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Paludetto LS, Florence LLA, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Mapping the Neural Substrates of Cocaine Craving: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38671981 PMCID: PMC11048489 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Craving is one of the most important symptoms of cocaine use disorder (CUD) since it contributes to the relapse and persistence of such disorder. This systematic review aimed to investigate which brain regions are modulated during cocaine craving. The articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, Regional BVS Portal, PubMed, and Scielo databases. Overall, there was a selection of 36 studies with 1574 individuals, the majority being participants with CUD, whereby about 61.56% were individuals with CUD and 38.44% were controls (mean age = 40.4 years). Besides the methodological points, the neurobiological investigations comprised fMRI (58.34%) and PET (38.89%). The induction of cocaine craving was studied using different methods: exposure to cocaine cues (69.45%), stressful stimuli, food cues, and methylphenidate. Brain activations demonstrated widespread activity across the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and the limbic system. In addition to abnormalities in prefrontal cortex activity, abnormalities in various other brain regions' activity contribute to the elucidation of the neurobiology of cocaine craving. Abnormalities in brain activity are justified not only by the dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways but also of the glutamatergic and noradrenergic pathways, and distinct ways of inducing craving demonstrated the involvement of distinct brain circuits and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Larrubia Alvares Florence
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay;
- Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo 050106, Paraguay
- School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Sudamericana, Salto del Guairá 130112, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
- Perdizes Institute of the Clinical Hospital (IPer-HCFMUSP), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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2
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D'Acunzo P, Ungania JM, Kim Y, Barreto BR, DeRosa S, Pawlik M, Canals‐Baker S, Erdjument‐Bromage H, Hashim A, Goulbourne CN, Neubert TA, Saito M, Sershen H, Levy E. Cocaine perturbs mitovesicle biology in the brain. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12301. [PMID: 36691887 PMCID: PMC9871795 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine, an addictive psychostimulant, has a broad mechanism of action, including the induction of a wide range of alterations in brain metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis. Our group recently identified a subpopulation of non-microvesicular, non-exosomal extracellular vesicles of mitochondrial origin (mitovesicles) and developed a method to isolate mitovesicles from brain parenchyma. We hypothesised that the generation and secretion of mitovesicles is affected by mitochondrial abnormalities induced by chronic cocaine exposure. Mitovesicles from the brain extracellular space of cocaine-administered mice were enlarged and more numerous when compared to controls, supporting a model in which mitovesicle biogenesis is enhanced in the presence of mitochondrial alterations. This interrelationship was confirmed in vitro. Moreover, cocaine affected mitovesicle protein composition, causing a functional alteration in mitovesicle ATP production capacity. These data suggest that mitovesicles are previously unidentified players in the biology of cocaine addiction and that target therapies to fine-tune brain mitovesicle functionality may be beneficial to mitigate the effects of chronic cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan M. Ungania
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bryana R. Barreto
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven DeRosa
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Stefanie Canals‐Baker
- Division of NeurochemistryNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Hediye Erdjument‐Bromage
- Department of Cell BiologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Audrey Hashim
- Division of NeurochemistryNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Chris N. Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Thomas A. Neubert
- Department of Cell BiologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Division of NeurochemistryNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Henry Sershen
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Division of NeurochemistryNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburgNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular PharmacologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- NYU Neuroscience InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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3
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McKendrick G, McDevitt DS, Shafeek P, Cottrill A, Graziane NM. Anterior cingulate cortex and its projections to the ventral tegmental area regulate opioid withdrawal, the formation of opioid context associations and context-induced drug seeking. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972658. [PMID: 35992922 PMCID: PMC9388764 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that there are correlations between activity within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following re-exposure to drug-associated contexts and drug craving. However, there are limited data contributing to our understanding of ACC function at the cellular level during re-exposure to drug-context associations as well as whether the ACC is directly related to context-induced drug seeking. Here, we addressed this issue by employing our novel behavioral procedure capable of measuring the formation of drug-context associations as well as context-induced drug-seeking behavior in male mice (8–12 weeks of age) that orally self-administered oxycodone. We found that mice escalated oxycodone intake during the long-access training sessions and that conditioning with oxycodone was sufficient to evoke conditioned place preference (CPP) and drug-seeking behaviors. Additionally, we found that thick-tufted, but not thin-tufted pyramidal neurons (PyNs) in the ACC as well as ventral tegmental area (VTA)-projecting ACC neurons had increased intrinsic membrane excitability in mice that self-administered oxycodone compared to controls. Moreover, we found that global inhibition of the ACC or inhibition of VTA-projecting ACC neurons was sufficient to significantly reduce oxycodone-induced CPP, drug seeking, and spontaneous opioid withdrawal. These results demonstrate a direct role of ACC activity in mediating context-induced opioid seeking among other behaviors, including withdrawal, that are associated with the DSM-V criteria of opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer McKendrick
- Neuroscience Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Dillon S. McDevitt
- Neuroscience Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Peter Shafeek
- Medicine Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Adam Cottrill
- Neuroscience Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Graziane
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas M. Graziane,
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4
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Fede SJ, Kisner MA, Manuweera T, Kerich M, Momenan R. Compounding Vulnerability in the Neurocircuitry of Addiction: Longitudinal Functional Connectivity Changes in Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:712-721. [PMID: 35760068 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The addiction neurocircuitry model describes the role of several brain circuits (drug reward, negative emotionality and craving/executive control) in alcohol use and subsequent development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Human studies examining longitudinal change using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) are needed to understand how functional changes to these circuits are caused by or contribute to continued AUD. METHODS In order to characterize how intrinsic functional connectivity changes with sustained AUD, we analyzed rs-fMRI data from individuals with (n = 18; treatment seeking and non-treatment seeking) and without (n = 21) AUD collected on multiple visits as part of various research studies at the NIAAA intramural program from 2012 to 2020. RESULTS Results of the seed correlation analysis showed that individuals with AUD had an increase in functional connectivity over time between emotionality and craving neurocircuits, and a decrease between executive control and reward networks. Post hoc investigations of AUD severity and alcohol consumption between scans revealed an additive effect of these AUD features in many of the circuits, such that more alcohol consumption or more severe AUD was associated with more pronounced changes to synchronicity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an increased concordance of networks underlying emotionality and compulsions toward drinking while also a reduction in control network connectivity, consistent with the addiction neurocircuitry model. Further, they suggest a compounding effect of continued heavy drinking on these vulnerabilities in neurocircuitry. More longitudinal research is necessary to understand the trajectories of individuals with AUD not adequately represented in this study, as well as whether this can inform effective harm reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Fede
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mallory A Kisner
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thushini Manuweera
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mike Kerich
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Lyu X, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Du J, Wang J, Jiang H. Euphoric effect induced by zolpidem: a case study of magnetoencephalography. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100729. [PMID: 35243205 PMCID: PMC8819779 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent, was considered to have fewer adverse reactions than traditional benzodiazepines. However, after zolpidem was approved for medical use, an increasing number of case reports have described abuse or dependence complications. We were especially interested in the cases of dependence that presented a paradoxical ‘euphoric’ effect of zolpidem. This article reports the case of a female zolpidem-dependent patient who presented with 6 years of daily use of 400–1400 mg of zolpidem. She reported subjective effects of euphoria, intense craving and the inability to stop drug ingestion. Her diagnoses were zolpidem dependence and a depressive episode induced by substance abuse. To explore the neural mechanisms of the euphoric effect caused by high-dose zolpidem, we performed repeated magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings. Before undergoing detoxification, her MEG results indicated that cerebellar electrical signal activation increased when taking high zolpidem doses. However, the prefrontal and parietal lobes’ electrical signal activity showed a tendency to recover to a normal state as the withdrawal time progressed to completion. This case suggests that the cerebellum plays a role in the euphoria induced by high zolpidem doses and provides clues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechan Lyu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yegang Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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6
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Tolomeo S, Yu R. Brain network dysfunctions in addiction: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:41. [PMID: 35091540 PMCID: PMC8799706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) provides novel insights into variabilities in neural networks associated with the use of addictive drugs or with addictive behavioral repertoire. However, given the broad mix of inconsistent findings across studies, identifying specific consistent patterns of network abnormalities is warranted. Here we aimed at integrating rsFC abnormalities and systematically searching for large-scale functional brain networks in substance use disorder (SUD) and behavioral addictions (BA), through a coordinate-based meta-analysis of seed-based rsFC studies. A total of fifty-two studies are eligible in the meta-analysis, including 1911 SUD and BA patients and 1580 healthy controls. In addition, we performed multilevel kernel density analysis (MKDA) for the brain regions reliably involved in hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity in SUD and BA. Data from fifty-two studies showed that SUD was associated with putamen, caudate and middle frontal gyrus hyperconnectivity relative to healthy controls. Eight BA studies showed hyperconnectivity clusters within the putamen and medio-temporal lobe relative to healthy controls. Altered connectivity in salience or emotion-processing areas may be related to dysregulated affective and cognitive control-related networks, such as deficits in regulating elevated sensitivity to drug-related stimuli. These findings confirm that SUD and BA might be characterized by dysfunctions in specific brain networks, particularly those implicated in the core cognitive and affective functions. These findings might provide insight into the development of neural mechanistic biomarkers for SUD and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenella Tolomeo
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Jiang P, Sun J, Zhou X, Lu L, Li L, Huang X, Li J, Kendrick K, Gong Q. Functional connectivity abnormalities underlying mood disturbances in male abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3366-3378. [PMID: 33939234 PMCID: PMC8249885 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are the most common withdrawal symptoms of methamphetamine (METH) abuse, which further exacerbate relapse of METH abuse. To date, no effective pharmacotherapy exists for METH abuse and its withdrawal symptoms. Therefore, understanding the neuromechanism underlying METH abuse and its withdrawal symptoms is essential for developing clinical strategies and improving patient care. The aims of this study were to investigate brain network abnormalities in METH abusers (MAs) and their associations with affective symptoms. Forty‐eight male abstinent MAs and 48 age‐gender matched healthy controls were recruited and underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The severity of patient anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured by Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scales, which decreased across the duration of abstinence. Independent component analysis was used to investigate the brain network functional connectivity (FC) properties. Compared with healthy controls, MAs demonstrated hypo‐intra‐network FC in the cerebellar network and hyper‐intra‐network FC in the posterior salience network. A whole‐brain regression analysis revealed that FC strength of clusters located in the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) within the ventromedial network (VMN) was associated with affective symptoms in the patients. Importantly, the intra‐network FC strength of the rACC in VMN mediated the association between abstinence duration and the severity level of affective symptoms. Our results demonstrate alterations in brain functional networks underlying METH abuse, and that the FC of rACC within VMN serve as a neural substrate in the association between abstinence length and affective symptom severity in the MAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatics, Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keith Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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8
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Costanzi M, Cianfanelli B, Santirocchi A, Lasaponara S, Spataro P, Rossi-Arnaud C, Cestari V. Forgetting Unwanted Memories: Active Forgetting and Implications for the Development of Psychological Disorders. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040241. [PMID: 33810436 PMCID: PMC8066077 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrusive memories are a common feature of many psychopathologies, and suppression-induced forgetting of unwanted memories appears as a critical ability to preserve mental health. In recent years, biological and cognitive studies converged in revealing that forgetting is due to active processes. Recent neurobiological studies provide evidence on the active role of main neurotransmitter systems in forgetting, suggesting that the brain actively works to suppress retrieval of unwanted memories. On the cognitive side, there is evidence that voluntary and involuntary processes (here termed "intentional" and "incidental" forgetting, respectively) contribute to active forgetting. In intentional forgetting, an inhibitory control mechanism suppresses awareness of unwanted memories at encoding or retrieval. In incidental forgetting, retrieval practice of some memories involuntarily suppresses the retrieval of other related memories. In this review we describe recent findings on deficits in active forgetting observed in psychopathologies, like post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, we report studies in which the role of neurotransmitter systems, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, has been investigated in active forgetting paradigms. The possibility that biological and cognitive mechanisms of active forgetting could be considered as hallmarks of the early onset of psychopathologies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrice Cianfanelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessandro Santirocchi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Stefano Lasaponara
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (S.L.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Pietro Spataro
- Department of Economy, Universitas Mercatorum, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (V.C.)
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9
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Zhao Y, Sallie SN, Cui H, Zeng N, Du J, Yuan T, Li D, De Ridder D, Zhang C. Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Addiction: New Insights for Neuromodulation. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:S1094-7159(21)00082-9. [PMID: 33090660 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized by compulsive use of addictive substances with considerable impact on both the medical system and society as a whole. The craving of substances leads to relapse in the majority of patients within one year of traditional treatments. In recent decades, neuromodulation approaches have emerged as potential novel treatments of SUD, but the ideal neural target remains contentious. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, we discuss new insights on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a neuromodulation target for SUD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION First, we illustrate that the ACC serves as a central "hub" in addiction-related neural networks of cognitive functions, including, but not limited to, decision-making, cognitive inhibition, emotion, and motivation. Then, we summarize the literature targeting the ACC to treat SUDs via available neuromodulation approaches. Finally, we propose potential directions to improve the effect of stimulating the ACC in SUD treatment. We emphasize that the ACC can be divided into at least four sub-regions, which have distinctive functions and connections. Studies focusing on these sub-regions may help to develop more precise and effective ACC stimulation according to patients' symptom profiles and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Samantha N Sallie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Level E4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hailun Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Level E4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ningning Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Schmill MP, Cadney MD, Thompson Z, Hiramatsu L, Albuquerque RL, McNamara MP, Castro AA, Kay JC, Buenaventura DG, Ramirez JL, Rhodes JS, Garland T. Conditioned place preference for cocaine and methylphenidate in female mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12700. [PMID: 32909333 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral addictions can come in many forms, including overeating, gambling and overexercising. All addictions share a common mechanism involving activation of the natural reward circuit and reinforcement learning, but the extent to which motivation for natural and drug rewards share similar neurogenetic mechanisms remains unknown. A unique mouse genetic model in which four replicate lines of female mice were selectively bred (>76 generations) for high voluntary wheel running (High Runner or HR lines) alongside four non-selected control (C) lines were used to test the hypothesis that high motivation for exercise is associated with greater reward for cocaine (20 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. HR mice run ~three times as many revolutions/day as C mice, but the extent to which they have increased motivation for other rewards is unknown. Both HR and C mice displayed significant CPP for cocaine and methylphenidate, but with no statistical difference between linetypes for either drug. Taken together, results suggest that selective breeding for increased voluntary running has modified the reward circuit in the brain in a way that increases motivation for running without affecting cocaine or methylphenidate reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Schmill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marcell D Cadney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Zoe Thompson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Layla Hiramatsu
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ralph L Albuquerque
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Monica P McNamara
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alberto A Castro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jarren C Kay
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Darrius G Buenaventura
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jocelyn L Ramirez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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11
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Young JW, Roberts BZ, Breier M, Swerdlow NR. Amphetamine improves rat 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT) irrespective of concurrent low-dose haloperidol treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1959-1972. [PMID: 32318751 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cognitive dysfunction mediates functional impairment in patients with schizophrenia, necessitating the timely development of pro-cognitive therapeutics. An important initial step in this process is to establish what, if any, pro-cognitive agents and associated mechanisms can be identified using cross-species translational paradigms. For example, attentional deficits-a core feature of schizophrenia-can be measured across species using the 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT). The psychostimulant, amphetamine, improves human and rodent 5C-CPT performance. OBJECTIVE Here, we tested whether amphetamine would similarly improve 5C-CPT performance in the presence of dopamine D2 receptor blockade, since pro-cognitive treatments in schizophrenia would virtually always be used in conjunction with D2 receptor antagonists. METHODS We established the dose-response effects of amphetamine (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0, 3.2, 10, or 32 μg/kg) on 5C-CPT performance in Long Evans rats, and then tested an amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) × haloperidol (10 μg/kg) interaction; the low dose was chosen because higher doses exerted deleterious non-specific effects on performance. RESULTS Amphetamine improved 5C-CPT performance in poorly performing rats by increasing target detection, independent of haloperidol pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The pro-attentional effects of amphetamine were most likely mediated by dopamine release at D1-family receptors, since they persisted in the presence of acute D2 blockade. Alternative explanations for these findings are also discussed, as are their potential implications for future pro-cognitive therapeutics in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA. .,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Michelle Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
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12
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Vaher K, Anier K, Jürgenson M, Harro J, Kalda A. Cocaine-induced changes in behaviour and DNA methylation in rats are influenced by inter-individual differences in spontaneous exploratory activity. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:680-692. [PMID: 32338111 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120916137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in behavioural traits influence susceptibility to addictive disorders. Drug addiction involves changes in gene expression, proposed to occur via DNA methylation (DNAm). AIMS To investigate DNAm changes in reward-related brain structures (nucleus accumbens (NAc), lateral habenula (LHb)) in response to cocaine exposure in rats differing in spontaneous exploratory activity. METHODS Rats were observed in the exploration box and categorised as high- (HE) or low explorers (LE). Rats were administered vehicle or cocaine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days, followed by a 14-day withdrawal period and cocaine challenge (7 mg/kg); horizontal locomotor activity was recorded. Brain tissue was dissected after 24 h; we analysed messenger RNA (mRNA) and activity levels of epigenetic DNA modifiers (DNMTs and TETs) as well as mRNA and promoter methylation levels at selected genes previously linked to addictive behaviours. RESULTS The cocaine challenge dose stimulated locomotor activity in both LE- and HE rats only when administered after a repeated cocaine schedule, suggesting development of behavioural sensitisation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated higher basal expression of Dnmt3a, Tet2 and Tet3 in the LHb of HE- vs. LE rats, and we observed differential effects of cocaine exposure on the expression and activity of epigenetic DNA modifiers in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. Furthermore, cocaine exposure differentially altered promoter methylation levels of A2AR, Ppp1cc, and Taar7b in the NAc and LHb of HE- and LE rats. CONCLUSIONS DNAm might play a role in the HE- and LE phenotypes as well as mediate behavioural effects of LE- and HE rats in response to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Vaher
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Keresztény Á, Ferenczi-Dallos G, Velő S, Gádoros J, Balázs J. Dyskinesia in Treatment-Naive and Stimulant-Treated Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:981-989. [PMID: 27864427 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716679262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Stimulants are safe and effective medications for the treatment of ADHD. There are a number of case studies that report stimulant-induced dyskinesia. The aim of this study was to compare dyskinesia in a treated and a treatment-naive group of children with ADHD, and a healthy control group. Method: Children aged 6 to 18 years were involved in the study (n = 158). Diagnosis of ADHD was measured with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid (MINI Kid). Dyskinesia was assessed with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Results: Before methylphenidate administration, the treated ADHD group showed significantly higher AIMS total score than the control group (p = .001) and the treatment-naive ADHD group (p < .001). We found the same pattern 1.5 hr after methylphenidate administration. Conclusion: These results call attention that clinicians should take special care for the possible development of dyskinesia during the treatment of their ADHD patients with methylphenidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Keresztény
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szabina Velő
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, School of PhD Budapest, Hungary
| | - Júlia Gádoros
- Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Balázs
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Grodin EN, Courtney KE, Ray LA. Drug-Induced Craving for Methamphetamine Is Associated With Neural Methamphetamine Cue Reactivity. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 31014470 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug craving serves as the major motivator to propagate drug use and is thought to elicit relapse in abstinent individuals. Although craving for methamphetamine has been investigated using both laboratory and neuroimaging methodologies, the relationship between drug-induced craving and neural responses to methamphetamine cues has yet to be explored. Therefore, the present study investigated whether methamphetamine-induced craving responses in the laboratory were associated with neural response to methamphetamine cues. METHOD Non-treatment-seeking individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (n = 15) completed two sessions, one in the laboratory where they underwent a methamphetamine infusion, and one in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner where they viewed methamphetamine cues. Participants reported their craving for methamphetamine over the course of the laboratory session. Analyses examined the association between peak ratings of methamphetamine-induced craving and neural activation to methamphetamine cues. RESULTS In individuals with a methamphetamine use disorder, methamphetamine-induced craving was positively associated with neural methamphetamine cue reactivity in the precuneus, putamen, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Z > 2.3, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS There is a shared neurobiology underlying cue- and drug-induced craving in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Treatments that disrupt this circuitry may decrease craving and help prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Poor inhibitory control is associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:825-832. [PMID: 31832721 PMCID: PMC7039753 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Poor inhibitory control is a well-established risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Similarly, greater sensitivity to the stimulant effects and less sensitivity to the sedative effects of alcohol are also strongly linked to risk for AUD. Traditionally, these two risk factors have been considered to be orthogonal, and thus they have been studied independently. However, recent evidence from animal and human studies suggests that they may be related. The current study examined the relationship between inhibitory control and subjective responses to alcohol in a sample of healthy young adults. METHODS Moderate social drinkers (N = 69) first completed the stop signal task to assess inhibitory control. They then participated in four sessions in which they received an oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of stimulation and sedation on the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) at regular intervals. RESULTS Linear mixed effects models showed that poor inhibitory control was associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol compared with placebo. CONCLUSION These findings provide the first direct evidence that individuals with poor inhibitory control experience greater sensitivity to the rewarding, stimulant effects of alcohol, and less sensitivity to the negative, sedative effects. These findings suggest that inhibition and subjective response to alcohol are not independent risk factors, and that together they constitute a heightened profile of risk for AUD.
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16
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The rate of dasotraline brain entry is slow following intravenous administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3435-3446. [PMID: 32813030 PMCID: PMC7651685 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs that rapidly increase dopamine levels have an increased risk of abuse. Dasotraline (DAS) is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor characterized by slow oral absorption with low potential for abuse. However, it remains unclear whether intravenous (i.v.) administration would facilitate the rapid elevation of dopamine levels associated with stimulant drugs. OBJECTIVE To assess the kinetics of DAS across the blood-brain barrier and time to onset of dopamine transporters (DAT) inhibition. METHODS We compared the onset of DAT occupancy and the associated elevation of synaptic dopamine levels in rhesus monkey following i.v. administration of DAS or methylphenidate (MPH) using positron emission tomography (PET). Brain entry times were estimated by reductions in [18F]-FE-PE2I binding to DAT in rhesus monkeys. Elevations of synaptic dopamine were estimated by reductions in [11C]-Raclopride binding to D2 receptors. RESULTS Intravenous administration of DAS (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) resulted in striatal DAT occupancies of 54% and 68%, respectively; i.v. administered MPH (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) achieved occupancies of 69% and 88% respectively. Brain entry times of DAS (22 and 15 min, respectively) were longer than for MPH (3 and 2 min). Elevations in synaptic dopamine were similar for both DAS and MPH however the time for half-maximal displacement by MPH (t = 23 min) was 4-fold more rapid than for DAS (t = 88 min). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the pharmacodynamics effects of DAS on DAT occupancy and synaptic dopamine levels are more gradual in onset than those of MPH even with i.v. administration that is favored by recreational drug abusers.
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17
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Abstract
Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that mediate drug accessibility, norms, and social support systems or lack thereof. The reinforcing effects of drugs mostly depend on dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic drug exposure triggers glutamatergic-mediated neuroadaptations in dopamine striato-thalamo-cortical (predominantly in prefrontal cortical regions including orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) and limbic pathways (amygdala and hippocampus) that, in vulnerable individuals, can result in addiction. In parallel, changes in the extended amygdala result in negative emotional states that perpetuate drug taking as an attempt to temporarily alleviate them. Counterintuitively, in the addicted person, the actual drug consumption is associated with an attenuated dopamine increase in brain reward regions, which might contribute to drug-taking behavior to compensate for the difference between the magnitude of the expected reward triggered by the conditioning to drug cues and the actual experience of it. Combined, these effects result in an enhanced motivation to "seek the drug" (energized by dopamine increases triggered by drug cues) and an impaired prefrontal top-down self-regulation that favors compulsive drug-taking against the backdrop of negative emotionality and an enhanced interoceptive awareness of "drug hunger." Treatment interventions intended to reverse these neuroadaptations show promise as therapeutic approaches for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Michaelides
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruben Baler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Is Trazodone Contramid Useful in Inducing Patients to Refrain From Using Cocaine After Detoxification, so Avoiding Early Relapse? A Case Series. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2019; 17:169-182. [PMID: 32021587 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.17204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
(©Zehra A, Liuck, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND Wergh J, 2018. Reprinted with permission from Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology (2018) 13:438-452).
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20
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The Correlation between the Frontostriatal Network and Impulsivity in Internet Gaming Disorder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1191. [PMID: 30718701 PMCID: PMC6361914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As excessive use of internet gaming has become a serious public health concern, increasing studies have revealed that impulsivity is one of the important risk factors of internet gaming disorder (IGD). This study was designed to investigate the altered resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in IGD participants and to examine its relationship with impulsivity compared with the normal controls (NC). Seed-based analyses verified that participants with IGD displayed decreased FC between the OFC and frontal, striatal, temporal and occipital regions different from NC. Moreover, IGD participants showed weankened FC from the OFC with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as well as with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum as the results of group difference. These results could suggest that the decreased frontostriatal connectivity was associated with excessive internet gaming. Also, the increased FC in frontostriatal regions was correlated with impulse control in the NC but not the IGD participants. Further insight into the brain circuitry on frontostriatal could provide the target for developing treatment approaches of impulse control in IGD.
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21
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Ramdave S, Dawson A, Carter A, Dissanayaka NNW. Unmasking neurobiological commonalities between addictive disorders and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:2785-2798. [PMID: 30707344 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in reward circuitry have been studied extensively in substance and behavioural addictions. However, comparatively little is known about the neurobiology underlying impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease, which show roughly similar risk factors and behavioural presentations to both stimulant and behavioural addictions. ICDs occur in a subset of susceptible patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) following intake of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). These behavioural disorders often have debilitating effects on a patient's quality of life and increase caregiver burden. This comprehensive review examined findings of 40 neuroimaging studies of ICDs in PD to determine (a) whether there are putative neurobiological commonalities between traditional substance and behavioural addictions and DRT-induced ICD in PD and (b) opportunities for future studies to advance current neurobiological understanding of the phenomenon. Results revealed that strikingly similar (a) deficits in dopaminergic receptor expression, (b) connectivity changes in corticostriatal circuitry and (c) neural responses to cue exposure are observed in both ICDs in PD and addictive disorders. These findings point to the value of adopting a transdiagnostic approach when studying addicted populations and pave the way for demystifying this peculiar, often-devastating phenomenon in PD that has so far proven extremely difficult to treat and predict with any precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ramdave
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Andrew Dawson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadeeka N W Dissanayaka
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Woman's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Unterrainer HF, Hiebler-Ragger M, Koschutnig K, Fuchshuber J, Ragger K, Perchtold CM, Papousek I, Weiss EM, Fink A. Brain Structure Alterations in Poly-Drug Use: Reduced Cortical Thickness and White Matter Impairments in Regions Associated With Affective, Cognitive, and Motor Functions. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:667. [PMID: 31616326 PMCID: PMC6763614 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are defined by obsessive and uncontrolled consumption, which is related to neurobiological changes. Based on previous work, this study investigated potential alterations in brain structure in poly-drug use disordered (PUD) patients in comparison to controls from the normal population. This study involved a sample of 153 right-handed men aged between 18 and 41 years, comprising a clinical group of 78 PUD and a group of 75 healthy controls. Group differences in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), as well as cortical thickness (CT), were investigated by means of diffusion tensor imaging using automated fiber quantification (AFQ) and voxel-based morphometry. We observed significant WM impairments in PUD, especially in the bilateral corticospinal tracts and the inferior longitudinal fasciculi. Furthermore, we found reduced CT in the PUD group especially in the left insular and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. There were no group differences in GM. In addition, PUD exhibited a higher amount of psychiatric symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) and impairments in cognitive functions (Wonderlic Personnel Test). In line with previous research, this study revealed substantial impairments in brain structure in the PUD group in areas linked with affective, cognitive, and motor functions. We therefore hypothesize a neurologically informed treatment approach for SUD. Future studies should consequently explore a potential positive neuroplasticity in relation to a better therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Human F Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute for Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Ragger
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ilona Papousek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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23
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Moorman DE. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:85-107. [PMID: 29355587 PMCID: PMC6072631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the major functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to promote flexible motivated behavior. It is no surprise, therefore, that recent work has demonstrated a prominent impact of chronic drug use on the OFC and a potential role for OFC disruption in drug abuse and addiction. Among drugs of abuse, the use of alcohol is particularly salient with respect to OFC function. Although a number of studies in humans have implicated OFC dysregulation in alcohol use disorders, animal models investigating the association between OFC and alcohol use are only beginning to be developed, and there is still a great deal to be revealed. The goal of this review is to consider what is currently known regarding the role of the OFC in alcohol use and dependence. I will first provide a brief, general overview of current views of OFC function and its contributions to drug seeking and addiction. I will then discuss research to date related to the OFC and alcohol use, both in human clinical populations and in non-human models. Finally I will consider issues and strategies to guide future study that may identify this brain region as a key player in the transition from moderated to problematic alcohol use and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA 01003 USA
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24
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Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:438-452. [PMID: 29556883 PMCID: PMC6223748 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used substance of abuse in the United States after alcohol and tobacco. With a recent increase in the rates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and a decrease in the perceived risk of cannabis use, it is imperative to assess the addictive potential of cannabis. Here we evaluate cannabis use through the neurobiological model of addiction proposed by Koob and Volkow. The model proposes that repeated substance abuse drives neurobiological changes in the brain that can be separated into three distinct stages, each of which perpetuates the cycle of addiction. Here we review previous research on the acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on the brain and behavior, and find that the three-stage framework of addiction applies to CUD in a manner similar to other drugs of abuse, albeit with some slight differences. These findings highlight the urgent need to conduct research that elucidates specific neurobiological changes associated with CUD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Zehra
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Burns
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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25
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Lai TKY, Su P, Zhang H, Liu F. Development of a peptide targeting dopamine transporter to improve ADHD-like deficits. Mol Brain 2018; 11:66. [PMID: 30413217 PMCID: PMC6234781 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, working memory deficits and impulsivity. Its worldwide prevalence is estimated to be 3–5% in children and adolescents. The mainstay treatment for ADHD is stimulant medications (e.g. methylphenidate), which increase synaptic dopamine by directly blocking dopamine transporter (DAT). Although these pharmacological agents are effective, they are often associated with various side effects including risks for future substance use disorders in ADHD patients. Here, we investigated an interaction between DAT and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) as a novel target to develop potential therapeutics for the treatment of ADHD by using an interfering peptide (TAT-DATNT) to dissociate this protein complex. We found that TAT-DATNT promotes locomotor behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, using in vivo microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography, we found that the disruption of D2R-DAT elevates extracellular dopamine level. More importantly, the interfering peptide, TAT-DATNT, attenuates hyperactivity and improves spontaneous alternation behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ------ a common animal model of ADHD. This work presents a different means (i.e. other than direct blockade by a DAT inhibitor) to regulate the activity of DAT and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and a potential target site for future development of ADHD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Y Lai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Su
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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26
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Inferring action-dependent outcome representations depends on anterior but not posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:463-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages. These stages represent diverse neurobiological mechanisms that are differentially involved in the transition from recreational to compulsive drug use and from positive to negative reinforcement. The progression from recreational to compulsive substance use is associated with downregulation of the brain reward systems and upregulation of the brain stress systems. Individual differences in the neurobiological systems that underlie the processing of reward, incentive salience, habits, stress, pain, and executive function may explain (i) the vulnerability to substance-use disorder; (ii) the diversity of emotional, motivational, and cognitive profiles of individuals with substance-use disorders; and (iii) heterogeneous responses to cognitive and pharmacological treatments. Characterization of the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie individual differences in addiction-like behaviors is the key to understanding the mechanisms of addiction and development of personalized pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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28
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A potential link between gambling addiction severity and central dopamine levels: Evidence from spontaneous eye blink rates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13371. [PMID: 30190487 PMCID: PMC6127194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points at similarities between substance use disorders (SUD) and gambling disorder on the behavioral and neural level. In SUD, attenuation of striatal D2/3-receptor availability is a consistent finding, at least for stimulating substances. For gambling disorder, no clear association with striatal D2/3-receptor availability has been unveiled so far. With its presumably negligible dopaminergic toxicity, possible differences in receptor availability in gambling disorder might constitute a vulnerability marker. Spontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR) is discussed as a potential proxy measure for striatal dopamine D2/3-receptor availability. Here we examined sEBR in 21 male problem gamblers and 20 healthy control participants. In addition, participants completed a screening questionnaire for overall psychopathology and self-reported measures of alcohol and nicotine consumption. We found no significant difference in sEBR between gamblers and controls. However, in gamblers, sEBR was negatively associated with gambling severity and positively associated with psychopathology. A final exploratory analysis revealed that healthy controls with low sEBR displayed higher alcohol and nicotine consumption than healthy participants with high sEBR. Although the exact association between dopamine transmission and sEBR is still debated, our findings reveal that sEBR is sensitive to inter-individual differences in gambling disorder severity in problem gamblers.
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Denomme WJ, Simard I, Shane MS. Neuroimaging Metrics of Drug and Food Processing in Cocaine-Dependence, as a Function of Psychopathic Traits and Substance Use Severity. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:350. [PMID: 30233344 PMCID: PMC6132024 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that psychopathic traits commonly present as comorbid with substance use disorders. Moreover, neuroimaging and psychometric findings suggest that psychopathic traits may predispose individuals to a sensitized reward response to drugs. Given that substance use disorders are characterized by a neurocognitive bias toward drug-reward relative to non-drug reward, it is possible that heightened psychopathic characteristics may further predispose to this processing bias. To evaluate this possibility, we assessed psychopathic traits (measured using the PCL-R; Hare, 2003) in 105 probationers/parolees and evaluated the relationship between PCL-R scores, lifetime duration of drug use, and biases in neural response to drug- compared to food-related videos. Psychopathic traits (potentially driven by interpersonal/affective traits) were positively correlated with drug > food reactivity within the right insula and left amygdala. In addition, psychopathic traits modulated the relationship between drug use and drug > food reactivity within the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, right insula, and left caudate nucleus. Specifically, lifetime duration of drug use correlated positively with drug > food reactivity in participants with lower levels of psychopathic traits and correlated negatively with drug > food reactivity in individuals with higher levels of psychopathic traits. These results help reconcile prior studies on psychopathy and drug-stimulus processing and provide neurocognitive support for the notion that psychopathic traits serve as an underlying risk factor for substance use disorders. These results suggest that different treatment regimens for substance abuse for individuals with higher or lower levels of psychopathy may be beneficial and suggest that reduction of neurocognitive biases to drug-related stimuli may offer useful targets for future treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Denomme
- The Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory for Discovery and Innovation, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Simard
- The Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory for Discovery and Innovation, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Shane
- The Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory for Discovery and Innovation, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- The Mind Research Network, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Wiers CE, Towb PC, Hodgkinson CA, Shen PH, Freeman C, Miller G, Lindgren E, Shokri-Kojori E, Demiral ŞB, Kim S, Tomasi D, Sun H, Wang GJ, Goldman D, Volkow ND. Association of genetic ancestry with striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1711-1716. [PMID: 29112197 PMCID: PMC5938168 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite ethnic differences in allele frequencies of variants in dopaminergic genes associated with dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability (D2R), no study to date has investigated the relationship between genetic ancestry and striatal D2R. Here, we show that ancestry-informative markers significantly predict dorsal striatal D2R in 117 healthy ethnically diverse residents of the New York metropolitan area using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride (P<0.0001), while correcting for age, sex, BMI, education, smoking status, and estimated socioeconomic status (ZIP codes). Effects of ethnicity on D2R were not driven by variation in dopaminergic candidate genes. Instead, candidate gene associations with striatal D2R were diminished when correcting for ancestry. These findings imply that future studies investigating D2 receptor genes should covary for genetic ancestry or study homogeneous populations. Moreover, ancestry studies on human neurobiology should control for socioeconomic differences between ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E. Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Par C. Towb
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Clara Freeman
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Gregg Miller
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Elsa Lindgren
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Şükrü Barış Demiral
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Sunny Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
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Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of paternal exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neural function. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2453-2466. [PMID: 29949212 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Addictions are highly heritable disorders, with heritability estimates ranging from 39% to 72%. Multiple studies suggest a link between paternal drug abuse and addiction in their children. However, patterns of inheritance cannot be explained purely by Mendelian genetic mechanisms. Exposure to drugs of abuse results in epigenetic changes that may be passed on through the germline. This mechanism of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance may provide a link between paternal drug exposure and addiction susceptibility in the offspring. Recent studies have begun to investigate the effect of paternal drug exposure on behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes in offspring of drug-exposed fathers in rodent models. This review aims to discuss behavioral and neural effects of paternal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and nicotine. Although a special focus will be on addiction-relevant behaviors, additional behavioral effects including cognition, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
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Ventral striatal dysfunction in cocaine dependence - difference mapping for subregional resting state functional connectivity. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:119. [PMID: 29915214 PMCID: PMC6006289 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research of dopaminergic deficits has focused on the ventral striatum (VS) with many studies elucidating altered resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) in individuals with cocaine dependence (CD). The VS comprises functional subregions and delineation of subregional changes in rsFC requires careful consideration of the differences between addicted and healthy populations. In the current study, we parcellated the VS using whole-brain rsFC differences between CD and non-drug-using controls (HC). Voxels with similar rsFC changes formed functional clusters. The results showed that the VS was divided into 3 subclusters, in the area of the dorsal-anterior VS (daVS), dorsal posterior VS (dpVS), and ventral VS (vVS), each in association with different patterns of rsFC. The three subregions shared reduced rsFC with bilateral hippocampal/parahippocampal gyri (HG/PHG) but also showed distinct changes, including reduced vVS rsFC with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and increased daVS rsFC with visual cortex in CD as compared to HC. Across CD, daVS visual cortical connectivity was positively correlated with amount of prior-month cocaine use and cocaine craving, and vVS vmPFC connectivity was negatively correlated with the extent of depression and anxiety. These findings suggest a distinct pattern of altered VS subregional rsFC in cocaine dependence, and some of the changes have eluded analyses using the whole VS as a seed region. The findings may provide new insight to delineating VS circuit deficits in cocaine dependence and provide an alternative analytical framework to address functional dysconnectivity in other mental illnesses.
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33
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Sweet taste liking is associated with subjective response to amphetamine in women but not men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3185-3194. [PMID: 28762072 PMCID: PMC5660927 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Preference for sweet taste rewards has been linked to the propensity for drug use in both animals and humans. Here, we tested the association between sweet taste liking and sensitivity to amphetamine reward in healthy adults. We hypothesized that sweet likers would report greater euphoria and stimulation following D-amphetamine (20 mg) compared to sweet dislikers. METHODS Men (n = 36) and women (n = 34) completed a sweet taste test in which they rated their liking of various concentrations of sucrose and filtered water (0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.42, and 0.83 M). Participants who preferred the highest concentration were classified as "sweet likers." All others were classified as "sweet dislikers." They then completed four sessions in which they received D-amphetamine (20 mg) and placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of euphoria and stimulation on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) at regular intervals. We conducted linear mixed effects models to examine relationships between sweet liking and drug-induced euphoria and stimulation. RESULTS Sweet likers reported significantly greater amphetamine-induced euphoria than did sweet dislikers among women. By contrast, sweet liking was not associated with amphetamine response in men. No associations with stimulation were observed. CONCLUSION The association between sweet preference and amphetamine response in women is consistent with animal studies linking sweet taste preference and drug reward and also fits with observations that individuals who use drugs show a preference for sweet tastes. Whether the sex difference is related to circulating hormones, or other variables, remains to be determined.
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34
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Czoty PW, Gould RW, Gage HD, Nader MA. Effects of social reorganization on dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability and cocaine self-administration in male cynomolgus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2673-2682. [PMID: 28608008 PMCID: PMC5709179 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies have demonstrated that brain dopamine D2/D3 receptors (D2/D3R) and the reinforcing effects of cocaine can be influenced by a monkey's position in the social dominance hierarchy. OBJECTIVE In this study, we manipulated the social ranks of monkeys by reorganizing social groups and assessed effects on D2/D3R availability and cocaine self-administration. METHODS Male cynomolgus monkeys (N = 12) had been trained to self-administer cocaine under a concurrent cocaine-food reinforcement schedule. Previously, PET measures of D2/D3R availability in the caudate nucleus and putamen had been obtained with [18F]fluoroclebopride during cocaine abstinence, while monkeys lived in stable social groups of four monkeys/pen. For this study, monkeys were reorganized into groups that consisted of (1) four previously dominant, (2) four previously subordinate, and (3) a mix of previously dominant and subordinate monkeys. After 3 months, D2/D3R availability was redetermined and cocaine self-administration was reexamined. RESULTS D2/D3R availability significantly increased after reorganization in monkeys who were formerly subordinate, with the greatest increases observed in those that became dominant. No consistent changes in D2/D3R availability were observed in formerly dominant monkeys. Cocaine self-administration did not vary according to rank after reorganization of social groups. However, when compared to their previous cocaine self-administration data, the potency of cocaine as a reinforcer decreased in 9 of 11 monkeys. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that changing the social conditions can alter D2/D3R availability in subordinate monkeys in a manner suggestive of environmental enrichment. In most monkeys, social reorganization shifted the cocaine dose-response curve to the right, also consistent with environmental enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA
| | - R W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA
| | - H D Gage
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - M A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Miller BW, Wroten MG, Sacramento AD, Silva HE, Shin CB, Vieira PA, Ben-Shahar O, Kippin TE, Szumlinski KK. Cocaine craving during protracted withdrawal requires PKCε priming within vmPFC. Addict Biol 2017; 22:629-639. [PMID: 26769453 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with a history of drug taking, the capacity of drug-associated cues to elicit indices of drug craving intensifies or incubates with the passage of time during drug abstinence. This incubation of cocaine craving, as well as difficulties with learning to suppress drug-seeking behavior during protracted withdrawal, are associated with a time-dependent deregulation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) function. As the molecular bases for cocaine-related vmPFC deregulation remain elusive, the present study assayed the consequences of extended access to intravenous cocaine (6 hours/day; 0.25 mg/infusion for 10 day) on the activational state of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), an enzyme highly implicated in drug-induced neuroplasticity. The opportunity to engage in cocaine seeking during cocaine abstinence time-dependently altered PKCε phosphorylation within vmPFC, with reduced and increased p-PKCε expression observed in early (3 days) and protracted (30 days) withdrawal, respectively. This effect was more robust within the ventromedial versus dorsomedial PFC, was not observed in comparable cocaine-experienced rats not tested for drug-seeking behavior and was distinct from the rise in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase observed in cocaine-seeking rats. Further, the impact of inhibiting PKCε translocation within the vmPFC using TAT infusion proteins upon cue-elicited responding was determined and inhibition coinciding with the period of testing attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior, with an effect also apparent the next day. In contrast, inhibitor pretreatment prior to testing during early withdrawal was without effect. Thus, a history of excessive cocaine taking influences the cue reactivity of important intracellular signaling molecules within the vmPFC, with PKCε playing a critical role in the manifestation of cue-elicited cocaine seeking during protracted drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey W. Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Melissa G. Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Arianne D. Sacramento
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Hannah E. Silva
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Christina B. Shin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Philip A. Vieira
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Osnat Ben-Shahar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA USA
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Gould RW, Czoty PW, Porrino LJ, Nader MA. Social Status in Monkeys: Effects of Social Confrontation on Brain Function and Cocaine Self-Administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1093-1102. [PMID: 28025974 PMCID: PMC5506801 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in response to social stress and environmental enrichment may contribute to variability in response to behavioral and pharmacological treatments for drug addiction. In monkeys, social status influences the reinforcing effects of cocaine and the effects of some drugs on cocaine self-administration. In this study, we used male cynomolgus macaques (n=15) living in established social groups to examine the effects of social confrontation on the reinforcing effects of cocaine using a food-drug choice procedure. On the test day, a dominant or subordinate monkey was removed from his homecage and placed into another social pen; 30 min later he was studied in a cocaine-food choice paradigm. For the group, following social confrontation, sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement was significantly greater in subordinate monkeys compared with dominant animals. Examining individual-subject data revealed that for the majority of monkeys (9/15), serving as an intruder in another social group affected cocaine self-administration and these effects were dependent on the social rank of the monkey. For subordinate monkeys, sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine increased while sensitivity decreased in dominant monkeys. To investigate potential mechanisms mediating these effects, brain glucose metabolism was studied in a subset of monkeys (n=8) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) with positron emission tomography. Dominant and subordinate monkeys displayed distinctly different patterns of brain glucose metabolism in their homecage, including areas associated with vigilance and stress/anxiety, respectively, and during social confrontation. These data demonstrate that, depending on an individual's social status, the same social experience can have divergent effects on brain function and cocaine self-administration. These phenotypic differences in response to social conditions support a personalized treatment approach to cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Linda J Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Montoya-Filardi A, Mazón M. The addicted brain: Imaging neurological complications of recreational drug abuse. RADIOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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El cerebro adicto: imagen de las complicaciones neurológicas por el consumo de drogas. RADIOLOGIA 2017; 59:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Altamura AC, Delvecchio G, Marotta G, Oldani L, Pigoni A, Ciappolino V, Caletti E, Rovera C, Dobrea C, Arici C, Benatti B, Camuri G, Prunas C, Paoli RA, Dell'osso B, Cinnante C, Triulzi FM, Brambilla P. Structural and metabolic differentiation between bipolar disorder with psychosis and substance-induced psychosis: An integrated MRI/PET study. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 41:85-94. [PMID: 28049086 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) may be characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms and comorbid substance abuse. In this context, structural and metabolic dysfunctions have been reported in both BD with psychosis and addiction, separately. In this study, we aimed at identifying neural substrates differentiating psychotic BD, with or without substance abuse, versus substance-induced psychosis (SIP) by coupling, for the first time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Twenty-seven BD type I psychotic patients with (n=10) or without (n=17) substance abuse, 16 SIP patients and 54 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. 3T MRI and 18-FDG-PET scanning were acquired. RESULTS Gray matter (GM) volume and cerebral metabolism reductions in temporal cortices were observed in all patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, a distinct pattern of fronto-limbic alterations were found in patients with substance abuse. Specifically, BD patients with substance abuse showed volume reductions in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula and thalamus, whereas SIP patients in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate. Common alterations in cerebellum, parahippocampus and posterior cingulate were found in both BD with substance abuse and SIP. Finally, a unique pattern of GM volumes reduction, with concomitant increased of striatal metabolism, were observed in SIP patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to shed light on the identification of common and distinct neural markers associated with bipolar psychosis and substance abuse. Future longitudinal studies should explore the effect of single substances of abuse in patients at the first-episode of BD and substance-induced psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Delvecchio
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", San Vito al Tagliamento (PN), Italy
| | - G Marotta
- Department of Services, Neuroradiology Unit, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - L Oldani
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pigoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - V Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Caletti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Rovera
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Dobrea
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Arici
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - B Benatti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Camuri
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Prunas
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R A Paoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - B Dell'osso
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - C Cinnante
- Department of Services, Neuroradiology Unit, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - F M Triulzi
- Department of Services, Neuroradiology Unit, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Grabski M, Curran HV, Nutt DJ, Husbands SM, Freeman TP, Fluharty M, Munafò MR. Behavioural tasks sensitive to acute abstinence and predictive of smoking cessation success: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2016; 111:2134-2144. [PMID: 27338804 PMCID: PMC5111768 DOI: 10.1111/add.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Performance on cognitive tasks may be sensitive to acute smoking abstinence and may also predict whether quit attempts fail. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify cognitive tasks sensitive to acute abstinence and predictive of smoking cessation success. METHODS Embase, Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science were searched up to March 2016. Studies were included if they enrolled adults and assessed smoking using a quantitative measure. Studies were combined in a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We included 42 acute abstinence studies and 13 cessation studies. There was evidence for an effect of abstinence on delay discounting [d = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.07-0.45, P = 0.005], response inhibition (d = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26-0.70, P < 0.001), mental arithmetic (d = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.06-0.70, P = 0.018), and recognition memory (d = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23-0.70, P < 0.001). In contrast, performance on the Stroop (d = 0 .17, 95% CI = -0.17-0.51, P = 0.333) and smoking Stroop (d = 0.03, 95% CI = -0.11-0.17, P = 0.675) task was not influenced by abstinence. We found only weak evidence for an effect of acute abstinence on dot probe task performance (d = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.01-0.32, P = 0.072). The design of the cessation studies was too heterogeneous to permit meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Compared with satiated smokers, acutely abstinent smokers display higher delay discounting, lower response inhibition, impaired arithmetic and recognition memory performance. However, reaction-time measures of cognitive bias appear to be unaffected by acute tobacco abstinence. Conclusions about cognitive tasks that predict smoking cessation success were limited by methodological inconsistencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Grabski
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
| | | | - David J. Nutt
- Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meg Fluharty
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
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41
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Peleg-Raibstein D, Sarker G, Litwan K, Krämer SD, Ametamey SM, Schibli R, Wolfrum C. Enhanced sensitivity to drugs of abuse and palatable foods following maternal overnutrition. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e911. [PMID: 27701408 PMCID: PMC5315546 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal overnutrition and increased risk of the progeny for the development of obesity as well as psychiatric disorders. Animal studies have shown results regarding maternal high-fat diet (HFD) and a greater risk of the offspring to develop obesity. However, it still remains unknown whether maternal HFD can program the central reward system in such a way that it will imprint long-term changes that will predispose the offspring to addictive-like behaviors that may lead to obesity. We exposed female dams to either laboratory chow or HFD for a period of 9 weeks: 3 weeks before conception, during gestation and lactation. Offspring born to either control or HFD-exposed dams were examined in behavioral, neurochemical, neuroanatomical, metabolic and positron emission tomography (PET) scan tests. Our results demonstrate that HFD offspring compared with controls consume more alcohol, exhibit increased sensitivity to amphetamine and show greater conditioned place preference to cocaine. In addition, maternal HFD leads to increased preference to sucrose as well as to HFD while leaving the general feeding behavior intact. The hedonic behavioral alterations are accompanied by reduction of striatal dopamine and by increased dopamine 2 receptors in the same brain region as evaluated by post-mortem neurochemical, immunohistochemical as well as PET analyses. Taken together, our data suggest that maternal overnutrition predisposes the offspring to develop hedonic-like behaviors to both drugs of abuse as well as palatable foods and that these types of behaviors may share common neuronal underlying mechanisms that can lead to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peleg-Raibstein
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland,Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603 Switzerland. E-mail:
| | - G Sarker
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - K Litwan
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - S D Krämer
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Wolfrum
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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42
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Wiers CE, Shokri-Kojori E, Wong CT, Abi-Dargham A, Demiral ŞB, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Cannabis Abusers Show Hypofrontality and Blunted Brain Responses to a Stimulant Challenge in Females but not in Males. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2596-605. [PMID: 27156854 PMCID: PMC4987858 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which cannabis is deleterious to the human brain is not well understood. Here, we test whether cannabis abusers (CA) have impaired frontal function and reactivity to dopaminergic signaling, which are fundamental to relapse in addiction. We measured brain glucose metabolism using PET and [(18)F]FDG both at baseline (placebo) and after challenge with methylphenidate (MP), a dopamine-enhancing drug, in 24 active CA (50% female) and 24 controls (HC; 50% female). Results show that (i) CA had lower baseline glucose metabolism than HC in frontal cortex including anterior cingulate, which was associated with negative emotionality. (ii) MP increased whole-brain glucose metabolism in HC but not in CA; and group by challenge effects were most profound in putamen, caudate, midbrain, thalamus, and cerebellum. In CA, MP-induced metabolic increases in putamen correlated negatively with addiction severity. (iii) There were significant gender effects, such that both the group differences at baseline in frontal metabolism and the attenuated regional brain metabolic responses to MP were observed in female CA but not in male CA. As for other drug addictions, reduced baseline frontal metabolism is likely to contribute to relapse in CA. The attenuated responses to MP in midbrain and striatum are consistent with decreased brain reactivity to dopamine stimulation and might contribute to addictive behaviors in CA. The gender differences suggest that females are more sensitive than males to the adverse effects of cannabis in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 451 3021 or +1 301 402 0868, Fax: +1 301 496 5568, E-mail: or
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Wong
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Division of Translational Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Şükrü B Demiral
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 451 3021 or +1 301 402 0868, Fax: +1 301 496 5568, E-mail: or
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43
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Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:760-773. [PMID: 27475769 PMCID: PMC6135092 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1731] [Impact Index Per Article: 216.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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44
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Reappraising striatal D1- and D2-neurons in reward and aversion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:370-386. [PMID: 27235078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The striatum has been involved in complex behaviors such as motor control, learning, decision-making, reward and aversion. The striatum is mainly composed of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), typically divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1, forming the so-called direct pathway, and those expressing D2 receptor (indirect pathway). For decades it has been proposed that these two populations exhibit opposing control over motor output, and recently, the same dichotomy has been proposed for valenced behaviors. Whereas D1-MSNs mediate reinforcement and reward, D2-MSNs have been associated with punishment and aversion. In this review we will discuss pharmacological, genetic and optogenetic studies that indicate that there is still controversy to what concerns the role of striatal D1- and D2-MSNs in this type of behaviors, highlighting the need to reconsider the early view that they mediate solely opposing aspects of valenced behaviour.
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45
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Mantyh WG, Auger RR, Morgenthaler TI, Silber MH, Moore WR. Examining the Frequency of Stimulant Misuse among Patients with Primary Disorders of Hypersomnolence: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12:659-62. [PMID: 26943713 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are commonly treated by sleep specialists and encountered by other medical providers. Although pharmacotherapy with modafinil and traditional stimulants is considered the mainstay of treatment, physicians are often uncomfortable with their prescription because of concerns regarding misuse. The goal of this study was to assess the frequency of stimulant misuse in this population. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed evaluating patients 18 years and older diagnosed with narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep between 2003-2008. Patients were included if they obtained stimulant prescriptions from and had at least one follow-up visit subsequent to initial diagnosis at our center. Stimulant misuse was defined by multiple prescription sources or early refill requests, which are systematically entered into the record by nursing staff. RESULTS A total of 105 patients met inclusion criteria for the study; 45 (42%) were male. Mean age at multiple sleep latency test was 42 (± 16). Twelve (11%) patients had a history of illicit substance misuse, and one (1%) patient demonstrated previous stimulant misuse. Fifty-seven (54%) patients carried psychiatric diagnoses, 88% of whom reported depression. Median duration of monitored stimulant therapy was 26 months (range 1-250). None of the 105 patients was found to have evidence of stimulant misuse. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the frequency of stimulant misuse in patients with narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia is extremely low. Concerns regarding drug misuse should not leverage decisions to provide long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Robert Auger
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Timothy I Morgenthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael H Silber
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Wendy R Moore
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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46
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Szumlinski KK, Wroten MG, Miller BW, Sacramento AD, Cohen M, Ben-Shahar O, Kippin TE. Cocaine Self-Administration Elevates GluN2B within dmPFC Mediating Heightened Cue-Elicited Operant Responding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 27478879 PMCID: PMC4962921 DOI: 10.21767/2471-853x.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cue-elicited drug-craving correlates with hyperactivity within prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is theorized to result from dysregulated excitatory neurotransmission. The NMDA glutamate receptor is highly implicated in addiction-related neuroplasticity. As NMDA receptor function is regulated critically by its GluN2 subunits, herein, we assayed the relation between incubated cue-elicited cocaine-seeking following extended access to intravenous cocaine (6 h/d; 0.25 mg/infusion for 10 d) and the expression of GluN2A/B receptor subunits within PFC sub regions during early versus late withdrawal (respectively, 3 vs. 30 days). Cocaine-seeking rats exhibited elevated GluN2B expression within the dorsomedial aspect of the PFC (dmPFC); this effect was apparent at both 3 and 30 days withdrawal and occurred in cocaine-experienced rats, regardless of experiencing an extinction test or not. Thus, elevated dmPFC GluN2B expression appears to reflect a pharmacodynamic response to excessive cocaine intake that is independent of the duration of drug withdrawal or re-exposure to drug-taking context. The functional relevance of elevated dmPFC GluN2B expression for drug-seeking was assessed by the local infusion of the prototypical GluN2B-selective antagonist ifenprodil (1.0 µg/side). Ifenprodil did not alter cue-elicited responding in animals with a history of saline self-administration. In contrast, ifenprodil lowered cue-elicited cocaine-seeking, while potentiating cue-elicited sucrose-seeking. Thus, the effects of an intra-dmPFC ifenprodil infusion upon cue reactivity are reinforcer-specific, arguing in favor of targeting GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors as a pharmacological strategy for reducing behavioral reactivity to drug-associated cues with the potential benefit of heightening the reinforcing properties of cues associated with non-drug primary rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Melissa G Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Bailey W Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Arianne D Sacramento
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Matan Cohen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Osnat Ben-Shahar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tod E Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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47
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Kline RL, Zhang S, Farr OM, Hu S, Zaborszky L, Samanez-Larkin GR, Li CSR. The Effects of Methylphenidate on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Basal Nucleus of Meynert, Locus Coeruleus, and Ventral Tegmental Area in Healthy Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:149. [PMID: 27148006 PMCID: PMC4834346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methylphenidate (MPH) influences catecholaminergic signaling. Extant work examined the effects of MPH on the neural circuits of attention and cognitive control, but few studies have investigated the effect of MPH on the brain's resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Methods: In this observational study, we compared rsFC of a group of 24 healthy adults who were administered an oral 45 mg dose of MPH with a group of 24 age and gender matched controls who did not receive MPH. We focused on three seed regions: basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM), locus coeruleus (LC), and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, pars compacta (VTA/SNc), each providing cholinergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic inputs to the cerebral cortex. Images were pre-processed and analyzed as in our recent work (Li et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). We used one-sample t-test to characterize group-specific rsFC of each seed region and two-sample t-test to compare rsFC between groups. Results: MPH reversed negative connectivity between BNM and precentral gyri. MPH reduced positive connectivity between LC and cerebellum, and induced positive connectivity between LC and right hippocampus. MPH decreased positive VTA/SNc connectivity to the cerebellum and putamen, and reduced negative connectivity to left middle occipital gyrus. Conclusion: MPH had distinct effects on the rsFC of BNM, LC, and VTA/SNc in healthy adults. These new findings may further our understanding of the role of catecholaminergic signaling in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson's disease and provide insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of MPH in the treatment of clinical conditions that implicate catecholaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kline
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Arts and Sciences New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Olivia M Farr
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Rutgers, NJ, USA
| | - Gregory R Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Arts and SciencesNew Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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48
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Smith CT, Weafer J, Cowan RL, Kessler RM, Palmer AA, de Wit H, Zald DH. Individual differences in timing of peak positive subjective responses to d-amphetamine: Relationship to pharmacokinetics and physiology. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:330-43. [PMID: 26880226 PMCID: PMC5049703 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116631650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rate of delivery of psychostimulants has been associated with their positive euphoric effects and potential addiction liability. However, information on individual differences in onset of d-amphetamine's effects remains scarce. We examined individual differences in the time to peak subjective and physiological effects and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of oral d-amphetamine. We considered two independent studies that used different dosing regimens where subjects completed the drug effects questionnaire at multiple time points post d-amphetamine. Based on the observation of distinct individual differences in time course of drug effects questionnaire "feel", "high", and "like" ratings (DEQH+L+F) in Study 1, subjects in both studies were categorized as early peak responders (peak within 60 minutes), late peak responders (peak > 60 minutes) or nonresponders; 20-25% of participants were categorized as early peak responders, 50-55% as late peak responders and 20-30% as nonresponders. Physiological (both studies) and plasma d-amphetamine (Study 1) were compared among these groups. Early peak responders exhibited an earlier rise in plasma d-amphetamine levels and more sustained elevation in heart rate compared to late peak responders. The present data illustrate the presence of significant individual differences in the temporal pattern of responses to oral d-amphetamine, which may contribute to heightened abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212
| | | | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E 58 St., CLSC-507G, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David H. Zald
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212
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Acute effects of cocaine and cannabis on reversal learning as a function of COMT and DRD2 genotype. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:199-211. [PMID: 26572896 PMCID: PMC4700084 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Long-term cannabis and cocaine use has been associated with impairments in reversal learning. However, how acute cannabis and cocaine administration affect reversal learning in humans is not known. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to establish the acute effects of administration of cannabis and cocaine on valence-dependent reversal learning as a function of DRD2 Taq1A (rs1800497) and COMT Val108/158Met (rs4680) genotype. METHODS A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized 3-way crossover design was used. Sixty-one regular poly-drug users completed a deterministic reversal learning task under the influence of cocaine, cannabis, and placebo that enabled assessment of both reward- and punishment-based reversal learning. RESULTS Proportion correct on the reversal learning task was increased by cocaine, but decreased by cannabis. Effects of cocaine depended on the DRD2 genotype, as increases in proportion correct were seen only in the A1 carriers, and not in the A2/A2 homozygotes. COMT genotype did not modulate drug-induced effects on reversal learning. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that acute administration of cannabis and cocaine has opposite effects on reversal learning. The effects of cocaine, but not cannabis, depend on interindividual genetic differences in the dopamine D2 receptor gene.
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Maleki-Balajoo S, Hossein-Zadeh GA, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Ekhtiari H. Locally Estimated Hemodynamic Response Function and Activation Detection Sensitivity in Heroin-Cue Reactivity Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016; 7:299-314. [PMID: 27872691 PMCID: PMC5102559 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A fixed hemodynamic response function (HRF) is commonly used for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. However, HRF may vary from region to region and subject to subject. We investigated the effect of locally estimated HRF (in functionally homogenous parcels) on activation detection sensitivity in a heroin cue reactivity study. Methods: We proposed a novel exploratory method for brain parcellation based on a probabilistic model to segregate the brain into spatially connected and functionally homogeneous components. Then, we estimated HRF and detected activated regions in response to an experimental task in each parcel using a joint detection estimation (JDE) method. We compared the proposed JDE method with the general linear model (GLM) that uses a fixed HRF and is implemented in FEAT (as a part of FMRIB Software Library, version 4.1). Results: 1) Regions detected by JDE are larger than those detected by fixed HRF, 2) In group analysis, JDE found areas of activation not detected by fixed HRF. It detected drug craving a priori “regions-of-interest” in the limbic lobe (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], posterior cingulate cortex [PCC] and cingulate gyrus), basal ganglia, especially striatum (putamen and head of caudate), and cerebellum in addition to the areas detected by the fixed HRF method, 3) JDE obtained higher Z-values of local maxima compared to those obtained by fixed HRF. Conclusion: In our study of heroin cue reactivity, our proposed method (that estimates HRF locally) outperformed the conventional GLM that uses a fixed HRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Maleki-Balajoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Image Analysis Laboratory, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Research Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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