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Akbari M, Hossein Bahadori M, Khanbabaei S, Boruki Milan B, Jamshidi S, Potenza MN. Potential risk and protective factors related to problematic social media use among adolescents in Iran: A latent profile analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107802. [PMID: 37442018 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) among Iranian adolescents and explore potential risk and protective factors. In the present cross-sectional study, 3375 Iranian adolescents were recruited online and completed questionnaires. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify groups with various levels of PSMU. Indicator variables included standardized factor scores for PSMU, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sensation-seeking, internet addiction, loneliness, social anxiety, internalizing symptoms, social support and self-esteem. Five groups were identified relating to severities of PSMU and other factors: low-risk: n = 823 (24.4 %); low-to-moderate-risk: n = 835 (24.7 %); moderate-risk: n = 630 (18.7 %); moderate-to-high-risk: n = 584 (17.3 %); high-risk: n = 503 (14.9 %). Multiple factors, including sensation-seeking, internalizing symptoms, social anxiety, loneliness, internet addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, low self-esteem and low perceived social support, statistically predicted PSMU. The current findings may help identify Iranian adolescents who are particularly vulnerable to PSMU and assist in intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Bahadori
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Khanbabaei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Boruki Milan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Jamshidi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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On development of multimodal named entity recognition using part-of-speech and mixture of experts. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-022-01754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Haddock A, Ward N, Yu R, O’Dea N. Positive Effects of Digital Technology Use by Adolescents: A Scoping Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114009. [PMID: 36360887 PMCID: PMC9658971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the research literature published from 2012 to 2022 on the relationship between increases in adolescent consumption of digital technologies and its impact on multiple areas of development, with a focus on how adolescent immersion in an increasingly ubiquitous digital world engenders positive outcomes in terms of brain, cognitive, and social-emotional development. The literature search yielded 131 articles, 53 of which were empirical studies of the relationship between increases in consumption of digital technology and brain development, cognitive development, or social-emotional development among adolescents. Overall, these studies identify positive outcomes for adolescents who use different types of digital tech, including the internet, social media, and video games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Haddock
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Nadia Ward
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Rondy Yu
- School of Education, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole O’Dea
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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4
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Kim Y. #Nomask on Instagram: Exploring Visual Representations of the Antisocial Norm on Social Media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116857. [PMID: 35682439 PMCID: PMC9180303 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social media (SM) functions such as hashtags and photo uploading can enrich and expedite user interactions, but can also facilitate the online spread of antisocial norms. Mask aversion is one such antisocial norm shared on SM in the current COVID-19 pandemic circumstances. This study utilized the social representation theory (SRT) to explore how mask aversion is visually represented in the Instagram photos tagged with #NoMask. It examined the overall content of the photos, the characteristics of the faces portrayed in the photos, and the presented words in the photos. Additionally, the study grouped the photos through k-means clustering and compared the resulting clusters in terms of content, characteristics of the faces, presented words, pixel-level characteristics, and the public’s responses to the photos. The results indicate that people, especially human faces, were visually represented the most in the Instagram photos tagged with #NoMask. Two clusters were generated by k-means clustering—Text-centered and people-centered. The visual representations of the two clusters differed in terms of content characteristics and pixel-level attributes. The texts presented in the photos manifested a unique way of delivering key messages. The photos of the people-centered cluster received more positive comments than the text-centered one; however, the two clusters were not significantly different in eliciting engagement. This study can contribute to expanding the scope of SRT to visual representations and hashtag movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhwan Kim
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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5
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Abolfathi M, Dehdari T, Zamani-Alavijeh F, Taghdisi MH, Ashtarian H, Rezaei M, Irandoost SF. Identification of the opportunities and threats of using social media among Iranian adolescent girls. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09224. [PMID: 35399380 PMCID: PMC8983354 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abolfathi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Dehdari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Feresteh Zamani-Alavijeh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Taghdisi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Medical Engineering, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ashtarian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezaei
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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6
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Wang Q, Yang M, Zhang W. Accessing the Influence of Perceived Value on Social Attachment: Developing Country Perspective. Front Psychol 2021; 12:760774. [PMID: 34721242 PMCID: PMC8551366 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived value has a positive impact on users' social attachment in social media usage contexts and is a topic at the forefront of current research in consumer behavior. Although studies have begun to investigate the factors influencing social attachment, there is a lack of research on how perceived value affects social attachment. Therefore, this study uses privacy concern theory, to build a theoretical model with moderated and mediation roles, using Chinese Tik Tok users as data and survey sample, and applying Mplus7.0 to analyze the mediation mechanism and boundary conditions of the relationship between perceived value and social attachment through the structural equation model. In Study 1, data were collected from 600 Tik Tok users to verify the mediating role of the sense of belonging in perceived value and social attachment relationship. The users participating in the questionnaire survey were mainly from mainland China. In Study 2, two waves of data were collected from 500 Tik Tok users to verify the mediating role of the sense of belonging, and support part of the moderating role of privacy concern. However, except that the relationship between information value and social attachment is inhibited by privacy concern, the relationship between entertainment and social value and social attachment is not regulated by privacy concern. This research examines the practical effects of perceived value in the context of social media use, reveals the internal mechanism of the impact of perceived value on social attachment, and provides a reference for the innovative management and commercial practice of social media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maosheng Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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7
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Strasburger VC. Confessions of a Pediatric Media Expert. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2021; 60:441-442. [PMID: 34486407 DOI: 10.1177/00099228211044292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Riehm KE, Thrul J, Barrington-Trimis JL, Kelleghan A, Mojtabai R, Leventhal AM. Prospective Association of Digital Media Use with Alcohol Use Initiation and Progression Among Adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:877-885. [PMID: 33586788 PMCID: PMC8076081 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adolescents commonly use digital media and consume alcohol , longitudinal evidence of the association between these behaviors is scant. This study examined the association between the frequency of digital media use and the subsequent initiation or progression of alcohol use. We also examined whether these associations were moderated by gender and race/ethnicity. METHODS The study included 2,473 adolescents from a prospective cohort in the Los Angeles, CA area who were surveyed in fall 2015 (11th grade, baseline for the current study) and every 6 months through the end of high school (Spring 2017, 12th grade). At baseline, youth self-reported the total number of 14 digital media activities (e.g., checking social media, streaming music/videos, texting) they engaged in at a high frequency (i.e., many times a day) over the past week. Scores ranged from 0 (i.e., no reported high-frequency digital media use) to 14 (i.e., reported engagement in all 14 digital media activities at a high frequency). Self-report measures of ever using alcohol, number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days (0 to 30), binge drinking (yes/no), and covariates (i.e., demographics and measures of behavioral health and other substance use) were assessed at each time point. RESULTS Among respondents who at baseline reported never using alcohol (n = 1,214), high-frequency engagement in each additional digital media activity was associated with 4% higher odds of initiating alcohol use (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.07) across follow-up. Among respondents who at baseline reported ever using alcohol (n = 1,259), baseline high-frequency engagement in each additional digital media activity was associated at follow-up with 3% more days of alcohol use in the past 30 days (aIRR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.06). Digital media use and binge drinking were not statistically significantly associated at follow-up. There was no evidence of moderation by gender or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Digital media use frequency was modestly associated with increased risk of initiation and progression of alcohol use in adolescence. Additional research is needed to determine potential mechanisms for these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Annemarie Kelleghan
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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CSR Communication through Social Media: A Litmus Test for Banking Consumers’ Loyalty. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior literature in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has largely focused on investigating its relationship with organizational-related outcomes, whereas the impact of CSR on consumer behavior is largely ignored in the recent literature. Further, most of the prior studies have investigated CSR with a philanthropic viewpoint, but its importance in achieving marketing-related outcomes is something that is to date, underexplored. Hence, the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of CSR communication through social media on consumer loyalty with the mediating effect of consumers’ brand admiration in the banking sector of Pakistan. The banking sector was selected due to the reason that this sector is homogenized in nature and creating consumers’ loyalty due to this homogenized character of this sector is challenging. The data of the present study were collected from different banking consumers through an adapted questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. A total of 448 fully filled questionnaires were received which included 289 male and 159 female banking consumers. The results of the present study revealed that CSR communications through social media have a positive impact on consumer loyalty, and consumers’ brand admiration partially mediates this relationship. The findings of the present study would help policymakers from banking institutions to use CSR strategy from the perspective of marketing which is undoubtedly very important for every organization in the current digital age.
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10
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Çaksen H. Electronic Screen Exposure and Headache in Children. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:8-10. [PMID: 33911372 PMCID: PMC8061497 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_972_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Headache represents the most common neurologic disorder in the general population including children and is increasingly being recognized as a major source of morbidity in youth related to missed school days and activities. Electronic screens are becoming increasingly important in the lives of preteens and teens. In this review, we discussed effects of electronic screens on primary headache in childhood to emphasize the importance of electronic screen exposure in children with headache. Using digital and social media can bring some benefits and risks for mental and physical health. Time spent on screen-based activities contributes to the chance of reporting general physical complaints, in particular, headache and backache during early adolescence. We suggest that all children with primary headache should be evaluated for abuse of electronic screens in neurology practice. We also think that restriction of electronic screen should be advised in children with migraine and tension type headache before initiation of pharmacotherapy. As online classes are a reality, use of electronic screen may be allowed for school age children up to 2 h/day with taking time away from digital media every 20 min for 20 sec. In conclusion, we would like to emphasize that limiting the time spent on the screen is important for the reduction of headache symptoms of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Çaksen
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Neurology and Genetics and Behavioral-Developmental Pediatrics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Meram, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Davis K, Charmaraman L, Weinstein E. Introduction to Special Issue: Adolescent and Emerging Adult Development in an Age of Social Media. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558419886392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Quamar AH, Schmeler MR, Collins DM, Schein RM. Information communication technology-enabled instrumental activities of daily living: a paradigm shift in functional assessment. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 15:746-753. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1650298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas H. Quamar
- Department of Counseling, Human Performance and Rehabilitation, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark R. Schmeler
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diane M. Collins
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard M. Schein
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Alhajji M, Bass S, Dai T. Cyberbullying, Mental Health, and Violence in Adolescents and Associations With Sex and Race: Data From the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19868887. [PMID: 31431904 PMCID: PMC6686314 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19868887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cyberbullying is a serious issue among adolescents,
but little is known about how demographics are associated with mental health
conditions and violent behaviors. The present study examined the association of
cyberbullying victimization with mental health conditions and violent behaviors
among adolescents, specifically examining potential differences by sex and race.
Methods. National data obtained from a representative
sample of 9th to 12th grade students (N = 15 465) in the United States were
examined using bivariate and logistic regression analysis.
Results. More than 15% of students reported cyberbullying
victimization. Females were twice as likely to report victimization than males,
and non-white students were 50% less likely to report cyberbullying
victimization. Cyberbullying victimization was significantly more likely in
students who reported depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide planning,
carrying a weapon, and engaging in a physical fight. These associations were
more pronounced in males. Conclusions. Our findings show that
female and white adolescents are at increased risk of being cyberbullied.
However, negative mental health outcomes and violent behaviors are more
pronounced in males, indicating potential negative effects of being a
cyberbullying victim based on sex. We envisage the best way to combat
cyberbullying is to develop programs that are sensitive to potential demographic
differences to empower students based on individual risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Bass
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ting Dai
- University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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Hardie TL, Polek C, Garcia V, Leader A, Gonzalez L. Patterns of Alcohol Abstinence in Mexican Women Residing in the United States: Effects of Nativity and Duration in the United States. HISPANIC HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL 2019; 17:156-161. [PMID: 31195832 DOI: 10.1177/1540415319854053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore changes in abstinence rates in Mexican women (MW) residing in the United States based on nativity and time in the United States as an indicator risks for future alcohol-related disorders. DESIGN A secondary analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey evaluated rates of abstinence between 2000 and 2017. A logistic regression was completed to address the impact of age, years in the United States, sample years. SAMPLE A total of 29,860 MW surveyed over an 18-year period that included those born in and outside the United States. PRIMARY RESEARCH VARIABLES Dependent variable was abstinence status; independent variables included nativity, year of survey, age, years in the United States (if immigrant). RESULTS Immigrant MW showed higher rates of alcohol abstinence than U.S.-born MW across all years, but regardless of place of birth, fewer MW are abstaining over time. Among immigrant MW, those only in the United States greater than 15 years had a greater risk of becoming a drinker than those in the United States less than 5 years. CONCLUSION There are declining rates of alcohol abstinence among MW regardless of immigration status. The lower rate of abstinent MW increases their risk for alcohol-related disorders. Assessing MW's use of alcohol and providing targeted education is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Garcia
- Mid-Atlantic Research and Training Institute for Community and Behavioral Health, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Amy Leader
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Gonzalez
- Mid-Atlantic Research and Training Institute for Community and Behavioral Health, Indiana, PA, USA
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Strasburger VC, Zimmerman H, Temple JR, Madigan S. Teenagers, Sexting, and the Law. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3183. [PMID: 30988023 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of teen sexting emerged as a result of the proliferation of digital technology. More than 40 studies have established that teen sexting occurs relatively frequently and is a rising trend, commensurate with the ubiquity of smartphone ownership in teens. Studies have shown that sexting is associated with incidences of increased sexual behavior. US state laws on sexting vary widely, from decriminalization to misdemeanor charges or prosecution for child pornography with harsh sentences. Teen behavior and digital invention have outpaced the development of new laws, and this has the potential to have dire legal ramifications for teens. Separating consensual sexting from nonconsensual sexting and actual child pornography is a critical next step for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to catch up to technology. In this article, we argue that consensual teen-to-teen sexting does not warrant law enforcement involvement but rather is a health and education issue that is better addressed at home, in schools, and in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Strasburger
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | | | - Jeff R Temple
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sheri Madigan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
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