1
|
Dimick MK, Hird MA, Fiksenbaum LM, Mitchell RHB, Goldstein BI. Severe anhedonia among adolescents with bipolar disorder is common and associated with increased psychiatric symptom burden. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 134:200-207. [PMID: 33412423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia, a deficit in the ability to experience pleasure, is a cardinal symptom of major depressive episodes. In contrast to adolescent major depressive disorder, there is limited research examining anhedonia in the context of depression among adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD). We therefore examined clinical characteristics of anhedonia in a large sample of adolescents with BD. METHODS Participants were 197 adolescents, aged 13-20 years old, with BD type I, II or not otherwise specified. Diagnoses were determined using a semi-structured interview. Anhedonia severity was rated from one to six on the Depression Rating Scale (DRS). Adolescents were divided into "severe" and "non-severe" anhedonia groups based on the DRS item scoring. The association of anhedonia with clinical and demographic variables was evaluated in univariate analyses followed by logistic regression analyses for variables with p ≤ 0.1. RESULTS Threshold anhedonia was evident among 90.9% during their most severe depressive episode. Significant factors associated with severe most severe lifetime anhedonia ("lifetime anhedonia") included: female sex, lifetime history of self-injurious behavior, physical abuse, affective lability, higher lifetime depression severity, comorbid anxiety disorders, family history of ADHD, and second-generation antipsychotic use. In regression analyses, severe lifetime anhedonia was independently associated with female sex, comorbid anxiety disorders, most severe lifetime mania severity, and lifetime second-generation antipsychotic use. CONCLUSION The vast majority of adolescents with BD experience anhedonia. More severe anhedonia is associated with indicators of greater illness severity. Future research is warranted to evaluate the neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia among adolescents with BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela K Dimick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan A Hird
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Fiksenbaum
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel H B Mitchell
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Measures of anhedonia and hedonic responses to sucrose in depressive and schizophrenic patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 13:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1997] [Accepted: 02/23/1998] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAnhedonia may be considered as a transnosological feature of depression and schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to assess hedonic responses to sucrose solutions and sweet taste perception threshold in patients with major depression and in schizophrenic patients in comparison with healthy subjects (matched for age and gender with depressive patients), and to compare these responses to evaluations by the Physical and Social Anhedonia scale of Chapman and the Pleasure Scale of Fawcett, generally used to quantify anhedonia. Hedonic responses to sucrose solutions were similar in patients with major depression (n = 20), schizophrenia (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 20). Sweet taste perception threshold was significantly higher in depressive patients than in controls. Hedonic response to sucrose was inversely correlated with physical Anhedonia Scores and sweet taste perception threshold with Pleasure Scale scores. Measures of hedonia/anhedonia were not related with the intensity of depression or anxiety as measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale, respectively. In 11 depressed patients hospitalised for 17 to 33 days, neither hedonic ratings to sucrose solutions, sweet taste perception threshold, Physical, Social Anhedonia scores nor Pleasure Scale scores were modified in spite of substantial decrease in MADRS or Hamilton Anxiety scores. Hedonic responses to sucrose solutions and sweet taste perception threshold may be used as complementary evaluation to quantify anhedonia.
Collapse
|
3
|
Naguy A, Alwetayan S, AlKhadhari S. Anhedonia as a transdiagnostic construct. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 48:101604. [PMID: 30639127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Naguy
- Kuwait Centre for Mental Health, Jamal Abdul-Nassir St., Shuwaikh 21315, Kuwait.
| | - Salem Alwetayan
- Kuwait Centre for Mental Health, Jamal Abdul-Nassir St., Shuwaikh 21315, Kuwait
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Upadhya D, Kodali M, Gitai D, Castro OW, Zanirati G, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Mitra E, Shuai B, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. A Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Presenting Constantly Rhythmic and Robust Spontaneous Seizures, Co-morbidities and Hippocampal Neuropathology. Aging Dis 2019; 10:915-936. [PMID: 31595192 PMCID: PMC6764729 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal prototypes illustrating the various attributes of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are available. These models have been invaluable for comprehending multiple epileptogenic processes, modifications in electrophysiological properties, neuronal hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, neural plasticity, and chronic neuroinflammation in TLE. Some models have also uncovered the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs or biologics for alleviating epileptogenesis, cognitive impairments, or spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Nonetheless, the suitability of these models for testing candidate therapeutics in conditions such as chronic TLE is debatable because of a lower frequency of SRS and an inconsistent pattern of SRS activity over days, weeks or months. An ideal prototype of chronic TLE for investigating novel therapeutics would need to display a large number of SRS with a dependable frequency and severity and related co-morbidities. This study presents a new kainic acid (KA) model of chronic TLE generated through induction of status epilepticus (SE) in 6-8 weeks old male F344 rats. A rigorous characterization in the chronic epilepsy period validated that the animal prototype mimicked the most salient features of robust chronic TLE. Animals displayed a constant frequency and intensity of SRS across weeks and months in the 5th and 6th month after SE, as well as cognitive and mood impairments. Moreover, SRS frequency displayed a rhythmic pattern with 24-hour periodicity and a consistently higher number of SRS in the daylight period. Besides, the model showed many neuropathological features of chronic TLE, which include a partial loss of inhibitory interneurons, reduced neurogenesis with persistent aberrant migration of newly born neurons, chronic neuroinflammation typified by hypertrophied astrocytes and rod-shaped microglia, and a significant aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. This consistent chronic seizure model is ideal for investigating the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs and biologics as well as understanding multiple pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eeshika Mitra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fettes P, Schulze L, Downar J. Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Loop Circuits of the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Promising Therapeutic Targets in Psychiatric Illness. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:25. [PMID: 28496402 PMCID: PMC5406748 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticostriatal circuits through the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) play key roles in complex human behaviors such as evaluation, affect regulation and reward-based decision-making. Importantly, the medial and lateral OFC (mOFC and lOFC) circuits have functionally and anatomically distinct connectivity profiles which differentially contribute to the various aspects of goal-directed behavior. OFC corticostriatal circuits have been consistently implicated across a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and substance use disorders (SUDs). Furthermore, psychiatric disorders related to OFC corticostriatal dysfunction can be addressed via conventional and novel neurostimulatory techniques, including deep brain stimulation (DBS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Such techniques elicit changes in OFC corticostriatal activity, resulting in changes in clinical symptomatology. Here we review the available literature regarding how disturbances in mOFC and lOFC corticostriatal functioning may lead to psychiatric symptomatology in the aforementioned disorders, and how psychiatric treatments may exert their therapeutic effect by rectifying abnormal OFC corticostriatal activity. First, we review the role of OFC corticostriatal circuits in reward-guided learning, decision-making, affect regulation and reappraisal. Second, we discuss the role of OFC corticostriatal circuit dysfunction across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Third, we review available evidence that the therapeutic mechanisms of various neuromodulation techniques may directly involve rectifying abnormal activity in mOFC and lOFC corticostriatal circuits. Finally, we examine the potential of future applications of therapeutic brain stimulation targeted at OFC circuitry; specifically, the role of OFC brain stimulation in the growing field of individually-tailored therapies and personalized medicine in psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fettes
- Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Schulze
- Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada.,MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Abnormal reward processing is a prominent transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. The present review provides a framework for considering the different aspects of reward processing and their assessment, and highlights recent insights from the field of neuroeconomics that may aid in understanding these processes. Although altered reward processing in psychopathology has often been treated as a general hypo- or hyperresponsivity to reward, increasing data indicate that a comprehensive understanding of reward dysfunction requires characterization within more specific reward-processing domains, including subjective valuation, discounting, hedonics, reward anticipation and facilitation, and reinforcement learning. As such, more nuanced models of the nature of these abnormalities are needed. We describe several processing abnormalities capable of producing the types of selective alterations in reward-related behavior observed in different forms of psychopathology, including (mal)adaptive scaling and anchoring, dysfunctional weighting of reward and cost variables, competition between valuation systems, and reward prediction error signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H Zald
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gabbay V, Johnson AR, Alonso CM, Evans LK, Babb JS, Klein RG. Anhedonia, but not irritability, is associated with illness severity outcomes in adolescent major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:194-200. [PMID: 25802984 PMCID: PMC4403015 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unlike adult major depressive disorder (MDD) which requires anhedonia or depressed mood for diagnosis, adolescent MDD can be sufficiently diagnosed with irritability in the absence of the former symptoms. In addition, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) schema does not account for the interindividual variability of symptom severity among depressed adolescents. This practice has contributed to the high heterogeneity and diagnostic complexity of adolescent MDD. Here, we sought to examine relationships between two core symptoms of adolescent MDD - irritability and anhedonia, assessed both quantitatively and categorically - and other clinical correlates among depressed adolescents. METHODS Ninety adolescents with MDD (51 females), ages 12-20, were enrolled. Anhedonia and irritability scores were quantified by summing related items on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised and the Beck Depression Inventory. Extremes of score distribution were defined as high or low irritability/anhedonia subgroups. A significance level of p=0.01 was set to adjust for the five comparisons. RESULTS Despite all subjects exhibiting moderate to severe MDD, both irritability and anhedonia scores manifested a full and normally distributed severity range including the lowest values possible. However, only anhedonia severity was associated with more severe clinical outcomes, including greater overall illness severity (p<0.001), suicidality scores (p<0.001), episode duration (p=0.006), and number of MDD episodes (p=0.01). Similarly, only the high-anhedonia subgroup manifested more severe outcomes; specifically, greater illness severity (p<0.0001), number of MDD episodes (p=0.01), episode duration (p=0.01), and suicidality scores (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the significance of anhedonia as a hallmark of adolescent MDD and the need to incorporate dimensional analyses. These data are preliminary, and future prospective studies are needed to better characterize the syndrome of adolescent MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Gabbay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Amy R. Johnson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Lori K. Evans
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - James S. Babb
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel G. Klein
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Mou X, Jiang W, Yang Z, Shen X, Jin Z, Dai Z, Liu Y, Mao S, Zhang J, Yuan Y. A comparative study of anhedonia components between major depression and schizophrenia in Chinese populations. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2015; 14:24. [PMID: 26339277 PMCID: PMC4558731 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-015-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a prominent symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. At present, it is believed that hedonic processing rather consists of the anticipatory and consummatory phase. The aim of this research is to explore the different anhedonia components in MDD and schizophrenia in Chinese populations. METHODS A Chinese version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) was used to evaluate 176 MDD patients, 346 schizophrenia patients, and 268 healthy controls. Additionally, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) was used for MDD patients, while the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied for schizophrenia. RESULTS The scores of consummatory (TEPS-CON) and anticipatory pleasure (TEPS-ANT) in MDD and schizophrenia were both significantly lower than healthy controls (both P < 0.001). TEPS-CON and TEPS-ANT were negatively correlated with the score of HAMD-17, the duration of illness and admission times in MDD (P < 0.05 or 0.01). TEPS-CON was negatively related to PANSS total scores and negative symptoms (P < 0.05 or 0.01), but no significant correlation was found with duration of illness and admission times in schizophrenia (P > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between TEPS-ANT and any clinical variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The consummatory and anticipatory pleasures were both impaired in MDD and schizophrenia. Consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia can be considered as a "state" in MDD, but as a "trait" in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Mou
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Changshu Mental Health Centre, Changshu, China
| | - Xinhua Shen
- Department of Psychosomatics, The Third People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhuma Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiping Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuju Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengqin Mao
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Haian, Haian, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Audrain-McGovern J, Leventhal AM, Strong DR. The Role of Depression in the Uptake and Maintenance of Cigarette Smoking. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:209-43. [PMID: 26472531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and depression both account for significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The prevalence of both smoking and depression increase across mid-to-late adolescence and show high rates of comorbidity. While little is known about why smoking is disproportionately higher among depressed adolescents than adolescents without depression, emerging research has begun to offer some initial insights. The high rates of comorbidity between depression and smoking emphasize the importance of identifying intervention targets to inform smoking prevention efforts for this high-risk group. Interventions during adolescence may lessen the prevalence of depression-prone adult smokers. Depression is over-represented among adult smokers and contributes to lower smoking cessation rates. Negative mood management and pharmacotherapy have been the central focus of smoking cessation interventions for depression-prone populations to date. Converging lines of research highlight novel smoking cessation targets such as the maintenance of positive mood and reward regulation. Smoking cessation research in depression-prone smokers is critical to identify efficacious treatments that will ultimately decrease the excess smoking burden for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David R Strong
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Henderson SE, Vallejo AI, Ely BA, Kang G, Roy AK, Pine DS, Stern ER, Gabbay V. The neural correlates of emotional face-processing in adolescent depression: a dimensional approach focusing on anhedonia and illness severity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:234-41. [PMID: 25448398 PMCID: PMC4254639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion processing, a known clinical feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), have been widely investigated using emotional face paradigms and neuroimaging. However, most studies have not accounted for the high inter-subject variability of symptom severity. Similarly, only sparse research has focused on MDD in adolescence, early in the course of the illness. Here we sought to investigate neural responses to emotional faces using both categorical and dimensional analyses with a focus on anhedonia, a core symptom of MDD associated with poor outcomes. Nineteen medication-free depressed adolescents and 18 healthy controls (HC) were scanned during presentation of happy, sad, fearful, and neutral faces. ANCOVAs and regressions assessed group differences and relationships with illness and anhedonia severity, respectively. Findings included a group by valence interaction with depressed adolescents exhibiting decreased activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), putamen and premotor cortex. Post-hoc analyses confirmed decreased STG activity in MDD adolescents. Dimensional analyses revealed associations between illness severity and altered responses to negative faces in prefrontal, cingulate, striatal, and limbic regions. However, anhedonia severity was uniquely correlated with responses to happy faces in the prefrontal, cingulate, and insular regions. Our work highlights the need for studying specific symptoms dimensionally in psychiatric research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana I. Vallejo
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Ely
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guoxin Kang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Krain Roy
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emily R. Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dimensions in major depressive disorder and their relevance for treatment outcome. J Affect Disord 2014; 155:35-41. [PMID: 24210628 PMCID: PMC3932031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease. More homogeneous psycho(patho)logical dimensions would facilitate MDD research as well as clinical practice. The first aim of this study was to find potential dimensions within a broad psychopathological assessment in depressed patients. Second, we aimed at examining how these dimensions predicted course in MDD. METHODS Ten psychopathological variables were assessed in 75 MDD inpatients. Factor and regression analyses assessed putative relations between psychopathological factors and depression severity and outcome after 8 weeks of treatment. RESULTS A 3-factor model (eigenvalue: 54.4%) was found, representing a psychomotor change, anhedonia and negative affect factor. Anhedonia and negative affect predicted depression severity (R(2)=0.37, F=20.86, p<0.0001). Anhedonia predicted non-response (OR 6.00, CI 1.46-24.59) and both negative affect (OR 5.69, CI 1.19-27.20) and anhedonia predicted non-remission (OR 9.28, CI 1.85-46.51). LIMITATIONS The sample size of the study was relatively modest, limiting the number of variables included in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm that psychomotor change, anhedonia and negative affect are key MDD dimensions, two of which are related to treatment outcome.
Collapse
|
12
|
Audrain-McGovern J, Rodriguez D, Leventhal AM, Cuevas J, Rodgers K, Sass J. Where is the pleasure in that? Low hedonic capacity predicts smoking onset and escalation. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1187-96. [PMID: 22387990 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hedonic capacity is a dispositional ability to experience pleasure in response to stimuli that are typically rewarding. The ability to derive pleasure from natural reinforcers has been relatively overlooked as a risk factor for adolescent smoking. The present study sought to provide initial evidence for a relationship between hedonic capacity and adolescent smoking onset and escalation. METHODS The sample was composed of 1,106 adolescents participating in a prospective longitudinal survey study of adolescent health behaviors. Variables were measured via self-report every 6 months for 4 waves of data spanning 18 months. We hypothesized that adolescents with lower hedonic capacity may be less responsive to natural reinforcers and therefore be prone to take up and rely on smoking as a reinforcer. RESULTS A two-part latent growth curve model indicated that adolescents low in hedonic capacity were over two and a half times more likely to have smoked a cigarette in the past month at age 15.5 years (odds ratio = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.08-6.45) and to show a 90% increase (β = 0.9, z = 2.28, p = .02) in the rate of smoking escalation every 6 months across the following 18 months compared with adolescents with high hedonic capacity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence implicating hedonic capacity as a risk factor for adolescent smoking initiation and progression. Adolescents low in hedonic capacity may be an important population to target for smoking prevention and smoking cessation efforts possibly through behavioral skills to enhance pleasure derived through natural reinforcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cook J, Spring B, McChargue D, Doran N. Effects of anhedonia on days to relapse among smokers with a history of depression: a brief report. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:978-82. [PMID: 20709727 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the strong co-occurrence between lifetime prevalence of depression and smoking, a history of major depressive disorder (MDD history) does not reliably predict smoking cessation outcomes. However, depression is a heterogeneous syndrome comprising several dimensions (e.g., anhedonia, vegetative symptoms, negative affect), and each symptom expression may differentially influence cessation failure. Measuring proximal depressive dimensions may provide a more reliable way of identifying MDD history smokers most at risk for smoking relapse. Anhedonia, in particular, is a core feature of depression that may increase risk for smoking relapse among MDD history smokers. The primary goal of the present study was to investigate the relation between anhedonia and relapse latency among MDD history smokers following a brief smoking cessation workshop. METHODS Participants (N = 45, 48.9% female), who were euthymic regular smokers with a history of MDD, were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups that all involved participation in a daylong group workshop. Workshops were followed by 48 hr of bioverified abstinence and weekly follow-up visits for 1 month. RESULTS Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to evaluate the effect of anhedonia on relapse latency 30 days following quitting smoking. Results showed that higher levels of anhedonia predicted reduced relapse latencies, both with and without prequit depressive symptom severity included in the model. DISCUSSION Results suggest that anhedonia may constitute a proximal risk factor identifying depressive history smokers more likely to relapse to smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cook
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe St., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Treadway MT, Zald DH. Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:537-55. [PMID: 20603146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), the neurobiological mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Despite decades of speculation regarding the role of dopamine (DA) in anhedonic symptoms, empirical evidence has remained elusive, with frequent reports of contradictory findings. In the present review, we argue that this has resulted from an underspecified definition of anhedonia, which has failed to dissociate between consummatory and motivational aspects of reward behavior. Given substantial preclinical evidence that DA is involved primarily in motivational aspects of reward, we suggest that a refined definition of anhedonia that distinguishes between deficits in pleasure and motivation is essential for the purposes of identifying its neurobiological substrates. Moreover, bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical models of anhedonia may require moving away from the conceptualization of anhedonia as a steady-state, mood-like phenomena. Consequently, we introduce the term "decisional anhedonia" to address the influence of anhedonia on reward decision-making. These proposed modifications to the theoretical definition of anhedonia have implications for research, assessment and treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Treadway
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clepce M, Gossler A, Reich K, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N. The relation between depression, anhedonia and olfactory hedonic estimates—A pilot study in major depression. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:139-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Pelizza L, Ferrari A. Anhedonia in schizophrenia and major depression: state or trait? Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8:22. [PMID: 19811665 PMCID: PMC2764701 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, anhedonia (a loss of capacity to feel pleasure) had differently been considered as a premorbid personological trait or as a main symptom of their clinical picture. The aims of this study were to examine the pathological features of anhedonia in schizophrenic and depressed patients, and to investigate its clinical relations with general psychopathology (negative, positive, and depressive dimensions). METHODS A total of 145 patients (80 schizophrenics and 65 depressed subjects) were assessed using the Physical Anhedonia Scale and the Social Anhedonia Scale (PAS and SAS, respectively), the Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS and SANS, respectively), the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenics (CDSS), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The statistical analysis was performed in two steps. First, the schizophrenic and depressed samples were dichotomised into 'anhedonic' and 'normal hedonic' subgroups (according to the 'double (PAS/SAS) cut-off') and were compared on the general psychopathology scores using the Mann-Whitney Z test. Subsequently, for the total schizophrenic and depressed samples, Spearman correlations were calculated to examine the relation between anhedonia ratings and the other psychopathological parameters. RESULTS In the schizophrenic sample, anhedonia reached high significant levels only in 45% of patients (n = 36). This 'anhedonic' subgroup was distinguished by high scores in the disorganisation and negative dimensions. Positive correlations of anhedonia with disorganised and negative symptoms were also been detected. In the depressed sample, anhedonia reached high significant levels in only 36.9% of subjects (n = 24). This 'anhedonic' subgroup as distinguished by high scores in the depression severity and negative dimensions. Positive correlations of anhedonia with depressive and negative symptoms were also been detected. CONCLUSION In the schizophrenic sample, anhedonia seems to be a specific subjective psychopathological experience of the negative and disorganised forms of schizophrenia. In the depressed sample, anhedonia seems to be a specific subjective psychopathological experience of those major depressive disorder forms with a marked clinical depression severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pelizza
- Guastalla Psychiatric Service, Reggio Emilia Mental Health Department, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrari
- Guastalla Psychiatric Service, Reggio Emilia Mental Health Department, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Klanecky AK, McChargue DE. Emotional reactivity across individuals with varying trauma and substance dependence histories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:191-202. [PMID: 19966918 DOI: 10.1080/17523280903192011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Research has reported a high rate of substance dependence in traumatized individuals who do not develop PTSD (TWP). While past studies have failed to consistently demonstrate that TWP individuals experience PTSD symptoms, findings have indicated that TWP and a history of substance dependence aside from nicotine dependence (SDH) are linked to affect disruption. AIMS: The present study explored positive and negative affective mechanisms across four groups with varying SDH and TWP including TWP + SDH, TWP only, SDH only, or no history. Researchers hypothesized that adults (n = 78) would be more emotionally reactive to an experimentally-induced negative mood compared to a neutral mood induction as the presence of co-existing TWP and SDH increased. METHOD: After a brief telephone screening, eligible participants completed baseline self-report questionnaires and experimentally-manipulated negative and neutral mood inductions. RESULTS: Most notably, results showed a significant TWP x SDH x Mood induction interaction (F (1, 63) = 4.154; Mse = 51.999; p = .046) for positive affect responses. Simple effects indicated that all participants except TWP + SDH individuals experienced a significant decrease in positive affect during the negative compared to the neutral mood condition. CONCLUSION: Findings may identify a protective mechanism for relapse among individuals with a history of both TWP and SDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Klanecky
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith JD, Joiner TE, Pettit JW, Lewinsohn PM, Schmidt NB. Implications of the DSM's emphasis on sadness and anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008; 159:25-30. [PMID: 18334272 PMCID: PMC3688280 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
At least five symptoms must occur for a DSM diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), one of which must be sadness or anhedonia. The present study is the first known investigation of the implications of the presence or absence of these prioritized symptoms on symptom expression and clinical characteristics among 564 young adults with MDD. Differences in symptom expression and clinical characteristics occurred among MDD participants with sadness relative to those without sadness as well as among MDD participants with anhedonia relative to those without anhedonia. Differential symptom expression could have important implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Smith
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32312-1270, USA
| | - Thomas E. Joiner
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32312-1270, USA
,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 850-645-1415. Fax: +1 850-644-1454. .
| | - Jeremy W. Pettit
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Peter M. Lewinsohn
- Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, OR 97403-1983, USA
| | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32312-1270, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that seasonal intervals of exposure to modest changes in photoperiod, typical of those experienced by humans living in temperate latitudes (10-14 h light/day), engage changes in emotional behaviour of Wistar rats, a commonly-used animal model for investigations of affective physiology. Short day lengths (<or= 12 h light/day) induced behavioural despair in a forced-swim test, exploratory anxiety in an open field arena, and anhedonia in a two-bottle sucrose preference task, relative to longer day lengths. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone was lower in short-day relative to long-day rats, but testosterone and corticosterone concentrations were comparable across treatments. In common with animals that engage reproductive responses to day length, reproductively nonresponsive mammals such as Wistar rats exhibit changes in affective state following small changes in day length. Wistar rats may provide an animal model for the study of seasonal mood regulation because the neuroendocrine, depressive, anxious and anhedonic responses of Wistar rats to short days bear similarities to those observed in some human populations. Standard laboratory husbandry practices (exposure to a 12 : 12 h light/dark cycle) may inadvertently deliver a chronic background depressive and anxiogenic stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pizzagalli DA, Bogdan R, Ratner KG, Jahn AL. Increased perceived stress is associated with blunted hedonic capacity: potential implications for depression research. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:2742-53. [PMID: 17854766 PMCID: PMC2080833 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that stress exerts depressogenic effects by impairing hedonic capacity; in humans, however, the precise mechanisms linking stress and depression are largely unknown. As an initial step towards better understanding the association between stress and anhedonia, the present study tested, in two independent samples, whether individuals reporting elevated stress exhibit decreased hedonic capacity. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measured the degree to which participants appraised their daily life as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overwhelming. Hedonic capacity was objectively assessed using a signal-detection task based on a differential reinforcement schedule. Decreased reward responsiveness (i.e., the participants' propensity to modulate behavior as a function of reward) was used as an operational measure of hedonic capacity. In both Study 1 (n=88) and Study 2 (n=80), participants with high PSS scores displayed blunted reward responsiveness and reported elevated anhedonic symptoms. Additionally, PSS scores predicted reduced reward responsiveness even after controlling for general distress and anxiety symptoms. These findings are consistent with preclinical data highlighting links between stress and anhedonia, and offer promising insights into potential mechanisms linking stress to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 1220 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
De La Garza R. Endotoxin- or pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced sickness behavior as an animal model of depression: focus on anhedonia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:761-70. [PMID: 15878621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, exposure to endotoxins or pro-inflammatory cytokines induces a number of neuropsychological symptoms collectively referred to as 'flu-like syndrome'. The degree of overlap between flu-like syndrome and major depressive disorder is considerable and a close linkage between these has been predicted to arise due to hypersecretion of endogenous pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. In animals, exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines or endotoxins induces a 'sickness behavior' syndrome that is analogous to flu-like symptoms observed in human patients. The goal of the current paper is to review evidence implicating endotoxin- or cytokine-induced sickness behavior as an animal model of depression, with an emphasis on reduced consumption of highly palatable substances as a defining feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard De La Garza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, NPI Room A8-148, 740 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pizzagalli DA, Jahn AL, O'Shea JP. Toward an objective characterization of an anhedonic phenotype: a signal-detection approach. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:319-27. [PMID: 15705346 PMCID: PMC2447922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in defining and characterizing phenotypes has hindered progress in psychiatric genetics and clinical neuroscience. Decreased approach-related behavior and anhedonia (lack of responsiveness to pleasure) are considered cardinal features of depression, but few studies have used laboratory-based measures to objectively characterize these constructs. METHODS To assess hedonic capacity in relation to depressive, particularly anhedonic, symptoms, 62 participants completed a signal-detection task based on a differential reinforcement schedule. Anhedonia was operationalized as decreased reward responsiveness. RESULTS Unequal frequency of reward between two correct responses produced a response bias (i.e., a systematic preference to identify the stimulus paired with the more frequent reward). Subjects with elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory scores >/= 16) failed to show a response bias. Impaired reward responsiveness predicted higher anhedonic symptoms 1 month later, after controlling for general negative affectivity. CONCLUSIONS Impaired tendency to modulate behavior as a function of prior reinforcement might underline diminished hedonic capacity in depression. When applied to a clinical population, objective assessments of participants' propensity to modulate behavior as a function of reward might provide a powerful tool for improving the phenotypic definition of depression and thus offer a reliable behavioral screening approach for neuroscience studies of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Berenbaum H, Raghavan C, Le HN, Vernon LL, Gomez JJ. A taxonomy of emotional disturbances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
During the last 30 years there has been renewed clinical interest in the state of 'lack of pleasure' (anhedonia) seen in conditions such as schizophrenia and depression. In spite of some important work, confusion still remains about the term, behaviours and explanatory concepts pertaining to anhedonia. This paper reviews the clinical and basic scientific studies that throw light on this interesting clinical phenomenon and then presents a new model of anhedonia which can be tested empirically and should facilitate research in this field.
Collapse
|
25
|
Fawcett J, Busch KA, Jacobs D, Kravitz HM, Fogg L. Suicide: a four-pathway clinical-biochemical model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 836:288-301. [PMID: 9616805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter, based on a review of recent research as well as data presented in this report, proposes four hypothetical pathways leading to suicide in clinical depression: (1) an acute pathway involving severe anxiety/agitation associated with high brain corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF or CRH) levels, (2) trait baseline and reactivity hopelessness, (3) severe anhedonia, and (4) trait impulsiveness associated with low brain serotonin turnover and low total cholesterol as a possible peripheral correlate. Clinical research showing evidence for acute versus chronic high-risk suicide factors and other studies linking severe anxiety/agitation to high CRF levels will be presented as associated with acute suicidal risk, which is potentially reversible with recognition and treatment. Evidence for anhedonia severity as a risk factor and trait, as well as evidence that baseline hopelessness and sensitivity are traits related to chronic suicide risk, will be presented. Finally, evidence relating low serum cholesterol to suicide in depressed inpatients will be presented in the context of literature suggesting a relationship between low serum cholesterol and violent death and suicide in population studies. Data suggesting a relationship between low serum cholesterol and decreased CSF 5-HIAA, suggesting reduced serotonin turnover, will be presented, in light of prior studies relating low CSF 5-HIAA and violent suicide. These data taken together suggest four pathways to suicide that are worth investigating in order to better understand the mechanisms leading to this behavior. Future possibilities and applications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fawcett
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to present a model of depressive vulnerability centered on anhedonia. After a review of the literature, we suggest a specific symptomatic profile associating anhedonia, introversion, low sensation-seeking, autonomy, dysfunctional attitudes, high displeasure capacity, obsessive-compulsive features, passitivity and pessimism. This symptomatic profile could constitute a mild chronic mood disorder which, following stress, might decompensate into unipolar endogenomorphic depression. Several methods of research are suggested to test the validity of our model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Loas
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hopital Pinel, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Compromised Performance and Abnormal Psychophysiology Associated With the Wisconsin Scales of Psychosis Proneness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4234-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
28
|
Abstract
Physical anhedonia, evaluated by the score on the physical anhedonia scale (PAS) of Chapman et al. [J. Abnorm. Psychol. 4 374-382 (1976)] was studied in 61 patients, who met RDC criteria for major depressive disorder and in 61 normal subjects. The depressed patients scored significantly higher than the normal group and presented a continuous distribution. Physical anhedonia of depressed patients seems related to the severity of the depression and does not appear to identify a qualitatively distinct subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Loas
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E.), Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wolfe C, Zacharko RM. Desmethylimipramine promotes recovery of self-stimulation from the prefrontal cortex following footshock. Brain Res Bull 1991; 27:601-4. [PMID: 1756378 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(91)90033-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was assessed from the prefrontal cortex in CD-1 mice immediately (0 h), 24 h and 168 h following exposure to uncontrollable footshock. Marked reductions in ICSS rates were observed in all mice immediately following the stressor. Although the ICSS alterations were transient in some animals, ICSS rates were reduced in the majority of animals 24-h and 168-h poststressor. Mice of either the shock or no shock treatment groups were administered either saline or desmethylimipramine (DMI, 5 mg/kg x 2) for 20 consecutive days. Chronic DMI ameliorated the stressor-induced ICSS deficits from the prefrontal cortex. Potential explanations for the stressor-provoked variations in ICSS and the effects of DMI are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wolfe
- Carleton University, Psychology Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Audio-taped interviews recorded in the Gottesman-Shields schizophrenic twin series (17 pairs of identical twins, 14 pairs of fraternal same-sex twins, and 12 unpaired twins) were rated for level of hedonic capacity. Schizophrenics who were not hospitalized at the time of their interview were rated significantly lower (more impaired) on hedonic capacity than their normal co-twins. A significant negative correlation was also found between hedonic capacity and severity of illness. Hedonic capacity was found to be genetically influenced, although it appeared to be less heritable than the global diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results are consistent with Meehl's suggestion that reduced hedonic capacity is a heritable personality trait which potentiates the development of schizophrenia among those who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. The results suggest that anhedonia is not a phenotypic vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Berenbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dilsaver SC. Pharmacologic perturbation strategies in the study of the neurobiology of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13:785-98. [PMID: 2682785 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(89)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Psychological, behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and receptor binding measurements are useful as dependent variables when studying the biology of depression and mania. 2. Pharmacological perturbations of cholinergic mechanisms can produce changes mimicking aspects of the neurobiology of affective disorders. 3. These changes can be quantitated by measuring their impact on variables in each of these classes. 4. Pharmacological methods for inducing these changes in cholinergic systems and their application to clinical and basic research in the field of affective disorders are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Dilsaver
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Advances in clinical and basic research methodology combined with clearly articulated concepts create new opportunities for researching the roles of cholinergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Areas for study include: roles of cholinergic mechanisms in mediating effects of stress and cholinergic mechanisms linking the pathophysiologies of affective and panic disorders, use of pharmacologic agents to produce cholinergic system supersensitivity in modeling biologic aspects of affective illness, use of multigenerational intrapedigree studies of cholinergic markers associated with affective disease, research into the neurobiology of lithium and ECT as they pertain to muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms, study of the interrelationship of sodium, calcium and lithium ion metabolism and their relationship to cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction, the development of brain imaging strategies and techniques, e.g., positron emission tomography (PET), to measure changes in cholinergic receptor density and affinity as a function of clinical state, identification and validation of a peripheral model of the central muscarinic receptor, study of the pharmacology of abusable substances and its relationship to mechanisms regulating mood, affect, psychomotor function and other variables related to the affective disorders, and development of in vitro and in vivo models useful in studying the physiology and biochemistry of the interaction of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons. These models may allow us to bridge the traditional cholinergic and monoamine hypotheses of affective disorders.
Collapse
|