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Peterson SM, Watowich MM, Renner LM, Martin S, Offenberg E, Lea A, Montague MJ, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Neuringer M, Ferguson B. Genetic variants in melanogenesis proteins TYRP1 and TYR are associated with the golden rhesus macaque phenotype. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad168. [PMID: 37522525 PMCID: PMC10542561 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are vital translational research models due to their high genetic, physiological, and anatomical homology with humans. The "golden" rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) phenotype is a naturally occurring, inherited trait with a visually distinct pigmentation pattern resulting in light blonde colored fur. Retinal imaging also reveals consistent hypopigmentation and occasional foveal hypoplasia. Here, we describe the use of genome-wide association in 2 distinct NHP populations to identify candidate variants in genes linked to the golden phenotype. Two missense variants were identified in the Tyrosinase-related protein 1 gene (Asp343Gly and Leu415Pro) that segregate with the phenotype. An additional and distinct association was also found with a Tyrosinase variant (His256Gln), indicating the light-colored fur phenotype can result from multiple genetic mechanisms. The implicated genes are related through their contribution to the melanogenesis pathway. Variants in these 2 genes are known to cause pigmentation phenotypes in other species and to be associated with oculocutaneous albinism in humans. The novel associations presented in this study will permit further investigations into the role these proteins and variants play in the melanogenesis pathway and model the effects of genetic hypopigmentation and altered melanogenesis in a naturally occurring nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Peterson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Marina M Watowich
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lauren M Renner
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Samantha Martin
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emma Offenberg
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Amanda Lea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School for Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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2
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The retinal pigmentation pathway in human albinism: Not so black and white. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101091. [PMID: 35729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Combining our data with those of the literature, we propose a single functional genetic retinal signalling pathway that includes all 22 currently known human albinism disease genes. We hypothesise that defects affecting the genesis or function of different intra-cellular organelles, including melanosomes, cause syndromic forms of albinism (Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)). We put forward that specific melanosome impairments cause different forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1-8). Further, we incorporate GPR143 that has been implicated in ocular albinism (OA1), characterised by a phenotype limited to the eye. Finally, we include the SLC38A8-associated disorder FHONDA that causes an even more restricted "albinism-related" ocular phenotype with foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting but without pigmentation defects. We propose the following retinal pigmentation pathway, with increasingly specific genetic and cellular defects causing an increasingly specific ocular phenotype: (HPS1-11/CHS: syndromic forms of albinism)-(OCA1-8: OCA)-(GPR143: OA1)-(SLC38A8: FHONDA). Beyond disease genes involvement, we also evaluate a range of (candidate) regulatory and signalling mechanisms affecting the activity of the pathway in retinal development, retinal pigmentation and albinism. We further suggest that the proposed pigmentation pathway is also involved in other retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration. The hypotheses put forward in this report provide a framework for further systematic studies in albinism and melanin pigmentation disorders.
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3
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Morren MA, Legius E, Giuliano F, Hadj-Rabia S, Hohl D, Bodemer C. Challenges in Treating Genodermatoses: New Therapies at the Horizon. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:746664. [PMID: 35069188 PMCID: PMC8766835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genodermatoses are rare inherited skin diseases that frequently affect other organs. They often have marked effects on wellbeing and may cause early death. Progress in molecular genetics and translational research has unravelled many underlying pathological mechanisms, and in several disorders with high unmet need, has opened the way for the introduction of innovative treatments. One approach is to intervene where cell-signaling pathways are dysregulated, in the case of overactive pathways by the use of selective inhibitors, or when the activity of an essential factor is decreased by augmenting a molecular component to correct disequilibrium in the pathway. Where inflammatory reactions have been induced by a genetically altered protein, another possible approach is to suppress the inflammation directly. Depending on the nature of the genodermatosis, the implicated protein or even on the particular mutation, to correct the consequences or the genetic defect, may require a highly personalised stratagem. Repurposed drugs, can be used to bring about a "read through" strategy especially where the genetic defect induces premature termination codons. Sometimes the defective protein can be replaced by a normal functioning one. Cell therapies with allogeneic normal keratinocytes or fibroblasts may restore the integrity of diseased skin and allogeneic bone marrow or mesenchymal cells may additionally rescue other affected organs. Genetic engineering is expanding rapidly. The insertion of a normal functioning gene into cells of the recipient is since long explored. More recently, genome editing, allows reframing, insertion or deletion of exons or disruption of aberrantly functioning genes. There are now several examples where these stratagems are being explored in the (pre)clinical phase of therapeutic trial programmes. Another stratagem, designed to reduce the severity of a given disease involves the use of RNAi to attenuate expression of a harmful protein by decreasing abundance of the cognate transcript. Most of these strategies are short-lasting and will thus require intermittent life-long administration. In contrast, insertion of healthy copies of the relevant gene or editing the disease locus in the genome to correct harmful mutations in stem cells is more likely to induce a permanent cure. Here we discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks of applying these technologies in patients with these genetic conditions. Given the severity of many genodermatoses, prevention of transmission to future generations remains an important goal including offering reproductive choices, such as preimplantation genetic testing, which can allow selection of an unaffected embryo for transfer to the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Morren
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Departments of Dermatology and Venereology and Pediatrics, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Legius
- Department for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, ERN Genturis and ERN Skin, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Genodermatosis and Rare Diseases of the Skin (MAGEC), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, ERN Skin, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Genodermatosis and Rare Diseases of the Skin (MAGEC), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, ERN Skin, Paris, France
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In vitro disease modeling of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 and 2 using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:173-186. [PMID: 35021041 PMCID: PMC8758966 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) encompasses a set of autosomal recessive genetic conditions that affect pigmentation in the eye, skin, and hair. OCA patients display reduced best-corrected visual acuity, reduced to absent ocular pigmentation, abnormalities in fovea development, and/or abnormal decussation of optic nerve fibers. It has been hypothesized that improving eye pigmentation could prevent or rescue some of the vision defects. The goal of the present study was to develop an in vitro model for studying pigmentation defects in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We developed a “disease in a dish” model for OCA1A and OCA2 types using induced pluripotent stem cells to generate RPE. The RPE is a monolayer of cells that are pigmented, polarized, and polygonal in shape, located between the neural retina and choroid, with an important role in vision. Here we show that RPE tissue derived in vitro from OCA patients recapitulates the pigmentation defects seen in albinism, while retaining the apical-basal polarity and normal polygonal morphology of the constituent RPE cells. We established a human iPSC-based in vitro model for oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) iRPE derived from OCA-iPSC retains apical-basal polarity and polygonal morphology OCA-iRPE recapitulates the pigmentation defect seen in albinism Excess pre-melanosomes and scarce mature melanosomes are found in OCA-iRPE
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Ding Q, Luo L, Yu L, Huang SL, Wang XQ, Zhang B. The critical role of glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation in ermanin-induced melanogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:392-405. [PMID: 34560247 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmented disease featured as diagnosis simplicity and cure difficulty. Its occurrence and development are associated with a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, heredity and immunity, etc. Existing drugs for the treatment of vitiligo are to reduce the death of melanocytes and induce pigment accumulation as the main treatment strategy. Ermanin, a member of the flavonoids, is extracted from bee glue which is wildly used to treat vitiligo in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, this article discusses the relationship between melanogenesis and glutathione redox homeostasis by ermanin via biochemical and free radical approaches in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that ermanin effectively increased the melanin content at the in vivo model (zebrafish). Moreover, the melanin levels at the in vitro models (B16F10 cells and primary melanocytes) were also increased significantly accompanied with a shift of glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation. Ermanin also significantly enhanced the activity of tyrosinase. Meanwhile, ermanin increased the expression levels of TYR, TRP-1, and DCT genes, while ROS accumulation and glutathione depletion mediated the accumulation of pigments caused by ermanin, which increased the production of pigments and regulated the expression mRNA levels of TYR and DCT genes. From the perspective of pigment production regulation pathways, western blot showed that the pigment accumulation caused by ermanin was closely related to the CREB-MITF pathways, it activated CREB, TYR, TRP-1, and DCT proteins. The use of CREB specific inhibitor 666-15 and MITF inhibitor ML329 confirmed that the pigment accumulation caused by ermanin was positively correlated with CREB and MITF proteins. Our findings revealed the potential mechanisms by which ermanin promoted the production of melanin through activated CREB-MITF signaling pathway and glutathione redox homeostasis towards oxidation function as a signal are beneficial to melanin production and will help develop novel therapeutic approaches for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Lan Yu
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Si-Lu Huang
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China; Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, PR China.
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6
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Current and emerging treatments for albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:362-377. [PMID: 33129801 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a group of rare inherited disorders arising from impairment of melanin biosynthesis. The reduction of melanin synthesis leads to hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes. A wide range of ophthalmic manifestations arise from albinism, including reduction of visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, iris translucency, foveal hypoplasia, fundus hypopigmentation, and abnormal decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Currently, albinism is incurable, and treatment aims either surgically or pharmacologically to optimize vision and protect the skin; however, novel therapies that aim to directly address the molecular errors of albinism, such as l-dihydroxyphenylalanine and nitisinone, are being developed and have entered human trials though with limited success. Experimental gene-based strategies for editing the genetic errors in albinism have also met early success in animal models. The emergence of these new therapeutic modalities represents a new era in the management of albinism. We focus on the known genetic subtypes, clinical assessment, and existing and emerging therapeutic options for the nonsyndromic forms of albinism.
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Schidlowski L, Liebert F, Iankilevich PG, Rebellato PRO, Rocha RA, Almeida NAP, Jain A, Wu Y, Itan Y, Rosati R, Prando C. Non-syndromic Oculocutaneous Albinism: Novel Genetic Variants and Clinical Follow Up of a Brazilian Pediatric Cohort. Front Genet 2020; 11:397. [PMID: 32411182 PMCID: PMC7198815 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disorder characterized by skin, hair, and eye hypopigmentation due to a reduction or absence of melanin. Clinical manifestations include vision problems and a high susceptibility to skin cancer. In its non-syndromic form, OCA is associated with six genes and one chromosomal region. Because OCA subtypes are not always clinically distinguishable, molecular analysis has become an important tool for classifying types of OCA, which facilitates genetic counseling and can guide the development of new therapies. We studied eight Brazilian individuals aged 1.5–18 years old with clinical diagnosis of OCA. Assessment of ophthalmologic characteristics showed results consistent with albinism, including reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, and loss of stereoscopic vision. We also observed the appearance of the strabismus and changes in static refraction over a 2-year period. Dermatologic evaluation showed that no participants had preneoplastic skin lesions, despite half of the participants reporting insufficient knowledge about skin care in albinism. Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing revealed eight different mutations: six in the TYR gene and two in the SLC45A2 gene, of which one was novel and two were described in a population study but were not previously associated with the OCA phenotype. We performed two ophthalmological evaluations, 2 years apart; and one dermatological evaluation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to perform clinical follow-up and genetic analysis of a Brazilian cohort with albinism. Here, we report three new OCA causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laire Schidlowski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Liebert
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Aayushee Jain
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yiming Wu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuval Itan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roberto Rosati
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carolina Prando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
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Wu KC, Lv JN, Yang H, Yang FM, Lin R, Lin Q, Shen RJ, Wang JB, Duan WH, Hu M, Zhang J, He ZL, Jin ZB. Nonhuman Primate Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism with TYR and OCA2 Mutations. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:1658678. [PMID: 32259106 PMCID: PMC7086374 DOI: 10.34133/2020/1658678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea. The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which is characterized by a disorder of melanin synthesis. Although people of all ethnic backgrounds can be affected, no efficient treatments for OCA have been developed thus far, due partly to the lack of effective animal models. Rhesus macaques are genetically homologous to humans and, most importantly, exhibit structures of the macula and fovea that are similar to those of humans; thus, rhesus macaques present special advantages in the modeling and study of human macular and foveal diseases. In this study, we identified rhesus macaque models with clinical characteristics consistent with those of OCA patients according to observations of ocular behavior, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography. Genomic sequencing revealed a biallelic p.L312I mutation in TYR and a homozygous p.S788L mutation in OCA2, both of which were further confirmed to affect melanin biosynthesis via in vitro assays. These rhesus macaque models of OCA will be useful animal resources for studying foveal development and for preclinical trials of new therapies for OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chao Wu
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ji-Neng Lv
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Feng-Mei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jun-Bin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wen-Hua Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Laboratory of Retinal Physiology & Disease, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhan-Long He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, And Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
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