"The channeling effect" of caregiver-adolescent relationship quality: Associations of caregiver emotion socialization, social competence, and adolescent well-being

Caregivers play an important role in adolescent socialization and well-being. However, the conditions under which caregivers' emotion socialization works in various stages of adolescence are not fully understood. This paper investigates (1) the association between caregiver's emotion socialization, adolescent social competence, and both subjective and psychological well-being as well as (2) the moderating effect of relationship quality on these associations in samples ranging from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Hypotheses were tested in two majority White American samples using longitudinal (sample 1, n = 241 adolescents, age 11-18, 45.2% girls, 58.01% White) and cross-sectional (sample 2, n = 506 emerging adults, age 18-21, 85.4% girls, 77.86% White) designs, respectively. Results consistently supported the moderation effect of caregiver-adolescent relationship quality in samples ranging from early adolescence to emerging adulthood, highlighting a close caregiver-adolescent relationship as an important "channel" to support caregivers' socialization effort in adolescent subjective and psychological well-being.

Daily association between parent-adolescent emotion contagion: The role of parent-adolescent connectedness

Emotion contagion between parents and adolescents is crucial for understanding adolescents' emotional experiences. However, little is known about how emotion contagion unfolds in daily life and the unique contributions of parent-adolescent relationships. This study examines the associations between parent and adolescent positive and negative emotions, and the moderating role of daily parent-adolescent connectedness. Participants were 191 Taiwanese adolescents (Mage = 12.93; SDage = 0.75; 53% female) and their parents who completed 10-day diary reports of emotions and parent-adolescent connectedness. Results indicate that higher daily parent negative emotions were associated with more adolescent negative emotions, and higher average parent negative emotions were associated with greater average negative emotions and fewer positive emotions in adolescents. Similar bidirectional effects were also found in adolescent-to-parent emotion contagion. Moreover, on days when connectedness was high, parent negative emotions were not associated with adolescent negative emotions but were related to increased positive emotions. Parent positive emotions were related to more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions when connectedness was low. The findings provide important insights into daily parent-adolescent emotion contagion and highlight parent-adolescent connectedness as a modifying factor in shaping dyadic emotional processes.

Parental Emotion Socialization and Children's Emotional Skills and Socio-Emotional Functioning in Early Childhood in Türkiye and the United States

This study addressed associations of parents' socialization of children's positive and negative emotions with children's emotional skills and socio-emotional functioning in early childhood with families in Türkiye and the United States (U.S.). One hundred five parents (50 Turkish, 55 U.S.) and their 4- to 5-year-old children reminisced about family events. Videos were coded for parents' emotion coaching and dismissing. Parents self-reported expressiveness and reactions to children's emotions. Experimenters administered tasks assessing children's emotion masking and emotion understanding. Teachers reported children's social competence and behavior problems. Emotion socialization by Turkish and U.S. parents differed according to valence (positive, negative) and mode (expressiveness, reactions, discourse). For both Turkish and U.S. families, encouraging socialization of negative emotions related to children's better masking of negative emotions and poorer masking of positive emotions. For U.S. families, encouraging negative emotions related to children's poorer socio-emotional functioning. When parents encouraged positive emotions, Turkish children scored higher in masking negative emotions, whereas U.S. children scored higher in masking positive emotions and had better socio-emotional functioning. Results suggest that cultural values may influence emotion socialization and its relations to children's socio-emotional development. Particular attention should be paid to socialization modes and positive emotions.

Associations of childhood adversity with emotional well-being and educational achievement: A review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Profound negative implications of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have raised public health concern worldwide.

METHOD

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined associations of three types of ACEs (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunctions) with experiential (emotional quality of momentary and everyday experiences) and reflective (judgments about life satisfaction, sense of meaning, and ability to pursue goals that can include and extend beyond the self) facets of emotional well-being (EWB) and educational achievement. The systematic review yielded 100 studies with 176 effect sizes that met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

ACEs were related particularly strongly to lower EWB, r = -0.32, p < .001; [95 % CI: -0.44 to 0.01], but also to lower educational achievement, r = -0.18, p < .001; [95 % CI: -0.21 to -0.05]. Associations were stronger for abuse and composite indicators of ACEs than for household dysfunctions. Associations of ACEs with EWB and educational achievement were stronger in childhood and adolescence than in emerging or later adulthood. Associations did not differ for males and females or for Eastern versus Western cultural groups. Analyses provided evidence for the causal role of ACEs in the development of lower EWB and academic achievement as well as their reciprocal associations.

LIMITATIONS

There is no standard conceptualization of well-being and studies are not always clear about the types of ACEs examined, with limited research on educational achievement.

CONCLUSION

Findings have important implications for mental health professionals, policy makers and social service agencies in developing resources and intervention services that target ACEs to protect individuals and promote well-being and academic achievement.

Maternal and paternal emotion expression and youths' negative emotions: The moderation of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether college students' resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) would moderate the association between parental negative dominant and submissive emotion expression and their negative emotions.

METHODS

Participants were 97 Chinese college students (28.87% male, Mage = 19.11, SD =.89). Participants reported their perceived maternal and paternal emotion expression, as well as their negative emotions. Resting RSA was assessed during a laboratory visit.

RESULTS

Parental negative dominant emotion expression was positively related to students' negative emotions. Additionally, the association between paternal negative dominant emotion expression and negative emotions was stronger among students with low (versus high) levels of resting RSA. Nonetheless, no similar association was found in maternal negative emotion expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings contribute important information regarding the different roles of maternal and paternal negative emotion expression in college students' emotional outcomes, and signify the interaction between parental socialization and individual characteristics in human developmental process.

Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore

BACKGROUND

The cultural normativeness theory posits that specific parenting behaviors can be interpreted as displays of appropriate parenting in contexts where they are deemed normative. Previous studies suggest high acceptance of physical discipline in Singapore, where strict parenting could be interpreted as care for the child. However, there is a lack of studies on the local prevalence and implications of physical discipline. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Singaporean children experiencing parental physical discipline, longitudinal changes in this prevalence, and how exposure to physical discipline relates to children's evaluation of their parents' parenting.

METHODS

Participants were 710 children with parental reports of physical discipline at one or more assessments at ages 4.5, 6, 9, and 11 years in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes birth cohort study. Parental reports of physical discipline were obtained using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire or the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire across the four assessments. Child reports of their parents' care and control were obtained using the Parental Bonding Instrument for Children at the age 9 assessment. Prevalence was specified as being exposed to at least one physical discipline at any frequency. A generalized linear mixed model was performed to examine whether children's age predicted their exposure to physical discipline. Linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate whether children's exposure to physical discipline predicted their evaluation of their parents' parenting.

RESULTS

The prevalence of children experiencing at least one physical discipline was above 80% at all ages. There was a decrease in this prevalence from age 4.5 to 11 years (B = - 0.14, SE = 0.01, OR = 0.87, p < 0.001). The more frequent the paternal physical discipline children were exposed to, the more likely they were to report lower levels of care (B = - 1.74, SE = 0.66, p = 0.03) and higher levels of denial of psychological autonomy by fathers (B = 1.05, SE = 0.45, p = 0.04). Maternal physical discipline was not significantly associated with children's evaluation of their mothers' parenting (ps ≥ 0.53).

CONCLUSIONS

Physical discipline was a common experience among our Singaporean sample, consistent with the notion that strict parenting could be regarded as a form of care. However, exposure to physical discipline did not translate to children reporting their parents as caring, with paternal physical discipline being negatively associated with children's evaluations of paternal care.

Parental Happiness Socialization and Youth Adjustment in Italy and Azerbaijan in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

This study aims to cross-culturally identify the parental socialization strategies in response to a child's happiness and their associations with youth academic and socio-emotional adjustment, controlling for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were a convenient sample of Italian (N = 606, 81.9% mothers) and Azerbaijanis (N = 227, 61.4% mothers) parents of youths (Mage = 12.89, SD = 4.06; 51% girls). Parents filled out an online survey to assess their socialization strategies in response to their children's happiness, their children's negative emotion regulation and dysregulation, academic performance, and prosocial behavior. Exploratory factorial analysis showed the presence of two factors that enclosed supportive and unsupportive parental socialization strategies. A multiple-group path analysis model showed that similarly across countries, supportive parental strategies were positively related to youths' prosocial behavior and that unsupportive parental strategies were positively related to youths' negative emotion dysregulation, and negatively related to youths' academic performance and negative emotion regulation. Those results emerged controlling for parents' and adolescents' gender and age, parents' educational level, social desirability, and Covid-related problems. This study advances cross-cultural knowledge about the impact of the strategies that parents use to socialize their children's happiness in the unique context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Commonality and Specificity in Chinese Parental Emotion Socialization and Adolescents' Psychological Functioning: A Bifactor Approach

Understanding of the conceptual relations among different parental emotion socialization processes (i.e., whether and how they are distinct or share common components) and their developmental implications for adolescents is limited, especially within Asian cultural contexts. Guided by the parental emotion socialization framework, this study aimed to: (1) investigate a conceptual model that delineates general and specific components in parental emotion socialization with both adolescents and parents within a contemporary Asian cultural context-Beijing, China, and (2) examine whether the common and specific processes predicted adolescents' psychological functioning six months later for both informants. Participants included 1486 Chinese adolescents (M_age = 15.11 years; 52.6% males) and their primary caregivers (M_age = 44.93 years; 44.9% males). Both adolescents and parents self-reported on parental emotion socialization and adolescents completed a measure of their psychological functioning at two time-points. We evaluated the fit of one-factor, first-order factor, and bifactor models for both informants separately. Results indicated a good fit of the bifactor model with a proposed general factor of parent meta-emotion philosophy and specific factors of parental reaction and emotional expressivity, with partial factorial invariance of the parental reaction factor across informants. The common and specific factors uniquely predicted adolescents' psychological functioning. Findings inform the parental emotion socialization framework, particularly our conceptual understanding of the different processes with Asian samples, and have practical implications for the design and implementation of comprehensive and culturally relevant parenting interventions in support of adolescent psychological functioning.

Maternal Ideas About Child Competence in Two Cultural Groups of the Indian Society

This article examines the differences and similarities in the conception of child competence held by mothers of the Adivasi 1 and non-Adivasi cultural groups of Indian society. Two hundred mothers,100 from each group, who had a school-going child between 7 and 8 years of age (range = 6.5 – 8.5 years), served as respondents. The Adivasi mothers belonged to the Kharwar group, whereas the non-Adivasi mothers were all Hindus and belonged to Yadav and Bania caste groups. Respondents from both groups lived in the same villages. A mother’s conception of ‘competence’ was assessed by asking each mother to imagine a child of 7–8 years who she thought was ‘doing well’ and then point out the domains in which the child was ‘doing well’. It was found that mothers of both groups considered physical and social domains significant to the same degree. The non–Adivasi mothers, more than the Adivasi mothers, used cognitive competence to conceptualise competence, while the Adivasi mothers emphasised, emotional and self-related domains for defining competence. Certain important differences within the sub-domains of each of the five main domains between the two groups were also found. Differences in defining child competence between Adivasi and non-Adivasi mothers are understood in terms of parental ethno-theories and eco-cultural approach.