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Slotabec L, Seale B, Wang H, Wen C, Filho F, Rouhi N, Adenawoola MI, Li J. Platelets at the intersection of inflammation and coagulation in the APC-mediated response to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23890. [PMID: 39143722 PMCID: PMC11373610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202401128r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Thromboinflammation is a complex pathology associated with inflammation and coagulation. In cases of cardiovascular disease, in particular ischemia-reperfusion injury, thromboinflammation is a common complication. Increased understanding of thromboinflammation depends on an improved concept of the mechanisms of cells and proteins at the axis of coagulation and inflammation. Among these elements are activated protein C and platelets. This review summarizes the complex interactions of activated protein C and platelets regulating thromboinflammation in cardiovascular disease. By unraveling the pathways of platelets and APC in the inflammatory and coagulation cascades, this review summarizes the role of these vital mediators in the development and perpetuation of heart disease and the thromboinflammation-driven complications of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the significance of the counteracting effects of platelets and APC and their combined role in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Slotabec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Blaise Seale
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Changhong Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernanda Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nadiyeh Rouhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael I Adenawoola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Noval Rivas M, Kocatürk B, Franklin BS, Arditi M. Platelets in Kawasaki disease: mediators of vascular inflammation. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:459-472. [PMID: 38886559 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease, a systemic vasculitis that affects young children and can result in coronary artery aneurysms, is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children. A hallmark of Kawasaki disease is increased blood platelet counts and platelet activation, which is associated with an increased risk of developing resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin and coronary artery aneurysms. Platelets and their releasate, including granules, microparticles, microRNAs and transcription factors, can influence innate immunity, enhance inflammation and contribute to vascular remodelling. Growing evidence indicates that platelets also interact with immune and non-immune cells to regulate inflammation. Platelets boost NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production by human immune cells by releasing soluble mediators. Activated platelets form aggregates with leukocytes, such as monocytes and neutrophils, enhancing numerous functions of these cells and promoting thrombosis and inflammation. Leukocyte-platelet aggregates are increased in children with Kawasaki disease during the acute phase of the disease and can be used as biomarkers for disease severity. Here we review the role of platelets in Kawasaki disease and discuss progress in understanding the immune-effector role of platelets in amplifying inflammation related to Kawasaki disease vasculitis and therapeutic strategies targeting platelets or platelet-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Noval Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Guerin Children's, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Begüm Kocatürk
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Guerin Children's, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Atici AE, Noval Rivas M, Arditi M. The Central Role of Interleukin-1 Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease Vasculitis: Path to Translation. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00581-6. [PMID: 39084253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) manifests as an acute febrile condition and systemic vasculitis, the etiology of which remains elusive. Primarily affecting children under 5 years of age, if untreated KD can lead to a significant risk of coronary artery aneurysms and subsequent long-term cardiovascular sequelae, including myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy mitigates the risk of aneurysm formation, but a subset of patients exhibit resistance to this treatment, increasing the susceptibility of coronary artery lesions. Furthermore, the absence of a KD-specific diagnostic test or biomarkers complicates early detection and appropriate treatment. Experimental murine models of KD vasculitis have substantially improved our understanding of the disease pathophysiology, revealing the key roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1 (IL-1) signalling pathway. This review aims to delineate the pathophysiologic findings of KD while summarising the findings for the emerging key role of IL-1β in its pathogenesis, derived from both human data and experimental murine models, and the translational potential of these findings for anti-IL-1 therapies for children with KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ekin Atici
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Dou J, Zhao J, Lv Y, Jia H, Cao Y. Relationship between serum plasminogen activator and D-dimer levels and the severity of Kawasaki disease in children as well as their predictive value for coronary artery lesion. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:3240-3247. [PMID: 39114687 PMCID: PMC11301476 DOI: 10.62347/fnhe1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationships between serum plasminogen activator (PA) and D-dimer levels, the severity of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children, and their ability to predict coronary artery lesions (CAL). METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 102 children diagnosed with KD at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from January 2020 to September 2023. The cohort was divided into two groups: 31 children with CAL in the CAL group and 71 without it in the non-CAL group. The study assessed the incidence of CAL and investigated the correlations between serum PA and D-dimer levels and various inflammatory markers (white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predictive value of these biomarkers for CAL. RESULTS CAL was present in 30.04% of the children. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that serum PA levels were inversely correlated with WBC count (P = 0.0187), platelet count (P = 0.0116), and ESR (P = 0.0041), while D-dimer levels were positively correlated with these markers (P < 0.001). A negative correlation between PA and D-dimer levels was also observed (P < 0.001). The combined use of PA and D-dimer levels to predict CAL achieved an area under the curve of 0.871. CONCLUSION Serum PA levels were negatively associated with the severity of KD, whereas D-dimer levels were positively associated. Together, these markers showed significant predictive value for CAL, highlighting their utility in assessing disease severity and guiding management in children with KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijuan Dou
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityNo. 1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinling Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityNo. 1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwen Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Municipal HospitalNo. 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityNo. 1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yachuan Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityNo. 1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Lombardi Pereira AP, Aubuchon E, Moreira DP, Lane M, Carvalho TT, Mesquita TRR, Lee Y, Crother TR, Porritt RA, Verri WA, Noval Rivas M, Arditi M. Long-term cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of vasculitis induced by Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411979. [PMID: 38989288 PMCID: PMC11234797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute febrile illness and systemic vasculitis, is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in industrialized countries. KD leads to the development of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in affected children, which may persist for months and even years after the acute phase of the disease. There is an unmet need to characterize the immune and pathological mechanisms of the long-term complications of KD. Methods We examined cardiovascular complications in the Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) mouse model of KD-like vasculitis over 4 months. The long-term immune, pathological, and functional changes occurring in cardiovascular lesions were characterized by histological examination, flow cytometric analysis, immunofluorescent staining of cardiovascular tissues, and transthoracic echocardiogram. Results CAA and abdominal aorta dilations were detected up to 16 weeks following LCWE injection and initiation of acute vasculitis. We observed alterations in the composition of circulating immune cell profiles, such as increased monocyte frequencies in the acute phase of the disease and higher counts of neutrophils. We determined a positive correlation between circulating neutrophil and inflammatory monocyte counts and the severity of cardiovascular lesions early after LCWE injection. LCWE-induced KD-like vasculitis was associated with myocarditis and myocardial dysfunction, characterized by diminished ejection fraction and left ventricular remodeling, which worsened over time. We observed extensive fibrosis within the inflamed cardiac tissue early in the disease and myocardial fibrosis in later stages. Conclusion Our findings indicate that increased circulating neutrophil counts in the acute phase are a reliable predictor of cardiovascular inflammation severity in LCWE-injected mice. Furthermore, long-term cardiac complications stemming from inflammatory cell infiltrations in the aortic root and coronary arteries, myocardial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis persist over long periods and are still detected up to 16 weeks after LCWE injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Lombardi Pereira
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily Aubuchon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Debbie P. Moreira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Malcolm Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thacyana T. Carvalho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Youngho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Porritt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Jena PK, Wakita D, Gomez AC, Carvalho TT, Atici AE, Narayanan M, Lee Y, Fishbein MC, Cani PD, de Vos WM, Underhill DM, Devkota S, Chen S, Shimada K, Crother TR, Arditi M, Rivas MN. The intestinal microbiota contributes to the development of immune-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and vasculitis in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596258. [PMID: 38853964 PMCID: PMC11160596 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in the intestinal microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders, but how they affect the development of Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute pediatric vasculitis, remains unclear. We report that depleting the gut microbiota reduces the development of cardiovascular inflammation in a murine model mimicking KD vasculitis. The development of cardiovascular lesions was associated with alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition and, notably, a decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Oral supplementation with either of these live or pasteurized individual bacteria, or with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by them, attenuated cardiovascular inflammation. Treatment with Amuc_1100, the TLR-2 signaling outer membrane protein from A. muciniphila , also decreased the severity of vascular inflammation. This study reveals an underappreciated gut microbiota-cardiovascular inflammation axis in KD vasculitis pathogenesis and identifies specific intestinal commensals that regulate vasculitis in mice by producing metabolites or via extracellular proteins acting on gut barrier function. IN BRIEF It remains unclear whether changes in the intestinal microbiota composition are involved in the development of cardiovascular lesions associated with Kawasaki disease (KD), an immune-mediated vasculitis. Jena et al. observe alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition of mice developing vasculitis, characterized by reduced A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii . Oral supplementation with either of these bacteria, live or pasteurized, or with bacteria-produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or Amuc_1100, the TLR-2 signaling outer membrane protein of A. muciniphila , was sufficient to alleviate the development of cardiovascular lesions in mice by promoting intestinal barrier function. HIGHLIGHTS Absence or depletion of the microbiota decreases the severity of vasculitis in a murine model mimicking KD vasculitis. Supplementation of B. wadsworthia and B. fragilis promotes murine KD vasculitis. Decreased abundances of F. prausnitzii and A. muciniphila are associated with the development of cardiovascular lesions in mice. Supplementation with either live or pasteurized A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii, or the TLR-2 signaling Amuc_1100, reduces the severity of vasculitis by promoting gut barrier function.
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Shih WL, Yeh TM, Chen KD, Leu S, Kuo HC. Positive Echocardiographic Association between Carotid Artery and Coronary Artery Diameter and Z-Score in a Mouse Model of Kawasaki Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:145. [PMID: 38248023 PMCID: PMC10814724 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) occurs in young children, has an unknown etiology, and can cause such life-threatening complications as coronary artery aneurysm. A mouse model using Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) with intraperitoneal injection was established for KD years ago. Histological examination of coronary artery lesions indicated features similar to those of vascular lesions of patients with KD. Since animals must be sacrificed during histological examination, the longitudinal survey of coronary artery lesions (CALs) is difficult. The aim of this study was to survey the vasculitis status of the coronary artery and the carotid artery in a KD mouse model. METHOD LCWE was intraperitoneally injected into 5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to induce CALs. We studied the longitudinal status of the carotid and coronary arteries and analyzed the Z-score of coronary artery diameter. RESULTS Carotid artery wall thickness (day 7) and diameter (day 14) significantly increased in the LCWE group with a dose-dependent effect (p < 0.05). Aortic diameter and wall thickness demonstrated significant increases on day 28 and day 7, respectively (p < 0.05). Carotid artery outer diameter and wall thickness were positively associated with coronary artery diameter on day 28 (p < 0.01). Coronary artery diameter significantly increased in the LCWE group after day 7 (p < 0.05). The percentage of Z > 3.0 indicated was more than 80% in the high-dose LCWE group and 0% in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to use coronary artery Z-score in a mouse model of KD by echocardiography and to find a positive association between carotid artery and coronary artery diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Shih
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu 912301, Taiwan; (W.-L.S.); (T.-M.Y.)
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu 912301, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Yeh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu 912301, Taiwan; (W.-L.S.); (T.-M.Y.)
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu 912301, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Kawasaki Disease Center and Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Steve Leu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Kawasaki Disease Center and Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Nappi F. To Gain Insights into the Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Thrombo-Inflammatory Process in the Atherosclerotic Plaque. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:47. [PMID: 38203218 PMCID: PMC10778759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thromboinflammation, the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation, is a significant pathway that drives cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, as well as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 causes inflammation and blood clotting issues. Innate immune cells have emerged as key modulators of this process. Neutrophils, the most predominant white blood cells in humans, are strategically positioned to promote thromboinflammation. By releasing decondensed chromatin structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils can initiate an organised cell death pathway. These structures are adorned with histones, cytoplasmic and granular proteins, and have cytotoxic, immunogenic, and prothrombotic effects that can hasten disease progression. Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) catalyses the citrullination of histones and is involved in the release of extracellular DNA (NETosis). The neutrophil inflammasome is also required for this process. Understanding the link between the immunological function of neutrophils and the procoagulant and proinflammatory activities of monocytes and platelets is important in understanding thromboinflammation. This text discusses how vascular blockages occur in thromboinflammation due to the interaction between neutrophil extracellular traps and ultra-large VWF (von Willebrand Factor). The activity of PAD4 is important for understanding the processes that drive thromboinflammation by linking the immunological function of neutrophils with the procoagulant and proinflammatory activities of monocytes and platelets. This article reviews how vaso-occlusive events in thrombo-inflammation occur through the interaction of neutrophil extracellular traps with von Willebrand factor. It highlights the relevance of PAD4 in neutrophil inflammasome assembly and neutrophil extracellular traps in thrombo-inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Interaction between platelets, VWF, NETs and inflammasomes is critical for the progression of thromboinflammation in several diseases and was recently shown to be active in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
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Atici AE, Crother TR, Noval Rivas M. Mitochondrial quality control in health and cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1290046. [PMID: 38020895 PMCID: PMC10657886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1290046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the primary causes of mortality worldwide. An optimal mitochondrial function is central to supplying tissues with high energy demand, such as the cardiovascular system. In addition to producing ATP as a power source, mitochondria are also heavily involved in adaptation to environmental stress and fine-tuning tissue functions. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) through fission, fusion, mitophagy, and biogenesis ensures the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria and preserves mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiovascular tissues. Furthermore, mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulate cell survival. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple CVDs, including ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), atherosclerosis, heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, diabetic and genetic cardiomyopathies, and Kawasaki Disease (KD). Thus, MQC is pivotal in promoting cardiovascular health. Here, we outline the mechanisms of MQC and discuss the current literature on mitochondrial adaptation in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli E. Atici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children’s at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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