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Andrilli LHS, Sebinelli HG, Cominal JG, Bolean M, Hayann L, Millán JL, Ramos AP, Ciancaglini P. Differential effects of the lipidic and ionic microenvironment on NPP1's phosphohydrolase and phosphodiesterase activities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184292. [PMID: 38342362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) is an enzyme present in matrix vesicles (MV). NPP1 participates on the regulation of bone formation by producing pyrophosphate (PPi) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here, we have used liposomes bearing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol (Chol) harboring NPP1 to mimic the composition of MV lipid rafts to investigate ionic and lipidic influence on NPP1 activity and mineral propagation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that DPPC-liposomes had spherical and smooth surface. The presence of SM and Chol elicited rough and smooth surface, respectively. NPP1 insertion produced protrusions in all the liposome surface. Maximum phosphodiesterase activity emerged at 0.082 M ionic strength, whereas maximum phosphomonohydrolase activity arose at low ionic strength. Phosphoserine-Calcium Phosphate Complex (PS-CPLX) and amorphous calcium-phosphate (ACP) induced mineral propagation in DPPC- and DPPC:SM-liposomes and in DPPC:Chol-liposomes, respectively. Mineral characterization revealed the presence of bands assigned to HAp in the mineral propagated by NPP1 harbored in DPPC-liposomes without nucleators or in DPPC:Chol-liposomes with ACP nucleators. These data show that studying how the ionic and lipidic environment affects NPP1 properties is important, especially for HAp obtained under controlled conditions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H S Andrilli
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heitor G Sebinelli
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juçara G Cominal
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Larwsk Hayann
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luís Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ana P Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Van Gulick L, Saby C, Mayer C, Fossier E, Jaisson S, Okwieka A, Gillery P, Chenais B, Mimouni V, Morjani H, Beljebbar A. Biochemical and morpho-mechanical properties, and structural organization of rat tail tendon collagen in diet-induced obesity model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127936. [PMID: 37939767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the impact of obesity on the structural organization, morpho-mechanical properties of collagen fibers from rat tail tendon fascicles (RTTFs). Polarized Raman microspectroscopy showed that the collagen bands 855, 875, 938, and 960 cm-1 as well as those 1631 and 1660 cm-1 were affected by diet. Mechanical properties exhibited an increase in the yield strength from control (CTRL) to high fat (HF) diet (9.60 ± 1.71 and 13.09 ± 1.81 MPa) (p < 0.01) and ultimate tensile strength (13.12 ± 2.37 and 18.32 ± 2.83 MPa) (p < 0.05) with no significant change in the Young's Modulus. During mechanical, the band at 875 cm-1 exhibited the most relevant frequency shift (2 cm-1). The intensity of those at 855, 875, and 938 cm-1 in HF collagen displayed a comparable response to mechanical stress as compared to CTRL collagen with no significant diet-related changes in the Full Width at Half Maximum. Second harmonic generation technique revealed i) similar fiber straightness (0.963 ± 0.004 and 0.965 ± 0.003) and ii) significant changes in fibers diameter (1.48 ± 0.07 and 1.52 ± 0.08 μm) (p < 0.05) and length (22.06 ± 2.38 and 29.00 ± 3.76 μm) (p < 0.001) between CTRL and HF diet, respectively. The quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) revealed an increase in both carboxymethyl-lysine and total fluorescence AGEs from CTRL to HF RTTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Van Gulick
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Charles Saby
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Claire Mayer
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, 53020 Laval, France
| | - Emilie Fossier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MEDyC CNRS UMR 7369, UFR de Médecine, 51097 Reims, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Anaïs Okwieka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MEDyC CNRS UMR 7369, UFR de Médecine, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Philippe Gillery
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, MEDyC CNRS UMR 7369, UFR de Médecine, 51097 Reims, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Benoît Chenais
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, 53020 Laval, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Abdelilah Beljebbar
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France.
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3
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da Luz Belo F, Vasconcelos EV, Pinheiro MA, da Cruz Barbosa Nascimento D, Passos MF, da Silva ACR, Dos Reis MAL, Monteiro SN, Brígida RTSS, Rodrigues APD, Candido VS. Additive manufacturing of poly (lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotubes biocomposites for fibroblast cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20387. [PMID: 37990057 PMCID: PMC10663481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is one of the most important in the human body. In this study, scaffolds of poly (lactic acid) PLA reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were manufactured, evaluating their mechanical and biological properties. HA was synthesized by wet method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The scaffolds were produced using additive manufacturing and characterized by optical microscopy, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy and biological tests. The SEM results showed that the PLA surface was affected by the incorporation of CNT. TG showed that the incorporation of HA into the polymer matrix compromised the thermal stability of PLA. On the other hand, the incorporation of CNT to the polymer and the impregnation with HA on the surface by thermal effect increased the stability of PLA/CNT scaffolds. Raman spectra indicated that HA impregnation on the surface did not modify the polymer or the ceramic. In the compression tests, PLA and PLA/CNT scaffolds displayed the best compressive strength. In the biological tests, more than 85% of the cells remained viable after 48 h of incubation with all tested scaffolds and groups with CNT in the composition disclosing the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francilene da Luz Belo
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcele Fonseca Passos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sérgio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belém, Brazil.
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4
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Shah FA. High-resolution Raman spectroscopy reveals compositional differences between pigmented incisor enamel and unpigmented molar enamel in Rattus norvegicus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12301. [PMID: 37516744 PMCID: PMC10387050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is a peculiar biological tissue devoid of any self-renewal capacity as opposed to bone. Thus, a thorough understanding of enamel composition is essential to develop novel strategies for dental enamel repair. While the mineral found in bone and dental enamel is generally viewed as the biologically-produced equivalent of hydroxy(l)apatite, the formation of these bioapatites is controlled by different organic matrix frameworks-mainly type-I collagen in bone and amelogenin in enamel. In lower vertebrates, such as rodents, two distinct types of enamel are produced. Iron-containing pigmented enamel protects the continuously growing incisor teeth while magnesium-rich unpigmented enamel covers the molar teeth. Using high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, this work explores the differences in acid phosphate (HPO42-), carbonate (CO32-), hydroxyl (OH-), iron, and magnesium content of pigmented incisor enamel and unpigmented molar enamel of Sprague Dawley rats. Bundles of hydroxy(l)apatite nanowires comprise the enamel prisms, where prisms in pigmented enamel are wider and longer than those in unpigmented molars. In contrast to magnesium-rich unpigmented enamel, higher mineral crystallinity, and higher HPO42- and OH- levels are hallmark features of iron-rich pigmented enamel. Furthermore, the apparent absence of iron oxides or oxy(hydroxides) indicates that iron is introduced into the apatite lattice at the expense of calcium, albeit in amounts that do not alter the Raman signatures of the PO43- internal modes. Compositional idiosyncrasies of iron-rich pigmented and nominally iron-free unpigmented enamel offer new insights into enamel biomineralisation supporting the notion that, in rodents, ameloblast function differs significantly between the incisors and the molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Aruna Rani SV, Rajkumar K, Saravana Karthikeyan B, Mahalaxmi S, Rajkumar G, Dhivya V. Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of dentin remineralization using eggshell derived nanohydroxyapatite combined with phytosphingosine. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105748. [PMID: 36898356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization efficacy of chicken eggshell-derived nano-hydroxyapatite (CEnHAp) combined with phytosphingosine (PHS) on artificially induced dentinal lesions. PHS was commercially procured whereas CEnHAp was synthesized using microwave-irradiation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HRSEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A total of 75 pre-demineralized coronal dentin specimens were randomly treated with one of the following test agents (n = 15 each): artificial saliva (AS), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), CEnHAp, PHS, and CEnHAp-PHS under pH cycling for 7, 14, and 28 days. Vickers microhardness indenter, HRSEM-EDX, and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods were used to assess the mineral changes in the treated dentin samples. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's two-way analyses of variance (p < 0.05). HRSEM and TEM analysis depicted irregular spherical structure of the prepared CEnHAp with a particle size of 20-50 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Ca, P, Na and Mg ions. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic crystalline peaks for hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate that are present in the prepared CEnHAp. Dentin treated with CEnHAp-PHS revealed highest microhardness values along with complete tubular occlusion compared to other groups at all test time intervals (p < 0.05). Specimens treated with CEnHAp showed increased remineralization than those treated with CPP-ACP followed by PHS and AS groups. The intensity of mineral peaks, as observed in the EDX and micro-Raman spectra, confirmed these findings. Further, the molecular conformation of the collagen's polypeptide chains, and amide-I and CH2 peaks attained peak intensities in dentin treated with CEnHAp-PHS and PHS whereas other groups revealed poor stability of collagen bands. Microhardness, surface topography, and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed that dentin treated with CEnHAp-PHS have an improved collagen structure and stability as well as highest mineralization and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Aruna Rani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Rajkumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Saravana Karthikeyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Mahalaxmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Rajkumar
- Department of Physics, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Dhivya
- Department of Physics, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
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Seredin P, Goloshchapov D, Buylov N, Kashkarov V, Emelyanova A, Eremeev K, Ippolitov Y. Compositional Analysis of the Dental Biomimetic Hybrid Nanomaterials Based on Bioinspired Nonstoichiometric Hydroxyapatite with Small Deviations in the Carbonate Incorporation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4453. [PMID: 36558306 PMCID: PMC9783965 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In our paper, we discuss the results of a comprehensive structural-spectroscopic and microscopic analysis of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (CHAp) with low carbonate anion content and biomimetic hybrid nanomaterials produced on its basis. It was shown that hydroxyapatite nanocrystals synthesized by chemical precipitation and biogenic calcium source mimic the properties of biogenic apatite and also have a morphological organization of "core-shell" type. The "core" of the CHAp nanocrystal is characterized by an overabundance of calcium Ca/P~1.9. Thus "a shell" with thickness of ~3-5 nm is formed from intermediate apatite-like phases where the most probable are octocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and tricalcium phosphate. The multimode model of the Raman profile of samples CHAp and biomimetic composites for spectral region 900-1100 cm-1 proposed in our work has allowed to allocate precise contribution of B-type carbonate substitution, taking into account the presence on a surface of "core" HAp nanocrystal of various third-party intermediate apatite-like phases. The calibration function constructed on the basis of the described model makes it possible to reliably determine small concentrations of carbonate in the structure of hydroxyapatite with the application of Raman express method of diagnostics. The results of our work can inspire researchers to study the processes of induced biomineralization in mineralized tissues of the human body, using non-destructive methods of control with simultaneous analysis of chemical bonding, as well as determining the role of impurity atoms in the functions exhibited by biotissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Seredin
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Center, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Ural Federal University, Lenin Ave 51, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goloshchapov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Nikita Buylov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kashkarov
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anna Emelyanova
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Konstantin Eremeev
- Solid State Physics and Nanostructures Department, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuri Ippolitov
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry with Orthodontia, Voronezh State Medical University, Studentcheskaya Ul. 11, 394006 Voronezh, Russia
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Hossain MS, Mahmud M, Sultana S, Bin Mobarak M, Islam MS, Ahmed S. Coupled effect of particle size of the source materials and calcination temperature on the direct synthesis of hydroxyapatite. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210684. [PMID: 34527274 PMCID: PMC8424352 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of controlled particle size (obtained by using 80, 100, 120, 140 and 200 mesh) of the source materials on the synthesis of a well-known biomaterial, hydroxyapatite (Hap). In addition to this, we have also mapped the consequence of applied temperature (700°C, 800°C and 900°C) on the crystallographic properties and phase composition of the obtained Hap. Nevertheless, although with Hap, in each case, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was registered as the secondary phase the ANOVA test revealed that the results of the crystallographic parameters are significantly different for the applied sintering temperature 700°C and 800°C (p < 0.05), while the data obtained for calcination temperature 800°C are not significantly different from that acquired at 900°C (p > 0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer data ensured that, irrespective of mesh size and calcination temperature, the synthesized Hap samples were of carbonated apatite with B-type substitution. Interestingly, for all cases, the % of carbonate content was below the maximum limit (8%) of theCO 3 2 - ion present in bone tissue hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahadat Hossain
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - Monika Mahmud
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sazia Sultana
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mashrafi Bin Mobarak
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - M. Saiful Islam
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ahmed
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
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Shah FA. Towards refining Raman spectroscopy-based assessment of bone composition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16662. [PMID: 33028904 PMCID: PMC7541616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Various compositional parameters are derived using intensity ratios and integral area ratios of different spectral peaks and bands in the Raman spectrum of bone. The [Formula: see text]1-, [Formula: see text]2-,[Formula: see text]3-, [Formula: see text]4 PO43-, and [Formula: see text] CO32- bands represent the inorganic phase while amide I, amide III, Proline, Hydroxyproline, Phenylalanine, δ(CH3), δ(CH2), and [Formula: see text](C-H) represent the organic phase. Here, using high-resolution Raman spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that all PO43- bands of bone either partially overlap with or are positioned close to spectral contributions from the organic component. Assigned to the organic component, a shoulder at 393 cm-1 compromises accurate estimation of [Formula: see text]2 PO43- integral area, i.e., phosphate/apatite content, with implications for apatite-to-collagen and carbonate-to-phosphate ratios. Another feature at 621 cm-1 may be inaccurately interpreted as [Formula: see text]4 PO43- band broadening. In the 1020-1080 cm-1 range, the ~ 1047 cm-1 [Formula: see text]3 PO43- sub-component is obscured by the 1033 cm-1 Phenylalanine peak, while the ~ 1076 cm-1 [Formula: see text]3 PO43- sub-component is masked by the [Formula: see text]1 CO32- band. With [Formula: see text]1 PO43- peak broadening, [Formula: see text]2 PO43- integral area increases exponentially and individual peaks comprising the [Formula: see text]4 PO43- band merge together. Therefore, [Formula: see text]2 PO43- and [Formula: see text]4 PO43- band profiles are sensitive to changes in mineral crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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