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Aslim EG, Chou SY, De K. Business cycles and healthcare employment. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2024; 33:2123-2161. [PMID: 38863079 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Is healthcare employment recession-proof? We examine the long-standing hypothesis that healthcare employment is stable across the business cycle. We explicitly distinguish between negative aggregate demand and supply shocks in studying how healthcare employment responds to recessions, and show that this response depends largely on the type of the exogenous shock triggering the recession. First, aggregate healthcare employment responds procyclically during demand-induced recessions but remains stable during supply-induced recessions. Second, healthcare utilization drops significantly during demand-induced recessions, explaining the decline in healthcare employment during these periods. Finally, there is significant heterogeneity in the employment responses of the healthcare sub-sectors. While healthcare employment in most sub-sectors responds procyclically during recessions caused by both negative demand and supply shocks, it responds countercyclically in nursing-dominant sectors. Importantly, by isolating the recessionary impact of negative aggregate demand shocks from supply shocks on healthcare employment, we provide new empirical evidence that healthcare employment, in general, is not recession-proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkmen G Aslim
- Department of Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Shin-Yi Chou
- Department of Economics, Lehigh University, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kuhelika De
- Department of Finance, Risk & Insurance, and Economics, Lacy School of Business, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Ding Y, Li J. Risk perception of coronavirus disease 2019 and career adaptability among college students: the mediating effect of hope and sense of mastery. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1210672. [PMID: 37649684 PMCID: PMC10464948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1210672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only caused widespread economic recession but also had a serious negative impact on the employment of college students. However, little is known about the relationship and mechanisms between the risk perception of COVID-19 and career adaptability. This study aimed to examine whether the risk perception of COVID-19 is associated with career adaptability directly and indirectly through hope and a sense of mastery in college students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 594 Chinese college students aged 16 to 25, who completed assessments on risk perception of COVID-19, career adaptability, hope, and sense of mastery. The results showed that susceptibility was negatively associated with career confidence, control, and curiosity; moreover, susceptibility indirectly affected career adaptability (including concern, confidence, control, and curiosity) through the sense of mastery; uncontrollable indirectly affected career concern through hope; and uncontrollable indirectly affected career adaptability (including concern, confidence, control, and curiosity) through hope and the sense of mastery. The findings emphasize the role of hope and a sense of mastery in the career adaptability of college students and reveal the necessity of improving hope and a sense of mastery to promote college students' career development. "Implications and limitations are discussed".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Ding
- Institute of Educational Economics and Management, School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Emergency Management, School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Gholami M, Sakhaee F, Mirzaei Gheinari F, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Ghazanfari Jajin M, Zamani MS, Ahmadi I, Anvari E, Fateh A. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 rs34481144 C/T Genotype and Clinical Parameters Related to Progression of COVID-19. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:2345062. [PMID: 37323564 PMCID: PMC10266908 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2345062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has associated the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene (IFITM3) with the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although the findings are contradictory. This study aimed to determine the relationship between IFITM3 gene rs34481144 polymorphism and clinical parameters with COVID-19 mortality. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to analyze IFITM3 rs34481144 polymorphism in 1,149 deceased and 1,342 recovered patients. The clinical parameters were extracted from the patients' medical records. In this study, the frequency of IFITM3 rs34481144 CT genotypes (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.76, P < 0.0001) in both sexes was significantly higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. Moreover, IFITM3 rs34481144 TT genotypes (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.05-10.87, P < 0.0001) in women were significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality. The multivariable logistic regression model results indicated that mean age (P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.005), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.010), creatinine (P < 0.001), uric acid (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (P = 0.004), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P < 0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.001), and real-time PCR Ct values (P < 0.001) were linked with increased COVID-19 death rates. In conclusion, IFITM3 rs34481144 gene polymorphism was linked to the mortality of COVID-19, with the rs34481144-T allele being especially important for mortality. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Gholami
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Iraj Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Uzkurt C, Ceyhan S, Ekmekcioglu EB, Akpinar MT. Government support, employee motivation and job performance in the COVID-19 times: evidence from Turkish SMEs during the short work period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGING MARKETS 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/ijoem-04-2022-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThis paper aims to explore the effect of government support (short work allowances – SWA) on SME employees' job performance and employee motivation perceptions, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 2,781 employees working in SMEs registered to Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (SMEDO) in Turkey. The relationships were assessed through structural equation modeling with bootstrap estimation.FindingsThe results support the proposed framework illustrating the positive effect of government support on employees' perceived motivation and job performance. Findings indicate that employee motivation has exhibited a mediating effect between government support and job performance. Another important finding is that, contrary to the classical understanding of Herzberg's two-factor theory, SWA system was able to perform as a motivating factor during the pandemic by meeting the hygiene needs.Research limitations/implicationsSince this is a cross-sectional research study, causal inferences cannot be derived from the research results.Originality/valueThere is a lack of empirical study on SME employees' perceptions on the government support during the pandemic, especially on the perspectives of emerging economies are infrequent. Turkey's case is unique in terms of providing insights on how perceived employee motivation is increased by the government supports (SWA) in Turkey, and how this motivation mediates the job performance perceptions. Besides, the impacts of government support are mostly studied at the firm or macro-levels, this study's unit of analysis is at individual level. Regarding the criticism from the motivation perspective of two-factor theory, COVID-19 context and its impact on the motivation needs have not been elaborated before. This article starts new discussions on how crisis contexts influence individual motivator factors.
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Cortes GM, Forsythe E. Distributional impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and the CARES Act. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 2023; 21:1-25. [PMID: 37360568 PMCID: PMC10124673 DOI: 10.1007/s10888-022-09552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the Current Population Survey, we investigate the distributional consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic and the associated public policy response on labor earnings and unemployment benefits in the United States up until February 2021. We find that year-on-year changes in labor earnings for employed individuals were not atypical during the pandemic months, regardless of their initial position in the earnings distribution. The incidence of job loss, however, was substantially higher among low earners, leading to a dramatic increase in labor income inequality among the set of individuals who were employed prior to the onset of the pandemic. By providing very high replacement rates for individuals displaced from low-paying jobs, the initial public policy response was successful in reversing the regressive nature of the pandemic's impacts. We estimate, however, that recipiency rates for displaced low earners were lower than for higher earners. Moreover, from September 2020 onwards, when policy changes led to a decline in benefit levels, earnings changes became less progressive. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10888-022-09552-8.
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Liu X, Zheng X, Lee BY, Yu Y, Zhang M. COVID-19 and employee job performance trajectories: The moderating effect of different sources of status. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 142:103862. [PMID: 36874986 PMCID: PMC9957343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employee job performance trajectories, and further examines the moderating effects of different sources of status. Drawing from event system theory (EST), we propose that employee job performance decreases upon COVID-19 onset, but gradually increases during the postonset period. Furthermore, we argue that status from society, occupation, and workplace functions to moderate such performance trajectories. We test our hypotheses with a unique dataset of 708 employees that combines survey responses and job performance archival data over 21 consecutive months (10,808 observations) spanning the preonset, onset, and postonset periods of the initial encounter with COVID-19 in China. Utilizing discontinuous growth modeling (DGM), our findings indicate that the onset of COVID-19 created an immediate decrease in job performance, but such decrease was weakened by higher occupation and/or workplace status. However, the postonset period resulted in a positive employee job performance trajectory, which was strengthened for employees with lower occupational status. These findings enrich our understanding of COVID-19's impact on employee job performance trajectories, highlight the role of status in moderating such changes over time, and also provide practical implications to understand employee performance when facing such a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Renmin Business School, Renmin University of China, China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Byron Y Lee
- China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), China
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China
| | - Mengyi Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, China
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Yehudai M, Clark M, Azzopardi A, Romem Porat SL, Dagan A, Reznik A, Isralowitz R. COVID-19 Fear Impact on Israeli and Maltese Female "Help" Profession Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3968. [PMID: 36900978 PMCID: PMC10001741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 fear on the well-being of Israeli and Maltese female "help" profession (e.g., social work and psychology) undergraduate students. This cross-national comparison includes factors of depression, anxiety, anger, loneliness, nervousness, substance use, eating behavior, burnout, and resilience. The study hypothesis is that country status, even with different social-cultural characteristics including religiosity, is not a significant factor associated with COVID-19 fear impact on select behavioral characteristics of female university students. METHODS A total of 453 female "help" profession students completed an online survey from January to July 2021. Various statistical methods of analysis including regression were used for this study. RESULTS The mean COVID-19 fear scores were the same among Israeli and Maltese students. Resilience was found to be higher among Israeli females; burnout was found to be higher among those from Malta. Substance use (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, or prescription drugs) in the last month was reported by 77.2% of the respondents. No significant differences were found for previous-month substance use based on country status. Regardless of country, respondents who reported more previous-month substance use had higher COVID-19 fear and burnout scores, as well as lower resilience. Due to COVID-19, most respondents (74.3%) reported deterioration of their psycho-emotional well-being in the last month; however, no significant differences were found based on country and religiosity statuses. Furthermore, no significant differences were found for eating behavior changes and weight increase based on country and religiosity statuses. CONCLUSION Study findings showed the impact of COVID-19 fear on the well-being of Israeli and Maltese female "help" profession undergraduate students. This study examined only female students; however, additional research is needed to address male students and their experiences. Prevention and treatment intervention measures aimed to increase resilience and decrease burnout, including those that can be made available on campus, should be thought about by university administration personnel and student association leaders in consultation with mental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Yehudai
- Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Marilyn Clark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Andrew Azzopardi
- Department of Youth and Community Studies, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Shai-li Romem Porat
- Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Adi Dagan
- Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Alexander Reznik
- Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Richard Isralowitz
- Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Bilgel F, Karahasan BC. Understanding Covid-19 Mobility Through Human Capital: A Unified Causal Framework. COMPUTATIONAL ECONOMICS 2023; 63:1-41. [PMID: 36844967 PMCID: PMC9942069 DOI: 10.1007/s10614-023-10359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper seeks to identify the causal impact of educational human capital on social distancing behavior at workplace in Turkey using district-level data for the period of April 2020 - February 2021. We adopt a unified causal framework, predicated on domain knowledge, theory-justified constraints anda data-driven causal structure discovery using causal graphs. We answer our causal query by employing machine learning prediction algorithms; instrumental variables in the presence of latent confounding and Heckman's model in the presence of selection bias. Results show that educated regions are able to distance-work and educational human capital is a key factor in reducing workplace mobility, possibly through its impact on employment. This pattern leads to higher workplace mobility for less educated regions and translates into higher Covid-19 infection rates. The future of the pandemic lies in less educated segments of developing countries and calls for public health action to decrease its unequal and pervasive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fırat Bilgel
- Department of Economics, MEF University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burhan Can Karahasan
- Department of Economics and Finance, Piri Reis University, 34940 Istanbul, Turkey
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Honoré BE, Hu L. The COVID-19 pandemic and Asian American employment. EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS 2023; 64:2053-2083. [PMID: 36337349 PMCID: PMC9617602 DOI: 10.1007/s00181-022-02306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor market outcomes for different racial groups. This paper adds to this literature by documenting that the employment of Asian Americans-in particular those with no college education-has been especially hard hit by the economic crisis associated with the onset of the pandemic. This can only partly be explained by differences in demographics, local market conditions, and job characteristics, and it also cannot be entirely explained by possible different selection into education levels across ethnic groups. The burden on Asian Americans is primarily borne by those who are not US-born. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00181-022-02306-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo E. Honoré
- Department of Economics, Julis Romo Rabinowitz Building, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Luojia Hu
- Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 230 S. La Salle Street, Chicago, IL 60604 USA
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Liao KT, Villarreal A. Unequal effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on employment: Differences by immigrant status and race/ethnicity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277005. [PMID: 36378638 PMCID: PMC9665404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic resulted in a dramatic contraction in employment in the U.S., but the effects of this contraction have been unevenly distributed. We examine differences in employment among foreign- and native-born workers by race/ethnicity during the course of the epidemic. We test individual fixed-effects models based on data from the monthly CPS panel from January 2020 to December 2021 adjusting for seasonality. Immigrant men and women experienced greater declines in employment than non-immigrants of the same race/ethnicity when both compared to native-born Whites, but their disadvantage were limited to the initial months of the epidemic. Ethnoracial and immigrant status disparities were substantially reduced by the fall of 2020, except for Hispanic immigrant men and women, who still experienced substantial employment gaps with their native-born White counterparts. Differences in family characteristics account for Hispanic immigrant women's lower employment rates during the epidemic but do not appear to account for differences between Black and Asian women and native-born Whites. Observed disparities in employment by race/ethnicity and immigrant status cannot be fully explained by differences in education, the concentration of minority and immigrant workers in industries and occupations that suffered steeper employment declines, or regional differences in the intensity of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Villarreal
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Ananat EO, Daniels B, Fitz-Henley Ii J, Gassman-Pines A. Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Pandemic-Era Unemployment Insurance Access: Implications For Health And Well-Being. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:1598-1606. [PMID: 36343319 PMCID: PMC10353345 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that receiving unemployment insurance decreases mental health problems. But researchers have also found racial and ethnic disparities in unemployment insurance receipt resulting from differences in work history and location. We examined a population disproportionately affected by job loss and unemployment insurance exclusions, using a survey of service workers from a single city who were parents of young children and who overwhelmingly had eligible work histories. During the COVID-19 pandemic, workers not identifying as White non-Hispanic in our sample were more likely to get laid off than White workers. Among those who were laid off, these workers and White workers experienced similar increases in material and mental health difficulties and similar gains when they received unemployment insurance. However, these workers were less likely than White workers to receive unemployment insurance at all. These results indicate that unemployment insurance has unrealized potential to reduce material and health disparities. Policies should be implemented to make this coverage more effective and equitable through increased access.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becca Daniels
- Becca Daniels, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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