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Kayar NA, Çelik İ, Gözlü M, Üstün K, Gürsel M, Alptekin NÖ. Immunologic burden links periodontitis to acute coronary syndrome: levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in gingival granulation tissue. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:199. [PMID: 38451305 PMCID: PMC10920467 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the proportional variation of macrophage and T-lymphocytes subpopulations in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, its association with periodontitis (P), and to compare with control individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Three groups of subjects participated: one group consisted of 17 ACS patients with P (ACS + P), another group consisted of 22 no ACS + P patients, and a control group consisted of 23 participants with gingivitis (no ACS + G). Macrophage, CD4 + , and CD8 + T-lymphocytes and CD4 + /CD8 + ratio values in gingival tissue were determined histometrically. RESULTS Significant differences were found among three groups regarding the mean number of macrophage (no ACS + P > ACS + P > no ACS + G; p < 0.05) and CD8 + T-lymphocytes (no ACS + P > ACS + P > no ACS + G; p < 0.05). Significant variations were observed between the groups both CD4 + T-lymphocytes densities (ACS + P > no ACS + P and ACS + P > no ACS + G; p < 0.05) and CD4 + / CD8 + ratio (no ACS + P < no ACS + G and ACS + P < no ACS + G; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The increased number of CD8 + T-lymphocytes in both group ACS + P and group no ACS + P resulted in a reduction of the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in gingival tissue when compared with no ACS + G group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The decrease of CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in gingival tissue reflects periodontitis and may be associated with severe adverse outcomes in people with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezahat Arzu Kayar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058, Turkey.
| | - İlhami Çelik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Kemal Üstün
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| | - Mihtikar Gürsel
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Özlem Alptekin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang H, Zhao A, Chen Y, Cheng T, Zhou J, Li Z. Exploring the potential link between MitoEVs and the immune microenvironment of periodontitis based on machine learning and bioinformatics methods. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:169. [PMID: 38308306 PMCID: PMC10838001 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition triggered by immune system malfunction. Mitochondrial extracellular vesicles (MitoEVs) are a group of highly heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched in mitochondrial fractions. The objective of this research was to examine the correlation between MitoEVs and the immune microenvironment of periodontitis. METHODS Data from MitoCarta 3.0, GeneCards, and GEO databases were utilized to identify differentially expressed MitoEV-related genes (MERGs) and conduct functional enrichment and pathway analyses. The random forest and LASSO algorithms were employed to identify hub MERGs. Infiltration levels of immune cells in periodontitis and healthy groups were estimated using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and phenotypic subgroups of periodontitis based on hub MERG expression levels were explored using a consensus clustering method. RESULTS A total of 44 differentially expressed MERGs were identified. The random forest and LASSO algorithms identified 9 hub MERGs (BCL2L11, GLDC, CYP24A1, COQ2, MTPAP, NIPSNAP3A, FAM162A, MYO19, and NDUFS1). ROC curve analysis showed that the hub gene and logistic regression model presented excellent diagnostic and discriminating abilities. Immune infiltration and consensus clustering analysis indicated that hub MERGs were highly correlated with various types of immune cells, and there were significant differences in immune cells and hub MERGs among different periodontitis subtypes. CONCLUSION The periodontitis classification model based on MERGs shows excellent performance and can offer novel perspectives into the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The high correlation between MERGs and various immune cells and the significant differences between immune cells and MERGs in different periodontitis subtypes can clarify the regulatory roles of MitoEVs in the immune microenvironment of periodontitis. Future research should focus on elucidating the functional mechanisms of hub MERGs and exploring potential therapeutic interventions based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Anna Zhao
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Ziliang Li
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Junxian L, Mehrabanian M, Mivehchi H, Banakar M, Etajuri EA. The homeostasis and therapeutic applications of innate and adaptive immune cells in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2552-2564. [PMID: 36004490 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis (PD) is one of the most common dental disorders. This chronic oral inflammation is caused by complicated interrelations between bacterial infections, dysregulated immune reactions, and environmental risk factors. A dysregulated immune response can lead to inflammatory bone resorption by allowing the recruitment of pro-inflammatory immune cells to the periodontal tissues. SUBJECTS The recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells in PD initiates the acute and following chronic inflammatory processes. The inflamed tissues, on the other hand, can be restored if the anti-inflammatory lineages are predominantly established in the periodontal tissues. Therefore, we aimed to review the published literature to provide an overview of the existing knowledge about the role of immune cells in PD, as well as their possible therapeutic applications. RESULTS Experimental studies showed that drugs/systems that negatively regulate inflammatory cells in the body, as well as interventions aimed at increasing the number of anti-inflammatory cells such as Tregs and Bregs, can both help in the healing process of PD. CONCLUSION Targeting immune cells or their positive/negative manipulations has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic method. However, to use this sort of immunotherapy in humans, further pre-clinical investigations, as well as randomized clinical trials, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Junxian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mojtaba Mehrabanian
- DMD Dentist, Alumni of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hassan Mivehchi
- DMD Dentist, Alumni of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Morteza Banakar
- Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enas Abdalla Etajuri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaya, Malaysia
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Zhou M, Graves DT. Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998244. [PMID: 36304447 PMCID: PMC9592920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating immune cells function in response to bacterial challenge in periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is induced by a combined innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial dysbiosis that is initiated by resident cells including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which recruit immune cells. Chemokines and cytokines stimulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis in response to TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL and other factors. Inflammation also suppresses coupled bone formation to limit repair of osteolytic lesions. Bone lining cells, osteocytes and periodontal ligament cells play a key role in both processes. The periodontal ligament contains cells that exhibit similarities to tendon cells, osteoblast-lineage cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Bone lining cells consisting of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts are influenced by osteocytes and stimulate formation of osteoclast precursors through MCSF and RANKL, which directly induce osteoclastogenesis. Following bone resorption, factors are released from resorbed bone matrix and by osteoclasts and osteal macrophages that recruit osteoblast precursors to the resorbed bone surface. Osteoblast differentiation and coupled bone formation are regulated by multiple signaling pathways including Wnt, Notch, FGF, IGF-1, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways. Diabetes, cigarette smoking and aging enhance the pathologic processes to increase bone resorption and inhibit coupled bone formation to accelerate bone loss. Other bone pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and bone unloading/disuse also affect osteoblast lineage cells and participate in formation of osteolytic lesions by promoting bone resorption and inhibiting coupled bone formation. Thus, periodontitis involves the activation of an inflammatory response that involves a large number of cells to stimulate bone resorption and limit osseous repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dana T. Graves,
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Kirakodu SS, Gonzalez OA. Immunoglobulin gene expression profiles and microbiome characteristics in periodontitis in nonhuman primates. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:18-33. [PMID: 35665658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of mucosal tissues throughout the body occurs by a wide array of bacteria in the microbiome that stimulate the cells and tissues, as well as respond to changes in the local milieu. A feature of periodontitis is the detection of adaptive immune responses to members of the oral microbiome that show specificity and changes with disease and treatment. Thus, variations in antibody responses are noted across the population and affected by aging, albeit, data are still unclear as to how these differences relate to disease risk and expression. This study used a nonhuman primate model of experimental periodontitis to track local microbiome changes as they related to the use and expression of a repertoire of immunoglobulin genes in gingival tissues. Gingival tissue biopsies from healthy tissues and following ligature-placement for disease initiation and progression provided gene expression analysis. Additionally, following removal of the ligatures, clinical healing occurs with gene expression in disease resolved tissues. Groups of 9 animals (young: <3 yrs., adolescent: 3-7 yrs., adult -12 to 15 yrs.; aged: 17-22 yrs) were used in the investigation. In healthy tissues, young and adolescent animals showed levels of expression of 78 Ig genes that were uniformly less than adults. In contrast, ⅔ of the Ig genes were elevated by > 2-fold in the aged samples. Specific increases in an array of the Ig gene transcripts were detected in adults at disease initiation and throughout progression, while increases in young and adolescent animals were observed only with disease progression, and in aged samples primarily late in disease progression. Resolved lesions continued to demonstrate elevated levels of Ig gene expression in only young, adolescent and adult animals. The array of Ig genes significantly correlated with inflammatory, tissue biology and hypoxia genes in the gingival tissues, with variations associated with age. In the young group of animals, specific members of the oral microbiome positively correlated with Ig gene expression, while in the older animals, many of these correlations were negative. Significant correlations were observed with a select assortment of bacterial OTUs and multiple Ig genes in both younger and older animal samples, albeit the genera/species showed little overlap. Incorporating this array of microbes and host responses clearly discriminated the various time points in transition from health to disease and resolution in both the young and adult animals. The results support a major importance of adaptive immune responses in the kinetics of periodontal lesion formation, and support aging effects on the repertoire of Ig genes that may relate to the increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA; Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA; Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, USA
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Zou J, Zeng Z, Xie W, Zeng Z. Immunotherapy with regulatory T and B cells in periodontitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108797. [PMID: 35487085 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD), also known as gum disease, is a condition causing inflammatory bone resorption and tooth loss. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) are vital in controlling the immune response and hence play a role in infections and peripheral tolerance adjustment. These cells have immunosuppressive and tissue-repairing capabilities that are important for periodontal health; however, in inflammatory circumstances, Tregs may become unstable and dysfunctional, accelerating tissue deterioration. In recent years, Regulatory cell-mediated immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in many inflammatory diseases. Considering the roles of Tregs and Bregs in shaping immune responses, this study aimed to review the published articles in this field to provide a comprehensive view of the existing knowledge about the role of regulatory T and B cells, as well as their therapeutic applications in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zou
- Department of stomatology, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Zijun Zeng
- Anesthesia surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Zhimei Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College Dental Department Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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7
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Ilango P, Kumar D, Mahalingam A, Thanigaimalai A, Reddy VK. Evidence revealing the role of T cell regulators (Tregs) in periodontal diseases: A review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:278-282. [PMID: 34393396 PMCID: PMC8336777 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_308_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium, which is a reflection of the overgrowth of oral commensals. This alteration in the oral microbiota initiates inflammation of the gingiva, which when left untreated, terminates with the resorption of the alveolar bone that may lead to a poor and hopeless prognosis. With upcoming trends in modulating the host's immunity, the role of regulatory T-cells has gained importance. These T-cells defend against inflammation and autoimmunity as they suppress both. However, in both the conditions, the regulatory cells are invariably reduced in number. Novel methods to enhance the function of Tregs have made their way in dentistry, as a promising approach to cure periodontitis. This article discusses various significant tests and trials of Tregs in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavai Ilango
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Dhanapriya Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Arulpari Mahalingam
- Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abirami Thanigaimalai
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Vineela Katam Reddy
- Department of Periodontics, Indira Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
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8
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Zou H, Zhou N, Huang Y, Luo A, Sun J. Phenotypes, roles, and modulation of regulatory lymphocytes in periodontitis and its associated systemic diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:451-467. [PMID: 33884656 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vmr0321-027rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease that can result in tooth loss and poses a risk to systemic health. Lymphocytes play important roles in periodontitis through multiple mechanisms. Regulatory lymphocytes including regulatory B cells (Bregs) and T cells (Tregs) are the main immunosuppressive cells that maintain immune homeostasis, and are critical to our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the development of effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes, roles, and modulating strategies of regulatory lymphocytes including Bregs and Tregs in periodontitis and frequently cooccurring inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer disease, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. The current evidence suggests that restoring immune balance through therapeutic targeting of regulatory lymphocytes is a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontitis and other systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Niu Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilian Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aoxiang Luo
- School of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Sands RW, Verbeke CS, Ouhara K, Silva EA, Hsiong S, Kawai T, Mooney D. Tuning cytokines enriches dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the periodontium. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1475-1485. [PMID: 32150760 PMCID: PMC7483931 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease results from the pathogenic interactions between the tissue, immune system, and microbiota; however, standard therapy fails to address the cellular mechanism underlying the chronic inflammation. Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of T cell fate, and biomaterials that recruit and program DC locally can direct T cell effector responses. We hypothesized that a biomaterial that recruited and programmed DC toward a tolerogenic phenotype could enrich regulatory T cells within periodontal tissue, with the eventual goal of attenuating T cell mediated pathology. METHODS The interaction of previously identified factors that could induce tolerance, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), with the periodontitis network was confirmed in silico. The effect of the cytokines on DC migration was explored in vitro using time-lapse imaging. Finally, regulatory T cell enrichment in the dermis and periodontal tissue in response to alginate hydrogels delivering TSLP and GM-CSF was examinedin vivo in mice using immunohistochemistry and live-animal imaging. RESULTS The GM-CSF and TSLP interactome connects to the periodontitis network. GM-CSF enhances DC migration in vitro. An intradermal injection of an alginate hydrogel releasing GM-CSF enhanced DC numbers and the addition of TSLP enriched FOXP3+ regulatory T cells locally. Injection of a hydrogel with GM-CSF and TSLP into the periodontal tissue in mice increased DC and FOXP3+ cell numbers in the tissue, FOXP3+ cells in the lymph node, and IL-10 in the tissue. CONCLUSION Local biomaterial-mediated delivery of GM-CSF and TSLP can enrich DC and FOXP3+ cells and holds promise for treating the pathologic inflammation of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Warren Sands
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Catia S. Verbeke
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Hiroshima University, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
- Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, CA
| | - Susan Hsiong
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
- College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - David Mooney
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA
- Wyss Institute, Boston, MA
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Schulz S, Zimmer P, Pütz N, Jurianz E, Schaller HG, Reichert S. rs2476601 in PTPN22 gene in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis-a possible interface? J Transl Med 2020; 18:389. [PMID: 33059697 PMCID: PMC7559817 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PD) are proven to share common risk markers, including genetic factors. In the present study we focused on genetic variants in PTPN22 (rs2476601), PADI4 (rs2240340), CTLA4 genes (rs3087243) and its impact on RA and PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study 111 RA patients and 256 systemically healthy controls were involved. A subdivision of patients and controls was carried out according the severity of periodontitis (no/level 1 PD vs. level 2 PD). RESULTS I. Evaluating the genetic impact on the occurrence of RA the T allele of rs2476601 (PTPN22) (bivariate: p < 0.001; multivariate: p = 0.018) and T allele of rs2240340 (PADI4) (bivariate: p = 0.006; multivariate: p = 0.070) were associated with an increased vulnerability to RA. II. Investigating the genetic influence on level 2 PD the T allele of rs2476601 (PTPN22) was shown to be associated with a higher susceptibility to PD within the RA group (bivariate: p = 0.043; multivariate: p = 0.024). III. The T allele of rs2476601 (PTPN22) was proven to be a significant marker of RA and level 2 PD comorbidity (bivariate: p < 0.001; multivariate: p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS These results support the thesis that genetic variations may represent a possible link between PD and RA. The study increases knowledge about disease-specific and cross-disease genetic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schulz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Pauline Zimmer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Natalie Pütz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Elisa Jurianz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Günter Schaller
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Reichert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Pilawski I, Tulu US, Ticha P, Schüpbach P, Traxler H, Xu Q, Pan J, Coyac BR, Yuan X, Tian Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Erdogan Y, Arioka M, Armaro M, Wu M, Brunski JB, Helms JA. Interspecies Comparison of Alveolar Bone Biology, Part I: Morphology and Physiology of Pristine Bone. JDR Clin Trans Res 2020; 6:352-360. [PMID: 32660303 DOI: 10.1177/2380084420936979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few interspecies comparisons of alveolar bone have been documented, and this knowledge gap raises questions about which animal models most accurately represent human dental conditions or responses to surgical interventions. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to employ state-of-the-art quantitative metrics to directly assess and compare the structural and functional characteristics of alveolar bone among humans, mini pigs, rats, and mice. METHODS The same anatomic location (i.e., the posterior maxillae) was analyzed in all species via micro-computed tomographic imaging, followed by quantitative analyses, coupled with histology and immunohistochemistry. Bone remodeling was evaluated with alkaline phosphatase activity and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining to identify osteoblast and osteoclast activities. In vivo fluorochrome labeling was used as a means to assess mineral apposition rates. RESULTS Collectively, these analyses demonstrated that bone volume differed among the species, while bone mineral density was equal. All species showed a similar density of alveolar osteocytes, with a highly conserved pattern of collagen organization. Collagen maturation was equal among mouse, rat, and mini pig. Bone remodeling was a shared feature among the species, with morphologically indistinguishable hemiosteonal appearances, osteocytic perilacunar remodeling, and similar mineral apposition rates in alveolar bone. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses demonstrated equivalencies among the 4 species in a plurality of the biological features of alveolar bone. Despite contradictory results from older studies, we found no evidence for the superiority of pig models over rodent models in representing human bone biology. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Animal models are extensively used to evaluate bone tissue engineering strategies, yet there are few state-of-the-art studies that rigorously compare and quantify the factors influencing selection of a given animal model. Consequently, there is an urgent need to assess preclinical animal models for their predictive value to dental research. Our article addresses this knowledge gap and, in doing so, provides a foundation for more effective standardization among animal models commonly used in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pilawski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - U S Tulu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Ticha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Schüpbach
- Schupbach Ltd, Service and Research Laboratory, Thalwil, Switzerland
| | - H Traxler
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Xu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Pan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B R Coyac
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - X Yuan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y Tian
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y Erdogan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Arioka
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Armaro
- Nobel Biocare Services AG, Zürich-Flughafen, Switzerland
| | - M Wu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J B Brunski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Gu Y, Han X. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Immune Regulatory Lymphocytes in Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093329. [PMID: 32397173 PMCID: PMC7247565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is known to be initiated by periodontal microbiota derived from biofilm formation. The microbial dysbiotic changes in the biofilm trigger the host immune and inflammatory responses that can be both beneficial for the protection of the host from infection, and detrimental to the host, causing tissue destruction. During this process, recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by the host Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the host–microbe interaction and the subsequent innate as well as adaptive responses. If persistent, the adverse interaction triggered by the host immune response to the microorganisms associated with periodontal biofilms is a direct cause of periodontal inflammation and bone loss. A large number of T and B lymphocytes are infiltrated in the diseased gingival tissues, which can secrete inflammatory mediators and activate the osteolytic pathways, promoting periodontal inflammation and bone resorption. On the other hand, there is evidence showing that immune regulatory T and B cells are present in the diseased tissue and can be induced for the enhancement of their anti-inflammatory effects. Changes and distribution of the T/B lymphocytes phenotype seem to be a key determinant of the periodontal disease outcome, as the functional activities of these cells not only shape up the overall immune response pattern, but may directly regulate the osteoimmunological balance. Therefore, interventional strategies targeting TLR signaling and immune regulatory T/B cells may be a promising approach to rebalance the immune response and alleviate bone loss in periodontal disease. In this review, we will examine the etiological role of TLR signaling and immune cell osteoclastogenic activity in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. More importantly, the protective effects of immune regulatory lymphocytes, particularly the activation and functional role of IL-10 expressing regulatory B cells, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Gu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Cafferata EA, Alvarez C, Diaz KT, Maureira M, Monasterio G, González FE, Covarrubias C, Vernal R. Multifunctional nanocarriers for the treatment of periodontitis: Immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative strategies. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1866-1878. [PMID: 30565778 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, in which the host immuno-inflammatory response against the dysbiotic subgingival biofilm leads to the breakdown of periodontal tissues. Most of the available treatments seem to be effective in the short-term; nevertheless, permanent periodical controls and patient compliance compromise long-term success. Different strategies have been proposed for the modulation of the host immune response as potential therapeutic tools to take a better care of most susceptible periodontitis patients, such as drug local delivery approaches. Though, maintaining an effective drug concentration for a prolonged period of time has not been achieved yet. In this context, advanced drug delivery strategies using biodegradable nanocarriers have been proposed to avoid toxicity and frequency-related problems of treatment. The versatility of distinct nanocarriers allows the improvement of their loading and release capabilities and could be potentially used for microbiological control, periodontal regeneration, and/or immunomodulation. In the present review, we revise and discuss the most frequent biodegradable nanocarrier strategies proposed for the treatment of periodontitis, including polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, and silica-derived nanoparticles, and further suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla T Diaz
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Maureira
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, ICOD, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín E González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Cancer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Covarrubias
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, ICOD, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Cafferata EA, Jerez A, Vernal R, Monasterio G, Pandis N, Faggion CM. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T lymphocytes in periodontitis: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:207-217. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Alfredo Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Faculty of DentistryUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Perú
| | - Alfredo Jerez
- Department of Oral SurgerySection of PeriodontologySchool of DentistryUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Dentistry UnitFaculty of Health SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nikolaos Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsDental School/Medical FacultyUniversity of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Clovis M. Faggion
- Department of Periodontology and Operative DentistryFaculty of DentistryUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
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15
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Biguetti CC, Vieira AE, Cavalla F, Fonseca AC, Colavite PM, Silva RM, Trombone APF, Garlet GP. CCR2 Contributes to F4/80+ Cells Migration Along Intramembranous Bone Healing in Maxilla, but Its Deficiency Does Not Critically Affect the Healing Outcome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1804. [PMID: 30147688 PMCID: PMC6095997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone healing depends of a transient inflammatory response, involving selective migration of leukocytes under the control of chemokine system. CCR2 has been regarded as an essential receptor for macrophage recruitment to inflammation and healing sites, but its role in the intramembranous bone healing on craniofacial region remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of CCR2 on F4/80+ cells migration and its consequences to the intramembranous healing outcome. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CCR2KO mice were subjected to upper right incisor extraction, followed by micro-computed tomography, histological, immunological, and molecular analysis along experimental periods. CCR2 was associated with F4/80+ cells influx to the intramembranous bone healing in WT mice, and CCR2+ cells presented a kinetics similar to F4/80+ and CCR5+ cells. By contrast, F4/80+ and CCR5+ cells were significantly reduced in CCR2KO mice. The absence of CCR2 did not cause major microscopic changes in healing parameters, while molecular analysis demonstrated differential genes expression of several molecules between CCR2KO and WT mice. The mRNA expression of TGFB1, RUNX2, and mesenchymal stem cells markers (CXCL12, CD106, OCT4, NANOG, and CD146) was decreased in CCR2KO mice, while IL6, CXCR1, RANKL, and ECM markers (MMP1, 2, 9, and Col1a2) were significantly increased in different periods. Finally, immunofluorescence and FACS revealed that F4/80+ cells are positive for both CCR2 and CCR5, suggesting that CCR5 may account for the remaining migration of the F4/80+ cells in CCR2KO mice. In summary, these results indicate that CCR2+ cells play a primary role in F4/80+ cells migration along healing in intramembranous bones, but its deficiency does not critically impact healing outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Cavalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Cristina Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Priscila Maria Colavite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Renato Menezes Silva
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Francisconi C, Vieira A, Azevedo M, Tabanez A, Fonseca A, Trombone A, Letra A, Silva R, Sfeir C, Little S, Garlet G. RANKL Triggers Treg-Mediated Immunoregulation in Inflammatory Osteolysis. J Dent Res 2018; 97:917-927. [PMID: 29499125 PMCID: PMC6728554 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory immune response triggered by the infection of the tooth root canal system results in the local upregulation of RANKL, resulting in periapical bone loss. While RANKL has a well-characterized role in the control of bone homeostasis/pathology, it can play important roles in the regulation of the immune system, although its possible immunoregulatory role in infectious inflammatory osteolytic conditions remains largely unknown. Here, we used a mouse model of infectious inflammatory periapical lesions subjected to continuous or transitory anti-RANKL inhibition, followed by the analysis of lesion outcome and multiple host response parameters. Anti-RANKL administration resulted in arrest of bone loss but interfered in the natural immunoregulation of the lesions observed in the untreated group. RANKL inhibition resulted in an unremitting proinflammatory response, persistent high proinflammatory and effector CD4 response, decreased regulatory T-cell (Treg) migration, and lower levels of Treg-related cytokines IL-10 and TGFb. Anti-RANKL blockade impaired the immunoregulatory process only in early disease stages, while the late administration of anti-RANKL did not interfere with the stablished immunoregulation. The impaired immunoregulation due to RANKL inhibition is characterized by increased delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo and T-cell proliferation in vitro to the infecting bacteria, which mimic the effects of Treg inhibition, reinforcing a possible influence of RANKL on Treg-mediated suppressive response. The adoptive transfer of CD4+FOXp3+ Tregs to mice receiving anti-RANKL therapy restored the immunoregulatory capacity, attenuating the inflammatory response in the lesions, reestablishing normal T-cell response in vivo and in vitro, and preventing lesion relapse upon anti-RANKL therapy cessation. Therefore, while RANKL inhibition efficiently limited the periapical bone loss, it promoted an unremitting host inflammatory response by interfering with Treg activity, suggesting that this classic osteoclastogenic mediator plays a role in immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.F. Francisconi
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - A.E. Vieira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and
Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - M.C.S. Azevedo
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - A.P. Tabanez
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - A.C. Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - A. Letra
- Department of Endodontics, School of
Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,
USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical
Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R.M. Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of
Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,
USA
| | - C.S. Sfeir
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Periodontics and
Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S.R. Little
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G.P. Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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17
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Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Periodontitis: A Translational View. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7806912. [PMID: 29805313 PMCID: PMC5901475 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7806912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease in which the disruption of the balance between host and microbiota interactions is key to the onset and progression of the disease. The immune homeostasis associated with periodontal health requires a regulated immuno-inflammatory response, during which the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential to ensure a controlled response that minimizes collateral tissue damage. Since Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, pathological conditions that may resolve by the acquisition of immuno-tolerance, such as periodontitis, may benefit by the use of Treg immunotherapy. In recent years, many strategies have been proposed to take advantage of the immuno-suppressive capabilities of Tregs as immunotherapy, including the ex vivo and in vivo manipulation of the Treg compartment. Ongoing research in both basic and translational studies let us gain a better understanding of the diversity of Treg subsets, their phenotypic plasticity, and suppressive functions, which can be used as a substrate for new immunotherapies. Certainly, as our knowledge of Treg biology increases, we will be capable to develop new therapies designed to enhance the stability and function of Tregs during periodontitis.
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18
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Degasperi GR, Etchegaray A, Marcelino L, Sicard A, Villalpando K, Pinheiro SL. Periodontal Disease: General Aspects from Biofilm to the Immune Response Driven by Periodontal Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.81001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Cardoso EM, Reis C, Manzanares-Céspedes MC. Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases. Postgrad Med 2017; 130:98-104. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1396876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Maria Cardoso
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Cátia Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Health University of Barcelona Campus (HUBc), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Ebersole JL. Comparative analysis of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with aging. Immunobiology 2017; 223:279-287. [PMID: 29066255 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host-bacterial interactions at mucosal surfaces require recognition of the bacteria by host cells enabling targeted responses to maintain tissue homeostasis. It is now well recognized that an array of host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both cell-bound and soluble, are critical to innate immune engagement of microbes via microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). This report describes the use of a nonhuman primate model to evaluate changes in the expression of these sensing molecules related to aging in healthy gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 3-24 years were evaluated clinically and gingival tissues obtained, RNA isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in healthy aging gingiva including extracellular (CD14, CD209, CLEC4E, TLR4), intracellular (NAIP, IFIH1, DAI) and soluble (PTX4, SAA1) PRRs. Selected PRRs were also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. These findings suggest that aged animals express altered levels of various PRRs that could affect the ability of the tissues to interact effectively with the juxtaposed microbial ecology, presumably contributing to an enhanced risk of periodontitis even in clinically healthy oral mucosal tissues with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - A J Stromberg
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - L Orraca
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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21
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CCR5Δ32 (rs333) polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: A case-control analysis based in disease resistance and susceptibility phenotypes. Cytokine 2017; 103:142-149. [PMID: 28969941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and aggressive periodontitis are infectious diseases characterized by the irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues, which is mediated by the host inflammatory immune response triggered by periodontal infection. The chemokine receptor CCR5 play an important role in disease pathogenesis, contributing to pro-inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis. CCR5Δ32 (rs333) is a loss-of-function mutation in the CCR5 gene, which can potentially modulate the host response and, consequently periodontitis outcome. Thus, we investigated the effect of the CCR5Δ32 mutation over the risk to suffer periodontitis in a cohort of Brazilian patients (total N=699), representative of disease susceptibility (chronic periodontitis, N=197; and aggressive periodontitis, N=91) or resistance (chronic gingivitis, N=193) phenotypes, and healthy subjects (N=218). Additionally, we assayed the influence of CCR5Δ32 in the expression of the biomarkers TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ and T-bet, and key periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola. In the association analysis of resistant versus susceptible subjects, CCR5Δ32 mutant allele-carriers proved significantly protected against chronic (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29-0.83; p-value 0.01) and aggressive (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22-0.94; p-value 0.03) periodontitis. Further, heterozygous subjects exhibited significantly decreased expression of TNFα in periodontal tissues, pointing to a functional effect of the mutation in periodontal tissues during the progression of the disease. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in the presence or quantity of the periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola in the subgingival biofilm that could be attributable to the mutant genotype.
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22
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Vitales-Noyola M, Martínez-Martínez R, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Baranda L, Niño-Moreno P, González-Amaro R. Quantitative and functional analysis of CD69 + T regulatory lymphocytes in patients with periodontal disease. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:549-557. [PMID: 27759906 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is chronic inflammatory process that affects the attachment structures of the teeth and constitutes a significant cause of tooth loss in adults. Although different bacteria play an important role in the triggering of this condition, the progression and severity of the disease are strongly affected by the host immune response, which is under the control of different immune regulatory mechanisms, including T regulatory (Treg) cells. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and function of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in patients with chronic periodontal disease. METHODS Peripheral blood samples (n = 33) and gingival tissue (n = 9) were obtained from patients with chronic periodontal disease. Blood samples from 25 healthy individuals were also studied. Levels of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and gingival tissue were determined by six-color multiparametric flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The immune regulatory function of CD69+ Treg cells was tested by an in vitro assay of inhibition of lymphocyte activation. RESULTS Percentages of CD69+ Treg cells were significantly higher in the peripheral blood from patients with active periodontal disease compared to healthy controls, and these percentages inversely correlated with the periodontal attachment loss. Increased numbers of these Treg cells were detected in the gingival tissue from active PD patients compared to their peripheral blood. However, the suppressive function of CD69+ Treg cells was significantly diminished in patients with periodontal disease compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CD69+ Treg cells seem to be another important piece in the complex immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Martínez-Martínez
- Postgraduate Dental Science Program, Faculty of Dentistry, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Juan P Loyola-Rodríguez
- Postgraduate Dental Science Program, Faculty of Dentistry, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Lourdes Baranda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Perla Niño-Moreno
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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23
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Arany PR. Craniofacial Wound Healing with Photobiomodulation Therapy: New Insights and Current Challenges. J Dent Res 2016; 95:977-84. [PMID: 27161014 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516648939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental pathophysiologic response for the survival of all organisms is the process of wound healing. Inadequate or lack of healing constitutes the etiopathologic basis of many oral and systemic diseases. Among the numerous efforts to promote wound healing, biophotonics therapies have shown much promise. Advances in photonic technologies and a better understanding of light-tissue interactions, from parallel biophotonics fields such as in vivo optical imaging and optogenetics, are spearheading their popularity in biology and medicine. Use of high-dose lasers and light devices in dermatology, ophthalmology, oncology, and dentistry are now popular for specific clinical applications, such as surgery, skin rejuvenation, ocular and soft tissue recontouring, and antitumor and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. However, a less well-known clinical application is the therapeutic use of low-dose biophotonics termed photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, which is aimed at alleviating pain and inflammation, modulating immune responses, and promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. Despite significant volumes of scientific literature from clinical and laboratory studies noting the phenomenological evidence for this innovative therapy, limited mechanistic insights have prevented rigorous and reproducible PBM clinical protocols. This article briefly reviews current evidence and focuses on gaps in knowledge to identify potential paths forward for clinical translation with PBM therapy with an emphasis on craniofacial wound healing. PBM offers a novel opportunity to examine fundamental nonvisual photobiological processes as well as develop innovative clinical therapies, thereby presenting an opportunity for a paradigm shift from conventional restorative/prosthetic approaches to regenerative modalities in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Arany
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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24
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Sabarish R, Rao SR, Lavu V. Natural T Regulatory Cells (n Treg) in the Peripheral Blood of Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis - A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC36-9. [PMID: 27134998 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/15449.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The T cells play a central role in the aetiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Natural T regulatory cells (nTreg) are the key stone immunoregulatory elements having an anergic phenotype and play an important role in the suppression of exaggerated immune responses thereby maintaining homeostasis. There are increasing evidences for the role of nTreg in the periodontal disease pathogenesis. AIM To identify the proportion of natural T regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of periodontally healthy subjects and subjects with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 15 subjects (7 with healthy gingiva and 8 with chronic periodontitis) were recruited for this pilot study. Baseline periodontal parameters were recorded and 5 ml of peripheral blood was collected. The samples from both the groups were analysed for the relative proportion of nTreg (identified by the expression CD45RB+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) using flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean percentages of the CD45RB+CD4+CD25+ cells expressing FOXP3 in control and chronic periodontitis group were found to be 14.75±5.04 and 43.13±11.17 respectively. The mean proportion of nTreg were compared between the control and chronic periodontitis sample using Mann-Whitney Test and was found to be statistically significant with (p<0.001). CONCLUSION A higher proportion of nTreg in the peripheral blood sample of chronic periodontitis subjects were observed as compared to that of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sabarish
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Ranga Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Vamsi Lavu
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - N A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Francisconi CF, Vieira AE, Biguetti CC, Glowacki AJ, Trombone APF, Letra A, Menezes Silva R, Sfeir CS, Little SR, Garlet GP. Characterization of the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Experimental Periapical Lesion Development and Their Chemoattraction Manipulation as a Therapeutic Tool. J Endod 2015; 42:120-6. [PMID: 26589811 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of periapical lesions is determined by the balance between host proinflammatory immune response and counteracting anti-inflammatory and reparative responses, which include regulatory T cells (Tregs) as potential immunoregulatory agents. In this study, we investigated (in a cause-and-effect manner) the involvement of CCL22-CCR4 axis in Treg migration to the periapical area and the role of Tregs in the determination of outcomes in periapical lesions. METHODS Periapical lesions were induced in C57Bl/6 (wild-type) and CCR4KO mice (pulp exposure and bacterial inoculation) and treated with anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family regulated gene to inhibit Treg function or alternatively with CCL22-releasing, polylactic-glycolic acid particles to induce site-specific migration of Tregs. After treatment, lesions were analyzed for Treg influx and phenotype, overall periapical bone loss, and inflammatory/immunologic and wound healing marker expression (analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction array). RESULTS Treg inhibition by anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family regulated gene or CCR4 depletion results in a significant increase in periapical lesion severity, associated with upregulation of proinflammatory, T-helper 1, T-helper 17, and tissue destruction markers in parallel with decreased Treg and healing marker expression. The local release of CCL22 in the root canal system resulted in the promotion of Treg migration in a CCR4-dependent manner, leading to the arrest of periapical lesion progression, associated with downregulation of proinflammatory, T-helper 1, T-helper 17, and tissue destruction markers in parallel with increased Treg and healing marker expression. CONCLUSIONS Because the natural and CCL22-induced Treg migration switches active lesion into inactivity phenotype, Treg chemoattractant may be a promising strategy for the clinical management of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Favaro Francisconi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Espindola Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Glowacki
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Renato Menezes Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles S Sfeir
- Department of Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven R Little
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Vieira AE, Repeke CE, Ferreira Junior SDB, Colavite PM, Biguetti CC, Oliveira RC, Assis GF, Taga R, Trombone APF, Garlet GP. Intramembranous bone healing process subsequent to tooth extraction in mice: micro-computed tomography, histomorphometric and molecular characterization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128021. [PMID: 26023920 PMCID: PMC4449187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue has a significant potential for healing, which involves a significant the interplay between bone and immune cells. While fracture healing represents a useful model to investigate endochondral bone healing, intramembranous bone healing models are yet to be developed and characterized. In this study, a micro-computed tomography, histomorphometric and molecular (RealTimePCRarray) characterization of post tooth-extraction alveolar bone healing was performed on C57Bl/6 WT mice. After the initial clot dominance (0h), the development of a provisional immature granulation tissue is evident (7d), characterized by marked cell proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammatory cells infiltration; associated with peaks of growth factors (BMP-2-4-7,TGFβ1,VEGFa), cytokines (TNFα, IL-10), chemokines & receptors (CXCL12, CCL25, CCR5, CXCR4), matrix (Col1a1-2, ITGA4, VTN, MMP1a) and MSCs (CD105, CD106, OCT4, NANOG, CD34, CD146) markers expression. Granulation tissue is sequentially replaced by more mature connective tissue (14d), characterized by inflammatory infiltrate reduction along the increased bone formation, marked expression of matrix remodeling enzymes (MMP-2-9), bone formation/maturation (RUNX2, ALP, DMP1, PHEX, SOST) markers, and chemokines & receptors associated with healing (CCL2, CCL17, CCR2). No evidences of cartilage cells or tissue were observed, strengthening the intramembranous nature of bone healing. Bone microarchitecture analysis supports the evolving healing, with total tissue and bone volumes as trabecular number and thickness showing a progressive increase over time. The extraction socket healing process is considered complete (21d) when the dental socket is filled by trabeculae bone with well-defined medullary canals; it being the expression of mature bone markers prevalent at this period. Our data confirms the intramembranous bone healing nature of the model used, revealing parallels between the gene expression profile and the histomorphometric events and the potential participation of MCSs and immune cells in the healing process, supporting the forthcoming application of the model for the better understanding of the bone healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Espindola Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Repeke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Maria Colavite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Gerson Francisco Assis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rumio Taga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Garlet GP, Santos CF. Microbes and cancer geography: can we exploit recent lessons from the gut system to oral cancer context? J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:249-50. [PMID: 25141194 PMCID: PMC4126818 DOI: 10.1590/1678-77572014ed004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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