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Nooh HZ, El-Saify GH, Eldien NMN. Neuroprotective effects of food restriction on autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland in the rat. Ann Anat 2017; 213:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mrugacz M, Ostrowska L, Bryl A, Szulc A, Zelazowska-Rutkowska B, Mrugacz G. Pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with clinical severity of dry eye disease of patients with depression. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:338-344. [PMID: 28511072 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of inflammatory cytokines levels in tears with severity of dry eye disease in a cohort of patients with depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tear fluid samples were collected from 32 patients with depression treated with antidepressants, and 34 healthy subjects. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA. All the subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory and performed the ophthalmic examination, including dry eye tests. RESULTS The tear fluid levels of IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α in depressive patients were higher than in controls. The clinical severity of dry eye disease correlated significantly with the IL-17 and TNF-α levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a crucial role of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17 and TNF-α, in the development of severe dry eye disease in patients with depression. Clarification of the role pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of ocular findings in depressive patients may be useful in establishing immunotherapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Farid M, Agrawal A, Fremgen D, Tao J, Chuyi H, Nesburn AB, BenMohamed L. Age-related Defects in Ocular and Nasal Mucosal Immune System and the Immunopathology of Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 24:327-47. [PMID: 25535823 PMCID: PMC4478284 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.986581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent public health concern that affects up to 30% of adults and is particularly chronic and severe in the elderly. Two interconnected mechanisms cause DED: (1) an age-related dysfunction of lacrimal and meibomian glands, which leads to decreased tear production and/or an increase in tear evaporation; and (2) an age-related uncontrolled inflammation of the surface of the eye triggered by yet-to-be-determined internal immunopathological mechanisms, independent of tear deficiency and evaporation. In this review we summarize current knowledge on animal models that mimic both the severity and chronicity of inflammatory DED and that have been reliably used to provide insights into the immunopathological mechanisms of DED, and we provide an overview of the opportunities and limitations of the rabbit model in investigating the role of both ocular and nasal mucosal immune systems in the immunopathology of inflammatory DED and in testing novel immunotherapies aimed at delaying or reversing the uncontrolled age-related inflammatory DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Farid
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Fremgen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeremiah Tao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - He Chuyi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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Abstract
Antidepressants may have an impact on the course of eye dryness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of commonly used new antidepressants on eye wetting. Fifty-four patients using new antidepressants and 57 controls were recruited. The Beck Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Scale questionnaires were completed by the patients, and drug use time and dosages were recorded. The Schirmer test was performed without prior instillation of topical anesthesia to the ocular surface, and the wetting result was recorded for each eye. Escitalopram, duloxetine, and venlafaxine were used by 27, 13, and 14 patients, respectively. The Schirmer test results in the patients were significantly lower than in the controls (P < 0.001). The patients using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) displayed lower wetting measurements (≤5 mm) compared with those using serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which was independent of the duration of antidepressant usage (P < 0.05). Although SSRIs do not have anticholinergic adverse effects except paroxetine, we found that both SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors increased the risk for eye dryness. The lower Schirmer test results of the SSRIs may be associated with a mechanism other than the anticholinergic system. An awareness of the drugs that contribute to dry eye will allow ophthalmologists, optometrists, and other physicians to better manage patients who have this problem.
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Mircheff AK, Wang Y, Ding C, Warren DW, Schechter JE. Potentially pathogenic immune cells and networks in apparently healthy lacrimal glands. Ocul Surf 2015; 13:47-81. [PMID: 25557346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lacrimal glands of people over 40 years old frequently contain lymphocytic infiltrates. Relationships between histopathological presentation and physiological dysfunction are not straightforward. Data from rabbit studies have suggested that at least two immune cell networks form in healthy lacrimal glands, one responding to environmental dryness, the other to high temperatures. New findings indicate that mRNAs for several chemokines and cytokines are expressed primarily in epithelial cells; certain others are expressed in both epithelial cells and immune cells. Transcript abundances vary substantially across glands from animals that have experienced the same conditions, allowing for correlation analyses, which detect clusters that map to various cell types and to networks of coordinately functioning cells. A core network--expressing mRNAs including IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-10--expands adaptively with exposure to dryness, suppressing IFN-γ, but potentially causing physiological dysfunction. High temperature elicits concurrent increases of mRNAs for prolactin (PRL), CCL21, and IL-18. PRL is associated with crosstalk to IFN-γ, BAFF, and IL-4. The core network reacts to the resulting PRL-BAFF-IL-4 network, creating a profile reminiscent of Sjögren's disease. In a warmer, moderately dry setting, PRL-associated increases of IFN-γ are associated with suppression of IL-10 and augmentations of IL-1α and IL-17, creating a profile reminiscent of severe chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin K Mircheff
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chuanqing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dwight W Warren
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joel E Schechter
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Selvam S, Mircheff AK, Yiu SC. Diverse mediators modulate the chloride ion fluxes that drive lacrimal fluid production. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2927-33. [PMID: 23513060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To learn whether locally expressed and systemic mediators might modulate the cholinergically induced transepithelial Cl(-) fluxes that underlie lacrimal fluid production. METHODS Reconstituted epithelial monolayers were exposed to a submaximal dose of the muscarinic agonist, carbachol (CCh), or to one of several paracrine mediators for 18 hours, then acutely stimulated with an optimal dose of CCh. Secretory Cl(-) fluxes were assessed as negative short-circuit currents (ISC). RESULTS Exposure to IL-6 at concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/mL and IL-1β at 10 ng/mL significantly decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion. Prolactin decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion, but the extent of the decrease diminished as the prolactin concentration increased from 20 to 200 ng/mL. CCh, 10 μM, prevented CCh, 100 μM, from eliciting Cl(-) secretion. Exposure to histamine, 10 mM, prevented formation of confluent monolayers. Exposure to histamine, 1 mM, decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion, whereas exposure to 5-HT, 1 mM, potentiated CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to inflammatory cytokines may significantly impair cholinergically induced lacrimal fluid production. Concentrations of prolactin within the high range of normal values also may impair fluid production, but this effect is reversed at levels associated with pregnancy. Autonomic neurotransmitters and paracrine mediators that signal through different G protein-coupled receptors appear to exert varying influences, which range from complete suppression to potentiation of cholinergically induced fluid production. Thus, some hormones and paracrine mediators may impair secretion in apparently homeostatic glands as well as diseased glands, whereas mediators produced by certain immune cell infiltrates may actually enhance fluid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Selvam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Maria OM, Zeitouni A, Gologan O, Tran SD. Matrigel improves functional properties of primary human salivary gland cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1229-38. [PMID: 21189069 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment available to patients with irreversible loss of functional salivary acini caused by Sjogren's syndrome or after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A tissue-engineered artificial salivary gland would help these patients. The graft cells for this device must establish tight junctions in addition to being of fluid-secretory nature. This study analyzed a graft source from human salivary glands (huSG) cultured on Matrigel. Cells were obtained from parotid and submandibular glands, expanded in vitro, and then plated on either Matrigel-coated (2 mg/mL) or uncoated culture dish. Immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and transepithelial electrical resistance were employed. On Matrigel, huSG cells adopted an acinar phenotype by forming three-dimensional acinar-like units (within 24 h of plating) as well as a monolayer of cells. On uncoated surfaces (plastic), huSG cells only formed monolayers of ductal cells. Both types of culture conditions allowed huSG cells to express tight junction proteins (claudin-1, -2, -3, -4; occludin; JAM-A; and ZO-1) and adequate transepithelial electrical resistance. Importantly, 99% of huSG cells on Matrigel expressed α-amylase and the water channel protein Aquaporin-5, as compared to <5% of huSG cells on plastic. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed an acinar phenotype with many secretory granules. Matrigel increased the secretion of α-amylase two to five folds into the media, downregulated certain salivary genes, and regulated the translation of acinar proteins. This three-dimensional in vitro serum-free cell culture method allows the organization and differentiation of huSG cells into salivary cells with an acinar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Maria
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Schechter JE, Warren DW, Mircheff AK. A Lacrimal Gland is a Lacrimal Gland, But Rodent's and Rabbit's Are Not Human. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:111-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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