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O'Donnell L, Hill EC, Anderson ASA, Edgar HJH. Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis are associated with respiratory infections in a contemporary mortality sample from New Mexico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:721-733. [PMID: 32869279 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cribra orbitalia (CO) and porotic hyperostosis (PH) are porous cranial lesions (PCLs) classically associated with iron-deficiency anemia in bioarchaeological contexts. However, recent studies indicate a need to reassess the interpretation of PCLs. This study addresses the potential health correlates of PCLs in a contemporary sample by examining relationships between the known cause of death (COD) and PCL presence/absence. METHODS This study includes a sample of 461 juvenile individuals (6 months to 15 years of age) who underwent examination at the University of New Mexico's Office of the Medical Investigator between 2011 and 2019. The information available for each individual includes their sex, age at death, and their COD and manner of death. RESULTS Odds ratio of having CO (OR = 3.92, p < .01) or PH (OR = 2.86, p = .02) lesions are increased in individuals with respiratory infections. Individuals with heart conditions have increased odds of having CO (OR = 3.52, p = .03) lesions, but not PH. CONCLUSION Individuals with respiratory infection are more likely to have CO and/or PH. CO appears to have a greater range of health correlates than PH does, as indicated by the heart condition results. However, individuals with congenital heart defects are at higher risk for respiratory infections, so bony alterations in cases of heart conditions may be due to respiratory illness. Since respiratory infection remains a leading cause of mortality today, CO and PH in bioarchaeological contexts should be considered as potential indicators of respiratory infections in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi O'Donnell
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Heather J H Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Goodus MT, McTigue DM. Hepatic dysfunction after spinal cord injury: A vicious cycle of central and peripheral pathology? Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113160. [PMID: 31863731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is essential for numerous physiological processes, including filtering blood from the intestines, metabolizing fats, proteins, carbohydrates and drugs, and regulating iron storage and release. The liver is also an important immune organ and plays a critical role in response to infection and injury throughout the body. Liver functions are regulated by autonomic parasympathetic innervation from the brainstem and sympathetic innervation from the thoracic spinal cord. Thus, spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above thoracic levels disrupts major regulatory mechanisms for hepatic functions. Work in rodents and humans shows that SCI induces liver pathology, including hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation characteristic of a serious form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This hepatic pathology is associated with and likely contributes to indices of metabolic dysfunction often noted in SCI individuals, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. These occur at greater rates in the SCI population and can negatively impact health and quality of life. In this review, we will: 1) Discuss acute and chronic changes in human and rodent liver pathology and function after SCI; 2) Describe how these hepatic changes affect systemic inflammation, iron regulation and metabolic dysfunction after SCI; 3) Describe how disruption of the hepatic autonomic nervous system may be a key culprit in post-injury chronic liver pathology; and 4) Preview ongoing and future research that aims to elucidate mechanisms driving liver and metabolic dysfunction after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Dana M McTigue
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Few proteins have come under such intense scrutiny as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). For almost a century, scientists have dissected its form, function and then later its malfunction in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now know SOD1 is a zinc and copper metalloenzyme that clears superoxide as part of our antioxidant defence and respiratory regulation systems. The possibility of reduced structural integrity was suggested by the first crystal structures of human SOD1 even before deleterious mutations in the sod1 gene were linked to the ALS. This concept evolved in the intervening years as an impressive array of biophysical studies examined the characteristics of mutant SOD1 in great detail. We now recognise how ALS-related mutations perturb the SOD1 maturation processes, reduce its ability to fold and reduce its thermal stability and half-life. Mutant SOD1 is therefore predisposed to monomerisation, non-canonical self-interactions, the formation of small misfolded oligomers and ultimately accumulation in the tell-tale insoluble inclusions found within the neurons of ALS patients. We have also seen that several post-translational modifications could push wild-type SOD1 down this toxic pathway. Recently we have come to view ALS as a prion-like disease where both the symptoms, and indeed SOD1 misfolding itself, are transmitted to neighbouring cells. This raises the possibility of intervention after the initial disease presentation. Several small-molecule and biologic-based strategies have been devised which directly target the SOD1 molecule to change the behaviour thought to be responsible for ALS. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the many biophysical advances that sculpted our view of SOD1 biology and the recent work that aims to apply this knowledge for therapeutic outcomes in ALS.
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Mjos KD, Cawthray JF, Polishchuk E, Abrams MJ, Orvig C. Gallium(iii) and iron(iii) complexes of quinolone antimicrobials. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:13146-60. [PMID: 27315225 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for many microbes. According to the "Trojan Horse Hypothesis", biological systems have difficulties distinguishing between Fe(3+) and Ga(3+), which constitutes the antimicrobial efficacy of the gallium(iii) ion. Nine novel tris(quinolono)gallium(iii) complexes and their corresponding iron(iii) analogs have been synthesized and fully characterized. Quinolone antimicrobial agents from three drug generations were used in this study: ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, and pipemidic acid. The antimicrobial efficacy of the tris(quinolono)gallium(iii) complexes was studied against E. faecalis and S. aureus (both Gram-positive), as well as E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa (all Gram-negative) in direct comparison to the tris(quinolono)iron(iii) complexes and the corresponding free quinolone ligands at various concentrations. For the tris(quinolono)gallium(iii) complexes, no combinational antimicrobial effects between Ga(3+) and the quinolone antimicrobial agents were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dralle Mjos
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline F Cawthray
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Elena Polishchuk
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Michael J Abrams
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Abstract
Iron is required for many biological processes but is also toxic in excess; thus, body iron balance is maintained through sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. The lack of a regulated iron excretory mechanism means that body iron balance is controlled at the level of absorption from the diet. Iron absorption is regulated by the hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin also controls iron release from cells that recycle or store iron, thus regulating plasma iron concentrations. Hepcidin exerts its effects through its receptor, the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. Important regulators of hepcidin, and therefore of systemic iron homeostasis, include plasma iron concentrations, body iron stores, infection and inflammation, and erythropoiesis. Disturbances in the regulation of hepcidin contribute to the pathogenesis of many iron disorders: hepcidin deficiency causes iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and nontransfused β-thalassemia, whereas overproduction of hepcidin is associated with iron-restricted anemias seen in patients with chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, some cancers, and inherited iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the control of hepcidin synthesis in the liver, a principal determinant of plasma hepcidin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangkhae
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Sun CC, Vaja V, Babitt JL, Lin HY. Targeting the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to develop new treatment strategies for anemia of chronic disease and anemia of inflammation. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:392-400. [PMID: 22290531 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) or anemia of inflammation is prevalent in patients with chronic infection, autoimmune disease, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. ACD is associated with poor prognosis and lower quality of life. Management of ACD using intravenous iron and erythropoiesis stimulating agents are ineffective for some patients and are not without adverse effects, driving the need for new alternative therapies. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of iron regulation reveal that increased hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone, is a key factor in the development of ACD. In this review, we will summarize the role of hepcidin in iron homeostasis, its contribution to the pathophysiology of ACD, and novel strategies that modulate hepcidin and its target ferroportin for the treatment of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chi Sun
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hepcidin: a novel peptide hormone regulating iron metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:823-30. [PMID: 21333642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a low-molecular weight hepatic peptide regulating iron homeostasis. Hepcidin inhibits the cellular efflux of iron by binding to, and inducing the internalization and degradation of, ferroportin, the exclusive iron exporter in iron-transporting cells. It has been recently recognized as a main hormone behind anemia of chronic disease. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/) and the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). The data was also assessed from journals and books that published relevant articles in this field. RESULT Hepcidin regulates iron uptake constantly on a daily basis, to maintain sufficient iron stores for erythropoiesis. Hepcidin, by its iron regulatory action on iron metabolism may be expected to have an important role in immune regulation, inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Hepcidin is the underlying cause of anemia in these clinical settings. CONCLUSION Hepcidin analysis may prove to be a novel tool for differential diagnosis and monitoring of disorders of iron metabolism, and establishment of therapeutic measures in various disease conditions like hereditary hemochromatosis, anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers.
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VIKBLADH I. Studies on Zinc in Blood. I. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 2:143-8. [PMID: 15424636 DOI: 10.3109/00365515009051850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Iron delocalisation in the pathogenesis of malarial anaemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 104:175-84. [PMID: 19783267 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is consensus that the pathophysiology of malaria-associated anaemia is multifactorial, but the precise mechanisms behind many of the haematological changes during malaria remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to build a composite picture of the pathophysiology of malarial anaemia using evidence from experimental, human and animal studies. We propose that cytokine- and hepcidin-mediated iron delocalisation, a principal mechanism in the anaemia of inflammation, plays an important role in the aetiology of malarial anaemia, and can explain some of the clinical and laboratory findings. These mechanisms interact with other aetiological determinants, such as dietary iron and micronutrient supply, helminth load, other infections and genetic variation, in determining the severity and associated features of anaemia. We suggest that iron delocalisation as a mechanism for malarial anaemia could be exploited for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for post-malaria anaemia.
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Wander K, Shell-Duncan B, McDade TW. Evaluation of iron deficiency as a nutritional adaptation to infectious disease: an evolutionary medicine perspective. Am J Hum Biol 2009; 21:172-9. [PMID: 18949769 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary perspective suggests that iron deficiency may have opposing effects on infectious disease risk, decreasing susceptibility by restricting iron availability to pathogens, and increasing susceptibility by compromising cellular immunocompetence. In some environments, the trade-off between these effects may result in optimal iron intake that is inadequate to fully meet body iron needs. Thus, it has been suggested that moderate iron deficiency may protect against acute infection, and may represent a nutritional adaptation to endemic infectious disease stress. To test this assertion, we examined the association between infection, reflected by C-reactive protein, a biomarker of inflammation, and iron status, reflected by transferrin receptor (TfR) and zinc protoporphyrin to heme ratio (ZPP:H), among school-age Kenyan children, and evaluated the hypothesis that moderate iron deficiency is associated with lower odds of infectious disease. TfR > 5.0 mg/l, with sensitivity and specificity for iron deficiency (ZPP:H > 80 micromol/mol) of 0.807 and 0.815, was selected as the TfR definition of iron deficiency. Controlling for age and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), the odds ratio (OR) for acute viral or bacterial infection associated with iron deficiency (compared to normal/replete) was 0.50 (P = 0.11). Controlling for age and TSF, the OR for infection associated with an unequivocally iron replete state (compared to all others) was 2.9 (P = 0.01). We conclude that iron deficiency may protect against acute infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Laftah A, Sharma N, Brookes M, McKie A, Simpson R, Iqbal T, Tselepis C. Tumour necrosis factor alpha causes hypoferraemia and reduced intestinal iron absorption in mice. Biochem J 2006; 397:61-7. [PMID: 16566752 PMCID: PMC1479761 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are implicated in the anaemia of chronic disease by reducing erythropoiesis and increasing iron sequestration in the reticuloendotheial system. However, the effect of cytokines, in particular TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha), on small bowel iron uptake and iron-transporter expression remains unclear. In the present study, we subjected CD1 male mice to intraperitoneal injection with TNFalpha (10 ng/mouse) and then examined the expression and localization of DMT1 (divalent metal transporter 1), IREG1 (iron-regulated protein 1) and ferritin in duodenum. Liver and spleen samples were used to determine hepcidin mRNA expression. Changes in serum iron and iron loading of duodenum, spleen and liver were also determined. We found a significant (P<0.05) fall in serum iron 3 h post-TNFalpha exposure. This was coincident with increased iron deposition in the spleen. After 24 h of exposure, there was a significant decrease in duodenal iron transfer (P<0.05) coincident with increased enterocyte ferritin expression (P<0.05) and re-localization of IREG1 from the basolateral enterocyte membrane. Hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels remained unchanged, whereas splenic hepcidin mRNA expression was reduced at 24 h. In conclusion, we provide evidence that TNFalpha may contribute to anaemia of chronic disease by iron sequestration in the spleen and by reduced duodenal iron transfer, which seems to be due to increased enterocyte iron binding by ferritin and a loss of IREG1 function. These observations were independent of hepcidin mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abas H. Laftah
- *Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Naveen Sharma
- *Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Brookes
- *Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Andrew T. McKie
- †Nutrition Research Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Robert J. Simpson
- †Nutrition Research Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Tariq H. Iqbal
- ‡Gastroenterology Unit, Walsgrave Hospital, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K
| | - Chris Tselepis
- *Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Fowweather
- The Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Leeds
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Tompsett
- The Biochemical Laboratory of the Institute of Pathology of the Royal Infirmary and University of Glasgow
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Jackson H, Klein L, Wilkinson JF. The iron and copper contents and the haemopoietic activities of stomach and liver preparations. Biochem J 2006; 29:330-7. [PMID: 16745674 PMCID: PMC1266492 DOI: 10.1042/bj0290330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Jackson
- The Department of Clinical Investigations and Research, University and Royal Infirmary, Manchester
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Fay J, Cartwright GE, Wintrobe MM. STUDIES ON FREE ERYTHROCYTE PROTOPORPHYRIN, SERUM IRON, SERUM IRON-BINDING CAPACITY AND PLASMA COPPER DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY. J Clin Invest 2006; 28:487-91. [PMID: 16695702 PMCID: PMC439626 DOI: 10.1172/jci102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Fay
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Moore CV, Arrowsmith WR, Quilligan JJ, Read JT. STUDIES IN IRON TRANSPORTATION AND METABOLISM. I. CHEMICAL METHODS AND NORMAL VALUES FOR PLASMA IRON AND "EASILY SPLIT-OFF" BLOOD IRON. J Clin Invest 2006; 16:613-26. [PMID: 16694509 PMCID: PMC424901 DOI: 10.1172/jci100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C V Moore
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Moore CV, Doan CA, Arrowsmith WR. STUDIES IN IRON TRANSPORTATION AND METABOLISM. II. THE MECHANISM OF IRON TRANSPORTATION: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN IRON UTILIZATION IN ANEMIC STATES OF VARIED ETIOLOGY. J Clin Invest 2006; 16:627-48. [PMID: 16694510 PMCID: PMC424902 DOI: 10.1172/jci100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C V Moore
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Klumpp
- Department of Internal Medicine of Yale University School of Medicine and the Medical Service of the New Haven Hospital, New Haven
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Moore CV, Minnich V, Welch J. STUDIES IN IRON TRANSPORTATION AND METABOLISM. III. THE NORMAL FLUCTUATIONS OF SERUM AND "EASILY SPLIT-OFF" BLOOD IRON IN INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS. J Clin Invest 2006; 18:543-52. [PMID: 16694686 PMCID: PMC434900 DOI: 10.1172/jci101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C V Moore
- Department of Medicine and the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbus
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Abstract
The anemia of inflammation, commonly observed in patients with chronic infections, malignancy, trauma, and inflammatory disorders, is a well-known clinical entity. Until recently, we understood little about its pathogenesis. It now appears that the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induces production of hepcidin, an iron-regulatory hormone that may be responsible for most or all of the features of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Andrews
- Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5737, USA.
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Commentary on and reprint of McCance RA, Widdowson EM, Absorption and excretion of iron, in Lancet (1937) 2:680–684. Hematology 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012448510-5.50125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Anemia in cancer patients has many etiologies. Iron therapy clearly is indicated in patients whose anemias are associated with iron deficiency. However, a frequent cause of anemia in cancer is the "anemia of chronic disorders," in which, although functional iron may be low, tissue iron remains normal or high. Administration of iron with erythropoietin to such patients requires careful and frequent evaluation of hematologic and iron values. Inadvertent iron loading can contribute to deterioration of a variety of organ systems, as well as to increased proliferation of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Weinberg
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
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Abstract
Research and clinical observations during the past six decades have shown that: 1. Iron promotes cancer cell growth; 2. Hosts attempt to withhold or withdraw iron from cancer cells; and 3. Iron is a factor in prevention and in therapy of neoplastic disease. Although normal and neoplastic cells have similar qualitative requirements for iron, the neoplastic cells have more flexibility in acquisition of the metal. Excessive iron levels in animals and humans are associated with enhanced neoplastic cell growth. In invaded hosts, cytokine-activated macrophages increase intracellular ferritin retention of the metal, scavenge iron in areas of tumor growth, and secrete reactive nitrogen intermediates to effect efflux of nonheme iron from tumor cells. Procedures associated with lowering host intake of excess iron can assist in prevention and in management of neoplastic disease. Chemical methods for prevention of iron assimilation by neoplastic cells are being developed in experimental and clinical protocols. The antineoplastic activity of a considerable variety of chemicals, as well as of radiation, is modulated by iron. The present article focuses on recent findings and suggests directions for further cancer-iron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Weinberg
- Department of Biology and Program in Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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LeBlondel G, Allain P. Effects of thyroparathyroidectomy and of thyroxin and calcitonin on the tissue distribution of twelve elements in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 1989; 19:171-83. [PMID: 2484385 DOI: 10.1007/bf02924294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTY) and of replacement therapy using thyroxin (T4) and calcitonin (CT) on the tissue distribution of elements were studied in the rat under semichronic conditions. The elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, P, Rb, Sr, Mn, Cu, and Zn were determined in whole blood, plasma, brain, liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, and bone. TPTY modified concentrations of all elements tested but only small changes were observed for K, Mg, S, and P. The mineral bone composition was slightly modified, 28 d after TPTY, whereas plasma was the most altered. The consequences of TPTY were corrected fairly well by T4 for Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, and S, and by CT for K, P, Rb but with less efficiency for Ca. This study revealed that hormones of the thyroid gland, mainly T4, play an important role in the plasma and tissue balance of elements. It is suggested that T4 participates in tissue fixation of Cu, Zn, and Fe and that CT influences phosphoremia and cellular Ca binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G LeBlondel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, C.H.U., Angers, France
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Weippl G, Pantlitschko M, Bauer P, Lund S. Normal values and distribution of single values of serum iron in cord blood. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 44:147-9. [PMID: 4707635 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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ACUTE STRESS AND TRACE ELEMENT METABOLISM. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-366851-6.50008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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WOHLER F, ARDEN S. �ber den Kupfergehalt menschlicher Organe bei verschiedenen Krankheitszust�nden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 41:509-17. [PMID: 14001469 DOI: 10.1007/bf01490020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lipkin G, Herrmann F, Mandol L. Studies on Serum Copper**From the Department of Dermatology of the New York University Schools of Medicine and the Skin and Cancer Unit of University Hospital, New York, New York. J Invest Dermatol 1962. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1962.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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STEGMANN H, FOEHLISCH F, CLOTTEN R. Der Serumkupferspiegel bei Frauen mit Genitalcarcinom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 40:1120-3. [PMID: 13983637 DOI: 10.1007/bf01484156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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PISKAZECK K, BILEK K, ROTHE K. Zum Verhalten des Serumkupfers bei weiblichen Genitalcarcinomen in Abh�ngigkeit von der Lokalisation und der Therapieform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 196:447-56. [PMID: 14486950 DOI: 10.1007/bf00673997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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WOEHLER F, BRUNSCHEDE H. Entgiftung von endogenen und exogenen Reizstoffen durch zweiwertige Eisenionen. J Mol Med (Berl) 1961; 39:1206-16. [PMID: 14007823 DOI: 10.1007/bf01506144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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PLUM CM, HANSEN SE. Studies on variations in serum copper and serum copper oxidase activity, together with studies on the copper content of the cerebrospinal fluid, with particular reference to the variations in multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1960; 35:41-78. [PMID: 13736400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1960.tb08680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MARTIN GM, BENDITT EP, ERIKSEN N. Enzymic oxidation of the indole nucleus of 5-hydroxytryptamine: Properties of an enzyme in human serum and of the products of oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1960; 90:208-17. [PMID: 13767343 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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KOVACS E, PASTINSZKY S, VANKOS J. [On iron-loading experiments in various dermatoses]. ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE 1960; 212:69-77. [PMID: 13753590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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�ber Eisenbelastungsversuche bei verschiedenen Dermatosen. Arch Dermatol Res 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00482586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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GUBLER CJ, BROWN H, MARKOWITZ H, CARTWRIGHT GE, WINTROBE MM. Studies on copper metabolism. XXIII. Portal (Laennec's) cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Invest 1957; 36:1208-16. [PMID: 13463083 PMCID: PMC1072712 DOI: 10.1172/jci103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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SCHAMROTH L, EDELSTEIN W, POLITZER WM, STEVENS N. Serum iron in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1956; 1:960-3. [PMID: 13304393 PMCID: PMC1979822 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4973.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ruždić I, Blažević K. Die spektrometrische Bestimmung des Kupfers im Serum. Mikrochim Acta 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01216613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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LAHEY ME, GUBLER CJ, CARTWRIGHT GE, WINTROBE MM. Studies on copper metabolism. VI. Blood copper in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest 1953; 32:322-8. [PMID: 13052690 PMCID: PMC438345 DOI: 10.1172/jci102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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LAHEY ME, GUBLER CJ, CARTWRIGHT GE, WINTROBE MM. Studies on copper metabolism. VII. Blood copper in pregnancy and various pathologic states. J Clin Invest 1953; 32:329-39. [PMID: 13052691 PMCID: PMC438346 DOI: 10.1172/jci102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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