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Xi S, Jiang S, Li H, Huang Q, Lu J, Zhang X, Li Z, Zeng J. Adult epithelioid glioblastoma exhibits an extremely poor prognosis and high frequency of SWI/SNF complex mutation: Insights from a retrospective study. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:172-183. [PMID: 38411299 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Epithelioid glioblastoma (eGBM) is a rare subtype of GBM. Given the update of the definition of GBM, the understanding of the molecular characteristics and prognosis of "true" adult eGBM remains limited. Herein, we retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data of 39 adult eGBM cases. Adult eGBM primarily affected females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.3. The average age of diagnosis was 53 years, and the tumor affected the temporal lobe in 41% of cases (16/39, 41%). Microscopically, the tumors consisted mainly or entirely of epithelioid cells. Perivascular infiltration (10/39, 25.6%) and leptomeningeal dissemination (7/39, 17.9%) were not uncommon. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 40.9% of cases (n = 9/22). Next-generation sequencing revealed that CDKN2A/B homogeneous deletion was the most frequently mutated gene (8/10, 80%), followed by TERT promoter mutation (7/10, 70%), Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 or 6 (CDK4/6) amplification (5/10, 50%) and BRAF V600E mutation (50%, 5/10). Notably, the incidence of ARID1B mutation in eGBM was 50% (5/10), representing the first report of such a mutation in this subtype of GBM. ARID1B was known to be a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler. Chromosome analysis showed a 7+/10- signature in 90% (9/10) cases. Adult eGBM carried a dismal prognosis compared to GBM with IDH and H3 wild-type (typical GBM) (OS: 13.89 vs 24.30 months; P = .003) and even typical GBM without MGMT promoter methylation (OS: 13.89 vs 22.08 months; P = .036). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that adult eGBM harbors a high frequency of the 7+/10- signature and alterations in the MAPK pathway, SWI/SNF complex and cyclin-related genes and portends an extremely poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hainan Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qitao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co, Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Lou Y, Yang L, Xu S, Tan L, Bai Y, Wang L, Sun T, Zhou L, Feng L, Lian S, Wu A, Li Z. Exploring prognostic values of DNA ploidy, stroma-tumor fraction and nucleotyping in stage II colon cancer patients. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:227. [PMID: 38874696 PMCID: PMC11178745 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prognostic value of three novel biomarkers, DNA ploidy, stroma-tumor fraction, and nucleotyping, seeking for more accurate stratification in stage II colon cancer. METHODS A total of 417 patients with complete follow up information were enrolled in this study and divided into three clinical risk groups. IHC was performed to examine MSI status. DNA ploidy, stroma and nucleotyping were estimated using automated digital imaging system. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazards regression models, and correlation analyses were carried out to process our data. RESULTS In the whole cohort of stage II colon cancer, nucleotyping and DNA ploidy were significant prognostic factors on OS in univariate analyses. The combination of nucleotyping and DNA ploidy signified superior OS and DFS. Difference was not significant between low-stroma and high-stroma patients. In multivariable analyses, nucleotyping and the combination of nucleotyping and DNA ploidy were proven the dominant contributory factors for OS. In the low-risk group, we found the combination of nucleotyping and DNA ploidy as the independent prognostic factor statistically significant in both univariate and multivariable, while in the high-risk group, the nucleotyping. CONCLUSIONS Our study has proven nucleotyping and the combination of DNA ploidy and nucleotyping as independent prognostic indicators, thus expanding the application of nucleotyping as a predictor from high risk stage II colon cancer to whole risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lujing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Luxin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Colorectal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Colorectal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Li Feng
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolian Campus, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shenyi Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Aiwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Colorectal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolian Campus, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolian Campus, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Carceles-Cordon M, Orme JJ, Domingo-Domenech J, Rodriguez-Bravo V. The yin and yang of chromosomal instability in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:357-372. [PMID: 38307951 PMCID: PMC11156566 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer remains an incurable lethal disease. Studies indicate that prostate cancer accumulates genomic changes during disease progression and displays the highest levels of chromosomal instability (CIN) across all types of metastatic tumours. CIN, which refers to ongoing chromosomal DNA gain or loss during mitosis, and derived aneuploidy, are known to be associated with increased tumour heterogeneity, metastasis and therapy resistance in many tumour types. Paradoxically, high CIN levels are also proposed to be detrimental to tumour cell survival, suggesting that cancer cells must develop adaptive mechanisms to ensure their survival. In the context of prostate cancer, studies indicate that CIN has a key role in disease progression and might also offer a therapeutic vulnerability that can be pharmacologically targeted. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation of the causes and consequences of CIN in prostate cancer, its contribution to aggressive advanced disease and a better understanding of the acquired CIN tolerance mechanisms can translate into new tumour classifications, biomarker development and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob J Orme
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Puray-Chavez M, LaPak KM, Jasuja R, Pan J, Xu J, Eschbach JE, Mohammed S, Lawson DQ, Wang Q, Brody SL, Major MB, Goldfarb D, Kutluay SB. A basally active cGAS-STING pathway limits SARS-CoV-2 replication in a subset of ACE2 positive airway cell models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574522. [PMID: 38260460 PMCID: PMC10802478 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Host factors that define the cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the cognate ACE2 receptor are poorly defined. From a screen of human airway derived cell lines that express varying levels of ACE2/TMPRSS2, we found a subset that express comparably high endogenous levels of ACE2 but surprisingly did not support SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here we report that this resistance is mediated by a basally active cGAS-STING pathway culminating in interferon (IFN)-mediated restriction of SARS-CoV-2 replication at a post-entry step. Pharmacological inhibition of JAK1/2, depletion of the IFN-α receptor and cGAS-STING pathway effectors substantially increased SARS-CoV-2 replication in these cell models. While depletion of cGAS or STING was sufficient to reduce the preexisting levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), SARS-CoV-2 infection in STING knockout cells independently induced ISG expression. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2-induced ISG expression in STING knockout cell as well as in primary human airway cultures was limited to uninfected bystander cells, demonstrating efficient antagonism of the type I/III IFN-pathway, but not viral sensing or IFN production, in productively infected cells. Of note, SARS-CoV-2-infected primary human airway cells also displayed markedly lower levels of STING expression, raising the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can target STING expression or preferentially infect cells that express low levels of STING. Finally, ectopic ACE2 overexpression overcame the IFN-mediated blocks, suggesting the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to overcome these possibly saturable blocks to infection. Our study highlights that in addition to viral receptors, basal activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and innate immune defenses may contribute to defining SARS-CoV-2 cellular tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyle M LaPak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ria Jasuja
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jiehong Pan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenna E Eschbach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shawn Mohammed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dana Q Lawson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qibo Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael B Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science & Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sebla B Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Baba SA, Labhsetwar S, Klemke R, Desgrosellier JS. A dataset of chromosomal instability gene signature scores in normal and cancer cells from the human breast. Data Brief 2023; 51:109647. [PMID: 37840990 PMCID: PMC10568552 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
These data show the relative amount of chromosomal instability (CIN) in a diverse array of human breast cell types, including non-transformed mammary epithelial cells as well as cancer cell lines. Additional data is also provided from human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. To produce this dataset, we compared a published chromosomal instability gene signature against publicly available datasets containing gene expression information for each cell. We then analyzed these data with the Python GSEAPY software package to provide a CIN enrichment score. These data are useful for comparing the relative amounts of CIN in different breast cell types. This includes cells representing the major clinical (ER/PR+, HER2+ & Triple-negative) as well as intrinsic breast cancer subtypes (Luminal B, HER2+, Basal-like and Claudin-low). Our dataset has a great potential for re-use given the recent surge in interest surrounding the role of CIN in breast cancer. The large size of the dataset, coupled with the diversity of the cell types represented, provides numerous possibilities for future comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz A. Baba
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shreyas Labhsetwar
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard Klemke
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jay S. Desgrosellier
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Taluri S, Oza VH, Soelter TM, Fisher JL, Lasseigne BN. Inferring chromosomal instability from copy number aberrations as a measure of chromosomal instability across human cancers. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1902. [PMID: 37680168 PMCID: PMC10728508 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a complex disease that is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Despite research efforts, the ability to manage cancer and select optimal therapeutic responses for each patient remains elusive. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is primarily a product of segregation errors wherein one or many chromosomes, in part or whole, vary in number. CIN is an enabling characteristic of cancer, contributes to tumor-cell heterogeneity, and plays a crucial role in the multistep tumorigenesis process, especially in tumor growth and initiation and in response to treatment. AIMS Multiple studies have reported different metrics for analyzing copy number aberrations as surrogates of CIN from DNA copy number variation data. However, these metrics differ in how they are calculated with respect to the type of variation, the magnitude of change, and the inclusion of breakpoints. Here we compared metrics capturing CIN as either numerical aberrations, structural aberrations, or a combination of the two across 33 cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). METHODS AND RESULTS Using CIN inferred by methods in the CINmetrics R package, we evaluated how six copy number CIN surrogates compared across TCGA cohorts by assessing each across tumor types, as well as how they associate with tumor stage, metastasis, and nodal involvement, and with respect to patient sex. CONCLUSIONS We found that the tumor type impacts how well any two given CIN metrics correlate. While we also identified overlap between metrics regarding their association with clinical characteristics and patient sex, there was not complete agreement between metrics. We identified several cases where only one CIN metric was significantly associated with a clinical characteristic or patient sex for a given tumor type. Therefore, caution should be used when describing CIN based on a given metric or comparing it to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Taluri
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Vishal H. Oza
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Tabea M. Soelter
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Brittany N. Lasseigne
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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7
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Albert O, Sun S, Huttner A, Zhang Z, Suh Y, Campisi J, Vijg J, Montagna C. Chromosome instability and aneuploidy in the mammalian brain. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:32. [PMID: 37910282 PMCID: PMC10833588 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates the role of aneuploidy and chromosome instability (CIN) in the aging brain. Aneuploidy refers to an abnormal chromosomal count, deviating from the normal diploid set. It can manifest as either a deficiency or excess of chromosomes. CIN encompasses a broader range of chromosomal alterations, including aneuploidy as well as structural modifications in DNA. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methodologies utilized for studying aneuploidy and CIN in non-tumor somatic tissues devoid of clonally expanded populations of aneuploid cells.CIN and aneuploidy, well-established hallmarks of cancer cells, are also associated with the aging process. In non-transformed cells, aneuploidy can contribute to functional impairment and developmental disorders. Despite the importance of understanding the prevalence and specific consequences of aneuploidy and CIN in the aging brain, these aspects remain incompletely understood, emphasizing the need for further scientific investigations.This comprehensive review consolidates the present understanding, addresses discrepancies in the literature, and provides valuable insights for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Albert
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shixiang Sun
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Yale Brain Tumor Center, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Ognibene M, De Marco P, Amoroso L, Fragola M, Zara F, Parodi S, Pezzolo A. Neuroblastoma Patients' Outcome and Chromosomal Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15514. [PMID: 37958497 PMCID: PMC10648898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) induces a high rate of losses or gains of whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. It is a hallmark of most human cancers and one of the causes of aneuploidy and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential prognostic role of CIN in NB patients at diagnosis. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization analyses on 451 primary NB patients at the onset of the disease. To assess global chromosomal instability with high precision, we focused on the total number of DNA breakpoints of gains or losses of chromosome arms. For each tumor, an array-CGH-based breakpoint instability index (BPI) was assigned which defined the total number of chromosomal breakpoints per genome. This approach allowed us to quantify CIN related to whole genome disruption in all NB cases analyzed. We found differences in chromosomal breakages among the NB clinical risk groups. High BPI values are negatively associated with survival of NB patients. This association remains significant when correcting for stage, age, and MYCN status in the Cox model. Stratified analysis confirms the prognostic effect of BPI index in low-risk NB patients with non-amplified MYCN and with segmental chromosome aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Ognibene
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (P.D.M.); (F.Z.)
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (P.D.M.); (F.Z.)
| | - Loredana Amoroso
- U.O.C. Oncologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Martina Fragola
- Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Federico Zara
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (P.D.M.); (F.Z.)
| | - Stefano Parodi
- Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.F.); (S.P.)
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Tülüce Y, Keleş AY, Köstekci S. Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37700682 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Yasin Keleş
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Health Sciences, Van, Türkiye
| | - Sedat Köstekci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Van, Türkiye
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10
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Baba SA, Sun Q, Mugisha S, Labhsetwar S, Klemke R, Desgrosellier JS. Breast cancer stem cells tolerate chromosomal instability during tumor progression via c-Jun/AXL stress signaling. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20182. [PMID: 37809421 PMCID: PMC10559946 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is critical for tumor evolution, yet its relationship with stemness is unclear. Here, we describe CIN as a key stress induced during tumor initiation that is uniquely tolerated by breast cancer stem cells in an activated signaling state (aCSCs). While we noted elevated CIN specifically in tumors from aCSCs, this was not intrinsic to these cells, as baseline levels were similar to non-stem cell types. This suggests that CIN is induced during tumor initiation, and that aCSCs can better tolerate this stress. Further, this increased CIN may be transient, as it was only in low-burden aCSC tumors, with levels diminishing in more established disease. Phospho-array profiling revealed specific activation of c-Jun stress signaling in aCSCs, which we hypothesized could induce genes responsible for CIN tolerance. Indeed, we identified AXL as a c-Jun dependent gene enriched in aCSCs that enhances resistance to this stress. Thus, CIN tolerance mediated by c-Jun/AXL signaling may be a defining feature of stemness, contributing to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz A. Baba
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samson Mugisha
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shreyas Labhsetwar
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard Klemke
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jay S. Desgrosellier
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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11
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Taluri S, Oza VH, Soelter TM, Fisher JL, Lasseigne BN. Inferring chromosomal instability from copy number aberrations as a measure of chromosomal instability across human cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.24.542174. [PMID: 37292608 PMCID: PMC10245901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer is a complex disease that is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Despite research efforts, the ability to manage cancer and select optimal therapeutic responses for each patient remains elusive. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is primarily a product of segregation errors wherein one or many chromosomes, in part or whole, vary in number. CIN is an enabling characteristic of cancer, contributes to tumor-cell heterogeneity, and plays a crucial role in the multistep tumorigenesis process, especially in tumor growth and initiation and in response to treatment. Aims Multiple studies have reported different metrics for analyzing copy number aberrations as surrogates of CIN from DNA copy number variation data. However, these metrics differ in how they are calculated with respect to the type of variation, the magnitude of change, and the inclusion of breakpoints. Here we compared metrics capturing CIN as either numerical aberrations, structural aberrations, or a combination of the two across 33 cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods and results Using CIN inferred by methods in the CINmetrics R package, we evaluated how six copy number CIN surrogates compared across TCGA cohorts by assessing each across tumor types, as well as how they associate with tumor stage, metastasis, and nodal involvement, and with respect to patient sex. Conclusions We found that the tumor type impacts how well any two given CIN metrics correlate. While we also identified overlap between metrics regarding their association with clinical characteristics and patient sex, there was not complete agreement between metrics. We identified several cases where only one CIN metric was significantly associated with a clinical characteristic or patient sex for a given tumor type. Therefore, caution should be used when describing CIN based on a given metric or comparing it to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Taluri
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vishal H. Oza
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tabea M. Soelter
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Brittany N. Lasseigne
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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12
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van den Brink A, Suárez Peredo Rodríguez MF, Foijer F. Chromosomal instability and inflammation: a catch-22 for cancer cells. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:19. [PMID: 37561163 PMCID: PMC10415485 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), an increased rate of chromosomal segregation abnormalities, drives intratumor heterogeneity and affects most human cancers. In addition to chromosome copy number alterations, CIN results in chromosome(s) (fragments) being mislocalized into the cytoplasm in the form of micronuclei. Micronuclei can be detected by cGAS, a double-strand nucleic acid sensor, which will lead to the production of the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, activation of an inflammatory response, and downstream immune cell activation. However, the molecular network underlying the CIN-induced inflammatory response is still poorly understood. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that cancers that display CIN circumvent this CIN-induced inflammatory response, and thus immune surveillance. The STAT1, STAT3, and NF-κB signaling cascades appear to play an important role in the CIN-induced inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss how these pathways are involved in signaling CIN in cells and how they are intertwined. A better understanding of how CIN is being signaled in cells and how cancer cells circumvent this is of the utmost importance for better and more selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van den Brink
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria F Suárez Peredo Rodríguez
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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de Alencar MVOB, Islam MT, da Mata AMOF, Dos Reis AC, de Lima RMT, de Oliveira Ferreira JR, de Castro E Sousa JM, Ferreira PMP, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA, Rauf A, Hemeg HA, Alsharif KF, Khan H. Anticancer effects of phytol against Sarcoma (S-180) and Human Leukemic (HL-60) cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:80996-81007. [PMID: 37308630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytol (Pyt), a diterpenoid, possesses many important bioactivities. This study evaluates the anticancer effects of Pyt on sarcoma 180 (S-180) and human leukemia (HL-60) cell lines. For this purpose, cells were treated with Pyt (4.72, 7.08, or 14.16 μM) and a cell viability assay was performed. Additionally, the alkaline comet assay and micronucleus test with cytokinesis were also performed using doxorubicin (6 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (10 mM) as positive controls and stressors, respectively. Results revealed that Pyt significantly reduced the viability and rate of division in S-180 and HL-60 cells with IC50 values of 18.98 ± 3.79 and 1.17 ± 0.34 μM, respectively. Pyt at 14.16 μM exerted aneugenic and/or clastogenic effects in S-180 and HL-60 cells, where the number of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities (e.g., nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds) were frequently observed. Moreover, Pyt at all concentrations induced apoptosis and showed necrosis at 14.16 μM, suggesting its anticancer effects on the tested cancer cell lines. Taken together, Pyt showed promising anticancer effects, possibly through inducing apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms, and it exerted aneugenic and/or clastogenic effects on the S-180 and HL-60 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences Research and Innovation Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, INTA University Center, Sobral, 62.011-230, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Ferreira da Mata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Antonielly Campinho Dos Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Rosália Maria Torres de Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | | | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23430, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara, 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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14
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Wah NW, Mok Y, Omar N, Chang KTE, Tay TKY, Hue SSS, Lee VKM. Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor Compared With Those of Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100127. [PMID: 36965331 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV-SMTs) are rare smooth muscle neoplasms exclusively associated with immunosuppression, such as in patients with HIV/AIDS, posttransplant, and congenital immunodeficiency. However, the genomic landscape of EBV-SMTs is poorly understood. Leiomyosarcomas harbor genomic instability and multiple recurrent DNA copy number alterations, whereas leiomyomas lack such changes. Thus, this study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by characterizing copy number alterations in EBV-SMTs and correlating this information with clinicopathologic characteristics. Our study investigated and compared the pathologic characteristics and copy number profiles of 9 EBV-SMTs (from 7 post-transplant and AIDS patients), 6 leiomyomas, and 7 leiomyosarcomas, using chromosomal microarray platforms. Our results showed a lower copy number alteration burden in EBV-SMTs and leiomyoma than in leiomyosarcoma. This contrast in the molecular profile between EBV-SMTs and leiomyosarcoma is concordant with the different clinical behaviors and pathologic characteristics exhibited by these tumors. Despite having an overall copy number alteration profile closer to leiomyoma, recurrent copy number gain of oncogenes, such as RUNX1, CCND2, and ETS2, was found in EBV-SMTs. Epigenetic alterations may play an important role in tumorigenesis as recurrent copy number gains were found in histone deacetylases. A gene enrichment analysis also demonstrated enrichment of genes involved in the host response to viral infection, suggesting that the tumor immune microenvironment may play an important role in EBV-SMT tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naw Wah Wah
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingting Mok
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Kenneth Tou En Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Susan Swee-Shan Hue
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Victor Kwan Min Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Dhital B, Rodriguez-Bravo V. Mechanisms of chromosomal instability (CIN) tolerance in aggressive tumors: surviving the genomic chaos. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:15. [PMID: 37058263 PMCID: PMC10104937 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a pervasive feature of human cancers involved in tumor initiation and progression and which is found elevated in metastatic stages. CIN can provide survival and adaptation advantages to human cancers. However, too much of a good thing may come at a high cost for tumor cells as excessive degree of CIN-induced chromosomal aberrations can be detrimental for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Thus, aggressive tumors adapt to cope with ongoing CIN and most likely develop unique susceptibilities that can be their Achilles' heel. Determining the differences between the tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects of CIN at the molecular level has become one of the most exciting and challenging aspects in cancer biology. In this review, we summarized the state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms reported to contribute to the adaptation and perpetuation of aggressive tumor cells carrying CIN. The use of genomics, molecular biology, and imaging techniques is significantly enhancing the understanding of the intricate mechanisms involved in the generation of and adaptation to CIN in experimental models and patients, which were not possible to observe decades ago. The current and future research opportunities provided by these advanced techniques will facilitate the repositioning of CIN exploitation as a feasible therapeutic opportunity and valuable biomarker for several types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittiny Dhital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University Graduate School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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16
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Dhital B, Santasusagna S, Kirthika P, Xu M, Li P, Carceles-Cordon M, Soni RK, Li Z, Hendrickson RC, Schiewer MJ, Kelly WK, Sternberg CN, Luo J, Lujambio A, Cordon-Cardo C, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Malumbres M, Huang H, Ertel A, Domingo-Domenech J, Rodriguez-Bravo V. Harnessing transcriptionally driven chromosomal instability adaptation to target therapy-refractory lethal prostate cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100937. [PMID: 36787737 PMCID: PMC9975292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) inevitably acquires resistance to standard therapy preceding lethality. Here, we unveil a chromosomal instability (CIN) tolerance mechanism as a therapeutic vulnerability of therapy-refractory lethal PCa. Through genomic and transcriptomic analysis of patient datasets, we find that castration and chemotherapy-resistant tumors display the highest CIN and mitotic kinase levels. Functional genomics screening coupled with quantitative phosphoproteomics identify MASTL kinase as a survival vulnerability specific of chemotherapy-resistant PCa cells. Mechanistically, MASTL upregulation is driven by transcriptional rewiring mechanisms involving the non-canonical transcription factors androgen receptor splice variant 7 and E2F7 in a circuitry that restrains deleterious CIN and prevents cell death selectively in metastatic therapy-resistant PCa cells. Notably, MASTL pharmacological inhibition re-sensitizes tumors to standard therapy and improves survival of pre-clinical models. These results uncover a targetable mechanism promoting high CIN adaptation and survival of lethal PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittiny Dhital
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sandra Santasusagna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Xu
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peiyao Li
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Rajesh K Soni
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhuoning Li
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - William K Kelly
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cora N Sternberg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Urology Department, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Oncological Sciences Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Pathology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Monica Alvarez-Fernandez
- Head & Neck Cancer Department, Institute de Investigación Sanitaria Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Institute Universitario de Oncología Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division & Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Cancer Cell Cycle group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Haojie Huang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adam Ertel
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Urology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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17
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Bosque JJ, Calvo GF, Molina-García D, Pérez-Beteta J, García Vicente AM, Pérez-García VM. Metabolic activity grows in human cancers pushed by phenotypic variability. iScience 2023; 26:106118. [PMID: 36843844 PMCID: PMC9950952 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Different evolutionary processes push cancers to increasingly aggressive behaviors, energetically sustained by metabolic reprogramming. The collective signature emerging from this transition is macroscopically displayed by positron emission tomography (PET). In fact, the most readily PET measure, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), has been found to have prognostic value in different cancers. However, few works have linked the properties of this metabolic hotspot to cancer evolutionary dynamics. Here, by analyzing diagnostic PET images from 512 patients with cancer, we found that SUVmax scales superlinearly with the mean metabolic activity (SUVmean), reflecting a dynamic preferential accumulation of activity on the hotspot. Additionally, SUVmax increased with metabolic tumor volume (MTV) following a power law. The behavior from the patients data was accurately captured by a mechanistic evolutionary dynamics model of tumor growth accounting for phenotypic transitions. This suggests that non-genetic changes may suffice to fuel the observed sustained increases in tumor metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J. Bosque
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Gabriel F. Calvo
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Molina-García
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julián Pérez-Beteta
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana M. García Vicente
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Pérez-García
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Hanselmann S, Gertzmann D, Shin WJ, Ade CP, Gaubatz S. Expression of the cytokinesis regulator PRC1 results in p53-pathway activation in A549 cells but does not directly regulate gene expression in the nucleus. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:419-432. [PMID: 36135961 PMCID: PMC9879178 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) is a microtubule-binding protein with essential roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. PRC1 is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells where it could contribute to chromosomal instability. Due to its nuclear localization in interphase, it has been speculated that PRC1 has additional functions that are involved in its pro-tumorigenic functions. In this study we investigated the potential nuclear functions of PRC1 in a lung cancer cell line. Genome wide expression profiling by RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of PRC1 results in activation of the p53 pathway and inhibition of the pro-proliferative E2F-dependent gene expression. A mutant of PRC1 that is unable to enter into the nucleus regulated the same gene sets as wildtype PRC1, suggesting that PRC1 has no nuclear-exclusive functions in A549 cells. Instead, induction of p53 by PRC1 correlates with multinucleation and depends on the localization of PRC1 to the midbody, suggesting that the induction of p53 is a consequence of overexpressed PRC1 to interfere with the normal function of PRC1 during cytokinesis. Activation of p53 by PRC1 results in cellular senescence but not in apoptosis. In conclusion, while PRC1 is frequently overexpressed in many cancers, the p53 pathways may initially protect cancer cells from the negative effects of PRC1 overexpression on cytokinesis. Because depletion of PRC1 also results in p53-pathway activation and senescence, levels of PRC1 need to be tightly regulated to allow unperturbed proliferation. Targeting the expression or function of PRC1 could create a therapeutic vulnerability for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hanselmann
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dörthe Gertzmann
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Woo Jin Shin
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten P. Ade
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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19
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Intra-tumor heterogeneity, turnover rate and karyotype space shape susceptibility to missegregation-induced extinction. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010815. [PMID: 36689467 PMCID: PMC9917311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic efficacy of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) stems from their incidence per base pair of the genome, which is orders of magnitudes greater than that of point mutations. One mitotic event stands out in its potential to significantly change a cell's SCNA burden-a chromosome missegregation. A stochastic model of chromosome mis-segregations has been previously developed to describe the evolution of SCNAs of a single chromosome type. Building upon this work, we derive a general deterministic framework for modeling missegregations of multiple chromosome types. The framework offers flexibility to model intra-tumor heterogeneity in the SCNAs of all chromosomes, as well as in missegregation- and turnover rates. The model can be used to test how selection acts upon coexisting karyotypes over hundreds of generations. We use the model to calculate missegregation-induced population extinction (MIE) curves, that separate viable from non-viable populations as a function of their turnover- and missegregation rates. Turnover- and missegregation rates estimated from scRNA-seq data are then compared to theoretical predictions. We find convergence of theoretical and empirical results in both the location of MIE curves and the necessary conditions for MIE. When a dependency of missegregation rate on karyotype is introduced, karyotypes associated with low missegregation rates act as a stabilizing refuge, rendering MIE impossible unless turnover rates are exceedingly high. Intra-tumor heterogeneity, including heterogeneity in missegregation rates, increases as tumors progress, rendering MIE unlikely.
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20
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Skitchenko R, Dinikina Y, Smirnov S, Krapivin M, Smirnova A, Morgacheva D, Artomov M. Case report: Somatic mutations in microtubule dynamics-associated genes in patients with WNT-medulloblastoma tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1085947. [PMID: 36713498 PMCID: PMC9877404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1085947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor which accounts for about 20% of all pediatric brain tumors and 63% of intracranial embryonal tumors. MB is considered to arise from precursor cell populations present during an early brain development. Most cases (~70%) of MB occur at the age of 1-4 and 5-9, but are also infrequently found in adults. Total annual frequency of pediatric tumors is about 5 cases per 1 million children. WNT-subtype of MB is characterized by a high probability of remission, with a long-term survival rate of about 90%. However, in some rare cases there may be increased metastatic activity, which dramatically reduces the likelihood of a favorable outcome. Here we report two cases of MB with a histological pattern consistent with desmoplastic/nodular (DP) and classic MB, and genetically classified as WNT-MB. Both cases showed putative causal somatic protein truncating mutations identified in microtubule-associated genes: ARID2, TUBB4A, and ANK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Skitchenko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia,Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Dinikina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krapivin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Smirnova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Morgacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mykyta Artomov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia,Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Mykyta Artomov,
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21
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Castellanos G, Valbuena DS, Pérez E, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Instability as Enabling Feature and Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:189-211. [PMID: 36923397 PMCID: PMC10010144 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s383759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) has become a topic of great interest in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnosis and prognosis but also for its role as an enabling feature and central hallmark of cancer. CIN describes cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes in a tumor population. Although extensive research in recent decades has identified some associations between CIN with response to therapy, specific associations with other hallmarks of cancer have not been fully evidenced. Such associations place CIN as an enabling feature of the other hallmarks of cancer and highlight the importance of deepening its knowledge to improve the outcome in cancer. In addition, studies conducted to date have shown paradoxical findings about the implications of CIN for therapeutic response, with some studies showing associations between high CIN and better therapeutic response, and others showing the opposite: associations between high CIN and therapeutic resistance. This evidences the complex relationships between CIN with the prognosis and response to treatment in cancer. Considering the above, this review focuses on recent studies on the role of CIN in cancer, the cellular mechanisms leading to CIN, its relationship with other hallmarks of cancer, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to target such instability, with a primary focus on breast cancer. Further understanding of the complexity of CIN and its association with other hallmarks of cancer could provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in prognosis and response to treatment in cancer and potentially lead to new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Castellanos
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Duván Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Erika Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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22
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Multi-omics analysis of kinesin family member 2C in human tumors: novel prognostic biomarker and tumor microenvironment regulator. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4954-4976. [PMID: 36504885 PMCID: PMC9729912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C) is the best-characterized member of the kinesin-13 family and is involved in accurately fine-tuned dynamics of mitotic spindles. As KIF2C is involved in both spindle formation and regulation of DNA double-strand breaks, precise regulation of KIF2C is essential to prevent malignant transformation associated with gains and losses of DNA content. In the present study, we initially reviewed The Cancer Genome Atlas database and observed that KIF2C is abundantly expressed in most tumor types. We then analyzed the gene alteration profile, protein expression, prognosis, and immune reactivities of KIF2C in more than 10,000 samples from several well-established databases. In addition, we conducted a gene enrichment set analysis to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the role of KIF2C in tumorigenesis. Multi-omics analysis of KIF2C demonstrated significant statistical correlations between KIF2C expression and clinical prognosis, oncogenic signature gene sets, myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration, ImmunoScore, immune checkpoints, microsatellite instability, and tumor mutational burden across multiple tumors. Single-cell data showed that KIF2C is abundantly expressed in malignant cells. The experimental validation demonstrated that KIF2C is highly expressed in gastric cancer cell lines, gastric adenocarcinoma, and hepatocelluar carcinoma. The findings of this study provide important insight for understanding the role and mechanisms of KIF2C in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy in a variety of cancers.
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23
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Richardson TE, Walker JM, Abdullah KG, McBrayer SK, Viapiano MS, Mussa ZM, Tsankova NM, Snuderl M, Hatanpaa KJ. Chromosomal instability in adult-type diffuse gliomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:115. [PMID: 35978439 PMCID: PMC9386991 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a fundamental property of cancer and a key underlying mechanism of tumorigenesis and malignant progression, and has been documented in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma with mutations in genes such as APC. Recent reports have demonstrated that CIN, driven in part by mutations in genes maintaining overall genomic stability, is found in subsets of adult-type diffusely infiltrating gliomas of all histologic and molecular grades, with resulting elevated overall copy number burden, chromothripsis, and poor clinical outcome. Still, relatively few studies have examined the effect of this process, due in part to the difficulty of routinely measuring CIN clinically. Herein, we review the underlying mechanisms of CIN, the relationship between chromosomal instability and malignancy, the prognostic significance and treatment potential in various cancers, systemic disease, and more specifically, in diffusely infiltrating glioma subtypes. While still in the early stages of discovery compared to other solid tumor types in which CIN is a known driver of malignancy, the presence of CIN as an early factor in gliomas may in part explain the ability of these tumors to develop resistance to standard therapy, while also providing a potential molecular target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jamie M. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kalil G. Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Hillman Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5115 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Samuel K. McBrayer
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Mariano S. Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Zarmeen M. Mussa
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Nadejda M. Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kimmo J. Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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24
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Sukri A, Hanafiah A, Kosai NR. The Roles of Immune Cells in Gastric Cancer: Anti-Cancer or Pro-Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163922. [PMID: 36010915 PMCID: PMC9406374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of death caused by cancer in developing countries. The emerging role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment has led to more research to elucidate the roles of essential immune cells in gastric cancer prognosis. We reviewed the roles of immune cells including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells in gastric cancer. Although the studies conducted on the roles of immune cells in gastric cancer pathogenesis produced conflicting results, understanding the roles of immune cells in gastric cancer will help us to harness them for application in immunotherapy for better prognosis and management of gastric cancer patients. Abstract Despite the fact that the incidence of gastric cancer has declined over the last decade, it is still the world’s leading cause of cancer-related death. The diagnosis of early gastric cancer is difficult, as symptoms of this cancer only manifest at a late stage of cancer progression. Thus, the prognosis of gastric cancer is poor, and the current treatment for improving patients’ outcomes involves the application of surgery and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is one of the most recent therapies for gastric cancer, whereby the immune system of the host is programmed to combat cancer cells, and the therapy differs based upon the patient’s immune system. However, an understanding of the role of immune cells, namely the cell-mediated immune response and the humoral immune response, is pertinent for applications of immunotherapy. The roles of immune cells in the prognosis of gastric cancer have yielded conflicting results. This review discusses the roles of immune cells in gastric cancer pathogenesis, specifically, T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells, as well as the evidence presented thus far. Understanding how cancer cells interact with immune cells is of paramount importance in designing treatment options for gastric cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Sukri
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Shah Alam 43200, Malaysia
| | - Alfizah Hanafiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nik Ritza Kosai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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25
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Klaasen SJ, Truong MA, van Jaarsveld RH, Koprivec I, Štimac V, de Vries SG, Risteski P, Kodba S, Vukušić K, de Luca KL, Marques JF, Gerrits EM, Bakker B, Foijer F, Kind J, Tolić IM, Lens SMA, Kops GJPL. Nuclear chromosome locations dictate segregation error frequencies. Nature 2022; 607:604-609. [PMID: 35831506 PMCID: PMC9300461 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors during cell divisions generate aneuploidies and micronuclei, which can undergo extensive chromosomal rearrangements such as chromothripsis1-5. Selective pressures then shape distinct aneuploidy and rearrangement patterns-for example, in cancer6,7-but it is unknown whether initial biases in segregation errors and micronucleation exist for particular chromosomes. Using single-cell DNA sequencing8 after an error-prone mitosis in untransformed, diploid cell lines and organoids, we show that chromosomes have different segregation error frequencies that result in non-random aneuploidy landscapes. Isolation and sequencing of single micronuclei from these cells showed that mis-segregating chromosomes frequently also preferentially become entrapped in micronuclei. A similar bias was found in naturally occurring micronuclei of two cancer cell lines. We find that segregation error frequencies of individual chromosomes correlate with their location in the interphase nucleus, and show that this is highest for peripheral chromosomes behind spindle poles. Randomization of chromosome positions, Cas9-mediated live tracking and forced repositioning of individual chromosomes showed that a greater distance from the nuclear centre directly increases the propensity to mis-segregate. Accordingly, chromothripsis in cancer genomes9 and aneuploidies in early development10 occur more frequently for larger chromosomes, which are preferentially located near the nuclear periphery. Our findings reveal a direct link between nuclear chromosome positions, segregation error frequencies and micronucleus content, with implications for our understanding of tumour genome evolution and the origins of specific aneuploidies during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - My Anh Truong
- Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard H van Jaarsveld
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sippe G de Vries
- Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Kim L de Luca
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joana F Marques
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elianne M Gerrits
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jop Kind
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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26
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Iemura K, Anzawa H, Funayama R, Iwakami R, Nakayama K, Kinoshita K, Tanaka K. High levels of chromosomal instability facilitate the tumor growth and sphere formation. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2727-2737. [PMID: 35662350 PMCID: PMC9357619 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells show chromosomal instability (CIN), a condition in which chromosome missegregation occurs at high rates. Growing evidence suggests that CIN is not just a consequence of, but a driving force for, oncogenic transformation, although the relationship between CIN and tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated. Here we found that conventional two‐dimensional (2D) culture of HeLa cells, a cervical cancer‐derived cell line, was a heterogenous population containing cells with different CIN levels. Although cells with high‐CIN levels (high‐CIN cells) grew more slowly compared with cells with low‐CIN levels (low‐CIN cells) in 2D monolayer culture, they formed tumors in nude mice and larger spheres in three‐dimensional (3D) culture, which was more representative of the in vivo environment. The duration of mitosis was longer in high‐CIN cells, reflecting their higher mitotic defects. Single‐cell genome sequencing revealed that high‐CIN cells exhibited a higher karyotype heterogeneity compared with low‐CIN cells. Intriguingly, the karyotype heterogeneity was reduced in the spheres formed by high‐CIN cells, suggesting that cells with growth advantages were selected, although genomic copy number changes specific for spheres were not identified. When we examined gene expression profiles, genes related to the K‐ras signaling were upregulated, while those related to the unfolded protein response were downregulated in high‐CIN cells in 3D culture compared with 2D culture, suggesting the relevance of these genes for their survival. Our data suggested that, although CIN is disadvantageous in monolayer culture, it promotes the selection of cells with growth advantages under in vivo environments, which may lead to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8575 Japan
| | - Hayato Anzawa
- Department of Applied Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8575 Japan
| | - Runa Iwakami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8575 Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8575 Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8579 Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8573 Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next‐Generation Medicine Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8573 Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi 980‐8575 Japan
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27
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Bochtler T, Wohlfromm T, Hielscher T, Stichel D, Pouyiourou M, Kraft B, Neumann O, Endris V, von Deimling A, Stenzinger A, Krämer A. Prognostic Impact of Copy Number Alterations and Tumor Mutational Burden in Carcinoma of Unknown Primary. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2022; 61:551-560. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Bochtler
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Timothy Wohlfromm
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Damian Stichel
- Institute of Neuropathology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Maria Pouyiourou
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bianca Kraft
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Olaf Neumann
- Institute of Pathology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Institute of Neuropathology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | | | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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28
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Nichols MM, Cook JR, Bosler DS, Rogers HJ, Philip JKSS, Jogenpally NR, Reynolds JP, Robertson S, Cotta CV. Myeloid Sarcoma Involving the Testis in Adults: Clonal Evolution of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:e32-e39. [PMID: 35001036 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To describe the clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic characteristics of myeloid sarcoma (MS) diagnosed in the testes of adults, 3 cases were identified, and information on their presentation, clinical features, treatment, and outcome was retrieved from the medical records. In addition, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics were reviewed. This showed that all patients had a previous history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in 2 cases diagnosed >10 years before the testicular lesions. In 1 case, there was bilateral involvement, while in 2, involvement was unilateral. The neoplastic cells showed evidence of cytogenetic/molecular clonal evolution in all cases, 1 of which also had significant immunophenotypic changes. A mutational profile including NPM1 p.Trp288Cysfs*12, IDH1 p.Arg132His NRAS p.Gly12Asp was seen in 2 of the 3 cases. Concurrent bone marrow involvement by a myeloid neoplasm was diagnosed in 2 patients, in 1, there was AML in the second 8% blasts. These patients progressed rapidly after MS and had a dismal outcome. The patient with no concurrent bone marrow disease had a favorable outcome. In conclusion, MS involving the testes of adults is a rare event, and it may represent the clonal evolution of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Nichols
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - James R Cook
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - David S Bosler
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Heesun J Rogers
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Jordan P Reynolds
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Scott Robertson
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Claudiu V Cotta
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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29
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Trisciuoglio D, Degrassi F. The Tubulin Code and Tubulin-Modifying Enzymes in Autophagy and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010006. [PMID: 35008169 PMCID: PMC8750717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microtubules are tubulin polymers that constitute the structure of eukaryotic cells. They control different cell functions that are often deregulated in cancer, such as cell shape, cell motility and the intracellular movement of organelles. Here, we focus on the crucial role of tubulin modifications in determining different cancer characteristics, including metastatic cell migration and therapy resistance. We also discuss the influence of microtubule modifications on the autophagic process—the cellular degradation pathway that influences cancer growth. We discuss findings showing that inducing microtubule modifications can be used as a means to kill cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy. Abstract Microtubules are key components of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Microtubule dynamic instability together with the “tubulin code” generated by the choice of different α- and β- tubulin isoforms and tubulin post-translational modifications have essential roles in the control of a variety of cellular processes, such as cell shape, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking, that are deregulated in cancer. In this review, we will discuss available evidence that highlights the crucial role of the tubulin code in determining different cancer phenotypes, including metastatic cell migration, drug resistance, and tumor vascularization, and the influence of modulating tubulin-modifying enzymes on cancer cell survival and aggressiveness. We will also discuss the role of post-translationally modified microtubules in autophagy—the lysosomal-mediated cellular degradation pathway—that exerts a dual role in many cancer types, either promoting or suppressing cancer growth. We will give particular emphasis to the role of tubulin post-translational modifications and their regulating enzymes in controlling the different stages of the autophagic process in cancer cells, and consider how the experimental modulation of tubulin-modifying enzymes influences the autophagic process in cancer cells and impacts on cancer cell survival and thereby represents a new and fruitful avenue in cancer therapy.
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30
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Kohlruss M, Krenauer M, Grosser B, Pfarr N, Jesinghaus M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Novotny A, Hapfelmeier A, Schmidt T, Steiger K, Gaida MM, Reiche M, Bauer L, Ott K, Weichert W, Keller G. Diverse 'just-right' levels of chromosomal instability and their clinical implications in neoadjuvant treated gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1621-1631. [PMID: 34671125 PMCID: PMC8651679 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium described EBV positivity(+), high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), genomic stability (GS) and chromosomal instability (CIN) as molecular subtypes in gastric carcinomas (GC). We investigated the predictive and prognostic value of these subtypes with emphasis on CIN in the context of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CTx) in GC. METHODS TCGA subgroups were determined for 612 resected adenocarcinomas of the stomach and gastro-oesophageal junction (291 without, 321 with CTx) and 143 biopsies before CTx. EBV and MSI-H were analysed by standard assays. CIN was detected by multiplex PCRs analysing 22 microsatellite markers. Besides the TCGA classification, CIN was divided into four CIN-subgroups: low, moderate, substantial, high. Mutation profiling was performed for 52 tumours by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS EBV(+) (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23-1.02), MSI-H (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89) and GS (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.45-1.13) were associated with increased survival compared to CIN in the resected tumours. Considering the extended CIN-classification, CIN-substantial was a negative prognostic factor in uni- and multivariable analysis in resected tumours with CTx (each p < 0.05). In biopsies before CTx, CIN-high predicted tumour regression (p = 0.026), but was not prognostically relevant. CONCLUSION A refined CIN classification reveals tumours with different biological characteristics and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kohlruss
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Krenauer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Grosser
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.419801.50000 0000 9312 0220Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.411097.a0000 0000 8852 305XDepartment of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias M. Gaida
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Reiche
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Bauer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Ott
- grid.477776.20000 0004 0394 5800Department of Surgery, RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Keller
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Piemonte KM, Anstine LJ, Keri RA. Centrosome Aberrations as Drivers of Chromosomal Instability in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6381103. [PMID: 34606589 PMCID: PMC8557634 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), or the dynamic change in chromosome number and composition, has been observed in cancer for decades. Recently, this phenomenon has been implicated as facilitating the acquisition of cancer hallmarks and enabling the formation of aggressive disease. Hence, CIN has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for a wide range of cancers. CIN in cancer often occurs as a result of disrupting key regulators of mitotic fidelity and faithful chromosome segregation. As a consequence of their essential roles in mitosis, dysfunctional centrosomes can induce and maintain CIN. Centrosome defects are common in breast cancer, a heterogeneous disease characterized by high CIN. These defects include amplification, structural defects, and loss of primary cilium nucleation. Recent studies have begun to illuminate the ability of centrosome aberrations to instigate genomic flux in breast cancer cells and the tumor evolution associated with aggressive disease and poor patient outcomes. Here, we review the role of CIN in breast cancer, the processes by which centrosome defects contribute to CIN in this disease, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to capitalize upon such aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Piemonte
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lindsey J Anstine
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: Ruth A. Keri, PhD, Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Zhu C, Zhu L, Gu Y, Liu P, Tong X, Wu G, Zhu W, Shen W, Bao H, Ma X, Yu R, Wu X, Zhu D, Shu Y, Feng J. Genomic Profiling Reveals the Molecular Landscape of Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers in Chinese Patients. Front Genet 2021; 12:608742. [PMID: 34594355 PMCID: PMC8478156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.608742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract cancers have high incidence and mortality in China, but their molecular characteristics have not been fully investigated. We sequenced 432 tumor samples from the colorectum, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and biliary tract to investigate cancer-related mutations and detail the landscape of microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and chromosomal instability (CIN). We observed the highest TMB in colorectal and gastric cancers and the lowest TMB in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Twenty-four hyper-mutated tumors were identified only in colorectal and gastric cancers, with a significant enrichment of mutations in the polymerase genes (POLE, POLD1, and POLH) and mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Additionally, CIN preferentially occurred in colorectal and gastric cancers, while pancreatic, gallbladder, and biliary duct cancers had a much lower CIN. High CIN was correlated with a higher prevalence of malfunctions in chromosome segregation and cell cycle genes, including the copy number loss of WRN, NAT1, NF2, and BUB1B, and the copy number gain of MYC, ERBB2, EGFR, and CDK6. In addition, TP53 mutations were more abundant in high-CIN tumors, while PIK3CA mutations were more frequent in low-CIN tumors. In colorectal and gastric cancers, tumors with MSI demonstrated much fewer copy number changes than microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. In colorectal and gastric cancers, the molecular characteristics of tumors revealed the mutational diversity between the different anatomical origins of tumors. This study provides novel insights into the molecular landscape of Chinese gastrointestinal cancers and the genetic differences between tumor locations, which could be useful for future clinical patient stratification and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Zhu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Gu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Wenyu Zhu
- Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | | | - Hua Bao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Ma
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoying Yu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqin Zhu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Campos Medina MA, Iemura K, Kimura A, Tanaka K. A mathematical model of kinetochore-microtubule attachment regulated by Aurora A activity gradient describes chromosome oscillation and correction of erroneous attachments. Biomed Res 2021; 42:203-219. [PMID: 34544996 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.42.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome oscillation during metaphase is attenuated in cancer cell lines, concomitant with the reduction of Aurora A activity on kinetochores, which results in reduced mitotic fidelity. To verify the correlation between Aurora A activity, chromosome oscillation, and error correction efficiency, we developed a mathematical model of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics, based on stochastic attachment/detachment events regulated by Aurora A activity gradient centered at spindle poles. The model accurately reproduced the oscillatory movements of chromosomes, which were suppressed not only when Aurora A activity was inhibited, but also when it was upregulated, mimicking the situation in cancer cells. Our simulation also predicted efficient correction of erroneous attachments through chromosome oscillation, which was hampered by both inhibition and upregulation of Aurora A activity. Our model provides a framework to understand the physiological role of chromosome oscillation in the correction of erroneous attachments that is intrinsically related to Aurora A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Campos Medina
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University.,Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University
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Iemura K, Yoshizaki Y, Kuniyasu K, Tanaka K. Attenuated Chromosome Oscillation as a Cause of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184531. [PMID: 34572757 PMCID: PMC8470601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chromosomal instability (CIN), a condition in which chromosome missegregation occurs at high rates, is widely seen in cancer cells. Causes of CIN in cancer cells are not fully understood. A recent report suggests that chromosome oscillation, an iterative chromosome motion typically seen in metaphase around the spindle equator, is attenuated in cancer cells, and is associated with CIN. Chromosome oscillation promotes the correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments through phosphorylation of Hec1, a kinetochore protein that binds to microtubules, by Aurora A kinase residing on the spindle. In this review, we focused on this unappreciated link between chromosome oscillation and CIN. Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) is commonly seen in cancer cells, and related to tumor progression and poor prognosis. Among the causes of CIN, insufficient correction of erroneous kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachments plays pivotal roles in various situations. In this review, we focused on the previously unappreciated role of chromosome oscillation in the correction of erroneous KT-MT attachments, and its relevance to the etiology of CIN. First, we provided an overview of the error correction mechanisms for KT-MT attachments, especially the role of Aurora kinases in error correction by phosphorylating Hec1, which connects MT to KT. Next, we explained chromosome oscillation and its underlying mechanisms. Then we introduced how chromosome oscillation is involved in the error correction of KT-MT attachments, based on recent findings. Chromosome oscillation has been shown to promote Hec1 phosphorylation by Aurora A which localizes to the spindle. Finally, we discussed the link between attenuated chromosome oscillation and CIN in cancer cells. This link underscores the role of chromosome dynamics in mitotic fidelity, and the mutual relationship between defective chromosome dynamics and CIN in cancer cells that can be a target for cancer therapy.
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Tokutomi N, Nakai K, Sugano S. Extreme value theory as a framework for understanding mutation frequency distribution in cancer genomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243595. [PMID: 34424899 PMCID: PMC8382180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the population dynamics of preclonal cancer cells before clonal expansion of tumors has not been sufficiently addressed thus far. By focusing on preclonal cancer cell population as a Darwinian evolutionary system, we formulated and analyzed the observed mutation frequency among tumors (MFaT) as a proxy for the hypothesized sequence read frequency and beneficial fitness effect of a cancer driver mutation. Analogous to intestinal crypts, we assumed that sample donor patients are separate culture tanks where proliferating cells follow certain population dynamics described by extreme value theory (EVT). To validate this, we analyzed three large-scale cancer genome datasets, each harboring > 10000 tumor samples and in total involving > 177898 observed mutation sites. We clarified the necessary premises for the application of EVT in the strong selection and weak mutation (SSWM) regime in relation to cancer genome sequences at scale. We also confirmed that the stochastic distribution of MFaT is likely of the Fréchet type, which challenges the well-known Gumbel hypothesis of beneficial fitness effects. Based on statistical data analysis, we demonstrated the potential of EVT as a population genetics framework to understand and explain the stochastic behavior of driver-mutation frequency in cancer genomes as well as its applicability in real cancer genome sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Tokutomi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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37
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Why Is Aneuploidy Associated with Favorable Outcome in Neuroblastoma? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081116. [PMID: 34439783 PMCID: PMC8391846 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer, onset with localized as well as metastatic disease. Localized tumors usually show a high content of aneuploid cells. It is suggested that aneuploid cells with numerical copy number variation (CNV) are generated by chromosome instability (CIN). Patients with a localized tumor respond well to the therapy and show a good outcome. On the contrary, patients with a metastatic tumor have worse outcomes and the cells with structural CNV show high levels of CIN. It is proposed that a favorable outcome in patients with localized disease is associated to the grade of CIN.
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Siri SO, Martino J, Gottifredi V. Structural Chromosome Instability: Types, Origins, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3056. [PMID: 34205328 PMCID: PMC8234978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased rate of acquisition of numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and is considered an enabling characteristic of tumors. Given its role as a facilitator of genomic changes, CIN is increasingly being considered as a possible therapeutic target, raising the question of which variables may convert CIN into an ally instead of an enemy during cancer treatment. This review discusses the origins of structural chromosome abnormalities and the cellular mechanisms that prevent and resolve them, as well as how different CIN phenotypes relate to each other. We discuss the possible fates of cells containing structural CIN, focusing on how a few cell duplication cycles suffice to induce profound CIN-mediated genome alterations. Because such alterations can promote tumor adaptation to treatment, we discuss currently proposed strategies to either avoid CIN or enhance CIN to a level that is no longer compatible with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Omar Siri
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Martino
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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39
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Naik A, Decock J. Targeting of lactate dehydrogenase C dysregulates the cell cycle and sensitizes breast cancer cells to DNA damage response targeted therapy. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:885-903. [PMID: 34050611 PMCID: PMC8847988 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a promising anticancer target with tumor-specific expression and immunogenicity. Interrogation of breast cancer patient cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) indicate that upregulation of LDHC expression correlates with unfavorable prognosis. Although the role of LDHC is well characterized in spermatocytes, its role in tumors remains largely unknown. We investigated whether LDHC is involved in regulating genomic stability and whether it could be targeted to affect tumor cellular fitness. Silencing LDHC in four breast cancer cell lines significantly increased the presence of giant cells, nuclear aberrations, DNA damage, and apoptosis. LDHC-silenced cells demonstrated aberrant cell cycle progression with differential expression of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage response regulators. In addition, LDHC silencing-induced microtubule destabilization, culminating in increased mitotic catastrophe and reduced long-term survival. Notably, the clonogenicity of LDHC-silenced cells was further reduced by treatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib and with the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin. This study supports the therapeutic potential of targeting LDHC to mitigate cancer cell survival and improve sensitivity to agents that cause DNA damage or inhibit its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviti Naik
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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40
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Rao CV, Xu C, Farooqui M, Zhang Y, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Survival-Critical Genes Associated with Copy Number Alterations in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112586. [PMID: 34070461 PMCID: PMC8197496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome Instability (CIN) in tumors affects carcinogenesis, drug resistance, and recurrence/prognosis. Thus, it has a high impact on outcomes in clinic. However, how CIN occurs in human tumors remains elusive. Although cells with CIN (i.e., pre/early cancer cells) are proposed to be removed by apoptosis and/or a surveillance mechanism, this surveillance mechanism is poorly understood. Here we employed a novel data-mining strategy (Gene Expression to Copy Number Alterations [CNA]; "GE-CNA") to comprehensively identify 1578 genes that associate with CIN, indicated by genomic CNA as its surrogate marker, in human lung adenocarcinoma. We found that (a) amplification/insertion CNA is facilitated by over-expressions of DNA replication stressor and suppressed by a broad range of immune cells (T-, B-, NK-cells, leukocytes), and (b) deletion CNA is facilitated by over-expressions of mitotic regulator genes and suppressed predominantly by leukocytes guided by leukocyte extravasation signaling. Among the 39 CNA- and survival-associated genes, the purine metabolism (PPAT, PAICS), immune-regulating CD4-LCK-MEC2C and CCL14-CCR1 axes, and ALOX5 emerged as survival-critical pathways. These findings revealed a broad role of the immune system in suppressing CIN/CNA and cancer development in lung, and identified components representing potential targets for future chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and immunomodulation approaches for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: (C.V.R.); (H.Y.Y.)
| | - Chao Xu
- Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.V.R.); (H.Y.Y.)
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41
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Iemura K, Natsume T, Maehara K, Kanemaki MT, Tanaka K. Chromosome oscillation promotes Aurora A-dependent Hec1 phosphorylation and mitotic fidelity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212099. [PMID: 33988677 PMCID: PMC8129796 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells show chromosomal instability, a condition where chromosome missegregation occurs frequently. We found that chromosome oscillation, an iterative chromosome motion during metaphase, is attenuated in cancer cell lines. We also found that metaphase phosphorylation of Hec1 at serine 55, which is mainly dependent on Aurora A on the spindle, is reduced in cancer cell lines. The Aurora A-dependent Hec1-S55 phosphorylation level was regulated by the chromosome oscillation amplitude and vice versa: Hec1-S55 and -S69 phosphorylation by Aurora A is required for efficient chromosome oscillation. Furthermore, enhancement of chromosome oscillation reduced the number of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromosome missegregation, whereas inhibition of Aurora A during metaphase increased such errors. We propose that Aurora A-mediated metaphase Hec1-S55 phosphorylation through chromosome oscillation, together with Hec1-S69 phosphorylation, ensures mitotic fidelity by eliminating erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Attenuated chromosome oscillation and the resulting reduced Hec1-S55 phosphorylation may be a cause of CIN in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Maehara
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi, Nara, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Paul D. Cancer as a form of life: Musings of the cancer and evolution symposium. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 165:120-139. [PMID: 33991584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced cancer is one of the major problems in oncology as currently, despite the recent technological and scientific advancements, the mortality of metastatic disease remains very high at 70-90%. The field of oncology is in urgent need of novel ideas in order to improve quality of life and prognostic of cancer patients. The Cancer and Evolution Symposium organized online October 14-16, 2020 brought together a group of specialists from different fields that presented innovative strategies for better understanding, preventing, diagnosing, and treating cancer. Today still, the main reasons behind the high incidence and mortality of advanced cancer are, on one hand, the paucity of funding and effort directed to cancer prevention and early detection, and, on the other hand, the lack of understanding of the cancer process itself. I argue that besides being a disease, cancer is also a form of life, and, this frame of reference may provide a fresh look on this complex process. Here, I provide a different angle to several contemporary cancer theories discussing them from the perspective of "cancer-forms of life" (i.e. bionts) point of view. The perspectives and the several "bionts" introduced here, by no means exclusive or comprehensive, are just a shorthand that will hopefully encourage the readers, to further explore the contemporary oncology theoretical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru Paul
- Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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43
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Li Z, Yu L, Hu B, Chen L, Jv M, Wang L, Zhou C, Wei M, Zhao L. Advances in cancer treatment: a new therapeutic target, Annexin A2. J Cancer 2021; 12:3587-3596. [PMID: 33995636 PMCID: PMC8120175 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a calcium regulated phospholipid-binding protein. It is expressed in some tumor cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and mononuclear cells, affecting cell survival and mediating interactions between intercellular and extracellular microenvironment. Aberrant expression of ANXA2 can be used as a potential predictive factor, diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Investigators used various technologies to target ANXA2 in a preclinical model of human cancers and demonstrated encouraging results. In this review article, we discuss the diagnosis and prognosis latent capacity of ANXA2 in progressive cancers, focus on the exploration of restorative interventions targeting ANXA2 in cancer treatment. Further, we comment on a promising candidate therapy that is conceivable for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Baohui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lianze Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyi Jv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, Liaoning, China
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44
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Redefining cancer of unknown primary: Is precision medicine really shifting the paradigm? Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 97:102204. [PMID: 33866225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) has evolved with the advent of medical oncology. CUP can be difficult to diagnose and represents 2 to 5% of new cancers, therefore not exceptionally rare. Within CUPs can be identified a subset of favourable prognosis tumours, however the vast majority of CUP patients belongs to a poor prognosis group. CUP features significant oncological challenges, such as unravelling biological and transversal issues, and most importantly, improving patient's outcomes. In that regard, CUP patients' outcomes regrettably showed minimal improvement for decades and CUP remains a cancer group of very poor prognosis. The biology of CUP has two main hypotheses. One is that CUP is a subgroup of a given primary cancer, where the primary is present but cannot be seen due to its small size. The other, the "true" CUP hypothesis, states that CUP share features that make them a specific entity, whatever their tissue of origin. A true biological signature has not yet been described, but chromosomal instability is a hallmark of poor prognosis CUP group. Precision oncology, despite achieving identifying the putative origin of the CUP, so far failed to globally improve outcomes of patients. Targeting molecular pathways based on molecular analysis in CUP management is under investigation. Immunotherapy has not shown ground-breaking results, to date. Accrual is also a crucial issue in CUP trials. Herein we review CUP history, biological features and remaining questions in CUP biology, the two main approaches of molecular oncology in CUP management, in order to draw perspectives in the enormous challenge of improving CUP patient outcomes.
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45
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Richardson TE, Sathe AA, Xing C, Mirchia K, Viapiano MS, Snuderl M, Abdullah KG, Hatanpaa KJ, Walker JM. Molecular Signatures of Chromosomal Instability Correlate With Copy Number Variation Patterns and Patient Outcome in IDH-Mutant and IDH-Wildtype Astrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:354-365. [PMID: 33755138 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability due to mutations in genes guarding the stability of the genome is a well-known mechanism underlying tumorigenesis and malignant progression in numerous cancers. The effect of this process in gliomas is mostly unknown with relatively little research examining the effects of chromosomal instability on patient outcome and therapeutic efficacy, although studies have shown that overall/total copy number variation (CNV) is elevated in higher histologic grades and in cases with more rapid progression and shorter patient survival. Herein, we examine a 70-gene mRNA expression signature (CIN70), which has been previously shown to correlate tightly with chromosomal instability, in 2 independent cohorts of IDH-mutant astrocytomas (total n = 241), IDH-wildtype astrocytomas (n = 228), and oligodendrogliomas (n = 128). Our results show that CIN70 expression levels correlate with total CNV, as well as higher grade, progression-free survival, and overall survival in both IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype astrocytomas. In oligodendrogliomas, these mRNA signatures correlate with total CNV but not consistently with clinical outcome. These data suggest that chromosomal instability is an underlying factor in aggressive behavior and progression of a subset of diffuse astrocytomas. In addition, chromosomal instability may in part explain the poor response of diffuse gliomas to treatment and may serve as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Richardson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Adwait Amod Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kanish Mirchia
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kalil G Abdullah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jamie M Walker
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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46
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Mapanao AK, Che PP, Sarogni P, Sminia P, Giovannetti E, Voliani V. Tumor grafted - chick chorioallantoic membrane as an alternative model for biological cancer research and conventional/nanomaterial-based theranostics evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:947-968. [PMID: 33565346 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1879047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Advancements in cancer management and treatment are associated with strong preclinical research data, in which reliable cancer models are demanded. Indeed, inconsistent preclinical findings and stringent regulations following the 3Rs principle of reduction, refinement, and replacement of conventional animal models currently pose challenges in the development and translation of efficient technologies. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a system for the evaluation of treatment effects on the vasculature, therefore suitable for studies on angiogenesis. Apart from vascular effects, the model is now increasingly employed as a preclinical cancer model following tumor-grafting procedures.Areas covered: The broad application of CAM tumor model is highlighted along with the methods for analyzing the neoplasm and vascular system. The presented and cited investigations focus on cancer biology and treatment, encompassing both conventional and emerging nanomaterial-based modalities.Expert opinion: The CAM tumor model finds increased significance given the influences of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment in cancer behavior, then providing a qualified miniature system for oncological research. Ultimately, the establishment and increased employment of such a model may resolve some of the limitations present in the standard preclinical tumor models, thereby redefining the preclinical research workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Katrina Mapanao
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pei Pei Che
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Sarogni
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Voliani
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
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47
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Freitas MO, Gartner J, Rangel-Pozzo A, Mai S. Genomic Instability in Circulating Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103001. [PMID: 33081135 PMCID: PMC7602879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we focus on recent advances in the detection and quantification of tumor cell heterogeneity and genomic instability of CTCs and the contribution of chromosome instability studies to genetic heterogeneity in CTCs at the single-CTC level. Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can promote distant metastases and can be obtained through minimally invasive liquid biopsy for clinical assessment in cancer patients. Having both genomic heterogeneity and instability as common features, the genetic characterization of CTCs can serve as a powerful tool for a better understanding of the molecular changes occurring at tumor initiation and during tumor progression/metastasis. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in the detection and quantification of tumor cell heterogeneity and genomic instability in CTCs. We will focus on the contribution of chromosome instability studies to genetic heterogeneity in CTCs at the single-CTC level by discussing data from different cancer subtypes and their impact on diagnosis and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Oliveira Freitas
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada;
- Genetic Service, Institute of Paediatrics and Puericulture Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, Brazil
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Programme, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - John Gartner
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
| | - Aline Rangel-Pozzo
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-204-787-4125 (S.M.)
| | - Sabine Mai
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-204-787-4125 (S.M.)
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48
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Kuijt TEF, Lambers MLA, Weterings S, Ponsioen B, Bolhaqueiro ACF, Staijen DHM, Kops GJPL. A Biosensor for the Mitotic Kinase MPS1 Reveals Spatiotemporal Activity Dynamics and Regulation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3862-3870.e6. [PMID: 32888483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division critically depends on error correction of chromosome-spindle interactions and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) [1-3]. The kinase MPS1 is an essential regulator of both processes, ensuring full chromosome biorientation before anaphase onset [3, 4]. To understand when and where MPS1 activation occurs and how MPS1 signaling is modulated during mitosis, we developed MPS1sen, a sensitive and specific FRET-based biosensor for MPS1 activity. By placing MPS1sen at different subcellular locations, we show that MPS1 activity initiates in the nucleus ∼9-12 min prior to nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) in a kinetochore-dependent manner and reaches the cytoplasm at the start of NEB. Soon after initiation, MPS1 activity increases with switch-like kinetics, peaking at completion of NEB. We further show that timing and extent of pre-NEB MPS1 activity is regulated by Aurora B and PP2A-B56. MPS1sen phosphorylation declines in prometaphase as a result of formation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, reaching low but still detectable levels at metaphase. Finally, leveraging the sensitivity and dynamic range of MPS1sen, we show deregulated MPS1 signaling dynamics in colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor organoids with diverse genomic instability phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo E F Kuijt
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Weterings
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana C F Bolhaqueiro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie H M Staijen
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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49
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Pattschull G, Walz S, Gründl M, Schwab M, Rühl E, Baluapuri A, Cindric-Vranesic A, Kneitz S, Wolf E, Ade CP, Rosenwald A, von Eyss B, Gaubatz S. The Myb-MuvB Complex Is Required for YAP-Dependent Transcription of Mitotic Genes. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3533-3546.e7. [PMID: 31216474 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ, downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, are important regulators of proliferation. Here, we show that the ability of YAP to activate mitotic gene expression is dependent on the Myb-MuvB (MMB) complex, a master regulator of genes expressed in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. By carrying out genome-wide expression and binding analyses, we found that YAP promotes binding of the MMB subunit B-MYB to the promoters of mitotic target genes. YAP binds to B-MYB and stimulates B-MYB chromatin association through distal enhancer elements that interact with MMB-regulated promoters through chromatin looping. The cooperation between YAP and B-MYB is critical for YAP-mediated entry into mitosis. Furthermore, the expression of genes coactivated by YAP and B-MYB is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism by which YAP and MMB regulate mitotic gene expression and suggest a link between two cancer-relevant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Pattschull
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Susanne Walz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Marco Gründl
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Eva Rühl
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Apoorva Baluapuri
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kneitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Carsten P Ade
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Björn von Eyss
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany.
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50
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Bilinski M, Lanari C, Fabris VT. Centrosome Abnormalities and Polyploidy in Murine Mammary Carcinomas with Different Degrees of Hormone Responsiveness. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:300-309. [PMID: 32378982 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1766482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome amplification leads to aberrant mitosis, giving rise to aneuploidy and it has been associated with poor prognosis in human cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between polyploidy, centrosome abnormalities, and response to endocrine treatment in progestin-induced mouse mammary carcinomas. We found cells with three or more centrosomes in the polyploid tumors. The endocrine unresponsive tumors showed a higher average number of centrosomes per cell than the responsive tumors. The results suggest an association between polyploidy and centrosome amplification with the resistance to endocrine therapy in this luminal breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Bilinski
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria T Fabris
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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