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Alqarni Z, Rezgui Y, Petri I, Ghoroghi A. Viral infection transmission and indoor air quality: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171308. [PMID: 38432379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory disease transmission in indoor environments presents persistent challenges for health authorities, as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the urgent necessity to investigate the dynamics of viral infection transmission within indoor environments. This systematic review delves into the methodologies of respiratory infection transmission in indoor settings and explores how the quality of indoor air (IAQ) can be controlled to alleviate this risk while considering the imperative of sustainability. Among the 2722 articles reviewed, 178 were retained based on their focus on respiratory viral infection transmission and IAQ. Fifty eight articles delved into SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 21 papers evaluated IAQ in contexts of other pandemics, 53 papers assessed IAQ during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and 46 papers examined control strategies to mitigate infectious transmission. Furthermore, of the 46 papers investigating control strategies, only nine considered energy consumption. These findings highlight clear gaps in current research, such as analyzing indoor air and surface samples for specific indoor environments, oversight of indoor and outdoor parameters (e.g., temperature, relative humidity (RH), and building orientation), neglect of occupancy schedules, and the absence of considerations for energy consumption while enhancing IAQ. This study distinctly identifies the indoor environmental conditions conducive to the thriving of each respiratory virus, offering IAQ trade-offs to mitigate the risk of dominant viruses at any given time. This study argues that future research should involve digital twins in conjunction with machine learning (ML) techniques. This approach aims to enhance IAQ by analyzing the transmission patterns of various respiratory viruses while considering energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Alqarni
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK; School of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yacine Rezgui
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ioan Petri
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ali Ghoroghi
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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2
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Sezer B. The imminent danger related to measles virus infection from the perspective of paediatric dentistry. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2024:10.1007/s40368-024-00900-y. [PMID: 38647558 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-024-00900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sezer
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
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Edwards AJ, King MF, Noakes CJ, Peckham D, López-García M. The Wells-Riley model revisited: Randomness, heterogeneity, and transient behaviours. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024. [PMID: 38501447 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The Wells-Riley model has been widely used to estimate airborne infection risk, typically from a deterministic point of view (i.e., focusing on the average number of infections) or in terms of a per capita probability of infection. Some of its main limitations relate to considering well-mixed air, steady-state concentration of pathogen in the air, a particular amount of time for the indoor interaction, and that all individuals are homogeneous and behave equally. Here, we revisit the Wells-Riley model, providing a mathematical formalism for its stochastic version, where the number of infected individuals follows a Binomial distribution. Then, we extend the Wells-Riley methodology to consider transient behaviours, randomness, and population heterogeneity. In particular, we provide analytical solutions for the number of infections and the per capita probability of infection when: (i) susceptible individuals remain in the room after the infector leaves, (ii) the duration of the indoor interaction is random/unknown, and (iii) infectors have heterogeneous quanta production rates (or the quanta production rate of the infector is random/unknown). We illustrate the applicability of our new formulations through two case studies: infection risk due to an infectious healthcare worker (HCW) visiting a patient, and exposure during lunch for uncertain meal times in different dining settings. Our results highlight that infection risk to a susceptible who remains in the space after the infector leaves can be nonnegligible, and highlight the importance of incorporating uncertainty in the duration of the indoor interaction and the infectivity of the infector when estimating risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Edwards
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Fluid Dynamics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Hanna F, Alameddine I, Zaraket H, Alkalamouni H, El-Fadel M. Airborne influenza virus shedding by patients in health care units: Removal mechanisms affecting virus transmission. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290124. [PMID: 37878553 PMCID: PMC10599543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the distribution of airborne viruses (influenza A/B) in hospital rooms of patients with confirmed infections. Concurrently, we monitored fine particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) and several physical parameters including the room air exchange rate, temperature, and relative humidity to identify corresponding correlations with virus transport and removal determinants. The results continue to raise concerns about indoor air quality (IAQ) in healthcare facilities and the potential exposure of patients, staff and visitors to aerosolized viruses as well as elevated indoor PM levels caused by outdoor sources and/or re-suspension of settled particles by indoor activities. The influenza A virus was detected in 42% of 33 monitored rooms, with viruses detectible up to 1.5 m away from the infected patient. Active coughing was a statistically significant variable that contributed to a higher positive rate of virus detection in the collected air samples. Viral load across patient rooms ranged between 222 and 5,760 copies/m3, with a mean of 820 copies/m3. Measured PM2.5 and PM10 levels exceeded IAQ daily exposure guidelines in most monitored rooms. Statistical and numerical analyses showed that dispersion was the dominant viral removal pathway followed by settling. Changes in the relative humidity and the room's temperature were had a significant impact on the viral load removal. In closure, we highlight the need for an integrated approach to control determinants of IAQ in patients' rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Hanna
- Department of Civil Infrastructure & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Alameddine
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Habib Alkalamouni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mutasem El-Fadel
- Department of Civil Infrastructure & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
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Weber J, Bonn EL, Auer DL, Kirschneck C, Buchalla W, Scholz KJ, Cieplik F. Preprocedural mouthwashes for infection control in dentistry-an update. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04953-z. [PMID: 37079156 PMCID: PMC10116478 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aerosols and splatter are routinely generated in dental practice and can be contaminated by potentially harmful bacteria or viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents have been proposed as a potential measure for infection control in dental practice. This review article aims to summarize the clinical (and, if insufficient, preclinical) evidence on preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents and to draw conclusions for dental practitioners. METHODS Literature on preprocedural mouthwashes for reduction of bacterial or viral load in dental aerosols was searched and summarized. RESULTS Preprocedural mouthwashes, particularly those containing chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or essential oils (EO), can significantly reduce the bacterial load in dental aerosols. With respect to viruses such as HSV-1, there are too little clinical data to draw any clear recommendations. On the other hand, clinical data is consolidating that CPC-containing mouthwashes can temporarily reduce the intraoral viral load and infectivity in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals. Nevertheless, potential risks and side effects due to regular antiseptic use such as ecological effects or adaptation of bacteria need to be considered. CONCLUSIONS The use of preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptics can be recommended according to currently available data, but further studies are needed, particularly on the effects on other viruses besides SARS-CoV-2. When selecting a specific antiseptic, the biggest data basis currently exists for CHX, CPC, EO, or combinations thereof. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptics can serve as part of a bundle of measures for protection of dental personnel despite some remaining ambiguities and in view of potential risks and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Bonn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19– modelling and mitigation approaches. JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 2023; 64:105599. [PMCID: PMC9699823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, significant efforts have been made to investigate the transmission of COVID-19. This paper provides a review of the COVID-19 airborne transmission modeling and mitigation strategies. The simulation models here are classified into airborne transmission infectious risk models and numerical approaches for spatiotemporal airborne transmissions. Mathematical descriptions and assumptions on which these models have been based are discussed. Input data used in previous simulation studies to assess the dispersion of COVID-19 are extracted and reported. Moreover, measurements performed to study the COVID-19 airborne transmission within indoor environments are introduced to support validations for anticipated future modeling studies. Transmission mitigation strategies recommended in recent studies have been classified to include modifying occupancy and ventilation operations, using filters and air purifiers, installing ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection systems, and personal protection compliance, such as wearing masks and social distancing. The application of mitigation strategies to various building types, such as educational, office, public, residential, and hospital, is reviewed. Recommendations for future works are also discussed based on the current apparent knowledge gaps covering both modeling and mitigation approaches. Our findings show that different transmission mitigation measures were recommended for various indoor environments; however, there is no conclusive work reporting their combined effects on the level of mitigation that may be achieved. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to understand better the balance between approaches to mitigating the viral transmissions in buildings and building energy consumption.
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Research on the cross-contamination in the confined conference room with the radiant floor heating system integrated with the down-supply ventilation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14389. [PMID: 36925522 PMCID: PMC10010993 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of a confined conference room under radiant heat floor combined with down-supply ventilation (RFDS) is investigated. The purpose of the study is to reveal the mechanism of indoor contaminants transmission from infected person and to protect the occupants. The exhaled contaminant dispersion was simulated using a CFD model and experimentally validated in an office with the down-supply ventilation (DS). The effects of radiant floor (RF) combined with down-supply ventilation on airflow and contaminant distribution in the room was evaluated with regard to different RF temperatures and inlet velocities. The influence of downdraft from the envelope on the airflow pattern of the room is also discussed. It is proved that the exposure risk of pollutants can be reduced by strengthening the insulation of the envelope. The simulation results showed that the proposed RFDS system could significantly reduce the level of exposure to contaminants in the breathing zone (BZ) of occupants. In this research case, the RFDS reduced the average exposure rates by more than 50% relative to the case with the only down-supply warm air heating. Furthermore, With improved envelope insulation, the probability of infection can be reduced by more than 80% only by avoiding a simultaneous inlet velocity of 0.3 m/s at RF temperatures no less than 27 °C. The results suggested an improved fresh air heating mode for passive ultra-low energy consumption buildings with good thermal insulation and air tightness.
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Human Monkeypox: Oral Implications and Recommendations for Oral Screening and Infection Control in Dental Practice. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122000. [PMID: 36556221 PMCID: PMC9788482 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the spread of the human monkeypox virus (MPXV) an "emerging threat of moderate health concern" on 23 June 2022. Although about 20,000 cases of Monkeypox (MPX) were recorded in Europe and more than 28,000 in the United States from May to October 2022, their number is still small compared to the number of dental patients treated annually. Therefore, the likelihood of oral healthcare workers encountering an MPX case is relatively low in not endemic regions. In addition, MPX-positive individuals are considered contagious only during the prodromal or acute phase. However, the exact shedding and transmission routes of MPX and the associated risk of transmission in the dental setting remain unclear. Moreover, infected subjects whose disease is confined to the head and neck may require oral and dental care because they complain of lymphadenopathy involving the cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, MPX lesions may first appear in the oral cavity or perioral area. Therefore, given the recent spread of MPXV in non-endemic areas where dentists are not used to considering this disease in the differential diagnosis and taking appropriate preventive measures, all oral healthcare providers nowadays should be aware of the oral presentation of MPX for adequate oral screening and appropriate preventive measures for infection control in the dental practice.
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Barbato L, Bernardelli F, Braga G, Clementini M, Di Gioia C, Littarru C, Oreglia F, Raspini M, Brambilla E, Iavicoli I, Pinchi V, Landi L, Sforza NM, Cavalcanti R, Crea A, Cairo F. Surface disinfection and protective masks for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses: A review by SIdP COVID-19 task force. Oral Dis 2022; 28 Suppl 2:2317-2325. [PMID: 32946152 PMCID: PMC7646272 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary focused question for this systematic review (SR) was "Which is the evidence about surfaces decontamination and protection masks for SARS-Cov-2 in dental practice?" Secondary question was "Which is the evidence about surfaces decontamination and protection masks against airborne pathogens and directly transmitted viral pathogens causing respiratory infections?" MATERIALS AND METHODS PRISMA guidelines were used. Studies on surface decontamination and protective masks for SARS-CoV-2 in dental practice were considered. Studies on other respiratory viruses were considered for the secondary question. RESULTS No studies are available for SARS-CoV-2. Four studies on surface disinfection against respiratory viruses were included. Ethanol 70% and sodium hypochlorite 0,5% seem to be effective in reducing infectivity by > 3log TCID. Four RCTs compared different types of masks on HCW. The single studies reported no difference for laboratory-diagnosed influenza, laboratory-diagnosed respiratory infection, and influenza-like illness. A meta-analysis was not considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS There is lack of evidence on the efficacy of surface disinfection and protective masks to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory viruses in dentistry. However, the consistent use of respirator and routine surface disinfection is strongly suggested. There is urgent need of data on the efficacy of specific protection protocols for dental HCW against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barbato
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal MedicineDepartment of Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | | | | | - Marco Clementini
- Department of PeriodontologyUniversità Vita‐Salute San RaffaeleMilanoItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Department of BiomedicalSurgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Section of Occupational MedicineDepartment of Public HealthUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Vilma Pinchi
- Department of Health SciencesSection of Medical Forensic SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Luca Landi
- Private PracticeRomeItaly
- SIdPFlorenceItaly
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Cairo
- SIdPFlorenceItaly
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal MedicineDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
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Liu Z, Yao G, Li Y, Huang Z, Jiang C, He J, Wu M, Liu J, Liu H. Bioaerosol distribution characteristics and potential SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in a multi-compartment dental clinic. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 225:109624. [PMID: 36164582 PMCID: PMC9494923 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental clinics have a potential risk of infection, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multi-compartment dental clinics are widely used in general hospitals and independent clinics. This study utilised computational fluid dynamics to investigate the bioaerosol distribution characteristics in a multi-compartment dental clinic through spatiotemporal distribution, working area time-varying concentrations, and key surface deposition. The infection probability of SARS-CoV-2 for the dental staff and patients was calculated using the Wells-Riley model. In addition, the accuracy of the numerical model was verified by field measurements of aerosol concentrations performed during a clinical ultrasonic scaling procedure. The results showed that bioaerosols were mainly distributed in the compartments where the patients were treated. The average infection probability was 3.8% for dental staff. The average deposition number per unit area of the treatment chair and table are 28729 pcs/m2 and 7945 pcs/m2, respectively, which creates a possible contact transmission risk. Moreover, there was a certain cross-infection risk in adjacent compartments, and the average infection probability for patients was 0.84%. The bioaerosol concentrations of the working area in each compartment 30 min post-treatment were reduced to 0.07% of those during treatment, and the infection probability was <0.05%. The results will contribute to an in-depth understanding of the infection risk in multi-compartment dental clinics, forming feasible suggestions for management to efficiently support epidemic prevention and control in dental clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Guangpeng Yao
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Yabin Li
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhenzhe Huang
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Junzhou He
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Minnan Wu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
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Zemouri C, Beltrán EO, Holliday R, Jakubovics NS, Allison JR. Monkeypox: what do dental professionals need to know? Br Dent J 2022; 233:569-574. [PMID: 36241815 PMCID: PMC9568425 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-5079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection control is critical for the safe delivery of dental care. Infection control practices must be responsive to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks, as was clearly seen during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. An emerging global outbreak of the monkeypox virus has again raised potential challenges for infection control in dentistry. Monkeypox is an infectious disease, characterised by a rash affecting the skin and soft tissues, including the oral cavity. Previously, cases were mostly seen following contact with infected animals in Central and West Africa, with limited human-to-human transmission within and outside of these areas. However, since May 2022, sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred globally. Monkeypox can be transmitted via close contact with an infected person, contaminated objects and surfaces, or by droplets and possibly aerosols, which is therefore of potential importance to dental settings. This article discusses the relevance of monkeypox to dental professionals, the typical presentation of the disease, its potential impact on infection prevention and control practices and the delivery of dental services. The current monkeypox outbreak highlights the need for a more sustained programme of research into dental infection control that can provide a solid evidence base to underpin preparedness planning for future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Zemouri
- Zemouri Public Health Research and Consultancy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar O Beltrán
- UNICA - Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Richard Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James R Allison
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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12
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Shuai Y, Zhu W, Liu B, Li P, Jin L. Investigation of the understanding on tropical infectious diseases and oral health among dental professionals in China. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:219. [PMID: 35655165 PMCID: PMC9164551 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing exchange of domestic and international personnel, local infections of tropical infectious diseases are continuing in tropics and imported infections are emerging in non-tropics, some of which are accompanied by oral manifestations. Therefore, it is essential for dental professionals to identify the related oral manifestations, who are working for domestic medical service, international medical assistance, peace-keeping medical service or medical support of international joint military exercises. This study aims to investigate the attitude and knowledge of Chinese dental professionals on tropical infectious diseases and oral health, and to explore the difference between different genders, education backgrounds, professional identities, professional titles and tropics working experience. Methods Network questionnaire was used to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of 236 Chinese dental professionals towards tropical infectious diseases and oral health. Results The scores of the participants on tropical infectious diseases and oral health were quite low. Although working experience in the tropics partially affected the understanding, there was no difference between different genders, education backgrounds, professional identities and professional titles. Conclusion The understanding of dental professionals on tropical infectious diseases and oral health was insufficient. It is necessary to improve the clinical education and management specified with tropical infectious diseases and oral health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02250-x.
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13
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Zhao X, Liu S, Yin Y, Zhang T(T, Chen Q. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13056. [PMID: 35762235 PMCID: PMC9349854 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) has spread worldwide. This study summarized the transmission mechanisms of COVID-19 and their main influencing factors, such as airflow patterns, air temperature, relative humidity, and social distancing. The transmission characteristics in existing cases are providing more and more evidence that SARS CoV-2 can be transmitted through the air. This investigation reviewed probabilistic and deterministic research methods, such as the Wells-Riley equation, the dose-response model, the Monte-Carlo model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Eulerian method, CFD with the Lagrangian method, and the experimental approach, that have been used for studying the airborne transmission mechanism. The Wells-Riley equation and dose-response model are typically used for the assessment of the average infection risk. Only in combination with the Eulerian method or the Lagrangian method can these two methods obtain the spatial distribution of airborne particles' concentration and infection risk. In contrast with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, the Monte-Carlo model is suitable for studying the infection risk when the behavior of individuals is highly random. Although researchers tend to use numerical methods to study the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID-19, an experimental approach could often provide stronger evidence to prove the possibility of airborne transmission than a simple numerical model. All in all, the reviewed methods are helpful in the study of the airborne transmission mechanism of COVID-19 and epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhao
- School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Sumei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality ControlSchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yonggao Yin
- School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and EnvironmentMinistry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Tengfei (Tim) Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality ControlSchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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Grillo R, Lopes T, Teixeira RG. Top 50 covid and oral health articles: A 2021 altmetric analysis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:458-464. [PMID: 35664949 PMCID: PMC9142403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is a world of information at our disposal, and it is increasingly difficult to transform this dull amount of data into knowledge. How to be constantly actualized? This study aims to create an altmetric list of the top 50 articles related to COVID-19 and oral health. Methods Research of terms COVID-19 and oral health was done using Dimensions app. Results were ranked in altmetric citations and analyzed through Microsoft Excel. Some tables and graphics were created. Graphical illustration of keywords was created using VOSviewer. Results Some interesting facts can be seen, like growing interest in dental aerosols, perspectives, and virucidal activity of some mouthwashes. Conclusions Altmetric analysis is a helpful manner to scientific updates, supplementing bibliometric analysis. A terrific manner to see trends. The scientific community goes to great lengths to solve problems with dental aerosols, particularly to reduce contamination. Some adjustments to dental office and the use of barriers are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grillo
- Corresponding author. School of Dentistry – Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, São Paulo/Brazil. Rua Dr. José Rocha Junqueira 13 Ponte Preta, Campinas/São Paulo, ZIP Code: 13045-755, Brazil.
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15
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Leonardi AJ, Mishra AK. A Sanitation Argument for Clean Indoor Air: Meeting a Requisite for Safe Public Spaces. Front Public Health 2022; 10:805780. [PMID: 35237550 PMCID: PMC8883285 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.805780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asit Kumar Mishra
- MaREI Centre, Ryan Institute & School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Wang Z, Galea ER, Grandison A, Ewer J, Jia F. A coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wells-Riley model to predict COVID-19 infection probability for passengers on long-distance trains. SAFETY SCIENCE 2022; 147:105572. [PMID: 34803226 PMCID: PMC8590932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Coupled Wells-Riley (WR) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling (WR-CFD) facilitates a detailed analysis of COVID-19 infection probability (IP). This approach overcomes issues associated with the WR 'well-mixed' assumption. The WR-CFD model, which makes uses of a scalar approach to simulate quanta dispersal, is applied to Chinese long-distance trains (G-train). Predicted IPs, at multiple locations, are validated using statistically derived (SD) IPs from reported infections on G-trains. This is the first known attempt to validate a coupled WR-CFD approach using reported COVID-19 infections derived from the rail environment. There is reasonable agreement between trends in predicted and SD IPs, with the maximum SD IP being 10.3% while maximum predicted IP was 14.8%. Additionally, predicted locations of highest and lowest IP, agree with those identified in the statistical analysis. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the distribution of infectious aerosols is non-uniform and dependent on the nature of the ventilation. This suggests that modelling techniques neglecting these differences are inappropriate for assessing mitigation measures such as physical distancing. A range of mitigation strategies were analysed; the most effective being the majority (90%) of passengers correctly wearing high efficiency masks (e.g. N95). Compared to the base case (40% of passengers wearing low efficiency masks) there was a 95% reduction in average IP. Surprisingly, HEPA filtration was only effective for passengers distant from an index patient, having almost no effect for those in close proximity. Finally, as the approach is based on CFD it can be applied to a range of other indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhi Wang
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, 30 Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Edwin R Galea
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, 30 Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Angus Grandison
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, 30 Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - John Ewer
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, 30 Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Fuchen Jia
- Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, 30 Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
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17
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Zhang M, Shrestha P, Liu X, Turnaoglu T, DeGraw J, Schafer D, Love N. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion inside a grocery store. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 209:108652. [PMID: 34903908 PMCID: PMC8656192 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Grocery stores provide essential services to communities all over the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated better understanding of the transport and dynamics of aerosolized viruses, particularly for the assessment of infection transmission risk within grocery stores and for other providers of essential services. In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model was developed for a medium-sized grocery store in the United States using Ansys Fluent software. Different cases were simulated of a single infected person releasing viral aerosols with and without wearing a face mask. Results showed characteristic airflow and temperature distribution patterns inside the store that can drive the indoor dispersal of viral aerosols. Unsteady spatial distribution of mean age of air was used as a metric to indirectly quantify areas of higher risk of infection. Several factors affected the localization of suspended viral aerosols. Major recirculation patterns in certain locations of the store caused by persistent eddies were primarily attributed to increased mean age of air. The maximum mean age of air in the grocery store was found to be less than 30 min. Simulation results indicate that, without wearing a face mask, the aerosol particles released from a coughing infected person can be spread throughout nearly one-quarter of the grocery store in less than 6 min. The source-control strategy with a face mask showed significant reduction of viral aerosols being dispersed indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkan Zhang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Prateek Shrestha
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Tugba Turnaoglu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jason DeGraw
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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18
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Martins HDD, da Silva QP, Gonçalves LFF, Leonel ACLDS, Perez DEDC, Bonan PRF. Ulcerative lesion on lower lip. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:415-419. [PMID: 35461796 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Domiciano Dantas Martins
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; PhD student, Dentistry Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Quemuel Pereira da Silva
- MSc Student, Dentistry Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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19
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Sabbagh Y, Lewis BR, Chadwick SM, Abu Alhaija ES. The COVID-19 experience of orthodontists in the UK. J Orthod 2022; 49:259-272. [PMID: 35021903 DOI: 10.1177/14653125211068046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand and compare the perceived impact and ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthodontic clinical services in the UK. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional survey. SETTING Online electronic questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS Members of the British Orthodontic Society (BOS). METHODS Electronic questionnaires were circulated between March and June 2021. The UK survey was distributed via emails from the BOS, Orthodontic Managed Clinical Networks and WhatsApp groups. RESULTS A total of 560 unique responses were received. There were more respondents who were aged over 50 years (52%) then respondents who were aged below 50 years (48%) with the median age range being 50-54 years (20%). The main causes of disruption to clinical practice were felt to be national restrictions (85%), increased cross-infection measures (84%), social distancing (80%) and professional guidance (80%). Respondents felt more negatively in their opinions regarding dentistry's preparedness for the pandemic (5%) and how dentistry coped in the crisis (35%), when compared to orthodontic services specifically (8% and 58%, respectively). The respondents were not confident about the potential beneficial effects of a vaccination programme on orthodontic clinical service provision (21%). Telephone consultations (84%) and video consultations (61%) were the main adaptations used by the respondents during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Respondents felt that COVID-19 will have long-term societal, clinical and professional implications. The majority of our respondents supported the vaccination and weekly testing of the orthodontic team. Respondents felt that during the pandemic there had been a deterioration in care provision and were not optimistic about a vaccination programme restoring services to pre-pandemic levels of activity. During the pandemic, patients in active orthodontic treatment have been prioritised but at the expense of new and review patients, and as services recover respondents were concerned about the difficulty of arranging dental extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Sabbagh
- Orthodontic Department, University Dental School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Orthodontic Department, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK
| | - Benjamin Rk Lewis
- Department 8, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, UK.,Orthodontic Department, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Stephen M Chadwick
- Orthodontic Department, University Dental School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Orthodontic Department, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK
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20
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Castellini JE, Faulkner CA, Zuo W, Lorenzetti DM, Sohn MD. Assessing the use of portable air cleaners for reducing exposure to airborne diseases in a conference room with thermal stratification. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 207:108441. [PMID: 34720357 PMCID: PMC8548847 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for strategies that mitigate the risk of aerosol disease transmission in indoor environments with different ventilation strategies. It is necessary for building operators to be able to estimate and compare the relative impacts of different mitigation strategies to determine suitable strategies for a particular situation. Using a validated CFD model, this study simulates the dispersion of exhaled contaminants in a thermally stratified conference room with overhead heating. The impacts of portable air-cleaners (PACs) on the room airflow and contaminant distribution were evaluated for different PAC locations and flow rates, as well as for different room setups (socially distanced or fully occupied). To obtain a holistic view of a strategy's impacts under different release scenarios, we simultaneously model the steady-state distribution of aerosolized virus contaminants from eight distinct sources in 18 cases for a total of 144 release scenarios. The simulations show that the location of the source, the PAC settings, and the room set-up can impact the average exposure and PAC effectiveness. For this studied case, the PACs reduced the room average exposure by 31%-66% relative to the baseline case. Some occupant locations were shown to have a higher-than-average exposure, particularly those seated near the airflow outlet, and occupants closest to sources tended to see the highest exposure from said source. We found that these PACs were effective at reducing the stratification caused by overhead heating, and also identified at least one sub-optimal location for placing a PAC in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Castellini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 427, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
| | - Cary A Faulkner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 427, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
| | - Wangda Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 427, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
- National Renewable Energy National Laboratory, Golden, 80401, CO, USA
| | - David M Lorenzetti
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Sohn
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
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21
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Thornton GM, Fleck BA, Kroeker E, Dandnayak D, Fleck N, Zhong L, Hartling L. The impact of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning design features on the transmission of viruses, including the 2019 novel coronavirus: A systematic review of ventilation and coronavirus. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000552. [PMID: 36962357 PMCID: PMC10021902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol transmission has been a pathway for the spread of many viruses. Similarly, emerging evidence has determined aerosol transmission for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic to be significant. As such, data regarding the effect of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) features to control and mitigate virus transmission is essential. A systematic review was conducted to identify and comprehensively synthesize research examining the effectiveness of ventilation for mitigating transmission of coronaviruses. A comprehensive search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, Compendex, Web of Science Core to January 2021. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two authors. Evidence tables were developed and results were described narratively. Results from 32 relevant studies showed that: increased ventilation rate was associated with decreased transmission, transmission probability/risk, infection probability/risk, droplet persistence, virus concentration, and increased virus removal and virus particle removal efficiency; increased ventilation rate decreased risk at longer exposure times; some ventilation was better than no ventilation; airflow patterns affected transmission; ventilation feature (e.g., supply/exhaust, fans) placement influenced particle distribution. Few studies provided specific quantitative ventilation parameters suggesting a significant gap in current research. Adapting HVAC ventilation systems to mitigate virus transmission is not a one-solution-fits-all approach. Changing ventilation rate or using mixing ventilation is not always the only way to mitigate and control viruses. Practitioners need to consider occupancy, ventilation feature (supply/exhaust and fans) placement, and exposure time in conjunction with both ventilation rates and airflow patterns. Some recommendations based on quantitative data were made for specific scenarios (e.g., using air change rate of 9 h-1 for a hospital ward). Other recommendations included using or increasing ventilation, introducing fresh air, using maximum supply rates, avoiding poorly ventilated spaces, assessing fan placement and potentially increasing ventilation locations, and employing ventilation testing and air balancing checks. Trial registration: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020193968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Thornton
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brian A Fleck
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Emily Kroeker
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dhyey Dandnayak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Natalie Fleck
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lexuan Zhong
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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22
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Is hydrogen peroxide an effective mouthwash for reducing the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics? Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:237-242. [PMID: 35136326 PMCID: PMC8800492 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RT-PCR was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in HEPA filters in a dental clinic. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the waiting room but not in the treatment rooms. CO2 levels indicated low ventilation and risk of COVID-19 transmission. The virucidal effect of H2O2 mouth rinsing was proven.
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by inhalation of aerosols and can remain viable in the air for hours. Viruses can spread in dental settings and put professionals and patients at high risk of infection due to proximity and aerosol-generating procedures, and poor air ventilation. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mouth rinse on reducing the intraoral SARS-CoV-2 load. Methods Portable air cleaners with HEPA filters exposed for 3 months were analysed to test for virus presence in a waiting room (where patients wore a face mask but did not undergo mouth rinsing) and three treatment rooms (where patients wore no mask but carried out mouth rinsing). As CO2 is co-exhaled with aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 by COVID-19 infected people, we also measured CO2 as a proxy of infection risk indoors. Specific primer and probe RT-PCR were applied to detect viral genomes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the filters. Specifically, we amplified the nucleocapsid gene (Nuclv) of SARS-CoV-2. Results CO2 levels ranged from 860 to 907 ppm, thus indicating low ventilation and the risk of COVID-19 transmission. However, we only found viral load in filters from the waiting room and not from the treatment rooms. The results revealed the efficiency of 1-minute mouth rinsing with 1% H2O2 since patients rinsed their mouths immediately after removing their mask in the treatment rooms. Conclusions Our findings suggest that dental clinics would be safer and more COVID-19 free by implementing mouth rinsing 1 min with 1% H2O2 immediately after the patients arrive at the clinic.
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23
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Barenghi L, Barenghi A, Garagiola U, Di Blasio A, Giannì AB, Spadari F. Pros and Cons of CAD/CAM Technology for Infection Prevention in Dental Settings during COVID-19 Outbreak. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:49. [PMID: 35009586 PMCID: PMC8747329 DOI: 10.3390/s22010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to update the evidence reported in our previous review on the advantages and limitations of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology in the promotion of dental business, as well as to guarantee patient and occupational safety. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented focus on infection prevention; however, waves of COVID-19 follow one another, asymptomatic cases are nearly impossible to identify by triage in a dental setting, and the effectiveness of long-lasting immune protection through vaccination remains largely unknown. Different national laws and international guidelines (mainly USA-CDC, ECDC) have often brought about dissimilar awareness and operational choices, and in general, there has been very limited attention to this technology. Here, we discuss its advantages and limitations in light of: (a) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity, saliva, and dental biofilm and activation of dormant microbial infections; (b) the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosol and fomite contamination; (c) the detection of various oral manifestations of COVID-19; (d) specific information for the reprocessing of the scanner tip and the ward from the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Barenghi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Alberto Barenghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro di Odontoiatria, Parma University, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Umberto Garagiola
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Alberto Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro di Odontoiatria, Parma University, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aldo Bruno Giannì
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Spadari
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
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24
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Yang L, Yi W, Sun F, Xu M, Zeng Z, Bi X, Dong J, Xie Y, Li M. Application of Lab-on-Chip for Detection of Microbial Nucleic Acid in Food and Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765375. [PMID: 34803990 PMCID: PMC8600318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various diseases caused by food-borne or environmental pathogenic microorganisms have been a persistent threat to public health and global economies. It is necessary to regularly detect microorganisms in food and environment to prevent infection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, most traditional detection methods are expensive, time-consuming, and unfeasible in practice in the absence of sophisticated instruments and trained operators. Point-of-care testing (POCT) can be used to detect microorganisms rapidly on site and greatly improve the efficiency of microbial detection. Lab-on-chip (LOC) is an emerging POCT technology with great potential by integrating most of the experimental steps carried out in the laboratory into a single monolithic device. This review will primarily focus on principles and techniques of LOC for detection of microbial nucleic acid in food and environment, including sample preparation, nucleic acid amplification and sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zeng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Allison JR, Dowson C, Pickering K, Červinskytė G, Durham J, Jakubovics NS, Holliday R. Local Exhaust Ventilation to Control Dental Aerosols and Droplets. J Dent Res 2021; 101:384-391. [PMID: 34757884 PMCID: PMC8935467 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211056287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental procedures produce aerosols that may remain suspended and travel significant distances from the source. Dental aerosols and droplets contain oral microbes, and there is potential for infectious disease transmission and major disruption to dental services during infectious disease outbreaks. One method to control hazardous aerosols often used in industry is local exhaust ventilation (LEV). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LEV on aerosols and droplets produced during dental procedures. Experiments were conducted on dental mannequins in an 825.4-m3 open-plan clinic and a 49.3-m3 single surgery. Ten-minute crown preparations were performed with an air-turbine handpiece in the open-plan clinic and 10-min full-mouth ultrasonic scaling in the single surgery. Fluorescein was added to instrument irrigation reservoirs as a tracer. In both settings, optical particle counters (OPCs) were used to measure aerosol particles between 0.3 and 10.0 µm, and liquid cyclone air samplers were used to capture aerosolized fluorescein tracer. In addition, in the open-plan setting, fluorescein tracer was captured by passive settling onto filter papers in the environment. Tracer was quantified fluorometrically. An LEV device with high-efficiency particulate air filtration and a flow rate of 5,000 L/min was used. LEV reduced aerosol production from the air-turbine handpiece by 90% within 0.5 m, and this was 99% for the ultrasonic scaler. OPC particle counts were substantially reduced for both procedures and air-turbine settled droplet detection reduced by 95% within 0.5 m. The effect of LEV was substantially greater than suction alone for the air-turbine and was similar to the effect of suction for the ultrasonic scaler. LEV reduces aerosol and droplet contamination from dental procedures by at least 90% in the breathing zone of the operator, and it is therefore a valuable tool to reduce the dispersion of dental aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Allison
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C Dowson
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K Pickering
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Červinskytė
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Durham
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Deng X, Gong G, He X, Shi X, Mo L. Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:175-187. [PMID: 34465431 PMCID: PMC7835081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guangcai Gong
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xizhi He
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xing Shi
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lan Mo
- Yiyang Engineering Co., Ltd., Yiyang 413000, China
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Persoon IF, Volgenant CMC, van der Veen MH, Opdam NJM, Manton DJ, Bruers JJM. Impact of the Coronavirus on Providing Oral Health Care in the Netherlands. Int Dent J 2021; 72:545-551. [PMID: 34706826 PMCID: PMC8452527 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during oral health care is potentially increased compared to regular social activities. Specific amendments to the Dutch national infection control guidelines were promulgated. This study aimed to map the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on providing oral health care during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 in the Netherlands. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey was sent via email to a representative sample of dental hygienists and dentists in the Netherlands. RESULTS Of the 1700 oral health care practitioners approached, 440 (25.9%) responded to the survey. Patient access to oral health care was severely restricted during the lockdown in the spring of 2020. A total of 1.6% of the oral health care practitioners had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during the study period, although this is likely to be an underrepresentation due to limited access to testing at that time. Over half of the participants perceived an increased risk of virus transmission during aerosol-generating treatments in their practices. A large majority (65.0%-87.1%) of the oral health care practitioners followed the COVID-19-specific amendments to the national infection control guidelines. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, additional personal protective equipment and protocols were applied. Factors related with compliance with the additional recommendations were age, employment status, and occupation. CONCLUSIONS The pandemic had a profound impact on both the accessibility and practice of oral health care. This survey study found that most Dutch oral health care practitioners paid extra attention to hygiene and infection control. Also, a low number of COVID-19 infections detected amongst Dutch oral health care practitioners was reported in the Netherlands. These overall outcomes suggest that safe oral health care can be provided when following the current infection control recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona F Persoon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Catherine M C Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oral Hygiene, InHolland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niek J M Opdam
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Manton
- Cariology and Paediatric Dentistry, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Josef J M Bruers
- Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Royal Dutch Dental Association (KNMT), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kim N, Kang SJ, Tak S. Reconstructing a COVID-19 outbreak within a religious group using social network analysis simulation in Korea. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021068. [PMID: 34607404 PMCID: PMC8654504 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We reconstructed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak to examine how a large cluster at a church setting spread before being detected and estimate the potential effectiveness of complying with mask-wearing guidelines recommended by the government. METHODS A mathematical model with a social network analysis (SNA) approach was used to simulate a COVID-19 outbreak. A discrete-time stochastic simulation model was used to simulate the spread of COVID-19 within the Sarang Jeil church. A counterfactual experiment using a calibrated baseline model was conducted to examine the potential benefits of complying with a mask-wearing policy. RESULTS Simulations estimated a mask-wearing ratio of 67% at the time of the outbreak, which yielded 953.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 937.3 to 970.4) cases and was most consistent with the confirmed data. The counterfactual experiment with 95% mask-wearing estimated an average of 45.6 (95% CI, 43.4 to 47.9) cases with a standard deviation of 20.1. The result indicated that if the church followed government mask-wearing guidelines properly, the outbreak might have been one-twentieth the size. CONCLUSIONS SNA is an effective tool for monitoring and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. Although our results are based on simulations and are thus limited, the precautionary implications of social distancing and mask-wearing are still relevant. Since person-to-person contacts and interactions are unavoidable in social and economic life, it may be beneficial to develop precise measures and guidelines for particular organizations or places that are susceptible to cluster outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namje Kim
- Department of Economics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Research in Finance and Economics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kang
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Tak
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Singh H, Maurya RK, Sharma P, Kapoor P, Mittal T. Aerosol generating procedural risks and concomitant mitigation strategies in orthodontics amid COVID-19 pandemic - An updated evidence-based review. Int Orthod 2021; 19:329-345. [PMID: 34088619 PMCID: PMC8141723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed unique challenges to orthodontic profession by adversely impacting provision of in-office orthodontic care due to prevailing uncertainty around risks pertaining to splatter and 'aerosol-generating procedures' (AGPs). This review aims to provide an insight into the prevailing and emerging evidence informing potential risks related to splatter and AGPs, and risk mitigation strategies employed for reducing the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from dental bioaerosols. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS, WHO COVID-19 databases and preprint databases were searched for eligible English language publications. Citation chasing was undertaken up until the review date of 4 January 2021. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment was undertaken independently in duplicate, or else by consultation with a third author. RESULTS Following filter application and duplicates removed, a total of 13 articles assessing procedural mitigation measures were included. Seven included studies revealed overall low-risk of bias. The overall risk varied from unclear to high for rest of the studies, with the most concerning domains being blinding of the participants and the personnel and blinding of the outcome assessors. Accumulated consensual evidence points towards the use of dental suction devices with wide bore aspirating tips as effective procedural mitigation strategies. Variations in the literature can be observed concerning aerosol transmission associated with water spray use during debonding. Emerging direct evidence consistently supports adjunctive use of pre-procedural povidone-iodine mouthrinse to mitigate direct transmission risk in the orthodontic practice. CONCLUSIONS A thorough risk assessment concerning AGPs and implementation of consistent and evidence-based procedural mitigation strategies may play an indispensable role in navigating optimal orthodontic practice through unforeseen similar pandemic threats. High-quality robust research focussing on more biologically relevant models of dental bioaerosols in orthodontic settings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sector 15, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | | | - Poonam Sharma
- ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sector 15, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Kapoor
- ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sector 15, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Tanmay Mittal
- ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sector 15, Rohini, Delhi, India
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30
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Shen J, Kong M, Dong B, Birnkrant MJ, Zhang J. A systematic approach to estimating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ strategies for reducing the risk of airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 200:107926. [PMID: 33967376 PMCID: PMC8084626 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made more than 125 million people infected and more than 2.7 million people dead globally. Airborne transmission has been recognized as one of the major transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2. This paper presents a systematic approach for evaluating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ control strategies in mitigating the infection risk in different scenarios. The IAQ control strategies across multiple scales from a whole building to rooms, and to cubical and personal microenvironments and breathing zone, are introduced, including elevated outdoor airflow rates, high-efficiency filters, advanced air distribution strategies, standalone air cleaning technologies, personal ventilation and face masks. The effectiveness of these strategies for reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection are evaluated for specific indoor spaces, including long-term care facility, school and college, meat plant, retail stores, hospital, office, correctional facility, hotel, restaurant, casino and transportation spaces like airplane, cruise ship, subway, bus and taxi, where airborne transmission are more likely to occur due to high occupancy densities. The baseline cases of these spaces are established according to the existing standards, guidelines or practices. Several integrated mitigation strategies are recommended and classified based on their relative cost and effort of implementation for each indoor space. They can be applied to help meet the current challenge of ongoing COVID-19, and provide better preparation for other possible epidemics and pandemics of airborne infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Meng Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | | | - Jianshun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, 263 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, China
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Vittal R, Raj JRM, Kumar BK, Karunasagar I. Advances in Environmental Detection and Clinical Diagnostic Tests for Legionella Species. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Legionella is a fastidious organism that is difficult to culture in the lab but is widely distributed in environmental, domestic, and hospital settings. The clinical manifestations due to Legionella infections range from mild fever to fatal pneumonia and multiorgan pathologies. Legionella outbreaks though prevalent globally are not reported in developing countries due to difficulties in isolating this organism and the lack of simple diagnostic protocols. Here, we review the literature from across countries to present various methods used to detect Legionella from environmental and clinical samples. We compare the sensitivity and the specificity of the conventional culture-based assays with the recent methods and discuss approaches to develop better detection and diagnostic tests. With better cost-effective detection techniques and regular monitoring of the susceptible sites, which may harbor Legionella colonies, most of the Legionella infections can be prevented. As a result, considerable burden, caused by Legionella infections, on the healthcare system, in especially economically weaker countries, can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Vittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Juliet Roshini Mohan Raj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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32
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Impact of COVID-19 on Dental Care during a National Lockdown: A Retrospective Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157963. [PMID: 34360255 PMCID: PMC8345748 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has challenged dental health professions. This study analyzes its impact on urgent dental care in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Munich and Bavaria, Germany. Patient numbers without and with positive/suspected COVID-19 infection, their reasons for attendance, and treatments were retrospectively recorded (February–July 2020) and linked to local COVID-19 infection numbers, control measures, and numbers/reasons for closures of private dental practices in Bavaria, Germany. Patient numbers decreased within the urgent care unit and the private dental practices followed by a complete recovery by the end of July. While non-emergency visits dropped to almost zero during the first lockdown, pain-related treatments were administered invariably also in patients with positive/suspected COVID-19 infections. Reasons for practice closures were lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of employees, staff’s increased health risks, and infected staff, which accounted for 0.72% (3.6% closures in total). Pain-driven urgent dental care remains a constant necessity even in times of high infection risk, and measures established at the beginning of the pandemic seem to have provided a safe environment for patients as well as oral health care providers. PPE storage is important to ensure patients’ treatment under high-risk conditions, and its storage and provision by regulatory units might guarantee a stable and safe oral health care system in the future.
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33
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Plaza-Ruiz SP, Barbosa-Liz DM, Agudelo-Suárez AA. Ventilation and air-conditioning systems in dental clinics and COVID-19: How much do we know? J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e692-e700. [PMID: 34306533 PMCID: PMC8291153 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the association between knowledge and management of ventilation and air-conditioning systems (VAC) to avoid the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in health facilities by dentists and demographic variables.
Material and Methods A cross-sectional digital media survey was administered to dentists as part of global research. The core questionnaire was used including four additional questions on VAC (Q1: knowledge, Q2: work settings, Q3: temperature, and Q4: maintenance). A descriptive analysis was conducted for sociodemographic and VAC variables, and bivariate analysis was carried out using different tests.
Results 5370 dentists answered the survey (median age of 45 years; 72.22% women). About half of the respondents said that they knew about the guidelines issued for the management of air conditioners (AC) during the pandemic, and 16.77% have made modifications to their VAC systems during this period. The most frequent AC temperature range used in the dentists’ offices during the pandemic was 18°C to 20°C. As age increased, self-reported knowledge about VAC guidelines expanded. Remote and rural regions were perceived to have less knowledge of the guidelines.
Conclusions Although perceptions of knowledge about VAC systems during the COVID-19 pandemic was high, the temperature in dental offices was colder than that recommended. Greater disclosure of VAC management practices and adherence to VAC management guidelines are required. Key words:Air conditioning, dentistry, coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia P Plaza-Ruiz
- Orthodontic Posgraduate Program. Faculty of Dentistry, Fundación Universitaria CIEO-UniCIEO. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M Barbosa-Liz
- Orthodontic Posgraduate Program. Faculty of Dentistry. University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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34
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Pavlovic JM, Pesut DP, Stosic MB. Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of tuberculosis and influenza. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e53. [PMID: 34190955 PMCID: PMC8231979 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the incidence of
tuberculosis (TB) and influenza in Serbia, a Southeast European country with a
low TB incidence rate and a mandatory BCG vaccination at birth. The first case
of COVID-19 was registered on March 6, 2020. Despite the need for a sudden
adaptation of the health care system, routines of mycobacterial laboratories
have never stopped. In 2020, the number of newly diagnosed TB patients was
significantly lower than expected (p = 0.04), but the number of patients with
influenza increased when compared to 2019. Although many patients with influenza
A H1N1 were observed before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the
increment of cases could also be a consequence of cases of influenza with
COVID-like symptoms detected thereafter. It may also be attributed to
misclassification of clinical cases that were negative for SARS-CoV-2 and
reported as influenza. Difficulties to seek medical attention because of the
COVID-19 pandemic and possible underreporting are considered as reasons for the
decline in the incidence rate of TB. On the other hand, individual and social
measures to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 such as wearing face masks, social
distancing, lockdown, which were strictly applied to COVID-19 patients, health
care staffs and most of the population, could have hindered TB infections more
than the two viral diseases, which appear to be more contagious. The increased
motivation of the population to protect their health during the COVID-19
pandemic provided an opportunity for their effective education. This is crucial
in further combating TB as a preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragica Petar Pesut
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, Belgrade, Serbia.,University Clinical Center of Serbia, Teaching Hospital of Pulmonology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Borivoje Stosic
- Public Health Institute of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", Department of HIV, Hepatitis, STDs and TB, Belgrade, Serbia
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35
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Pease LF, Wang N, Salsbury TI, Underhill RM, Flaherty JE, Vlachokostas A, Kulkarni G, James DP. Investigation of potential aerosol transmission and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 through central ventilation systems. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 197:107633. [PMID: 33531734 PMCID: PMC7844370 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concern of viral spread within buildings. Although near-field transmission and infectious spread within individual rooms are well studied, the impact of aerosolized spread of SARS-CoV-2 via air handling systems within multiroom buildings remains unexplored. This study evaluates the concentrations and probabilities of infection for both building interior and exterior exposure sources using a well-mixed model in a multiroom building served by a central air handling system (without packaged terminal air conditioning). In particular, we compare the influence of filtration, air change rates, and the fraction of outdoor air. When the air supplied to the rooms comprises both outdoor air and recirculated air, we find filtration lowers the concentration and probability of infection the most in connected rooms. We find that increasing the air change rate removes virus from the source room faster but also increases the rate of exposure in connected rooms. Therefore, slower air change rates reduce infectivity in connected rooms at shorter durations. We further find that increasing the fraction of virus-free outdoor air is helpful, unless outdoor air is infective in which case pathogen exposure inside persists for hours after a short-term release. Increasing the outdoor air to 33% or the filter to MERV-13 decreases the infectivity in the connected rooms by 19% or 93% respectively, relative to a MERV-8 filter with 9% outdoor air based on 100 quanta/h of 5 μm droplets, a breathing rate of 0.48 m3/h, and the building dimensions and air handling system considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard F Pease
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Na Wang
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Timothy I Salsbury
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ronald M Underhill
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Julia E Flaherty
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alex Vlachokostas
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gourihar Kulkarni
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Daniel P James
- 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K9-89, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Takeuchi K, Koyama S, Tabuchi T. Dental Pain and Worsened Socioeconomic Conditions Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Dent Res 2021; 100:591-598. [PMID: 33792422 PMCID: PMC8138328 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211005782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to economic contraction and significant restrictions on society. The shock to the economy could lead to a deterioration of physical health outcomes, including dental health. The present study investigated the association between worsened socioeconomic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and dental pain in Japan. The mediating effects of psychological distress and oral health-related behaviors were also evaluated. Cross-sectional data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey conducted from August to September 2020 (n = 25,482; age range, 15-79 y) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the independent associations of household income reduction, work reduction, and job loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic with dental pain within a month. Dental pain was reported by 9.8%. Household income reduction, work reduction, and job loss were independently associated with dental pain after adjusting for confounders (odds ratios: 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-1.57], 1.58 [95% CI, 1.41-1.76], 2.17 [95% CI, 1.64-2.88], respectively). The association related to household income reduction was mediated by psychological distress, postponing dental visits, toothbrushing behavior, and between-meals eating behavior by 21.3% (95% CI, 14.0-31.6), 12.4% (95% CI, 7.2-19.6), 1.5% (95% CI, -0.01 to 4.5), and 9.3% (95% CI, 5.4-15.2), respectively. Our findings showed that worsened socioeconomic conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic deteriorated dental health. Policies that protect income and job loss may reduce dental health problems after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Matsuyama
- Department of Global Health Promotion,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion,
Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- Division for Regional Community
Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K. Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. Koyama
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka
International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka
International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Huang Q, Marzouk T, Cirligeanu R, Malmstrom H, Eliav E, Ren YF. Ventilation Assessment by Carbon Dioxide Levels in Dental Treatment Rooms. J Dent Res 2021; 100:810-816. [PMID: 33973494 PMCID: PMC8120146 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211014441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important for dental care professionals to reliably assess carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and ventilation rates in their offices in the era of frequent infectious disease pandemics. This study was to evaluate CO2 levels in dental operatories and determine the accuracy of using CO2 levels to assess ventilation rate in dental clinics. Mechanical ventilation rate in air change per hour (ACHVENT) was measured with an air velocity sensor and airflow balancing hood. CO2 levels were measured in these rooms to analyze factors that contributed to CO2 accumulation. Ventilation rates were estimated using natural steady-state CO2 levels during dental treatments and experimental CO2 concentration decays by dry ice or mixing baking soda and vinegar. We compared the differences and assessed the correlations between ACHVENT and ventilation rates estimated by the steady-state CO2 model with low (0.3 L/min, ACHSS30) or high (0.46 L/min, ACHSS46) CO2 generation rates, by CO2 decay constants using dry ice (ACHDI) or baking soda (ACHBV), and by time needed to remove 63% of excess CO2 generated by dry ice (ACHDI63%) or baking soda (ACHBV63%). We found that ACHVENT varied from 3.9 to 35.0 in dental operatories. CO2 accumulation occurred in rooms with low ventilation (ACHVENT ≤6) and overcrowding but not in those with higher ventilation. ACHSS30 and ACHSS46 correlated well with ACHVENT (r = 0.83, P = 0.003), but ACHSS30 was more accurate for rooms with low ACHVENT. Ventilation rates could be reliably estimated using CO2 released from dry ice or baking soda. ACHVENT was highly correlated with ACHDI (r = 0.99), ACHBV (r = 0.98), ACHDI63% (r = 0.98), and ACHBV63% (r = 0.98). There were no statistically significant differences between ACHVENT and ACHDI63% or ACHBV63%. We conclude that ventilation rates could be conveniently and accurately assessed by observing the changes in CO2 levels after a simple mixing of household baking soda and vinegar in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Huang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T Marzouk
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R Cirligeanu
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H Malmstrom
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - E Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y-F Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Lloro V, Giovannoni ML, Luaces VLD, Manzanares MC. Perioral Aerosol Sequestration Suction Device Effectively Reduces Biological Cross-Contamination in Dental Procedures. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:340-346. [PMID: 33711845 PMCID: PMC8184308 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The infection risk during dental procedures is a common concern for dental professionals which has increased due to coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic. The development of devices to specifically mitigate cross-contamination by droplet/splatter is crucial to stop infection transmission. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a perioral suction device (Oral BioFilter, OBF) to reduce biological contamination spread during dental procedures.
Materials and Methods
Forty patients were randomized 1:1 to a standard professional dental hygiene treatment with OBF and without. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay was used to evaluate the spread of potential contaminants. The total number of relative light units (RLU) from key dental operatory locations: operator’s face-shield, back of the surgical operator’s-gloves, patient’s safety-goggles, and instrumental table were measured. Percentage contamination reductions between control and OBF were compared.
Statistical Analysis
Primary outcome, total RLU, was analyzed by comparing the means of logged data, using a two-sided two-sample
t
-test. Secondary outcomes as RLU of logged data for the different locations were analyzed in the same way. Proportion of patients from whom different locations reported events (clean, acceptable, and failure) were analyzed by using Fisher’s exact test.
Results
For the whole dental environment, RLUs reduction (<150 units) achieved with OBF was 98.4% (97.4–99%). By dental operatory location the reduction in RLUs was from 99.6%, on the operator face-shield, to 83% on instrumental table. The control group reported a very high percentage of failures, (>300) being 100% on the surfaces closer to the patient’s mouth and decreasing to 70% on instrumental table. In contrast, the higher failure percentage in the OBF group was found on the patient’s goggles (40%), while the operator face-shield showed an absence of contamination.
Conclusion
OBF device has shown efficient reduction of biological aerosol cross-contamination during dental procedures as proved by ATP-bioluminescence assay. Nevertheless, for maximum safety, its use must be combined with standard protective gear such as goggles, face shield, and surgical gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Lloro
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health University of Barcelona campus, L'Hospitalet 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Giovannoni
- Odontology Hospital UB, Odontostomatology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health University of Barcelona campus, L'Hospitalet 08907; Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Lozano-de Luaces
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health University of Barcelona campus, L'Hospitalet 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Manzanares
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health University of Barcelona campus, L'Hospitalet 08907, Barcelona, Spain
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Agrawal A, Bhardwaj R. Probability of COVID-19 infection by cough of a normal person and a super-spreader. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:031704. [PMID: 33746492 PMCID: PMC7976050 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we estimate the probability of an infected person infecting another person in the vicinity by coughing in the context of COVID-19. The analysis relies on the experimental data of Simha and Rao ["Universal trends in human cough airflows at large distances," Phys. Fluids 32, 081905 (2020)] and similarity analysis of Agrawal and Bhardwaj ["Reducing chances of COVID-19 infection by a cough cloud in a closed space," Phys. Fluids 32, 101704 (2020)] to determine the variation of the concentration of infected aerosols with some distance from the source. The analysis reveals a large probability of infection within the volume of the cough cloud and a rapid exponential decay beyond it. The benefit of using a mask is clearly brought out through a reduction in the probability of infection. The increase in the probability of transmission by a super-spreader is also quantified for the first time. At a distance of 1 m, the probability of infection from a super-spreader is found to be 185% larger than a normal person. Our results support the current recommendation of maintaining a 2 m distance between two people. The analysis is enough to be applied to the transmission of other diseases by coughing, while the probability of transmission of COVID-19 due to other respiratory events can be obtained using our proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rajneesh Bhardwaj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Indoor Air Pollution with Fine Particles and Implications for Workers’ Health in Dental Offices: A Brief Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Indoor air pollution can affect the well-being and health of humans. Sources of indoor pollution with particulate matter (PM) are outdoor particles and indoor causes, such as construction materials, the use of cleaning products, air fresheners, heating, cooking, and smoking activities. In 2017, according to the Global Burden of Disease study, 1.6 million people died prematurely because of indoor air pollution. The health effects of outdoor exposure to PM have been the subject of both research and regulatory action, and indoor exposure to fine particles is gaining more and more attention as a potential source of adverse health effects. Moreover, in critical situations such as the current pandemic crisis, to protect the health of the population, patients, and staff in all areas of society (particularly in indoor environments, where there are vulnerable groups, such as people who have pre-existing lung conditions, patients, elderly people, and healthcare professionals such as dental practitioners), there is an urgent need to improve long- and short-term health. Exposure to aerosols and splatter contaminated with bacteria, viruses, and blood produced during dental procedures performed on patients rarely leads to the transmission of infectious agents between patients and dental health care staff if infection prevention procedures are strictly followed. On the other hand, in the current circumstances of the pandemic crisis, dental practitioners could have an occupational risk of acquiring coronavirus disease as they may treat asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients. Consequently, an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection could occur in dental offices, both for staff that provide dental healthcare and for other patients, considering that many dental procedures produce droplets and dental aerosols, which carry an infectious virus such as SARS-CoV-2. (2) Types of studies reviewed and applied methodology: The current work provides a critical review and evaluation, as well as perspectives concerning previous studies on health risks of indoor exposure to PM in dental offices. The authors reviewed representative dental medicine literature focused on sources of indoor PM10 and PM2.5 (particles for which the aerodynamic diameter size is respectively less than 10 and 2.5 μm) in indoor spaces (paying specific attention to dental offices) and their characteristics and toxicological effects in indoor microenvironments. The authors also reviewed representative studies on relations between the indoor air quality and harmful effects, as well as studies on possible indoor viral infections acquired through airborne and droplet transmission. The method employed for the research illustrated in the current paper involved a desk study of documents and records relating to occupational health problems among dental health care providers. In this way, it obtained background information on both the main potential hazards in dentistry and infection risks from aerosol transmission within dental offices. Reviewing this kind of information, especially that relating to bioaerosols, is critical for minimizing the risk to dental staff and patients, particularly when new recommendations for COVID-19 risk reduction for the dental health professional community and patients attending dental clinics are strongly needed. (3) Results: The investigated studies and reports obtained from the medical literature showed that, even if there are a wide number of studies on indoor human exposure to fine particles and health effects, more deep research and specific studies on indoor air pollution with fine particles and implications for workers’ health in dental offices are needed. As dental practices are at a higher risk for hazardous indoor air because of exposure to chemicals and microbes, the occupational exposures and diseases must be addressed, with special attention being paid to the dental staff. The literature also documents that exposure to fine particles in dental offices can be minimized by putting prevention into practice (personal protection barriers such as masks, gloves, and safety eyeglasses) and also keeping indoor air clean (e.g., high-volume evacuation, the use of an air-room-cleaning system with high-efficiency particulate filters, and regularly maintaining the air-conditioning and ventilation systems). These kinds of considerations are extremely important as the impact of indoor pollution on human health is no longer an individual issue, with its connections representing a future part of sustainability which is currently being redefined. These kinds of considerations are extremely important, and the authors believe that a better situation in dentistry needs to be developed, with researchers in materials and dental health trying to understand and explain the impact of indoor pollution on human health.
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Boretti A. Efficacy of Generalized Face Masking Mandates. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2021; 8:23333928211058023. [PMID: 34778494 PMCID: PMC8586184 DOI: 10.1177/23333928211058023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary discusses if targeted uses of face masks may provide better results than generalized face masks mandates to limit the spread of Covid-19. The study is based on a literature review, as well as the analysis of cases and fatalities of different countries adopting different mask mandates. Before the Covid-19 emergency, the literature was consistently against generalized masking for cold and flu viruses. The latest literature for Covid-19 infection is opposite mostly supportive for generalized masking, even if contrarian works exist. The Covid-19 recommendations are not based on randomized controlled trials of healthy individuals wearing or not masks, differentiating in between closed or open spaces. Countries that did not mandate face masks have not performed worse for the number of cases and fatalities than countries that adopted generalized face masking policies during the Covid-19 emergency. Face masks help against Covid-19 infection but also have downfalls. Their benefits are overestimated, while their risks are underestimated. Masks can block the larger droplets exhaled by an infected wearer, protecting the healthy from viral exposure, but their ability to filter out viruses is variable and generally poor especially in reused cloth masks worn by the public. New surgical masks should be used in crowded spaces especially indoors, preferring distancing without masks outdoor. There are serious unintended consequences from wearing face masks improperly and for too long that must be accounted for. There could be more advantages from targeted rather than generalized uses of only surgical face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Clementini M, Raspini M, Barbato L, Bernardelli F, Braga G, Di Gioia C, Littarru C, Oreglia F, Brambilla E, Iavicoli I, Pinchi V, Landi L, Marco Sforza N, Cavalcanti R, Crea A, Cairo F. Aerosol transmission for SARS-CoV-2 in the dental practice. A review by SIdP Covid-19 task-force. Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:852-857. [PMID: 33124127 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is predominantly spread from person to person. Aim of this narrative review is to explore transmission modality of SARS-CoV-2 to provide appropriate advice to stakeholders, in order to support the implementation of effective public health measures and protect healthcare workers that primary face the disease. "In vivo" and "in vitro" studies from laboratories and hospitals confirmed the presence of surface contamination and provided insight of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the air, particularly in indoor settings with poor ventilation where aerosol-generating procedures were performed. Measures for aerosol reduction, in conjunction with other effective infection control strategies, are needed to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in dental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Clementini
- Department of Periodontology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Barbato
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Department of Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vilma Pinchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Landi
- Private practice, Verona and Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Cavalcanti
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialities, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cairo
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Department of Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Eden E, Frencken J, Gao S, Horst JA, Innes N. Managing dental caries against the backdrop of COVID-19: approaches to reduce aerosol generation. Br Dent J 2020; 229:411-416. [PMID: 33037360 PMCID: PMC7546139 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe limitation and closure of dental practices in many countries. Outside of the acute (peak) phases of the disease, dentistry has begun to be practised again. However, there is emerging evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via airborne routes, carrying implications for dental procedures that produce aerosol. At the time of writing, additional precautions are required when a procedure considered to generate aerosol is undertaken.This paper aims to present evidence-based treatments that remove or reduce the generation of aerosols during the management of carious lesions. It maps aerosol generating procedures (AGPs), where possible, to alternative non-AGPs or low AGPs. This risk reduction approach overcomes the less favourable outcomes associated with temporary solutions or extraction-only approaches. Even if this risk reduction approach for aerosol generation becomes unnecessary in the future, these procedures are not only suitable but desirable for use as part of general dental care post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Eden
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey.
| | - Jo Frencken
- Radboud University, Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Sherry Gao
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jeremy A Horst
- Director of Clinical Innovation, DentaQuest, Boston, MA 02129 USA; University of Washington, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Nicola Innes
- Professor and Honorary Consultant, Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
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Harrichandra A, Ierardi AM, Pavilonis B. An estimation of airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission risk in New York City nail salons. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:634-643. [PMID: 33085569 PMCID: PMC7578841 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720964650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from person-to-person over long distances is currently thought to be unlikely, the current epidemiological evidence suggests that airborne SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission in confined, indoor spaces is plausible, particularly when outdoor airflow rates are low and when face masks are not utilized. We sought to model airborne infection transmission risk assuming five realistic exposure scenarios using previously estimated outdoor airflow rates for 12 New York City nail salons, a published quanta generation rate specific to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the Wells-Riley equation to assess risk under both steady-state and non-steady-state conditions. Additionally, the impact of face mask-wearing by occupants on airborne infection transmission risk was also evaluated. The risk of airborne infection transmission across all salons and all exposure scenarios when not wearing face masks ranged from <0.015% to 99.25%, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 24.77%. Wearing face masks reduced airborne infection transmission risk to between <0.01% and 51.96%, depending on the salon, with an average airborne infection transmission risk of 7.30% across all salons. Increased outdoor airflow rates in nail salons were generally strongly correlated with decreased average airborne infection transmission risk. The results of this study indicate that increased outdoor airflow rates and the use of face masks by both employees and customers could substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in New York City nail salons. Businesses should utilize multiple layers of infection control measures (e.g. social distancing, face masks, and outdoor airflow) to reduce airborne infection transmission risk for both employees and customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Harrichandra
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Michael Ierardi
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
- Cardno ChemRisk, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Brian Pavilonis
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
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