICTA), Australia; College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Australia; Bionic Vision Australia, Australia; Data61, CSIRO, Australia
| | - Adele F Scott
- National Information and Communication Technology Australia (NICTA), Australia; Bionic Vision Australia, Australia; Data61, CSIRO, Australia
| | - Elinor McKone
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia; ARC Centre for Cognition and Its Disorders, Australian National University, Australia.
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11
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Caricature generalization benefits for faces learned with enhanced idiosyncratic shape or texture. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 17:185-197. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Stronks HC, Mitchell EB, Nau AC, Barnes N. Visual task performance in the blind with the BrainPort V100 Vision Aid. Expert Rev Med Devices 2016; 13:919-931. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2016.1237287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Christiaan Stronks
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Smart Vision Systems Research Group, Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ellen B. Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Nick Barnes
- Smart Vision Systems Research Group, Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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13
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Itz ML, Golle J, Luttmann S, Schweinberger SR, Kaufmann JM. Dominance of texture over shape in facial identity processing is modulated by individual abilities. Br J Psychol 2016; 108:369-396. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlena L. Itz
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
| | - Jessika Golle
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Stefanie Luttmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
| | - Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
| | - Jürgen M. Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Germany
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14
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Effects of Caricaturing in Shape or Color on Familiarity Decisions for Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149796. [PMID: 26900690 PMCID: PMC4762690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that while reflectance information (including color) may be more diagnostic for familiar face recognition, shape may be more diagnostic for unfamiliar face identity processing. Moreover, event-related potential (ERP) findings suggest an earlier onset for neural processing of facial shape compared to reflectance. In the current study, we aimed to explore specifically the roles of facial shape and color in a familiarity decision task using pre-experimentally familiar (famous) and unfamiliar faces that were caricatured either in shape-only, color-only, or both (full; shape + color) by 15%, 30%, or 45%. We recorded accuracies, mean reaction times, and face-sensitive ERPs. Performance data revealed that shape caricaturing facilitated identity processing for unfamiliar faces only. In the ERP data, such effects of shape caricaturing emerged earlier than those of color caricaturing. Unsurprisingly, ERP effects were accentuated for larger levels of caricaturing. Overall, our findings corroborate the importance of shape for identity processing of unfamiliar faces and demonstrate an earlier onset of neural processing for facial shape compared to color.
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Abstract
Observers interact with artificial faces in a range of different settings and in many cases must remember and identify computer-generated faces. In general, however, most adults have heavily biased experience favoring real faces over synthetic faces. It is well known that face recognition abilities are affected by experience such that faces belonging to "out-groups" defined by race or age are more poorly remembered and harder to discriminate from one another than faces belonging to the "in-group." Here, we examine the extent to which artificial faces form an "out-group" in this sense when other perceptual categories are matched. We rendered synthetic faces using photographs of real human faces and compared performance in a memory task and a discrimination task across real and artificial versions of the same faces. We found that real faces were easier to remember, but only slightly more discriminable than artificial faces. Artificial faces were also equally susceptible to the well-known face inversion effect, suggesting that while these patterns are still processed by the human visual system in a face-like manner, artificial appearance does compromise the efficiency of face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Balas
- Psychology Department, Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Jonathan Pacella
- Psychology Department, Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
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16
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Wan L, Crookes K, Reynolds KJ, Irons JL, McKone E. A cultural setting where the other-race effect on face recognition has no social–motivational component and derives entirely from lifetime perceptual experience. Cognition 2015; 144:91-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Itz ML, Schweinberger SR, Schulz C, Kaufmann JM. Neural correlates of facilitations in face learning by selective caricaturing of facial shape or reflectance. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:736-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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