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Imani MM, Shalchi M, Ahmadabadi G, Sadeghi M. Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human cases with orofacial clefts: A systematic review. Int Orthod 2023; 21:100781. [PMID: 37301105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The interaction between several cell populations or many genes and the coordination of multiple signal transmission pathways can lead to defects such as orofacial clefts (OFCs). Herein, a systematic review was designed to evaluate a group of important biomarkers (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) in human cases with OFCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched until March 10, 2023, without any restriction. STRING, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network software, was applied to investigate the functional interactions among the examined genes. The effect sizes including odds ratio (OR) dealing with a 95% confidence interval (CI), were extracted by the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2.0 (CMA 2.0) software. RESULTS Thirty-one articles were entered into the systematic review that four articles were analyzed in the meta-analysis. Single studies reported that several polymorphisms of MMPs (rs243865, rs9923304, rs17576, rs6094237, rs7119194, and rs7188573); and TIMPs (rs8179096, rs7502916, rs4789936, rs6501266, rs7211674, rs7212662, and rs242082) had an association with OFC risk. There was no significant difference for MMP-3 rs3025058 polymorphism in allelic (OR: 0.832; P=0.490), dominant (OR: 1.177; P=0.873), and recessive (OR: 0.363; P=0.433) models and MMP-9 rs17576 polymorphism in an allelic model (OR: 0.885; P=0.107) between the OFC cases and the controls. Based on immunohistochemistry reports, three MMPs (MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9) and TIMP-2 had significant correlations with several other biomarkers in OFC cases. CONCLUSIONS MMPs and TIMPs can impact the tissue and cells affected by OFCs and the process of apoptosis. The interaction between some biomarkers with MMPs and TIMPs (e.g., TGFb1) in OFCs can be interesting for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Majid Shalchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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2
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Deletion of 11q24.2-qter in a male child with cleft lip and palate: an atypical feature of Jacobsen syndrome. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Yu Y, Alvarado R, Petty LE, Bohlender RJ, Shaw DM, Below JE, Bejar N, Ruiz OE, Tandon B, Eisenhoffer GT, Kiss DL, Huff CD, Letra A, Hecht JT. Polygenic risk impacts PDGFRA mutation penetrance in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2348-2357. [PMID: 35147171 PMCID: PMC9307317 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a common, severe craniofacial malformation that imposes significant medical, psychosocial and financial burdens. NSCL/P is a multifactorial disorder with genetic and environmental factors playing etiologic roles. Currently, only 25% of the genetic variation underlying NSCL/P has been identified by linkage, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. In this study, whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide genotyping followed by polygenic risk score (PRS) and linkage analyses were used to identify the genetic etiology of NSCL/P in a large three-generation family. We identified a rare missense variant in PDGFRA (c.C2740T; p.R914W) as potentially etiologic in a gene-based association test using pVAAST (P = 1.78 × 10-4) and showed decreased penetrance. PRS analysis suggested that variant penetrance was likely modified by common NSCL/P risk variants, with lower scores found among unaffected carriers. Linkage analysis provided additional support for PRS-modified penetrance, with a 7.4-fold increase in likelihood after conditioning on PRS. Functional characterization experiments showed that the putatively causal variant was null for signaling activity in vitro; further, perturbation of pdgfra in zebrafish embryos resulted in unilateral orofacial clefting. Our findings show that a rare PDGFRA variant, modified by additional common NSCL/P risk variants, have a profound effect on NSCL/P risk. These data provide compelling evidence for multifactorial inheritance long postulated to underlie NSCL/P and may explain some unusual familial patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rolando Alvarado
- Center for RNA Therapeutics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren E Petty
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan J Bohlender
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Douglas M Shaw
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nada Bejar
- Center for RNA Therapeutics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oscar E Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhavna Tandon
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel L Kiss
- Center for RNA Therapeutics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston 77054, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston 77054, TX, USA
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4
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Vaghela R, Arkudas A, Gage D, Körner C, von Hörsten S, Salehi S, Horch RE, Hessenauer M. Microvascular development in the rat arteriovenous loop model in vivo-A step by step intravital microscopy analysis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1551-1563. [PMID: 35484827 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The arteriovenous (AV) loop model is a key technique to solve one of the major problems of tissue engineering-providing adequate vascular support for a tissue construct of significant size. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascularization and factors influencing the generation of new tissue in the AV loop are still poorly understood. We previously established a novel intravital microscopy approach to study these events. In this study, we implanted our observation chamber filled with two types of hydrogels such as fibrin and methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) and performed intravital microscopy (IVM) on days 7, 14, and 21. Initial microvessel formation was observed in GelMA on day 14, while the vessel network showed clear indicators of network rearrangement and maturation on day 21. No visible microvessels were observed in fibrin. The chambers were explanted on day 21. Histological examination revealed higher numbers of microvessels in GelMA compared to fibrin, while the AV loop was thrombosed in all fibrin constructs, possibly due to matrix degradation. GelMA proved to be an ideal matrix for IVM studies in the AV loop model due to its slow degradation and transparency. This IVM model can be employed as a novel tool for live and thus faster comprehension of crucial events in the tissue regeneration process, which can improve tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Vaghela
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Gage
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering for Metals, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Körner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering for Metals, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Animal Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hessenauer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Mukhopadhyay N, Feingold E, Moreno-Uribe L, Wehby G, Valencia-Ramirez LC, Muñeton CPR, Padilla C, Deleyiannis F, Christensen K, Poletta FA, Orioli IM, Hecht JT, Buxó CJ, Butali A, Adeyemo WL, Vieira AR, Shaffer JR, Murray JC, Weinberg SM, Leslie EJ, Marazita ML. Genome-Wide Association Study of Non-syndromic Orofacial Clefts in a Multiethnic Sample of Families and Controls Identifies Novel Regions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621482. [PMID: 33898419 PMCID: PMC8062975 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most prevalent craniofacial birth defects worldwide and create a significant public health burden. The majority of OFCs are non-syndromic and vary in prevalence by ethnicity. Africans have the lowest prevalence of OFCs (~ 1/2,500), Asians have the highest prevalence (~1/500), Europeans and Latin Americans lie somewhere in the middle (~1/800 and 1/900, respectively). Thus, ethnicity appears to be a major determinant of the risk of developing OFC. The Pittsburgh Orofacial Clefts Multiethnic study was designed to explore this ethnic variance, comprising a large number of families and individuals (~12,000 individuals) from multiple populations worldwide: US and Europe, Asians, mixed Native American/Caucasians, and Africans. In this current study, we analyzed 2,915 OFC cases, 6,044 unaffected individuals related to the OFC cases, and 2,685 controls with no personal or family history of OFC. Participants were grouped by their ancestry into African, Asian, European, and Central and South American subsets, and genome-wide association run on the combined sample as well as the four ancestry-based groups. We observed 22 associations to cleft lip with or without cleft palate at 18 distinct loci with p-values < 1e-06, including 10 with genome-wide significance (<5e-08), in the combined sample and within ancestry groups. Three loci - 2p12 (rs62164740, p = 6.27e-07), 10q22.2 (rs150952246, p = 3.14e-07), and 10q24.32 (rs118107597, p = 8.21e-07) are novel. Nine were in or near known OFC loci - PAX7, IRF6, FAM49A, DCAF4L2, 8q24.21, NTN1, WNT3-WNT9B, TANC2, and RHPN2. The majority of the associations were observed only in the combined sample, European, and Central and South American groups. We investigated whether the observed differences in association strength were (a) purely due to sample sizes, (b) due to systematic allele frequency difference at the population level, or (c) due to the fact certain OFC-causing variants confer different amounts of risk depending on ancestral origin, by comparing effect sizes to observed allele frequencies of the effect allele in our ancestry-based groups. While some of the associations differ due to systematic differences in allele frequencies between groups, others show variation in effect size despite similar frequencies across ancestry groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lina Moreno-Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics, The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - George Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Carmencita Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Fernando A. Poletta
- CEMIC: Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ieda M. Orioli
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wasiu L. Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre R. Vieira
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Clinical and Translational Science, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Williams M, Zeng Y, Chiquet B, Jacob H, Kurtis Kasper F, Harrington DA, English J, Akyalcin S, Letra A. Functional characterization of ATF1, GREM2 AND WNT10B variants associated with tooth agenesis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:486-493. [PMID: 33369218 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the functional effects of ATF1, WNT10B and GREM2 gene variants identified in individuals with tooth agenesis (TA). SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) were used as an in vitro model system to test the effect of TA-associated variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmid constructs containing reference and mutant alleles for ATF1 rs11169552, WNT10B rs833843 and GREM2 rs1414655 variants were transfected into SHED for functional characterization of variants. Allele-specific changes in gene transcription activity, protein expression, cell migration and proliferation, and expression of additional tooth development genes (MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2) were evaluated. Data analyses were performed using Student's t-test. P-values ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Mutant variants resulted in significantly decreased transcriptional activity of respective genes (P < 0.05), although no changes in protein localization were noted. Expression of MSX1 was significantly decreased in ATF1- and GREM2-mutant cells, whereas PAX9 or AXIN2 mRNA expression was not significantly altered. Mutant WNT10B had no significant effect on the expression of additional TA genes. ATF1- and GREM2-mutant cells presented increased cell migration. Cell proliferation was also affected with all three mutant alleles. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ATF1, WNT10B and GREM2 mutant alleles have modulatory effects on gene/protein function that may contribute to TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Williams
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brett Chiquet
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helder Jacob
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fred Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeryl English
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sercan Akyalcin
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Zeng Y, Baugh E, Akyalcin S, Letra A. Functional Effects of WNT10A Rare Variants Associated with Tooth Agenesis. J Dent Res 2020; 100:302-309. [PMID: 33034246 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520962728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in WNT10A have frequently been reported as etiologic for tooth agenesis (TA). However, the effects of WNT10A variation on gene/protein function and contribution to TA phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we performed bioinformatic and functional characterization analysis of WNT10A variants. In silico prediction of variant function was performed with VIPUR for all WNT10A missense variants reported in the Exome Aggregation Consortium database. Functional characterization experiments were then performed for selected WNT10A variants previously associated with TA. Expression vectors for wild-type and mutant WNT10A were made and transfected into stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) for evaluation of gene/protein function, WNT signaling activity, and effects on expression of relevant genes. While 75% of WNT10A variants were predicted neutral, most of the TA-associated variants received deleterious scores by potentially destabilizing or preventing the disulfide bond formation required for proper protein function. WNT signaling was significantly decreased with 8 of 13 variants tested, whereas wild-type-like activity was retained with 4 of 13 variants. WNT10A-mutant cells (T357I, R360C, and R379C mutants) showed reduced or impaired binding affinity to FZD5, suggesting a potential mechanism for the decreased WNT signaling. Mutant cells also had decreased WNT10A protein expression in comparison to wild-type cells. mRNA expression of PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, and RUNX2 (known tooth development genes) was perturbed in mutant cells and quite significantly for PAX9 and RUNX2. Transcriptome analysis of wild-type and T357I-mutant cells identified 36 differentially expressed genes (26 downregulated, 10 upregulated) involved in skeletal system development and morphogenesis and pattern specification. WNT10A variants deemed pathogenic for TA likely affect protein folding and/or stabilization, leading to decreased WNT signaling and concomitant dysregulated expression of relevant genes. These findings may allow for improved interpretation of TA phenotypes upon clinical diagnosis while providing important insights toward the development of future tooth replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zeng
- Center for Craniofacial Research, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Baugh
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Akyalcin
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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9
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Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Logan SM, Ruest LB, Benson MD, Svoboda KKH. Extracellular Matrix in Secondary Palate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1543-1556. [PMID: 31513730 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secondary palate arises from outgrowths of epithelia-covered embryonic mesenchyme that grow from the maxillary prominence, remodel to meet over the tongue, and fuse at the midline. These events require the coordination of cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression, all of which take place in the context of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Palatal cells generate their ECM, and then stiffen, degrade, or otherwise modify its properties to achieve the required cell movement and organization during palatogenesis. The ECM, in turn, acts on the cells through their matrix receptors to change their gene expression and thus their phenotype. The number of ECM-related gene mutations that cause cleft palate in mice and humans is a testament to the crucial role the matrix plays in palate development and a reminder that understanding that role is vital to our progress in treating palate deformities. This article will review the known ECM constituents at each stage of palatogenesis, the mechanisms of tissue reorganization and cell migration through the palatal ECM, the reciprocal relationship between the ECM and gene expression, and human syndromes with cleft palate that arise from mutations of ECM proteins and their regulators. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - L Bruno Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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11
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Chiquet BT, Yuan Q, Swindell EC, Maili L, Plant R, Dyke J, Boyer R, Teichgraeber JF, Greives MR, Mulliken JB, Letra A, Blanton SH, Hecht JT. Knockdown of Crispld2 in zebrafish identifies a novel network for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1441-1450. [PMID: 29899370 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial development is a multifaceted process involving tightly regulated genetic signaling networks, that when perturbed, lead to orofacial abnormalities including cleft lip and/or cleft palate. We and others have shown an association between the cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2) gene and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP). Further, we demonstrated that knockdown of Crispld2 in zebrafish alters neural crest cell migration patterns resulting in abnormal jaw and palate development. In this study, we performed RNA profiling in zebrafish embryos and identified 249 differentially expressed genes following knockdown of Crispld2. In silico pathway analysis identified a network of seven genes previously implicated in orofacial development for which differential expression was validated in three of the seven genes (CASP8, FOS, and MMP2). Single nucleotide variant (SNV) genotyping of these three genes revealed significant associations between NSCLP and FOS/rs1046117 (GRCh38 chr14:g.75746690 T > C, p = 0.0005) in our nonHispanic white (NHW) families and MMP2/rs243836 (GRCh38 chr16:g.55534236 G > A; p = 0.002) in our Hispanic families. Nominal association was found between NSCLP and CASP8/rs3769825 (GRCh38 chr2:g.202111380 C > A; p < 0.007). Overtransmission of MMP2 haplotypes were identified in the Hispanic families (p < 0.002). Significant gene-gene interactions were identified for FOS-MMP2 in the NHW families and for CASP8-FOS in the NHW simplex family subgroup (p < 0.004). Additional in silico analysis revealed a novel gene regulatory network including five of these newly identified and 23 previously reported NSCLP genes. Our results demonstrate that animal models of orofacial clefting can be powerful tools to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Chiquet
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eric C Swindell
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Lorena Maili
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Plant
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dyke
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Ryan Boyer
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - John F Teichgraeber
- Divison of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew R Greives
- Divison of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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12
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Kumari P, Singh SK, Raman R. TGFβ3, MSX1, and MMP3 as Candidates for NSCL±P in an Indian Population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 56:363-372. [PMID: 29738289 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618775727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of transforming growth factor β3 ( TGFβ3), muscle segment homeobox 1 ( MSX1), Metalloproteinases 3 ( MMP3), and MMP9 genes as candidates for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate in an Indian population. DESIGN Case-control association study, mutational screening, and functional evaluation of obtained mutations. SETTING Mutational screening of the developmental genes, TGFβ3 and MSX1, along with functional evaluation and association of promoter region SNPs-one each in MMP3 and MMP9. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS Two hundred forty five NSCL±P cases from G. S. Memorial Plastic Surgery Hospital and Trauma Center, Varanasi and 201 healthy controls without a family history of congenital malformations from nearby schools, primary health centers, and the university hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sequencing, SSCP, and PCR-RFLP were used for candidate gene screening. MatInspector and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were used to check the differential transcription factor binding of the variants at promoter region. Luciferase assay was used to test the transcriptional potential of the variant, and evaluation of the alternative splice site was carried out using exon-trapping experiment. RESULTS Metalloproteinases3 -1171 5A/6A was associated with NSCL±P, whereas MMP9 -1562 C/T did not show association. A rare variant in the promoter region of TGFβ3 (rs117462711) creates a differential binding site, confirmed by EMSA. Luciferase assay showed 3.7-fold increased expression level in mutant construct. A synonymous change in MSX1 (rs34165410) showed association with NSCL±P, which may create an alternative splice site or lead to low codon usage. Exon-trapping experiment failed to confirm alternative splicing, indicating low codon usage frequency of the mutant affecting the gene function. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ3, MSX1, and MMP3 are candidates for NSCL±P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- 1 Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Singh
- 2 G. S. Memorial Plastic Surgery Hospital and Trauma Center, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiva Raman
- 1 Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Vieira AR, Silva MB, Souza KKA, Filho AVA, Rosenblatt A, Modesto A. A Pragmatic Study Shows Failure of Dental Composite Fillings Is Genetically Determined: A Contribution to the Discussion on Dental Amalgams. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:186. [PMID: 29164121 PMCID: PMC5681741 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite resins for posterior tooth restorations have become a viable alternative to dental amalgam. Failures sometimes cannot be easily explained, and we hypothesize that a genetic component may influence longevity of restorations. We aimed to determine if there is any evidence for a difference in the performance of amalgams versus composite resin in extensive posterior restorations. We also aimed to determine if risk factors such as age, sex, smoking tobacco, alcohol drinking, diabetes status, and periodontal health status may have a role in the failures of extensive anterior composite restorations. Finally, we investigated if genetic variation in matrix metalloproteinases that are present in the mineralized dentin is associated with failure of composite resin. The data used to perform this research were obtained from the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project after screening 4,856 patients. All restorations were evaluated at times of 1, 2, and 5 years after the restoration placement. 6,266 amalgam and 2,010 composite restorations were analyzed in a total of 807 patients in a period of approximately 10 years (period corresponding to the database existence). An additional 443 extensive direct composite resin restorations in anterior teeth were also studied. Failure rates of amalgam and composite restorations are similar, and by the end of 5 years, composites outperformed amalgams slightly. Failures of anterior composite restorations occurred more often in males who smoked tobacco (p = 0.05), despite a similar number of females and males that smoked tobacco in the sample (116 individuals smoked tobacco, 54 females and 62 males). Alcohol drinking increased failure rate within 2 years (p = 0.03). We found a statistically significant association between matrix metalloproteinase 2 rs9923304 and failure of composite restorations (p = 0.007). Composite resins can replace amalgam restorations. Smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol will increase the chance of restoration failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Vieira
- Departments of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marília B Silva
- Departments of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kesia K A Souza
- Departments of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Arnôldo V A Filho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Pernambuco School of Dentistry, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aronita Rosenblatt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Pernambuco School of Dentistry, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Modesto
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Swindell EC, Yuan Q, Maili LE, Tandon B, Wagner DS, Hecht JT. Crispld2 is required for neural crest cell migration and cell viability during zebrafish craniofacial development. Genesis 2015; 53:660-7. [PMID: 26297922 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The CAP superfamily member, CRISPLD2, has previously been shown to be associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) in human populations and to be essential for normal craniofacial development in the zebrafish. Additionally, in rodent models, CRISPLD2 has been shown to play a role in normal lung and kidney development. However, the specific role of CRISPLD2 during these developmental processes has yet to be determined. In this study, it was demonstrated that Crispld2 protein localizes to the orofacial region of the zebrafish embryo and knockdown of crispld2 resulted in abnormal migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) during both early and late time points. An increase in cell death after crispld2 knockdown as well as an increase in apoptotic marker genes was also shown. This data suggests that Crispld2 modulates the migration, differentiation, and/or survival of NCCs during early craniofacial development. These results indicate an important role for Crispld2 in NCC migration during craniofacial development and suggests involvement of Crispld2 in cell viability during formation of the orofacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Swindell
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorena E Maili
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Bhavna Tandon
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
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15
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Clinical and genetic analysis of a nonsyndromic oligodontia in a child. Case Rep Dent 2014; 2014:137621. [PMID: 25215247 PMCID: PMC4158267 DOI: 10.1155/2014/137621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of tooth agenesis may be related to several factors, among them, the genetic alterations that play a fundamental role in the development of this dental anomaly, so that knowledge about it helps the clinician to have a greater understanding of their patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to report the case of a nonsyndromic child, with tooth agenesis of one premolar, three first permanent molars, and all second permanent molars. In addition, a genetic research between polymorphic variants in genes MMP3 and BMP2 was performed in order to observe the association between changes in these genes and congenital tooth absences. For this purpose, DNA from child was extracted and polymorphisms were investigated. It was clinically and radiographically observed that this was a case of oligodontia, in which the authors suggested an association between the polymorphisms found and tooth agenesis diagnosed in that child.
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