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Baltacı S, Gençöz T, Sarı S. "This Is a Disease" and "Disease Has No Sin": Discourse Constructions of Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Regard to Being Diagnosed. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:444-457. [PMID: 38041545 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231208988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms have different cultural images in society. Deconstructive psychology studies can contribute to understanding the dominant discourse surrounding these patients, given the prevalence of OCD. The objective of this study was to investigate the discourse of participants regarding "having/receiving a diagnosis of OCD" and the function of this discourse. The research approach was qualitative and language-based, specifically employing Lacanian Discourse Analysis (LDA) perspective. The possible questions and prompts were determined along with the research team, and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants diagnosed with OCD. The interviews explored how participants referred to their diagnosis, the language they used, and the function of this discourse. The findings revealed that participants diagnosed with OCD insistently used the term "disease" to explain their peculiar and distressing situations, referring to "medical discourse" with expressions such as "This is a disease" and "This disorder." Additionally, they often utilized "religious discourse" with the statements like "Disease has no sin" and "The sick and insane are exempt from their responsibilities." The findings of the current research indicated that when individuals with OCD "receive a name" through a recognized diagnosis, they experience a sense of recognition and validation for their OCD-related problems. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to find "legitimacy" for their irrational or unwanted thoughts and behaviors by taking comfort from their diagnosis. This study provides valuable insights into an understanding of patients with OCD. The findings are discussed in the context of their implications for both theoretical and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Baltacı
- Department of Psychology, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Tülin Gençöz
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevda Sarı
- Department of Psychology, Haliç University, İstanbul, Turkey
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2
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Becker HC, Beltz AM, Himle JA, Abelson JL, Block SR, Taylor SF, Fitzgerald KD. Changes in Brain Network Connections After Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescents and Adults. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:70-79. [PMID: 37820789 PMCID: PMC10842137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional alterations of tripartite neural networks during cognitive control (i.e., frontoparietal network [FPN], cingulo-opercular network, and default mode network) occur in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and may contribute to illness expression. However, the degree to which changes in these networks are elicited by gold standard treatment (e.g., exposure and response prevention [EX/RP]) remains unknown. Understanding how EX/RP modulates network connectivity in adolescent versus adult patients with OCD may aid the identification of developmentally sensitive treatment targets that enhance cognitive control. METHODS Data from a total of 169 adolescents (13-17 years) and adults (25-40 years; 57% female) were analyzed, including healthy control participants (n = 58) and patients with OCD (n = 111) who were randomized to either EX/RP or an active control therapy (stress management training). Participants performed a flanker task during functional magnetic resonance imaging pre- and posttreatment. To retain sensitivity to individual differences in connectivity, group iterative multiple model estimation was used to assess functional connectivity (i.e., density) within and between brain networks. RESULTS Significant increases in FPN density and decreases in FPN-default mode network density were observed from pre- to posttreatment in patients who received EX/RP. The opposite patterns of change occurred in patients who received stress management training. These treatment-related changes in network density did not differ across age group. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest EX/RP-specific changes in task-based connectivity in patients with OCD. Given baseline differences between healthy control participants and patients by age group, these treatment-related changes may indicate restoration of healthy FPN and default mode network development across patients, providing targets for improving response to EX/RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Becker
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph A Himle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James L Abelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Li B, Lin Y, Ren C, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Han S. Gray matter volume abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlate with molecular and transcriptional profiles. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:182-190. [PMID: 37838261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have consistently established altered brain structure in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying structural brain abnormalities remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate altered gray matter volume and its underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms in patients with OCD. Gray matter morphological abnormalities measured with voxel based morphometry analysis were identified in patients with OCD in comparison to sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Spatial correlations between gray matter morphological abnormalities and neurotransmitter maps were calculated to identify neurotransmitters relating to structural abnormalities. Structural abnormalities related genes were identified by conducting transcriptome-neuroimaging spatial correlations. Compared with HCs, patients with OCD demonstrated significant morphological abnormalities in distributed brain areas, including gray matter atrophy in the anterior cingulate and increased gray matter volume in the thalamus, caudate and precentral and postcentral gyrus. The morphological abnormalities were significantly associated with dopamine synthesis capacity and expression profiles of 1110 genes enriched for trans-synaptic signaling, regulation of membrane potential, modulation of chemical synaptic transmission, brain development, synapse organization and regulation of neurotransmitter levels. These results elucidate the molecular and transcriptional basis of altered gray matter morphology and build linking between molecular, transcriptional and neuroimaging information facilitating an integrative understanding of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yanan Lin
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Cuiping Ren
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
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Himle JA, Grogan-Kaylor A, Hiller MA, Mannella KA, Norman LJ, Abelson JL, Prout A, Shunnarah AA, Becker HC, Russman Block SR, Taylor SF, Fitzgerald KD. Exposure and response prevention versus stress management training for adults and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Behav Res Ther 2024; 172:104458. [PMID: 38103359 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a well-proven treatment for OCD across the lifespan, prior RCTs have not studied adolescent and adult patients with the same ERP protocol relative to an active comparator that controls for non-specific effects of treatment. This approach assesses differences in the effect of OCD-specific exposures in affected adolescents and adults and in response to ERP compared to a stress-management control therapy (SMT). METHODS This assessor-blinded, parallel, 2-arm, randomized, ambulatory clinical superiority trial randomized adolescents (aged 12-18) and adults (24-46) with OCD (N = 126) to 12 weekly sessions of ERP or SMT. OCD severity was measured before, during and after treatment using the child or adult version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (C/Y-BOCS), depending on participant age. We predicted that ERP would produce greater improvement in OCD symptoms than SMT and that there would be no significant post-treatment differences across age groups. RESULTS ERP (n = 63) produced significantly greater improvements on C/Y-BOCS scores at post-treatment than SMT (n = 63) (Effect size = -0.72, CI = -0.52 to -0.91, p < .001). ERP also produced more treatment responders (ERP = 86%, SMT = 32%; χ2 = 46.37, p < .001) and remitters than SMT (ERP = 39%, SMT = 7%; χ2 = 16.14, p < .001). Finally, there were no statistically significant post-treatment differences in C/Y-BOCS scores between adolescents and adults assigned to ERP. CONCLUSION A single ERP protocol is superior to SMT in treating both adolescents and adults with OCD. OCD-specific therapy is necessary across the lifespan for optimal outcomes in this highly disabling disorder, though non-specific treatments like SMT are still all-too-commonly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Himle
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 South University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 South University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew A Hiller
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 South University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kristin A Mannella
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Luke J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James L Abelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aileen Prout
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Angela A Shunnarah
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hannah C Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stefanie R Russman Block
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Zhang W, Yang W, Ruan H, Gao J, Wang Z. Comparison of internet-based and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:140-148. [PMID: 37907037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely recognized as an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, few patients are able to receive CBT. Internet-based CBT (ICBT) may be able to overcome this problem. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of CBT, therapist-guided ICBT (TG-ICBT), unguided ICBT (UG-ICBT), and none therapist-guided ICBT (NTG-ICBT) by a network meta-analysis. The primary outcome was the mean change in OCD severity measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) or the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). The secondary outcomes included the severity of depressive symptoms, side effects, and cost-effectiveness. A total of 25 trials with 1642 participants were included. We found that the efficacy of CBT was superior to that of TG-ICBT. The mean improvement in Y-BOCS/CY-BOCS scores was higher in CBT group than in UG-ICBT group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The efficacy did not differ significantly between TG-ICBT and UG-ICBT. CBT, TG-ICBT, and UG-ICBT were all more effective than the psychological placebo, waiting list, and pill placebo. In terms of efficacy, CBT combined with drug therapy was better than CBT, TG-ICBT, and UG-ICBT. Sensitivity analyses supported these findings. Based on the current evidence, we recommend TG-ICBT when CBT is not available. However, it is undeniable that UG-ICBT also has the potential to be an effective alternative to CBT. More evidence is needed to support this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weili Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, PR China
| | - Hanyang Ruan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Institute of Psychological and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai, PR China.
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Picó-Pérez M, Fullana MA, Albajes-Eizagirre A, Vega D, Marco-Pallarés J, Vilar A, Chamorro J, Felmingham KL, Harrison BJ, Radua J, Soriano-Mas C. Neural predictors of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome in anxiety-related disorders: a meta-analysis of task-based fMRI studies. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3387-3395. [PMID: 35916600 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a well-established first-line intervention for anxiety-related disorders, including specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder/agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Several neural predictors of CBT outcome for anxiety-related disorders have been proposed, but previous results are inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating whole-brain predictors of CBT outcome in anxiety-related disorders (17 studies, n = 442). RESULTS Across different tasks, we observed that brain response in a network of regions involved in salience and interoception processing, encompassing fronto-insular (the right inferior frontal gyrus-anterior insular cortex) and fronto-limbic (the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) cortices was strongly associated with a positive CBT outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are robust neural predictors of CBT outcome in anxiety-related disorders that may eventually lead (probably in combination with other data) to develop personalized approaches for the treatment of these mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Picó-Pérez
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miquel A Fullana
- Adult Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anton Albajes-Eizagirre
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Opticks Security, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Vega
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Consorci Sanitari de l'Anoia & Fundació Sanitària d'Igualada, Igualada, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Psicologia Mèdica, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal & Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marco-Pallarés
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vilar
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital de Dia Infanto Juvenil Litoral Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Chamorro
- Anxiety Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Becker HC, Norman LJ, Yang H, Monk CS, Phan KL, Taylor SF, Liu Y, Mannella K, Fitzgerald KD. Disorder-specific cingulo-opercular network hyperconnectivity in pediatric OCD relative to pediatric anxiety. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1468-1478. [PMID: 37010220 PMCID: PMC10009399 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior investigation of adult patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has found greater functional connectivity within orbitofrontal-striatal-thalamic (OST) circuitry, as well as altered connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks such as the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and default mode network (DMN), relative to controls. However, as adult OCD patients often have high rates of co-morbid anxiety and long durations of illness, little is known about the functional connectivity of these networks in relation to OCD specifically, or in young patients near illness onset. METHODS In this study, unmedicated female patients with OCD (ages 8-21 years, n = 23) were compared to age-matched female patients with anxiety disorders (n = 26), and healthy female youth (n = 44). Resting-state functional connectivity was used to determine the strength of functional connectivity within and between OST, CON, and DMN. RESULTS Functional connectivity within the CON was significantly greater in the OCD group as compared to the anxiety and healthy control groups. Additionally, the OCD group displayed greater functional connectivity between OST and CON compared to the other two groups, which did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that previously noted network connectivity differences in pediatric patients with OCD were likely not attributable to co-morbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, these results suggest that specific patterns of hyperconnectivity within CON and between CON and OST circuitry may characterize OCD relative to non-OCD anxiety disorders in youth. This study improves understanding of network dysfunction underlying pediatric OCD as compared to pediatric anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Becker
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke J. Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Christopher S. Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephan F. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanni Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristin Mannella
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kate D. Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Cognitive Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:53-67. [PMID: 36740355 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientific research has the ability to yield important insights into the complex neurobiological processes underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This article provides an updated review of neuroimaging studies in seven neurocognitive domains. Findings from the literature are discussed in the context of obsessive-compulsive phenomenology and treatment. Expanding our knowledge of the neural mechanisms involved in OCD could help optimize treatment outcomes and guide the development of novel interventions.
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Russman Block S, Norman LJ, Zhang X, Mannella KA, Yang H, Angstadt M, Abelson JL, Himle JA, Taylor SF, Fitzgerald KD. Resting-State Connectivity and Response to Psychotherapy Treatment in Adolescents and Adults With OCD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:89-99. [PMID: 36475374 PMCID: PMC10956516 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortical-subcortical hyperconnectivity related to affective-behavioral integration and cortical network hypoconnectivity related to cognitive control have been demonstrated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); the study objective was to examine whether these connectivity patterns predict treatment response. METHODS Adolescents (ages 12-17) and adults (ages 24-45) were randomly assigned to 12 sessions of exposure and response prevention (ERP) or stress management therapy (SMT), an active control. Before treatment, resting-state connectivity of ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC), cingulo-opercular, frontoparietal, and subcortical regions was assessed with functional MRI. OCD severity was assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale before, during, and after treatment. Usable fMRI and longitudinal symptom data were obtained from 116 patients (68 female; 54 adolescents; 60 medicated). RESULTS ERP produced greater decreases in symptom scores than SMT. ERP was selectively associated with less vmPFC-subcortical (caudate and thalamus) connectivity in both age groups and primarily in unmedicated participants. Greater symptom improvement with both ERP and SMT was associated with greater cognitive-control (cingulo-opercular and frontoparietal) and subcortical (putamen) connectivity across age groups. Developmental specificity was observed across ERP and SMT treatments, such that greater improvements with ERP than SMT were associated with greater frontoparietal-subcortical (nucleus accumbens) connectivity in adolescents but greater connectivity between frontoparietal regions in adults. Comparison of response-predictive connections revealed no significant differences compared with a matched healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that less vmPFC-subcortical connectivity related to affect-influenced behavior may be important for ERP engagement, whereas greater cognitive-control and motor circuit connectivity may generally facilitate response to psychotherapy. Finally, neural predictors of treatment response may differ by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Russman Block
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Luke J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Kristin A Mannella
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - James L Abelson
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Joseph A Himle
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry (Russman Block, Norman, Zhang, Mannella, Angstadt, Abelson, Himle, Taylor, Fitzgerald) and School of Social Work (Himle), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China (Zhang); Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Yang); Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Fitzgerald)
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10
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Castle D, Feusner J, Laposa JM, Richter PMA, Hossain R, Lusicic A, Drummond LM. Psychotherapies and digital interventions for OCD in adults: What do we know, what do we need still to explore? Compr Psychiatry 2023; 120:152357. [PMID: 36410261 PMCID: PMC10848818 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advances in the understanding and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), current treatment options are limited in terms of efficacy for symptom remission. Thus, assessing the potential role of iterative or alternate psychotherapies is important. Also, the potential role of digital technologies to enhance the accessibility of these therapies, should not be underestimated. We also need to embrace the idea of a more personalized treatment choice, being cognisant of clinical, genetic and neuroimaging predictors of treatment response. PROCEDURES Non-systematic review of current literature on emerging psychological and digital therapies for OCD, as well as of potential biomarkers of treatment response. FINDINGS A number of 'third wave' therapies (e.g., Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy) have an emerging and encouraging evidence base in OCD. Other approaches entail employment of elements of other psychotherapies such as Dialectical Behaviour Therapy; or trauma-focussed therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, and Imagery Rescripting and Narrative Therapy. Further strategies include Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy and Habit Reversal. For these latter approaches, large-scale randomised controlled trials are largely lacking, and the precise role of these therapies in treating people with OCD, remains to be clarified. A concentrated 4-day program (the Bergen program) has shown promising short- and long-term results. Exercise, music, and art therapy have not been adequately tested in people with OCD, but may have an adjunctive role. Digital technologies are being actively investigated for enhancing reach and efficacy of psychological therapies for OCD. Biomarkers, including genetic and neuroimaging, are starting to point to a future with more 'personalised medicine informed' treatment strategizing for OCD. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of potential psychological options for the treatment of people with OCD who do not respond adequately to exposure/response prevention or cognitive behaviour therapy. Adjunctive exercise, music, and art therapy might be useful, albeit the evidence base for these is very small. Consideration should be given to different ways of delivering such interventions, including group-based, concentrated, inpatient, or with outreach, where appropriate. Digital technologies are an emerging field with a number of potential applications for aiding the treatment of OCD. Biomarkers for treatment response determination have much potential capacity and deserve further empirical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castle
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 60 White Squirrel Way, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Jamie Feusner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1RB, Canada
| | - Judith M Laposa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes St., Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Peggy M A Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Frederick W Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Rahat Hossain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ana Lusicic
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 60 White Squirrel Way, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Lynne M Drummond
- Service for OCD/ BDD, South-West London and St George's NHS Trust, Glenburnie Road, London SW17 7DJ, United Kingdom
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11
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De Nadai AS, Fitzgerald KD, Norman LJ, Russman Block SR, Mannella KA, Himle JA, Taylor SF. Defining brain-based OCD patient profiles using task-based fMRI and unsupervised machine learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:402-409. [PMID: 35681047 PMCID: PMC9751092 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While much research has highlighted phenotypic heterogeneity in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), less work has focused on heterogeneity in neural activity. Conventional neuroimaging approaches rely on group averages that assume homogenous patient populations. If subgroups are present, these approaches can increase variability and can lead to discrepancies in the literature. They can also obscure differences between various subgroups. To address this issue, we used unsupervised machine learning to identify subgroup clusters of patients with OCD who were assessed by task-based fMRI. We predominantly focused on activation of cognitive control and performance monitoring neurocircuits, including three large-scale brain networks that have been implicated in OCD (the frontoparietal network, cingulo-opercular network, and default mode network). Participants were patients with OCD (n = 128) that included both adults (ages 24-45) and adolescents (ages 12-17), as well as unaffected controls (n = 64). Neural assessments included tests of cognitive interference and error processing. We found three patient clusters, reflecting a "normative" cluster that shared a brain activation pattern with unaffected controls (65.9% of clinical participants), as well as an "interference hyperactivity" cluster (15.2% of clinical participants) and an "error hyperactivity" cluster (18.9% of clinical participants). We also related these clusters to demographic and clinical correlates. After post-hoc correction for false discovery rates, the interference hyperactivity cluster showed significantly longer reaction times than the other patient clusters, but no other between-cluster differences in covariates were detected. These findings increase precision in patient characterization, reframe prior neurobehavioral research in OCD, and provide a starting point for neuroimaging-guided treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luke J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph A Himle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Grützmann R, Klawohn J, Elsner B, Reuter B, Kaufmann C, Riesel A, Bey K, Heinzel S, Kathmann N. Error-related activity of the sensorimotor network contributes to the prediction of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103216. [PMID: 36208547 PMCID: PMC9668595 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cognitive behavioral therapy is a highly effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), yielding large symptom reductions on the group level, individual treatment response varies considerably. Identification of treatment response predictors may provide important information for maximizing individual treatment response and thus achieving efficient treatment resource allocation. Here, we investigated the predictive value of previously identified biomarkers of OCD, namely the error-related activity of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the sensorimotor network (SMN, postcentral gyrus/precuneus). METHODS Seventy-two participants with a primary diagnosis of OCD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while performing a flanker task prior to receiving routine-care CBT. RESULTS Error-related BOLD response of the SMN significantly contributed to the prediction of treatment response beyond the variance accounted for by clinical and sociodemographic variables. Stronger error-related SMN activity at baseline was associated with a higher likelihood of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS The present results illustrate that the inclusion of error-related SMN activity can significantly increase treatment response prediction quality in OCD. Stronger error-related activity of the SMN may reflect the ability to activate symptom-relevant processing networks and may thus facilitate response to exposure-based CBT interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Grützmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany; MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany.
| | - Julia Klawohn
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany; MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Medicine, Germany
| | - Björn Elsner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany
| | - Benedikt Reuter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany; MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Medicine, Germany
| | | | - Anja Riesel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Germany
| | - Katharina Bey
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Education and Psychology, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Germany
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13
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Shephard E, Stern ER, Miguel EC. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Based on Neurocircuits. Psychiatr Ann 2022. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20220317-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Du H, Xia J, Fan J, Gao F, Wang X, Han Y, Tan C, Zhu X. Spontaneous neural activity in the right fusiform gyrus and putamen is associated with consummatory anhedonia in obsessive compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1708-1720. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Common and differential connectivity profiles of deep brain stimulation and capsulotomy in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1020-1030. [PMID: 34703025 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurosurgical interventions including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and capsulotomy have been demonstrated effective for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although treatment-shared/-specific network mechanisms remain largely unclear. We retrospectively analyzed resting-state fMRI data from three cohorts: a cross-sectional dataset of 186 subjects (104 OCD and 82 healthy controls), and two longitudinal datasets of refractory patients receiving ventral capsule/ventral striatum DBS (14 OCD) and anterior capsulotomy (27 OCD). We developed a machine learning model predictive of OCD symptoms (indexed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Y-BOCS) based on functional connectivity profiles and used graphic measures of network communication to characterize treatment-induced profile changes. We applied a linear model on 2 levels treatments (DBS or capsulotomy) and outcome to identify whether pre-surgical network communication was associated with differential treatment outcomes. We identified 54 functional connectivities within fronto-subcortical networks significantly predictive of Y-BOCS score in patients across 3 independent cohorts, and observed a coexisting pattern of downregulated cortico-subcortical and upregulated cortico-cortical network communication commonly shared by DBS and capsulotomy. Furthermore, increased cortico-cortical communication at ventrolateral and centrolateral prefrontal cortices induced by DBS and capsulotomy contributed to improvement of mood and anxiety symptoms, respectively (p < 0.05). Importantly, pretreatment communication of ventrolateral and centrolateral prefrontal cortices were differentially predictive of mood and anxiety improvements by DBS and capsulotomy (effect sizes = 0.45 and 0.41, respectively). These findings unravel treatment-shared and treatment-specific network characteristics induced by DBS and capsulotomy, which may facilitate the search of potential evidence-based markers for optimally selecting among treatment options for a patient.
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16
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Gao J, Yang X, Chen X, Liu R, Wang P, Meng F, Li Z, Zhou Y. Resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala subregions in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioural therapy. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E628-E638. [PMID: 34785511 PMCID: PMC8598242 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is considered an effective first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the neural basis of CBT for OCD has not yet been elucidated. The role of the amygdala in OCD and its functional coupling with the cerebral cortex have received increasing attention, and may provide new understanding of the neural basis of CBT for OCD. METHODS We acquired baseline resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) scans from 45 unmedicated patients with OCD and 40 healthy controls; we then acquired another wave of resting-state fMRI scans from the patients with OCD after 12 weeks of CBT. We performed seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analyses of the amygdala subregions to examine changes in patients with OCD as a result of CBT. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients with OCD showed significantly increased resting-state functional connectivity at baseline between the left basolateral amygdala and the right middle frontal gyrus, and between the superficial amygdala and the right cuneus. In patients with OCD who responded to CBT, we found decreased resting-state functional connectivity after CBT between the amygdala subregions and the visual association cortices and increased resting-state functional connectivity between the amygdala subregions and the right inferior parietal lobe. Furthermore, these changes in resting-state functional connectivity were positively associated with changes in scores on the compulsion or obsession subscales of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. LIMITATIONS Because of the lack of a second scan for healthy controls after 12 weeks, our results may have been confounded by other variables. CONCLUSION Our findings yield insights into the pathophysiology of OCD; they also reveal the potential neural changes elicited by CBT, and thus have implications for guiding effective treatment strategies with CBT for OCD.
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17
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Bragdon LB, Eng GK, Belanger A, Collins KA, Stern ER. Interoception and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:686482. [PMID: 34512412 PMCID: PMC8424053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.686482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted interoceptive processes are present in a range of psychiatric conditions, and there is a small but growing body of research on the role of interoception in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this review, we outline dimensions of interoception and review current literature on the processing of internal bodily sensations within OCD. Investigations in OCD utilizing objective measures of interoception are limited and results mixed, however, the subjective experience of internal bodily sensations appears to be atypical and relate to specific patterns of symptom dimensions. Further, neuroimaging investigations suggest that interoception is related to core features of OCD, particularly sensory phenomena and disgust. Interoception is discussed in the context of treatment by presenting an overview of existing interventions and suggesting how modifications aimed at better targeting interoceptive processes could serve to optimize outcomes. Interoception represents a promising direction for multi-method research in OCD, which we expect, will prove useful for improving current interventions and identifying new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Bragdon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Goi Khia Eng
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Belanger
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Katherine A. Collins
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emily R. Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.; Solent National Health System Trust, Southampton, U.K.; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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20
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Stephenson C, Malakouti N, Nashed JY, Salomons T, Cook DJ, Milev R, Alavi N. Using Electronically Delivered Therapy and Brain Imaging to Understand OCD Pathophysiology: Pilot Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e30726. [PMID: 34348889 PMCID: PMC8479598 DOI: 10.2196/30726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and prevalent anxiety disorder. While the basal ganglia and frontal cortex are the most hypothesized brain regions involved, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. By observing the effects of proven treatments on brain activation levels, the cause of OCD can be better understood. Currently, the gold standard treatment for OCD is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP). However, this is often temporally and geographically inaccessible, time-consuming, and costly. Fortunately, CBT can be effectively delivered using the internet (e-CBT) due to its structured nature thus addressing these barriers. OBJECTIVE This study will implement an e-CBT program for OCD and observe its effects on brain activation levels using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It is hypothesized that brain activation levels in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex will decrease following treatment. METHODS Individuals with OCD will be offered a 16-week e-CBT program with ERP mirroring in-person CBT content that will be administered through a secure online platform. Efficacy of treatment will be evaluated using clinically validated symptomology questionnaires at baseline, week 8, and post-treatment (week 16). Using fMRI at baseline and post-treatment, brain activation levels will be assessed at resting state, and while exposed to anxiety-inducing images (i.e., dirty dishes if cleanliness is an obsession). The effects of treatment on brain activation levels and the correlation between symptom changes and activation levels will be analyzed. RESULTS The study received initial ethics approval in December 2020 and participant recruitment began in January 2021. Participant recruitment has been conducted through social media advertisements, physical advertisements, and physician referrals. To date, there have been 5 participants recruited. Data collection is expected to conclude by January 2022, and data analysis is expected to be completed by February 2022. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study can further our understanding of the causation of OCD, helping to develop more effective treatments for this disorder. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04630197; clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04630197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Stephenson
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Botterell Hall18 Stuart Street, Kingston, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Niloufar Malakouti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, CA.,School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Tim Salomons
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Botterell Hall18 Stuart Street, Kingston, CA.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Neurosurgery Division - Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Roumen Milev
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Botterell Hall18 Stuart Street, Kingston, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
| | - Nazanin Alavi
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Botterell Hall18 Stuart Street, Kingston, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, CA
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21
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Schüller T, Gruendler TOJ, Smith EE, Baldermann JC, Kohl S, Fischer AG, Visser-Vandewalle V, Ullsperger M, Kuhn J, Huys D. Performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from internal capsule/nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102746. [PMID: 34229156 PMCID: PMC8261082 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Theta phase coherence is increased following negative performance feedback. Deep brain stimulation globally modulates theta phase coherence. Fronto-striatal connectivity is related to OCD symptom severity.
Background Symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are partly related to impaired cognitive control processes and theta modulations constitute an important electrophysiological marker for cognitive control processes such as signaling negative performance feedback in a fronto-striatal network. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC)/nucleus accumbens (NAc) shows clinical efficacy in OCD, while the exact influence on the performance monitoring system remains largely unknown. Methods Seventeen patients with treatment-refractory OCD performed a probabilistic reinforcement learning task. Analyses were focused on 4–8 Hz (theta) power, intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) and debiased weighted Phase-Lag Index (dwPLI) in response to negative performance feedback. Combined EEG and local field potential (LFP) recordings were obtained shortly after DBS electrode implantation to investigate fronto-striatal network modulations. To assess the impact of clinically effective DBS on negative performance feedback modulations, EEG recordings were obtained pre-surgery and at follow-up with DBS on and off. Results Medial frontal cortex ITPC, striatal ITPC and striato-frontal dwPLI were increased following negative performance feedback. Decreased right-lateralized dwPLI was associated with pre-surgery symptom severity. ITPC was globally decreased during DBS-off. Conclusion We observed a theta phase coherence mediated fronto-striatal performance monitoring network. Within this network, decreased connectivity was related to increased OCD symptomatology, consistent with the idea of impaired cognitive control in OCD. While ALIC/NAc DBS decreased theta network activity globally, this effect was unrelated to clinical efficacy and performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schüller
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Theo O J Gruendler
- Center for Military Mental Health, Military Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ezra E Smith
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Baldermann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sina Kohl
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adrian G Fischer
- Otto von Guericke University, Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Ullsperger
- Otto von Guericke University, Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Psychology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhn
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany; Johanniter Hospital Oberhausen, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Huys
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Fitzgerald KD, Schroder HS, Marsh R. Cognitive Control in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive and Anxiety Disorders: Brain-Behavioral Targets for Early Intervention. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:697-706. [PMID: 33454049 PMCID: PMC8353584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The DSM provides distinct criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and various types of anxiety disorders, but phenomenological overlap, high rates of comorbidity, and early onset suggest common underlying mechanisms. This notion is further supported by use of the same treatments-cognitive behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication-for managing both OCD and non-OCD anxiety disorders in clinical settings. While early intervention with these gold standard treatments is recommended for pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, young patients often remain symptomatic even after treatment. To guide the development of novel, mechanistically targeted treatments to better resolve OCD and anxiety symptoms, the identification of neural circuits underlying psychological constructs with relevance across disorders has been recommended. One construct that may be relevant for understanding pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders is cognitive control, given the difficulty that young patients experience in dismissing obsessions, compulsions, and worry despite recognition that these symptoms are excessive and unreasonable. In this review, we examine findings from a growing body of literature implicating brain-behavioral markers of cognitive control in pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, including before and after treatment. We conclude by suggesting that interventions designed to enhance the functioning of the task control circuits underlying cognitive control may facilitate brain maturation to help affected youth overcome symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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23
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Kalin NH. Genes, Cells, and Neural Circuits Relevant to OCD and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:1-4. [PMID: 33384004 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and oftentimes disabling disorder. The only established first-line treatments for OCD are exposure and response prevention, and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications (SRIs). However, a subset of patients fails to respond to either modality, and few experience complete remission. Beyond SRI monotherapy, antipsychotic augmentation is the only medication approach for OCD with substantial empirical support. Our incomplete understanding of the neurobiology of OCD has hampered efforts to develop new treatments or enhance extant interventions. This review focuses on several promising areas of research that may help elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD and advance treatment. Multiple studies support a significant genetic contribution to OCD, but pinpointing the specific genetic determinants requires additional investigation. The preferential efficacy of SRIs in OCD has neither led to discovery of serotonergic abnormalities in OCD nor to development of new serotonergic medications for OCD. Several lines of preclinical and clinical evidence suggest dysfunction of the glutamatergic system in OCD, prompting testing of several promising glutamate modulating agents. Functional imaging studies in OCD show consistent evidence for increased activity in brain regions that form a cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop. Neuromodulation treatments with either noninvasive devices (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) or invasive procedures (e.g., deep brain stimulation) provide further support for the CSTC model of OCD. A common substrate for various interventions (whether drug, behavioral, or device) may be modulation (at different nodes or connections) of the CSTC circuit that mediates the symptoms of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne K. Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (all authors) and Department of Neurosurgery (Sheth), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (all authors) and Department of Neurosurgery (Sheth), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (all authors) and Department of Neurosurgery (Sheth), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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Zaboski BA, Stern EF, Skosnik PD, Pittenger C. Electroencephalographic Correlates and Predictors of Treatment Outcome in OCD: A Brief Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703398. [PMID: 34408681 PMCID: PMC8365146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) measures the brain's electrical activity with high temporal resolution. In comparison to neuroimaging modalities such as MRI or PET, EEG is relatively cheap, non-invasive, portable, and simple to administer, making it an attractive tool for clinical deployment. Despite this, studies utilizing EEG to investigate obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are relatively sparse. This contrasts with a robust literature using other brain imaging methodologies. The present review examines studies that have used EEG to examine predictors and correlates of response in OCD and draws tentative conclusions that may guide much needed future work. Key findings include a limited literature base; few studies have attempted to predict clinical change from EEG signals, and they are confounded by the effects of both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The most robust literature, consisting of several studies, has examined event-related potentials, including the P300, which several studies have reported to be abnormal at baseline in OCD and to normalize with treatment; but even here the literature is quite heterogeneous, and more work is needed. With more robust research, we suggest that the relatively low cost and convenience of EEG, especially in comparison to fMRI and PET, make it well-suited to the development of feasible personalized treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Zaboski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Elisa F Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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