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Coco-Martín MB, Leal-Vega L, Alcoceba-Herrero I, Molina-Martín A, de-Fez D, Luque MJ, Dueñas-Gutiérrez C, Arenillas-Lara JF, Piñero DP. Visual perception alterations in COVID-19: a preliminary study. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1-9. [PMID: 36659948 PMCID: PMC9815973 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the visual perception (color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision) of a small cohort of COVID-19 patients at the time of infection and after 6mo with that of a healthy population matched for sex and age. METHODS A total of 25 patients (9 females, 16 males, mean age: 54±10y) with COVID-19 hospitalized in the COVID-19 Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid were recruited for this preliminary study. Visual perception, as determined by monocular measurement of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and color vision was assessed in each patient using the Optopad test. The results obtained were then compared with those of a sample of 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (5 females, 11 males, mean age: 50±6y) in which the same measurement procedure was repeated. Statistically significant differences between groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Measurements were repeated after a minimum follow-up period of 6mo and statistically significant differences between the two time points in each group were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Discrimination thresholds (color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision) and their corresponding sensitivity, calculated as the inverse of the discrimination threshold, were evaluated. Analysis of the data revealed higher contrast threshold results (i.e., worse contrast sensitivity) in the COVID-19 group than in the control group for all spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF achromatic test and most of the spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF chromatic test for the red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms. In addition, color threshold results in the COVID-19 group were also significantly higher (i.e., worse color sensitivity) for almost all color mechanisms studied in the Optopad-Color test. At 6mo, most of the differences found between the groups were maintained despite COVID-19 recovery. CONCLUSION The present results provide preliminary evidence that visual perception may be impaired in COVID-19, even when the infection has passed. Although further research is needed to determine the precise causes of this finding, analysis of CSF and color vision could provide valuable information on the visual impact of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Begoña Coco-Martín
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - Luis Leal-Vega
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - Irene Alcoceba-Herrero
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Molina-Martín
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Dolores de-Fez
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - María José Luque
- Department of Optics, and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Carlos Dueñas-Gutiérrez
- COVID-19 Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Arenillas-Lara
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain,Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - David P. Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain,Clinical Optometry Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante 03016, Spain
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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Brooks CJ, Chan YM, Fielding J, White OB, Badcock DR, McKendrick AM. Visual contrast perception in visual snow syndrome reveals abnormal neural gain but not neural noise. Brain 2021; 145:1486-1498. [PMID: 34633444 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual snow syndrome is a neurological condition characterised by a persistent visual disturbance, visual snow, in conjunction with additional visual symptoms. Cortical hyperexcitability is a potential pathophysiological mechanism, which could be explained by increased gain in neural responses to visual input. Alternatively, neural noise in the visual pathway could be abnormally elevated. We assessed these two potential competing neural mechanisms in our studies of visual contrast perception. Cortical hyperexcitation also occurs in migraine, which commonly co-occurs with visual snow syndrome. Therefore, to determine whether the effect of visual snow syndrome can be distinguished from interictal migraine, we recruited four participant groups: controls, migraine alone, visual snow syndrome alone, visual snow syndrome with migraine. In the first experiment, we estimated internal noise in 20 controls, 21 migraine participants, 32 visual snow syndrome participants (16 with migraine) using a luminance increment detection task. In the second experiment, we estimated neural contrast gain in 21 controls, 22 migraine participants, 35 visual snow syndrome participants (16 with migraine) using tasks assessing sensitivity to changes in contrast from a reference. Contrast gain and sensitivity were measured for the putative parvocellular and ON and OFF magnocellular pathways, respectively. We found that luminance increment thresholds and internal noise estimates were normal in both visual snow syndrome and migraine. Contrast gain measures for putative parvocellular processing and contrast sensitivity for putative OFF magnocellular processing were abnormally increased in visual snow syndrome, regardless of migraine status. Therefore, our results indicate that visual snow syndrome is characterised by increased neural contrast gain but not abnormal neural noise within the targeted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Brooks
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yu Man Chan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Owen B White
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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4
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Creupelandt C, Maurage P, Lenoble Q, Lambot C, Geus C, D'Hondt F. Magnocellular and Parvocellular Mediated Luminance Contrast Discrimination in Severe Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:375-385. [PMID: 33349930 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) is associated with widespread cognitive impairments, including low-level visual processing deficits that persist after prolonged abstinence. However, the extent and characteristics of these visual deficits remain largely undetermined, impeding the identification of their underlying mechanisms and influence on higher-order processing. In particular, little work has been conducted to assess the integrity of the magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) visual pathways, namely the 2 main visual streams that convey information from the retina up to striate, extrastriate, and dorsal/ventral cerebral regions. METHODS We investigated achromatic luminance contrast processing mediated by inferred MC and PC pathways in 33 patients with SAUD and 32 matched healthy controls using 2 psychophysical pedestal contrast discrimination tasks that promote responses of inferred MC or PC pathways. We relied on a staircase procedure to assess participants' ability to detect small changes in luminance within an array of 4 gray squares that were either continuously presented (steady pedestal, MC-biased) or briefly flashed (pulsed pedestal, PC-biased). RESULTS We replicated the expected pattern of MC and PC contrast responses in healthy controls. We found preserved dissociation of MC and PC contrast signatures in SAUD but higher MC-mediated mean contrast discrimination thresholds combined with a steeper PC-mediated contrast discrimination slope compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION These findings indicate altered MC-mediated contrast sensitivity and PC-mediated contrast gain, confirming the presence of early sensory disturbances in individuals with SAUD. Such low-level deficits, while usually overlooked, might influence higher-order abilities (e.g., memory, executive functions) in SAUD by disturbing the "coarse-to-fine" tuning of the visual system, which relies on the distinct functional properties of MC and PC pathways and ensures proper and efficient monitoring of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Creupelandt
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (UCLEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (UCLEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Quentin Lenoble
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Carine Lambot
- Clinique Regina Pacis, Le Beau Vallon, Saint-Servais, Belgium
| | - Christophe Geus
- Psychiatry Unit, Clinique Saint Pierre Ottignies, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, Lille, France.,Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), Lille, France
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5
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Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661938. [PMID: 34093409 PMCID: PMC8175861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the bridging neurons that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system. There is a remarkable diversity of RGCs and the various subtypes have unique morphological features, distinct functions, and characteristic pathways linking the inner retina to the relevant brain areas. A number of psychophysical and electrophysiological tests have been refined to investigate this large and varied population of RGCs. Technological advances, such as high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging, have provided additional tools to define the pattern of RGC involvement and the chronological sequence of events in both inherited and acquired optic neuropathies. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies, in particular the selective vulnerability and relative resilience of particular RGC subtypes, are of fundamental importance as they are directly relevant to the development of targeted therapies for these invariably progressive blinding diseases. This review provides a comprehensive description of the various types of RGCs, the developments in proposed methods of classification, and the current gaps in our knowledge of how these RGCs are differentially affected depending on the underlying aetiology. The synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the diversity of RGCs and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic modulation will hopefully lead to much needed effective treatments for patients with optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ungsoo Samuel Kim
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Solomon SG. Retinal ganglion cells and the magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular subcortical visual pathways from the eye to the brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 178:31-50. [PMID: 33832683 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821377-3.00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In primates including humans, most retinal ganglion cells send signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. The anatomical and functional properties of the two major pathways through the LGN, the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) pathways, are now well understood. Neurones in these pathways appear to convey a filtered version of the retinal image to primary visual cortex for further analysis. The properties of the P-pathway suggest it is important for high spatial acuity and red-green color vision, while those of the M-pathway suggest it is important for achromatic visual sensitivity and motion vision. Recent work has sharpened our understanding of how these properties are built in the retina, and described subtle but important nonlinearities that shape the signals that cortex receives. In addition to the P- and M-pathways, other retinal ganglion cells also project to the LGN. These ganglion cells are larger than those in the P- and M-pathways, have different retinal connectivity, and project to distinct regions of the LGN, together forming heterogenous koniocellular (K) pathways. Recent work has started to reveal the properties of these K-pathways, in the retina and in the LGN. The functional properties of K-pathways are more complex than those in the P- and M-pathways, and the K-pathways are likely to have a distinct contribution to vision. They provide a complementary pathway to the primary visual cortex, but can also send signals directly to extrastriate visual cortex. At the level of the LGN, many neurones in the K-pathways seem to integrate retinal with non-retinal inputs, and some may provide an early site of binocular convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Abstract
We as a couple spent 50 years working in visual psychophysics of color vision, temporal vision, and luminance adaptation. We sought collaborations with ophthalmologists, anatomists, physiologists, physicists, and psychologists, aiming to relate visual psychophysics to the underlying physiology of the primate retina. This review describes our journey and reflections in exploring the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Pokorny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;,
| | - Vivianne C. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;,
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8
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Anssari N, Vosoughi R, Mullen K, Mansouri B. Selective Colour Vision Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis at Different Temporal Stages. Neuroophthalmology 2019; 44:16-23. [PMID: 32076444 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2019.1615960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) without optic neuritis causes color-vision deficit but the evidence for selective color deficits in parvocellular-Red/Green (PC-RG) and koniocellular-Blue/Yellow (KC-BY) pathways is inconclusive. We investigated selective color-vision deficits at different MS stages. Thirty-one MS and twenty normal participants were tested for achromatic, red-green and blue-yellow sinewave-gratings (0.5 and 2 cycles-per-degree (cpd)) contrast orientation discrimination threshold. Red-green mean threshold at 0.5cpd in established-MS and blue-yellow mean threshold in all MS participants were abnormal. These findings show blue-yellow versus red-green color test is useful in differentiating MS chronicity, which helps to better understand the mechanism of colour-vision involvement in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Anssari
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reza Vosoughi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathy Mullen
- Department of Ophthlmology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Behzad Mansouri
- Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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9
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Santandrea E, Sani I, Morbioli G, Multari D, Marchini G, Chelazzi L. Optic Nerve Degeneration and Reduced Contrast Sensitivity Due to Folic Acid Deficiency: A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study in Rhesus Monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:6045-6056. [PMID: 30574659 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the research was to elucidate the role of folic acid (B9) deficiency in the development of nutritional optic neuritis and to characterize the neurophysiological consequences of optic nerve degeneration in the cortical visual system. Methods A combined behavioral and electrophysiological approach was applied to study luminance contrast sensitivity in two macaque monkeys affected by nutritional optic neuritis and in two healthy monkeys for comparison. For one monkey, a follow-up approach was applied to compare visual performance before onset of optic neuropathy, during the disease, and after treatment. Results Optic nerve degeneration developed as a consequence of insufficient dietary intake of folic acid in two exemplars of macaque monkeys. The degeneration resulted in markedly reduced luminance contrast sensitivity as assessed behaviorally. In one monkey, we also measured visual activity in response to varying contrast at the level of single neurons in the cortical visual system and found a striking reduction in contrast sensitivity, as well as a marked increase in the latency of neuronal responses. Prolonged daily folate supplementation resulted in a significant recovery of function. Conclusions Folic acid deficiency per se can lead to the development of optic nerve degeneration in otherwise healthy adult animals. The optic nerve degeneration strongly affects contrast sensitivity and leads to a distinct reduction in the strength and velocity of the incoming signal to cortical visual areas of the macaque brain, without directly affecting excitability and functional properties of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Santandrea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gianpaolo Morbioli
- Interdepartmental Centre of Experimental Research Service, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico Multari
- CVO Fontane, Centro Veterinario Oculistico, Fontane di Villorba, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marchini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Chelazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
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10
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Besada E, Frauens BJ, Makhlouf R, Shechtman D, Rodman J, Demeritt M, Hardigan P. More sensitive correlation of afferent pupillary defect with ganglion cell complex. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:75-85. [PMID: 28676353 PMCID: PMC5904827 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the correlation between the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in optic neuropathy. METHODS RAPD assessment was performed using a log unit neutral density filter bar. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography RTVue-100 (Optovue) was used to examine the subjects. The optic nerve head pattern (ONH) was subdivided and identified for the purpose of the study into circumpapillary RNFLT (cpRNFLT) and peripheral circumpapillary RNFLT (pcpRNFLT). The cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and ganglion cell complex (GCC) parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Eighteen females and twenty three males with asymmetric optic neuropathy and a RAPD participated. Thirty-three subjects had glaucoma and eight had optic neuropathy other than glaucoma. Significant correlations (p<0.02) were obtained for the RAPD and the percentage difference loss of the GCC and RNFLT parameters. The grouped mean percentage difference loss for RNFLT was significantly different from that of the GCC (p<0.001). At a 0.6log unit RAPD, the average mean percentage difference loss was 23% for the CRNFLT, 15% for the GCC, 12% for the global loss volume percentage and 6% for the focal loss volume percentage (FLV%). CONCLUSIONS Significant correlations between RNFLT loss for cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and GCC parameters with RAPD were observed. Approximately a 35% higher sensitivity was obtained using GCC compared to CRNFL parameters. The expected change in GCC average for every 0.3log unit increment was approximately 8.49μm. The FLV% corresponded more sensitively to a RAPD but appeared to be influenced by disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulogio Besada
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States.
| | - Barry J Frauens
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States
| | - Rim Makhlouf
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States
| | - Diana Shechtman
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States
| | - Julie Rodman
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States
| | - Marlon Demeritt
- Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, United States
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Hall CM, McAnany JJ. Luminance noise as a novel approach for measuring contrast sensitivity within the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. J Vis 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28672370 PMCID: PMC5497714 DOI: 10.1167/17.8.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the extent to which different types of luminance noise can be used to target selectively the inferred magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) visual pathways. Letter contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured for three visually normal subjects for letters of different size (0.8°-5.3°) under established paradigms intended to target the MC pathway (steady-pedestal paradigm) and PC pathway (pulsed-pedestal paradigm). Results obtained under these paradigms were compared to those obtained in asynchronous static noise (a field of unchanging luminance noise) and asynchronous dynamic noise (a field of randomly changing luminance noise). CS was measured for letters that were high- and low-pass filtered using a range of filter cutoffs to quantify the object frequency information (cycles per letter) mediating letter identification, which was used as an index of the pathway mediating CS. A follow-up experiment was performed to determine the range of letter duration over which MC and PC pathway CS can be targeted. Analysis of variance indicated that the object frequencies measured under the static noise and steady-pedestal paradigms did not differ significantly (p ≥ 0.065), but differed considerably from those measured under the dynamic noise (both p < 0.001) and pulsed-pedestal (both p < 0.001) paradigms. The object frequencies mediating letter identification increased as duration increased under the steady-pedestal paradigm, but were independent of target duration (50-800 ms) under the pulsed-pedestal paradigm, in static noise, and in dynamic noise. These data suggest that the spatiotemporal characteristics of noise can be manipulated to target the inferred MC (static noise) and PC (dynamic noise) pathways. The results also suggest that CS within these pathways can be measured at long stimulus durations, which has potential importance in the design of future clinical CS tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra M Hall
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USADepartment of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Nguyen CTO, Hui F, Charng J, Velaedan S, van Koeverden AK, Lim JKH, He Z, Wong VHY, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV, Ivarsson M. Retinal biomarkers provide "insight" into cortical pharmacology and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:151-177. [PMID: 28174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The retina is an easily accessible out-pouching of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus lends itself to being a biomarker of the brain. More specifically, the presence of neuronal, vascular and blood-neural barrier parallels in the eye and brain coupled with fast and inexpensive methods to quantify retinal changes make ocular biomarkers an attractive option. This includes its utility as a biomarker for a number of cerebrovascular diseases as well as a drug pharmacology and safety biomarker for the CNS. It is a rapidly emerging field, with some areas well established, such as stroke risk and multiple sclerosis, whereas others are still in development (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, psychological disease and cortical diabetic dysfunction). The current applications and future potential of retinal biomarkers, including potential ways to improve their sensitivity and specificity are discussed. This review summarises the existing literature and provides a perspective on the strength of current retinal biomarkers and their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shajan Velaedan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K H Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Kiiski HSM, Ní Riada S, Lalor EC, Gonçalves NR, Nolan H, Whelan R, Lonergan R, Kelly S, O'Brien MC, Kinsella K, Bramham J, Burke T, Ó Donnchadha S, Hutchinson M, Tubridy N, Reilly RB. Delayed P100-Like Latencies in Multiple Sclerosis: A Preliminary Investigation Using Visual Evoked Spread Spectrum Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146084. [PMID: 26726800 PMCID: PMC4699709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conduction along the optic nerve is often slowed in multiple sclerosis (MS). This is typically assessed by measuring the latency of the P100 component of the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) using electroencephalography. The Visual Evoked Spread Spectrum Analysis (VESPA) method, which involves modulating the contrast of a continuous visual stimulus over time, can produce a visually evoked response analogous to the P100 but with a higher signal-to-noise ratio and potentially higher sensitivity to individual differences in comparison to the VEP. The main objective of the study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the utility of the VESPA method for probing and monitoring visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. The latencies and amplitudes of the P100-like VESPA component were compared between healthy controls and multiple sclerosis patients, and multiple sclerosis subgroups. The P100-like VESPA component activations were examined at baseline and over a 3-year period. The study included 43 multiple sclerosis patients (23 relapsing-remitting MS, 20 secondary-progressive MS) and 42 healthy controls who completed the VESPA at baseline. The follow-up sessions were conducted 12 months after baseline with 24 MS patients (15 relapsing-remitting MS, 9 secondary-progressive MS) and 23 controls, and again at 24 months post-baseline with 19 MS patients (13 relapsing-remitting MS, 6 secondary-progressive MS) and 14 controls. The results showed P100-like VESPA latencies to be delayed in multiple sclerosis compared to healthy controls over the 24-month period. Secondary-progressive MS patients had most pronounced delay in P100-like VESPA latency relative to relapsing-remitting MS and controls. There were no longitudinal P100-like VESPA response differences. These findings suggest that the VESPA method is a reproducible electrophysiological method that may have potential utility in the assessment of visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni S. M. Kiiski
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sinéad Ní Riada
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edmund C. Lalor
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nuno R. Gonçalves
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugh Nolan
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Whelan
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, UCD College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Róisín Lonergan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Kelly
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Claire O'Brien
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, UCD College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie Kinsella
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Bramham
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, UCD College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teresa Burke
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, UCD College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Ó Donnchadha
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Research Group, School of Psychology, UCD College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Tubridy
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard B. Reilly
- Neural Engineering Group, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Zhao J, Davé SB, Wang J, Subramanian PS. Clinical color vision testing and correlation with visual function. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160:547-552.e1. [PMID: 26116263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if Hardy-Rand-Rittler (H-R-R) and Ishihara testing are accurate estimates of color vision in subjects with acquired visual dysfunction. DESIGN Assessment of diagnostic tools. METHODS Twenty-two subjects with optic neuropathy (aged 18-65) and 18 control subjects were recruited prospectively from an outpatient clinic. Individuals with visual acuity (VA) <20/200 or with congenital color blindness were excluded. All subjects underwent a comprehensive eye examination including VA, color vision, and contrast sensitivity testing. Color vision was assessed using H-R-R and Ishihara plates and Farnsworth D-15 (D-15) discs. D-15 is the accepted standard for detecting and classifying color vision deficits. Contrast sensitivity was measured using Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts. RESULTS No relationship was found between H-R-R and D-15 scores (P = .477). H-R-R score and contrast sensitivity were positively correlated (P = .003). On multivariate analysis, contrast sensitivity (β = 8.61, P < .001) and VA (β = 2.01, P = .022) both showed association with H-R-R scores. Similar to H-R-R, Ishihara score did not correlate with D-15 score (P = .973), but on multivariate analysis was related to contrast sensitivity (β = 8.69, P < .001). H-R-R and Ishihara scores had an equivalent relationship with contrast sensitivity (P = .069). CONCLUSION Neither H-R-R nor Ishihara testing appears to assess color identification in patients with optic neuropathy. Both H-R-R and Ishihara testing are correlated with contrast sensitivity, and these tests may be useful clinical surrogates for contrast sensitivity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhao
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarita B Davé
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Prem S Subramanian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Zhuang X, King A, McNamara P, Pokorny J, Cao D. Differential effects of alcohol on contrast processing mediated by the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. J Vis 2012; 12:12.11.16. [PMID: 23090614 DOI: 10.1167/12.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how acute alcohol intake affects contrast processing mediated by inferred magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways. Achromatic contrast discrimination thresholds were measured in 16 young healthy participants using a steady-pedestal, pulsed-pedestal or pedestal-Δ-pedestal paradigm designed to favor the inferred MC or the PC pathway. Each participant completed two randomized sessions that included consumption of either 0.8 g/kg alcohol or a placebo beverage, with each session consisting of contrast discrimination measurements at baseline and at 60 min following beverage consumption. The results showed that, compared to placebo, alcohol significantly reduced MC contrast sensitivity and PC contrast gain but had no effect on PC contrast sensitivity for the majority of the participants; and did not alter MC contrast gain consistently across participants. The decrease in contrast gain in the PC pathway can be interpreted as a degradation of the postretinal signal-to-noise ratio, whereas the decrease of sensitivity in the MC pathway likely results from a change of cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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