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Chai N, Stachon T, Berger T, Li Z, Amini M, Suiwal S, Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N. Rose Bengal Photodynamic Therapy (RB-PDT) Modulates the Inflammatory Response in LPS-Stimulated Human Corneal Fibroblasts By Influencing NF-κB and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38646925 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2342600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of rose bengal photodynamic therapy on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human corneal fibroblasts. Furthermore, to analyze potential involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in this process. METHODS Human corneal fibroblast cultures underwent 0-2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide treatment, and 24 h later rose bengal photodynamic therapy (0.001% RB, 565 nm wavelength illumination, 0.17 J/cm2 fluence). Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon β1 gene expressions were determined by quantitative PCR. Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and C-C motif chemokine ligand-4 concentrations in the cell culture supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein level in human corneal fibroblasts by western blot. In addition, the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were investigated by quantitative PCR and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by western blot. RESULTS Rose bengal photodynamic therapy in 2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts triggered interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 mRNA (p < .0001) and interleukin-6 protein increase (p < .0001), and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (p < .001). C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon β1 expressions remained unchanged (p ≥ .2). Rose bengal photodynamic therapy increased IκB kinase subunit beta, nuclear factor kappa B p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinases-2, c-Jun amino terminal kinase, and p38 transcription (p ≤ .01), and triggered nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (p ≤ .04) in lipopolysaccharide treated human corneal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Rose bengal photodynamic therapy of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts can modify the inflammatory response by inducing interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression, and decreasing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 production. C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, and interferon α and β expressions are not affected by rose bengal photodynamic therapy in these cells. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chai
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tanja Stachon
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Zhen Li
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maryam Amini
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Shweta Suiwal
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ramm L, Herber R, Lorenz G, Jasper CS, Pillunat LE, Pillunat KR. Evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties using the ocular response analyzer and the dynamic Scheimpflug-Analyzer Corvis ST in high pressure and normal pressure open-angle glaucoma patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281017. [PMID: 36701409 PMCID: PMC9879466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize differences in corneal biomechanics in high (HPG) and normal pressure (NPG) primary open-angle glaucoma, and its association to disease severity. METHODS Corneal biomechanical properties were measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and the dynamic Scheimpflug-Analyzer Corvis ST (CST). Disease severity was functionally assessed by automated perimetry (Humphrey field analyzer) and structurally with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph. To avoid a possible falsification by intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness and age, which strongly influence ORA and CST measurements, group matching was performed. Linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used to consider inter-eye correlation. RESULTS Following group matching, 60 eyes of 38 HPG and 103 eyes of 60 NPG patients were included. ORA measurement revealed a higher CRF in HPG than in NPG (P < 0.001). Additionally, the CST parameter integrated radius (P < 0.001) was significantly different between HPG and NPG. The parameter SSI (P < 0.001) representing corneal stiffness was higher in HPG than in NPG. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed associations between biomechanical parameters and indicators of disease severity. In HPG, SSI correlated to RNFL thickness. In NPG, dependencies between biomechanical readings and rim area, MD, and PSD were shown. CONCLUSION Significant differences in corneal biomechanical properties were detectable between HPG and NPG patients which might indicate different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying in both entities. Moreover, biomechanical parameters correlated to functional and structural indices of diseases severity. A reduced corneal deformation measured by dynamic methods was associated to advanced glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ramm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Herber
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Ophthalmology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Georg Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carolin S. Jasper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz E. Pillunat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin R. Pillunat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Gardnerella vaginalis induces matrix metalloproteinases in the cervicovaginal epithelium through TLR-2 activation. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 152:103648. [PMID: 35679790 PMCID: PMC9313515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota, including Gardnerella vaginalis, are implicated in cervical remodeling and preterm birth. Mechanisms by which microbes drives outcomes are not fully elucidated. We hypothesize that Gardnerella vaginalis induces matrix metalloproteinases through TLR-2, leading to epithelial barrier dysfunction and premature cervical remodeling. Cervicovaginal cells were treated with live Gardnerella vaginalis or Lactobacillus crispatus or their bacteria-free supernatants for 24 h. For TLR-2 experiments, cells were pretreated with TLR-2 blocking antibody. A Luminex panel was run on cell media. For human data, we conducted a case-control study from a prospective pregnancy cohort of Black individuals with spontaneous preterm (sPTB) (n = 40) or term (n = 40) births whose vaginal microbiota had already been characterized. Cervicovaginal fluid was obtained between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation. Short cervix was defined as < 25 mm by second trimester transvaginal ultrasound. MMP-9 was quantified by ELISA. Standard analytical approaches were used to determine differences across in vitro conditions, as well as MMP-9 and associations with clinical outcomes. Gardnerella vaginalis induced MMP-1 in cervical cells (p = 0.01) and MMP-9 in cervical and vaginal (VK2) cells (p ≤ 0.001 for all). TLR-2 blockade mitigated MMP-9 induction by Gardnerella vaginalis. MMP-9 in cervicovaginal fluid is higher among pregnant individuals with preterm birth, short cervix, and Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota (p < 0.05 for all). MMP-9 is increased in the cervicovaginal fluid of pregnant individuals with subsequent sPTB. Our in vitro work ascribes a potential mechanism by which a cervicovaginal microbe, commonly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, may disrupt the cervicovaginal epithelial barrier and promote premature cervical remodeling in spontaneous preterm birth.
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Hu Z, Xiao M, Cai H, Li W, Fang W, Long X. Glycyrrhizin regulates rat TMJOA progression by inhibiting the HMGB1-RAGE/TLR4-NF-κB/AKT pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:925-936. [PMID: 34953035 PMCID: PMC8817133 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of glycyrrhizin on the progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) and the underlying mechanism by regulation of the high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)/toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)‐nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. After a rat model of TMJOA was built by intra‐articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate, glycyrrhizin was intragastrically administered at low concentration (20 mg/kg) or high concentration (50 mg/kg). Micro‐computed tomography, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to reveal the progression of TMJOA. Rat TMJ chondrocytes and disc cells were cultured in inflammatory condition with different doses of glycyrrhizin. Western blot was used to evaluate the effect of glycyrrhizin on the HMGB1‐RAGE/TLR4‐NF‐κB/AKT pathway. Administration of glycyrrhizin alleviated cartilage degeneration, lowered the levels of inflammatory and catabolic mediators and reduced the production of HMGB1, RAGE and TLR4 in TMJOA animal model. Increased production of RAGE and TLR4, and activated intracellular NF‐κB and/or AKT signalling pathways in chondrocytes and disc cells were found in inflammatory condition. Upon activation, matrix metalloprotease‐3 and interleukin‐6 were upregulated. Glycyrrhizin inhibited not only HMGB1 release but also RAGE and TLR4 in inflammatory condition. Glycyrrhizin alleviated the pathological changes of TMJOA by regulating the HMGB1‐RAGE/TLR4‐NF‐kB/AKT signalling pathway. This study revealed the potential of glycyrrhizin as a novel therapeutic drug to suppress TMJ cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hengxing Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Long
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ferreira-Gomes J, Garcia MM, Nascimento D, Almeida L, Quesada E, Castro-Lopes JM, Pascual D, Goicoechea C, Neto FL. TLR4 Antagonism Reduces Movement-Induced Nociception and ATF-3 Expression in Experimental Osteoarthritis. J Pain Res 2021; 14:2615-2627. [PMID: 34466029 PMCID: PMC8403032 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s317877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor involved in the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also a "danger-sensing" receptor that recognizes host-derived endogenous molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The involvement of TLR4 in rheumatic diseases is becoming evident, as well as its potential role as a target for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, increasing evidence also suggests that TLR4 is implicated in chronic pain states. Thus, in this study, we evaluated whether a systemic administration of a synthetic antagonist of TLR4 (TLR4-A1) could decrease nociception and cartilage degradation in experimental osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, as the activation transcription factor (ATF)-3 serves as a negative regulator for TLR4-stimulated inflammatory response, we also evaluated the effect of TLR4 inhibition on ATF-3 expression in primary afferent neurons at the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Methods OA was induced in adult male Wistar rats through an intra-articular injection of 2 mg of sodium mono-iodoacetate (MIA) into the left knee. From days 14 to 28 after OA induction, animals received an intraperitoneal injection of either TLR4-A1 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. Movement- and loading-induced nociception was evaluated in all animals, by the Knee-Bend and CatWalk tests, before and at several time-points after TLR4-A1/vehicle administration. Immunofluorescence for TLR4 and ATF-3 was performed in L3-L5 DRG. Knee joints were processed for histopathological evaluation. Results Administration of TLR4-A1 markedly reduced movement-induced nociception in OA animals, particularly in the Knee-Bend test. Moreover, the increase of ATF-3 expression observed in DRG of OA animals was significantly reduced by TLR4-A1. However, no effect was observed in cartilage loss nor in the neuronal cytoplasmic expression of TLR4 upon antagonist administration. Conclusion The TLR4 antagonist administration possibly interrupts the TLR4 signalling cascade, thus decreasing the neurotoxic environment at the joint, which leads to a reduction in ATF-3 expression and in nociception associated with experimental OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferreira-Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Garcia
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) CSIC-URJC, Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Experimental Pharmacology research group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (PHARMAKOM), Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL), Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Diana Nascimento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ernesto Quesada
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) CSIC-URJC, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL), Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José Manuel Castro-Lopes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Pascual
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) CSIC-URJC, Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Experimental Pharmacology research group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (PHARMAKOM), Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL), Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) CSIC-URJC, Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Experimental Pharmacology research group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (PHARMAKOM), Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL), Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Fani Lourença Neto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Nishida T, Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Murakami J. Pivotal Role of Corneal Fibroblasts in Progression to Corneal Ulcer in Bacterial Keratitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168979. [PMID: 34445684 PMCID: PMC8396668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape and transparency of the cornea are essential for clear vision. However, its location at the ocular surface renders the cornea vulnerable to pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two such microorganisms and are responsible for most cases of bacterial keratitis. The development of antimicrobial agents has allowed the successful treatment of bacterial keratitis if the infection is diagnosed promptly. However, no effective medical treatment is available after progression to corneal ulcer, which is characterized by excessive degradation of collagen in the corneal stroma and can lead to corneal perforation and corneal blindness. This collagen degradation is mediated by both infecting bacteria and corneal fibroblasts themselves, with a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-plasmin-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade playing a central role in collagen destruction by the host cells. Bacterial factors stimulate the production by corneal fibroblasts of both uPA and pro-MMPs, released uPA mediates the conversion of plasminogen in the extracellular environment to plasmin, and plasmin mediates the conversion of secreted pro-MMPs to the active form of these enzymes, which then degrade stromal collagen. Bacterial factors also stimulate expression by corneal fibroblasts of the chemokine interleukin-8 and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, both of which contribute to recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and these cells then further stimulate corneal fibroblasts via the secretion of interleukin-1. At this stage of the disease, bacteria are no longer necessary for collagen degradation. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of corneal fibroblasts in corneal ulcer associated with infection by P. aeruginosa or S. aureus as well as the development of potential new modes of treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan;
- Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0036, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0293, Japan;
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Junko Murakami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Sakibana Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1105, Japan;
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Perrelli A, Retta SF. Polymorphisms in genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation: Emerging links with the pathogenesis and severity of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:403-417. [PMID: 34175437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin affecting 0.5% of the population and characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries that predispose to seizures, neurological deficits, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). CCM occurs sporadically or is inherited as dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. Three disease genes have been identified: KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2 and CCM3. Previous results demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations of CCM genes cause pleiotropic effects, including defective autophagy, altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammatory events, suggesting a novel unifying pathogenetic mechanism, and raising the possibility that CCM disease onset and severity are influenced by the presence of susceptibility and modifier genes. Consistently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in large and homogeneous cohorts of patients sharing the familial form of CCM disease and identical mutations in CCM genes have led to the discovery of distinct genetic modifiers of major disease severity phenotypes, such as development of numerous and large CCM lesions, and susceptibility to ICH. This review deals with the identification of genetic modifiers with a significant impact on inter-individual variability in CCM disease onset and severity, including highly polymorphic genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory and immune responses, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and Toll-like receptors (TLR), pointing to their emerging prognostic value, and opening up new perspectives for risk stratification and personalized medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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Reisinger N, Wendner D, Schauerhuber N, Mayer E. Effect of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) on the Inflammatory Response in Rumen Epithelial Cells (REC) and the Impact of LPS on Claw Explants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072058. [PMID: 34359186 PMCID: PMC8300308 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endotoxins, often referred to as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are bacterial toxins and play an essential role in several diseases in ruminants. One of the most common disorders in dairy cows, sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA), is associated with a substantial increase of ruminal and intestinal endotoxin load. Other potentially harmful substances, e.g., lipoteichoic acid (LTA), derived from the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, might play an essential role during SARA as well. Besides the potential local effect of LPS, translocation to the blood can induce a strong immune response in cattle. Furthermore, LPS might reach the claw tissue after translocation. In our study, we used a cell culture model with epithelial cells isolated from rumen tissue to assess the effects of LPS and LTA. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of LPS on claw tissue with an explant model. LPS and LTA could induce an inflammatory response in rumen epithelial cells. However, the effect of LPS was more substantial and seen at an earlier time point compared to LTA. Furthermore, in claw explants, LPS negatively affected the separation force, an indicator for tissue integrity, which decreased with increasing LPS concentrations. Overall, our data suggest that especially endotoxins can impact local inflammatory response in the rumen. Furthermore, if endotoxins reach the claw tissue, it might affect claw health. Abstract Endotoxins play a crucial role in ruminant health due to their deleterious effects on animal health. The study aimed to evaluate whether LPS and LTA can induce an inflammatory response in rumen epithelial cells. For this purpose, epithelial cells isolated from rumen tissue (REC) were stimulated with LPS and LTA for 1, 2, 4, and 24 h. Thereafter, the expression of selected genes of the LPS and LTA pathway and inflammatory response were evaluated. Furthermore, it was assessed whether LPS affects inflammatory response and structural integrity of claw explants. Therefore, claw explants were incubated with LPS for 4 h to assess the expression of selected genes and for 24 h to evaluate tissue integrity via separation force. LPS strongly affected the expression of genes related to inflammation (NFkB, TNF-α, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, MMP9) in REC. LTA induced a delayed and weaker inflammatory response than LPS. In claw explants, LPS affected tissue integrity, as there was a concentration-dependent decrease of separation force. Incubation time had a strong effect on inflammatory genes in claw explants. Our data suggest that endotoxins can induce a local inflammatory response in the rumen epithelium. Furthermore, translocation of LPS might negatively impact claw health.
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Sugioka K, Fukuda K, Nishida T, Kusaka S. The fibrinolytic system in the cornea: A key regulator of corneal wound healing and biological defense. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108459. [PMID: 33493476 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is a relatively unique tissue in the body in that it possesses specific features such as a lack of blood vessels that contribute to its transparency. The cornea is supplied with soluble blood components such as albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen as well as with nutrients, oxygen, and bioactive substances by diffusion from aqueous humor and limbal vessels as well as a result of its exposure to tear fluid. The healthy cornea is largely devoid of cellular components of blood such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and platelets. The location of the cornea at the ocular surface renders it susceptible to external insults, and its avascular nature necessitates the operation of healing and defense mechanisms in a manner independent of a direct blood supply. The fibrinolytic system, which was first recognized for its role in the degradation of fibrin clots in the vasculature, has also been found to contribute to various biological processes outside of blood vessels. Fibrinolytic factors thus play an important role in biological defense of the cornea. In this review, we address the function of the fibrinolytic system in corneal defense including wound healing and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Ken Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku City, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1 Otodacho, Ikoma City, Nara, 630-0293, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Division of Cornea and Ocular Surface, Ohshima Eye Hospital, 11-8 Kamigofukumachi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, 812-0036, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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10
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Morphological and cytokine profiles as key parameters to distinguish between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial keratitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20092. [PMID: 33208864 PMCID: PMC7674500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis (BK) is an ocular disorder associated with poor visual prognosis. Quantification of the associated inflammatory response may provide insight into the pathogenesis of BK and guide treatment options. In this exploratory study, we evaluated 45 BK patients and 20 healthy controls by optical coherence tomography and pro-inflammatory tear cytokine analysis. The aim was to quantify the differential morphological and cytokine inflammatory response between Gram-negative and Gram-positive BK and to determine the diagnostic value of corneal thickness (CT) and infiltrate thickness (IT) in distinguishing Gram-ve BK in a clinical cohort. Greater CT and IT, at clinical presentation, were indicative of Gram-ve infection with values detected of ≥ 950 μm and ≥ 450 μm, respectively. Combination of these CT and IT values had a 100% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity as a diagnostic indicator of Gram-ve infection. Similarly, there were higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines were quantified in keratitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Among the different tear cytokines analysed, a significant reduction after three days of treatment was detected for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, prior to starting with the administration of steroid drops. Overall, this study shows the potential value of serial OCT and tear cytokine measurements in the management of BK.
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11
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Toll-like receptor 4 regulates intestinal fibrosis via cytokine expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19867. [PMID: 33199767 PMCID: PMC7670421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis induced by chronic and recurrent colitis, which is exacerbated by bowel stenosis, stricture, and obstruction, is challenging to treat. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulates innate and acquired immunity in response to specific microbial components, but the role of TLR4 in intestinal fibrosis is largely unknown. We investigated its role in intestinal fibrosis using not only a murine fibrosis model but also human myofibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. Colon fibrosis was induced in TLR4-deficient (TLR4−/−) mice and its wild-type counterparts with 3% dextran sulfate sodium. Absence of TLR4 gene attenuated chronic inflammation and colonic macrophages infiltration; intestinal fibrosis and collagen deposition were suppressed. Also, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12p40, and transforming growth factor-β was reduced in TLR4-deficient peritoneal macrophages. TLR4 was silenced in CCD-18Co cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA), and matrix metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, and collagen α1 expression was evaluated. Role of TLR4 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated in HCT116 cells. Suppression of TLR4 transcription by siRNAs affected myofibroblasts activity, collagen synthesis, and EMT in the human cancer cell line. Thus, we suggest that TLR4 can be an essential mediator in intestinal chronic inflammation and fibrosis, indicating that TLR4 signaling is a potential therapeutic target for intestinal fibrosis.
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12
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Weinreb RN, Robinson MR, Dibas M, Stamer WD. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma Treatment. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:208-228. [PMID: 32233938 PMCID: PMC7232675 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and have important roles in multiple biological processes, including development and tissue remodeling, both in health and disease. The activity of MMPs is influenced by the expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). In the eye, MMP-mediated ECM turnover in the juxtacanalicular region of the trabecular meshwork (TM) reduces outflow resistance in the conventional outflow pathway and helps maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis. An imbalance in the MMP/TIMP ratio may be involved in the elevated IOP often associated with glaucoma. The prostaglandin analog/prostamide (PGA) class of topical ocular hypotensive medications used in glaucoma treatment reduces IOP by increasing outflow through both conventional and unconventional (uveoscleral) outflow pathways. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models and anterior segment explant and cell cultures indicates that the mechanism of IOP lowering by PGAs involves increased MMP expression in the TM and ciliary body, leading to tissue remodeling that enhances conventional and unconventional outflow. PGA effects on MMP expression are dependent on the identity and concentration of the PGA. An intracameral sustained-release PGA implant (Bimatoprost SR) in development for glaucoma treatment can reduce IOP for many months after expected intraocular drug bioavailability. We hypothesize that the higher concentrations of bimatoprost achieved in ocular outflow tissues with the implant produce greater MMP upregulation and more extensive, sustained MMP-mediated target tissue remodeling, providing an extended duration of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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13
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The Role of Connexin-43 in the Inflammatory Process: A New Potential Therapy to Influence Keratitis. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:9312827. [PMID: 30805212 PMCID: PMC6360563 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9312827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies outlined in this review highlight the relationship between inflammatory signaling molecules and connexin-43 (Cx43). Gap junction (GJ) channels and hemichannels (HCs) participate in the metabolic activity between intra- and extracellular space. Some ions and small molecules are exchanged from cell to cell or cell to extracellular space to affect the process of inflammation via GJ. We analyzed the effects of signaling molecules, such as innate immunity messengers, transcription factors, LPS, cytokine, inflammatory chemokines, and MMPs, on Cx43 expression during the inflammatory process. At the same time, we found that these signaling molecules play a critical role in the pathogenesis of keratitis. Thus, we assessed the function of Cx43 during inflammatory corneal disease. Corneal healing plays an essential role in the late stage of keratitis. We found that Cx43 is involved in wound healing. Studies have shown that the decrease of Cx43 can decrease the time of healing. We also report several Cx43 mimic peptides which can inhibit the activity of Cx43 Hc to mediate the releasing of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which may in turn influence the inflammatory process.
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14
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Del Mar Cendra M, Christodoulides M, Hossain P. Effect of Different Antibiotic Chemotherapies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection In Vitro of Primary Human Corneal Fibroblast Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1614. [PMID: 28878761 PMCID: PMC5572282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of bacterial keratitis (BK) worldwide. Inappropriate or non-optimal antibiotic chemotherapy can lead to corneal perforation and rapid sight loss. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 invades primary human corneal fibroblasts (hCFs) in vitro and persists intracellularly, despite chemotherapy with antibiotics used commonly to treat BK. In rank order, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and polymyxin B showed the highest activity against planktonic PAO1 growth (100% inhibitory concentration ≤10 μg/mL; 50% inhibitory concentration ≤1 μg/mL), followed by gentamicin and ofloxacin (100% inhibitory concentration ≤50 μg/mL; 50% inhibitory concentration ≤10 μg/mL). These bactericidal antibiotics (50–200 μg/mL concentrations) all killed PAO1 in the extracellular environment of infected hCF monolayers. By contrast, the bactericidal antibiotic cefuroxime and the bacteriostatic antibiotic chloramphenicol failed to sterilize both PAO1 broth cultures, even at a concentration of ≥200 μg/mL) and infected hCF monolayers. Statistically, all antibiotics were able to prevent LDH release from PAO1-infected hCF monolayers at both concentrations tested. Intracellular Pseudomonas were significantly reduced (>99%, P < 0.05) following treatment with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin, whereas gentamicin, polymyxin B and cefuroxime failed to clear intracellular bacteria over 24 h. Intracellular Pseudomonas infection was resistant to chloramphenicol, with hCF death observed by 9 h. Eventual growth of remaining intracellular Pseudomonas was observed in hCF after removal of all antibiotics, resulting in re-infection cycles and cell death by 48 h. All of the antibiotics reduced significantly (P < 0.05) IL-1β secretion by hCF infected with a Multiplicity Of Infection (MOI) = 1 of PAO1. With higher MOI, no pro-inflammatory effects were observed with antibiotic treatment, expect with polymyxin B and ofloxacin, which induced significant increased IL-1β secretion (P < 0.001). The findings from our study demonstrated that bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics, routinely used to treat BK, failed to eradicate Pseudomonas infection of hCFs in vitro and that their bactericidal efficacies were influenced by the cellular location of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Cendra
- Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Parwez Hossain
- Eye Unit, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
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15
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Bautista-Hernández LA, Gómez-Olivares JL, Buentello-Volante B, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Fibroblasts: The Unknown Sentinels Eliciting Immune Responses Against Microorganisms. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2017; 7:151-157. [PMID: 29034104 PMCID: PMC5632742 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are present in all tissues but predominantly in connective tissues. Some of their functions include contractility, locomotion, collagen and elastin fiber production, and the regulation and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Also, fibroblasts act as sentinels to produce inflammatory mediators in response to several microorganisms. There is evidence that fibroblasts can synthesize toll-like receptors (TLRs), antimicrobial peptides, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which are important molecules involved in innate immune response against microorganisms. Fibroblasts can express TLRs (TLR-1 to TLR-10) to sense microbial components or microorganisms. They can synthesize antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37, defensins hBD-1, and hBD-2, molecules that perform antimicrobial activity. Also, they can produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, INFγ, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IL-10; other chemokines, such as CCL1, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CX3CL1; and the growth factors granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce and recruit inflammatory cells. According to their immunological attributes, we can conclude that fibroblasts are sentinel cells that recognize pathogens, induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells via cytokines and growth factors, and release antimicrobial peptides, complying with the characteristics of real sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Bautista-Hernández
- Microbiology and Ocular Proteomics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, Mexico.,Doctorate Biological Science and Health, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Buentello-Volante
- Cellular and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Bautista-de Lucio
- Microbiology and Ocular Proteomics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Zhu S, Xu X, Liu K, Gu Q, Wei F, Jin H. Peptide GC31 inhibits chemokines and ICAM-1 expression in corneal fibroblasts exposed to LPS or poly(I:C) by blocking the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Exp Eye Res 2017; 164:109-117. [PMID: 28778400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In keratitis, keratocytes play a vital role by releasing inflammatory cytokines and expressing intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1). GC31 is a peptide derived from thrombomodulin, an endogenous protein with potential anti-inflammation properties. We evaluated the protective effect of GC31 in LPS- or poly(I:C)-induced corneal fibroblasts. Cultured keratocytes were treated with either LPS or poly(I:C); The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The expression level of ICAM-1 was estimated by real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot. The underlying pathways were investigated by detecting NF-κB p65 translocation and phosphorylation of IκBα, p65, p38, JNK, and ERK. The MTS assay was used to measure cell viability of keratocytes after GC31 incubation. The elevation of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IFN-γ expression induced by LPS or poly(I:C) was significantly inhibited by GC31 in a dose-dependent manner at both mRNA and protein levels. GC31 also reduced the expression of ICAM-1 in keratocytes after LPS or poly(I:C) stimulation. LPS or poly(I:C) induced p65 translocation and phosphorylation of IκBα, p65, p38, and JNK were suppressed by GC31.GC31 is not only an effective inhibitor of LPS-induced inflammatory response, but it also inhibits poly(I:C)-induced release of inflammatory cytokines and ICAM-1 expression by blocking the NF-κB and MAPK (p38 and JNK) pathways. This suggested that GC31 may exert a protective effect in attenuating corneal inflammation by suppressing the immune response of the fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhou HY, Cao Y, Wu J, Zhang WS. Role of corneal collagen fibrils in corneal disorders and related pathological conditions. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:803-811. [PMID: 28546941 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a soft tissue located at the front of the eye with the principal function of transmitting and refracting light rays to precisely sense visual information. Corneal shape, refraction, and stromal stiffness are to a large part determined by corneal fibrils, the arrangements of which define the corneal cells and their functional behaviour. However, the modality and alignment of native corneal collagen lamellae are altered in various corneal pathological states such as infection, injury, keratoconus, corneal scar formation, and keratoprosthesis. Furthermore, corneal recuperation after corneal pathological change is dependent on the balance of corneal collagen degradation and contraction. A thorough understanding of the characteristics of corneal collagen is thus necessary to develop viable therapies using the outcome of strategies using engineered corneas. In this review, we discuss the composition and distribution of corneal collagens as well as their degradation and contraction, and address the current status of corneal tissue engineering and the progress of corneal cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Song Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
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18
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Cendra MDM, Christodoulides M, Hossain P. Signaling Mediated by Toll- Like Receptor 5 Sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Flagellin Influences IL-1β and IL-18 Production by Primary Fibroblasts Derived from the Human Cornea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:130. [PMID: 28469996 PMCID: PMC5395653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the principal cause of bacterial keratitis worldwide and overstimulation of the innate immune system by this organism is believed to contribute significantly to sight loss. In the current study, we have used primary human corneal fibroblast (hCF) cells as an ex vivo model of corneal infection to examine the role of P. aeruginosa flagellum and type three secretion system (TTSS) in inducing inflammasome-associated molecules that trigger IL-1β and IL-18 production during the early stages of the infection. Our results show that P. aeruginosa infection stimulated the non-canonical pathway for IL-1β and IL-18 expression and pathway stimulation was influenced predominantly by the flagellum. Both IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines were expressed intracellularly during bacterial infection, but only the former was released and detected in the extracellular environment. We also investigated the signaling pathways in hCFs mediated by Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 sensing of P. aeruginosa, and our data show that the signal triggered by TLR5-flagellin sensing significantly contributed to IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine production in our model. Our study suggests that IL-18 expression is wholly dependent on extracellular flagellin sensing by TLR5, whereas IL-1β expression is also influenced by P. aeruginosa lipopolysacharide. Additionally, we demonstrate that IL-1β and IL-18 production by hCFs can be triggered by both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. Overall, our study provides a rationale for the development of targeted therapies, by proposing an inhibition of flagellin-PRR-signaling interactions, in order to ameliorate the inflammatory response characteristic of P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Cendra
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
| | - Parwez Hossain
- Eye Unit, Division of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
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19
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Barreca MM, Spinello W, Cavalieri V, Turturici G, Sconzo G, Kaur P, Tinnirello R, Asea AAA, Geraci F. Extracellular Hsp70 Enhances Mesoangioblast Migration via an Autocrine Signaling Pathway. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1845-1861. [PMID: 27925208 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mesoangioblasts are vessel-associated progenitor stem cells endowed with the ability of multipotent mesoderm differentiation. Therefore, they represent a promising tool in the regeneration of injured tissues. Several studies have demonstrated that homing of mesoangioblasts into blood and injured tissues are mainly controlled by cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory factors. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating their ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that membrane vesicles released by mesoangioblasts contain Hsp70, and that the released Hsp70 is able to interact by an autocrine mechanism with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD91 to stimulate migration. We further demonstrate that Hsp70 has a positive role in regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 expression and that MMP2 has a more pronounced effect on cell migration, as compared to MMP9. In addition, the analysis of the intracellular pathways implicated in Hsp70 regulated signal transduction showed the involvement of both PI3K/AKT and NF-κB. Taken together, our findings present a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate mesoangioblast stem cells ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM). J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1845-1861, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Spinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Turturici
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sconzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Institute, National Center of Research, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexzander A A Asea
- Department of Neurology and the Deanship for Scientific Research, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabiana Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Boza P, Ayala P, Vivar R, Humeres C, Cáceres FT, Muñoz C, García L, Hermoso MA, Díaz-Araya G. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasomes in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: IL-1β synthesis, secretion, and degradation. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review of the literature from 2014 through mid-2015, we examine new data that shed light on how macrophages and other innate immune cells and signals contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human studies have focused on changes early in scleroderma, and linked macrophages to inflammation in skin and progression of lung disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been implicated in vascular dysfunction. In mice, several factors have been identified that influence macrophage activation and experimental fibrosis. However, emerging data also suggest that myeloid cells can have differential effects in fibrosis. Sustained signaling through different toll-like receptors can lead to inflammation or fibrosis, and these signals can influence both immune and nonimmune cells. SUMMARY There are many types of innate immune cells that can potentially contribute to scleroderma and will be worth exploring in detail. Experimentally dissecting the roles of macrophages based on ontogeny and activation state, and the innate signaling pathways in the tissue microenvironment, may also lead to better understanding of scleroderma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Chia
- aWeill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program bImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences cAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program dAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery eDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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22
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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23
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Lipopolysaccharide induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP production via TLR4 in nasal polyp-derived fibroblast and organ culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90683. [PMID: 25390332 PMCID: PMC4229106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal polyposis is characterized by persistent inflammation and remodeling in sinonasal mucosa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in the innate immune response to microbes in the sinonasal cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and organ-cultured nasal polyps can synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist. NPDFs and organ-cultured nasal polyps were isolated from nasal polyps of 8 patients and exposed to LPS. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLRs, cytokines, and MMPs were determined using a gene expression microarray, real-time RT-PCR, western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence staining. The enzymatic activities of MMPs were analyzed using collagen or gelatin zymography. The protein expression level of MMP-1 increased in nasal polyp tissues compared to inferior turbinate tissues. LPS induced mRNA expression of TLR4, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-1 and activated MAPK signaling in NPDFs. LPS promoted the release of interleukin (IL)-6 through extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and IL-8 through ERK and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Production of IL-6 and IL-8 was induced by PI3K/Akt signaling in LPS-stimulated NPDFs. LPS increased the transcript and protein expression levels of MMP-1 and induced collagenase activity of MMP-1 via ERK and p38, but did not induce gelatinase activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) inhibited the stimulatory effects of LPS in NPDFs as well as in organ culture of nasal polyp. LPS triggers immune response via TLR 4 and activates MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which is involved in remodeling of nasal polyps.
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24
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Cheng D, Hao Y, Zhou W, Ma Y. Association between Toll-like receptor 3 polymorphisms and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7837-46. [PMID: 24819172 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well known as molecular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They control activation of the innate immune response and subsequently shape the adaptive immune response. Polymorphisms in TLR3 gene associated with cancer have been studied extensively. However, the results remain controversial. A literature search was performed among PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to identify eligible studies on the association between TLR3 polymorphisms and cancer risk. A total of 12 studies in 11 articles were included in the meta-analysis including 5,861 cases and 6,339 controls. Significant associations with cancer risk were observed for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3775291 (allele model: odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) = 1.00-1.25, P = 0.04), rs3775290 (allele model: OR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.25, P = 0.04; dominant model: OR = 1.30, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.60, P = 0.01; homozygous comparison: OR = 1.68, 95 % CI = 1.06-2.68, P = 0.03; heterozygous comparison: OR = 1.25, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.55, P = 0.04), rs5743305 (allele model: OR = 1.07, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.15, P = 0.03; dominant model: OR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.22, P = 0.03), and rs5743312 (allele model: OR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.27, P = 0.03; recessive model: OR = 1.86, 95 % CI = 1.31-2.63, P < 0.01; homozygous comparison: OR = 1.88, 95 % CI = 1.33-2.67, P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, we did not find any significant association with cancer risk for rs7657186 and rs7668666. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates a significant association of four TLR3 gene polymorphisms with cancer risk. However, because the study size was limited, further studies are essential to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Cheng
- Department of Transfusion, The First Hospital of China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China,
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Lisboa RA, Andrade MV, Cunha-Melo JR. Zimography is an effective method for detection of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in cultured human fibroblasts. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 28:216-20. [PMID: 23503864 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502013000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a method to characterize the gelatinase activity of cultured human periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with Pam3Cys and E. coli LPS, ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 respectively, and by centrifugation of the cultures, simulating an orthodontic force. METHODS To study MMP-2 activity, primary cultures of human periodontal fibroblasts were stimulated with the addition of TLRs 2 and 4 ligands and the application of mechanical force by centrifugation at 141 x g for 30 min. Supernatant media was collected 24 hours later to perform protein quantification and zymography. RESULTS MMP-2 activity suffered an increase in cultures co-stimulated with TLRs 2 and 4 ligands alone or with the presence of mechanical force application compared to basal levels. CONCLUSION Zymography, one of the several methods to study MMPs activities, is a simple, qualitative and efficient method based on electrophoresis of bis-acrylamide gels copolymerized with a protein substrate.
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IL-8 and MCP Gene Expression and Production by LPS-Stimulated Human Corneal Stromal Cells. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:714704. [PMID: 22518341 PMCID: PMC3317204 DOI: 10.1155/2012/714704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To determine time course of effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) by cultured human corneal stromal cells. Methods. Human corneal stromal cells were harvested from donor corneal specimens, and fourth to sixth passaged cells were used. Cell cultures were stimulated with LPS for 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Northern blot analysis of IL-8 and MCP gene expression and ELISA for IL-8 and MCP secretion were performed. ELISA results were analyzed for statistical significance using two-tailed Student's t-test. Results. Northern blot analysis demonstrated significantly increased IL-8 and MCP gene expression after 4 and 8 hours of exposure to LPS. ELISA for secreted IL-8 and MCP demonstrated statistically significant increases (P < 0.05) after corneal stromal cell stimulation with LPS. Conclusions. This paper suggests that human corneal stromal cells may participate in corneal inflammation by secreting potent leukocyte chemotactic and activating proteins in a time-dependent manner when exposed to LPS.
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Kutikhin AG. Association of polymorphisms in TLR genes and in genes of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway with cancer risk. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1095-116. [PMID: 21872627 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a family of receptors directly recognizing a wide spectrum of exogenous and endogenous ligands playing the key role in realization of innate and adaptive immune response, and participating in the processes of cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair. Polymorphisms in TLR genes may shift balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, modulating the risk of infection, chronic inflammation and cancer. The short list of TLR polymorphisms perspective for oncogenomic investigations can include rs10008492, rs4833103, rs5743815, rs11466657, rs7696175 (TLR1-TLR6-TLR10 gene cluster); rs3804100, rs4696480, -196 - -174 del (Delta22), GT-microsatellite polymorphism (TLR2); 829A/C (TLR3); rs5743836, rs352140 (TLR9). The extended list can additionally include rs4833095 rs5743551, rs5743618 (TLR1); rs5743704, rs62323857, rs1219178642 (TLR2); rs5743305, rs3775291, rs121434431, rs5743316 (TLR3); rs5744168 (TLR5); rs179008 (TLR7); rs3764880, rs2407992 (TLR8); rs352139, rs187084, rs41308230, rs5743844 (TLR9); rs4129009 (TLR10). General reasons for discrepancies between studies are insufficiency of sample size, age/gender/BMI/ethnic/racial differences, differences in prevalence of infectious agent in case and control groups, differences in immune response caused by specific ligand, differences in stratification, methods of diagnostics of cancer or chronic inflammatory conditions, genotyping methods, and chance. Future well-designed studies on large samples should shed light on the significance of TLR polymorphisms for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology and Central Research Laboratory, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation.
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