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Effect of surface curing temperature on depth-specific physical properties of poly(urethane-isocyanurate) foam panels in relation with local chemical composition and morphology. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wrześniewska-Tosik K, Ryszkowska J, Mik T, Wesołowska E, Kowalewski T, Pałczyńska M, Walisiak D, Auguścik Królikowska M, Leszczyńska M, Niezgoda K, Sałasińska K. Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foam with Keratin and Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1380. [PMID: 33922625 PMCID: PMC8122959 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic polyurethane (VEPUR) foams with increased thermal resistance are presented in this article. VEPUR foams were manufactured with the use of various types of flame retardant additives and keratin fibers. The structure of the modified foams was determined by spectrophotometric-(FTIR), thermal-(DSC), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also assessed the fire resistance, hardness, and comfort coefficient (SAG factor). It was found that the use of keratin filler and flame retardant additives changed the foams' structure and properties as well as their burning behavior. The highest fire resistance was achieved for foams containing keratin and expanding graphite, for which the reduction in heat release rate (HRR) compared to VEPUR foams reached 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Wrześniewska-Tosik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Tomasz Mik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Ewa Wesołowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Michalina Pałczyńska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Damian Walisiak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Monika Auguścik Królikowska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Milena Leszczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Niezgoda
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labor Protection, National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland;
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Oliwa R, Ryszkowska J, Oleksy M, Auguścik-Królikowska M, Gzik M, Bartoń J, Budzik G. Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1801. [PMID: 33917343 PMCID: PMC8038687 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3-15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m2 (-87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m600 = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Oliwa
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Monika Auguścik-Królikowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Gzik
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bartoń
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Budzik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Composites of Open-Cell Viscoelastic Foams with Blackcurrant Pomace. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040934. [PMID: 33669322 PMCID: PMC7920298 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taking into account the circular economy guidelines and results of life cycle analyses of various materials, it was proposed to use a blackcurrant pomace filler in the production process of viscoelastic polyurethane (PUR) foams intended for application as mattresses, pillows, or elements for orthopedics. Open-cell viscoelastic PUR foams containing 10–60 per hundred polyols (php) blackcurrant pomace were prepared. It was found that after introducing the filler to the PUR foam formulation, the speed of the first stage of the foaming process significantly decreases, the maximum temperature achieved during the synthesis drops (by 30 °C for the foam containing 40 php of filler compared to unfilled foam), and the maximum pressure achieved during the synthesis of foam containing 20 php is reduced by approximately 57% compared to the foam without filler. The growth time of the foams increases with increasing the amount of introduced filler; for the foam containing 60 php, the time is extended even by about 24%. The effect of the filler on the physical, morphological, mechanical, and functional performances of PUR foam composites has been analyzed. The use of 60 php as the filler reduced the hardness of the foams by approximately 30% and increased their comfort factor from 3 to 5.
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Akdogan E, Erdem M. Improvement in physico-mechanical and structural properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites by the addition of sugar beet pulp as a reactive filler. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sung G, Gwon JG, Kim JH. Characteristics of polyurethane adhesives with various uretonimine contents in isocyanate and average alcohol functionalities. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giwook Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
| | - Jae Gyoung Gwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
| | - Jung Hyeun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
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Saviello D, Toniolo L, Goidanich S, Casadio F. Non-invasive identification of plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance spectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kinyanjui JM, Hatchett DW. Thermally Induced Changes in the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Foam. J CELL PLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x10381103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of thermal treatment on the chemistry, physical, and mechanical properties of epoxy foam was evaluated. The foam was subjected to repeated thermal cycles (25—95°C), encompassing the temperature regime in which the forward and the retro Diels—Alder reaction occurs. Changes in the chemistry of the foam were evaluated using in situ FTIR spectroscopy during thermal exposure. In addition, the structural siloxane units within the epoxy foam were identified and evaluated using FTIR analysis. Thermal analysis was used to evaluate expansion, degradation, and mass loss during thermal exposure. Finally, the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated to determine how thermal cycling influences the density and modulus of the epoxy foam. Thermal exposure below the temperature required for the breakage of conjugated double bonds via Diels—Alder mechanism increases thermal expansion influencing the structural integrity and packing of siloxane chains. The data indicates that the chemical changes and the thermal expansion of the foam are irreversible. The combination of thermal expansion and the change in chemistry for the system strongly diminished the structural rigidity of the foam lowering the density and modulus of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Kinyanjui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - David W. Hatchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, USA,
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Chen H, Xiong H, Gao Y, Li H. Covalent functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polybutadiene. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mohan RB, O'Toole BJ, Malpica J, Hatchett DW, Kodippili G, Kinyanjui JM. Effects of Processing Temperature on ReCrete Polyurethane Foam. J CELL PLAST 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x08091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research is conducted to determine the effect of processing temperature on some of the physical and mechanical properties of a polyurethane foam called ReCrete. The polyurethane foaming process is manipulated to change the foam's density, chemistry, and mechanical properties. There is a 30-min period after ReCrete components are mixed when the materials are still undergoing significant chemical reaction. Researchers manipulate these chemical reactions by changing the environmental temperature during this process. This study investigates the effect of processing temperature on the chemistry and the resulting mechanical properties for a polyurethane foam system molded in aluminum cylinders and boxes. Processing temperature is varied from 25°C to 85°C. Researchers show that the processing temperature has a significant effect on ReCrete chemistry and density. The average density decreases by 19% over this temperature range. The chemistry, in turn, affects the static and dynamic mechanical properties. The axial compressive modulus and strength decrease by 24 and 16%, respectively. The chemistry changes that results from higher processing temperatures produce foam that is less rigid in compression, but tougher and more flexible. The dynamic flexural failure strength increases by 38% when the processing temperature is increased from 25°C to 85°C. Foam processed at 85°C has significantly greater resistance to brittle failure under impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4027, USA
| | - Brendan J. O'Toole
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4027, USA,
| | - Julio Malpica
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4027, USA
| | - David W. Hatchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Gayani Kodippili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - John M. Kinyanjui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
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