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Robin J, Lefeuvre S, Guihenneuc J, Cambien G, Dupuis A, Venisse N. Analytical methods and biomonitoring results in hair for the assessment of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals: A literature review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141523. [PMID: 38417485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that alter functions of the endocrine system due to their ability to mimic or antagonize endogenous hormones, or that alter their synthesis and metabolism, causing adverse health effects. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a reliable method to assess human exposure to chemicals through measurement in human body fluids and tissues. It identifies new sources of exposure and determines their distribution, thereby enabling detection of the most exposed populations. Blood and urine are commonly used for HBM of EDC, but their interest is limited for compounds presenting short half-lives. Hair appears as an interesting alternative insofar as it provides a large exposure window. For the present study, we evaluated the relevance of hair in determining EDC exposure. With this in mind, we undertook a literature review focusing on the bioanalytical aspects and performances of methods developed to determine EDC in hair. The literature review was performed through methodical bibliographical research. Relevant articles were identified using two scientific databases: PubMed and Web of Science, with search equations built from a combination of keywords, MeSH terms and Boolean operators. The search strategy identified 2949 articles. After duplicates were removed, and following title, abstract, and full-text screenings, only 31 were included for qualitative synthesis. Hair collection was mainly performed in the back of the head and preparation involved two processes: cutting into small pieces or grounding to powder. The off-line LC-MS/MS method remains the main technique used to assess EDC through hair. Differences regarding the validation of analytical methods and interpretation of HBM results were highlighted, suggesting a need for international harmonisation to obtain reliable and comparable results. External contamination of hair was identified as a main limitation in the interpretation of results, highlighting the need to better understand EDC transfers through hair and to develop relevant hair decontamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robin
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Sandrine Lefeuvre
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Jérémy Guihenneuc
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Cambien
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Dupuis
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Venisse
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Laboratoire EBI, Équipe IHES, F-86000 Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, CIC-Inserm, Axe EATHER, F-86000 Poitiers, France.
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Di Lorenzo P, Di Donna G, Busillo L, Pieri M, Capasso E, Policino F, Casella C, Niola M. Medico-Legal Issues in Cremation: Comparative Analysis of International Legislation. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2428. [PMID: 36553952 PMCID: PMC9777965 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cremation has seen a constant increase in popularity all around the world. Because of its extensively destructive nature, however, a series of medico-legal issues arise concerning identification, forensic autopsy, external examination, histological, toxicological and genetic exams to be performed not in the immediacy of death. The aim of this study is to compare the international legislation on cremation, seeking the response of various countries to their medico-legal issues. Several affinities but also some differences were found. Similarities include the need for a certificate by a medical examiner excluding any medico-legal issues and non-natural causes of death and the expression of consent to cremation given by the deceased when still alive otherwise by relatives. Significant differences were found in German law, which provides for a second medical examination prior to cremation and in Italian law providing for the medical examiner to collect biological samples from the body and store them for a minimum of ten years for any future purpose of justice. The Italian approach could give a plausible solution to the medico-legal issues raised by cremation with the imperative premise, however, we need to look deeply into its privacy and consent implications, cost-benefits rate, sample collection and storage protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science-Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Wei Q, Su FH. Determination of Nine Fentanyl Drugs in Hair Samples by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19176-19182. [PMID: 35721898 PMCID: PMC9202058 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We established GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS analysis methods for nine fentanyl drugs in hair samples. Human hairs were prepared by soaking in a solution of water-dimethyl sulfoxide with target analytes. The drugs were norfentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, isobutyryl fentanyl, fentanyl, thiofentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyr fentanyl, ocfentanil, and tetrahydrofuran fentanyl. For a single-factor experiment, a Box-Behnken design-response surface was used to optimize the pretreatment conditions of samples. The prepared samples were quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The working curve method was used for quantitative analysis with fentanyl-D5 as the internal standard. The concentrations of the nine fentanyl drugs in the samples were 1.488-6.494 ng mg-1, RSDs < 5.0%. For GC-MS/MS, the linear range of the nine fentanyl drugs was 0.5-5.0 ng mg-1, r 2 > 0.999. The detection limits were 0.02-0.05 ng mg-1, and the recovery rates were >86%. For LC-MS/MS, the nine fentanyl drugs had an excellent linear relationship within the concentration range of 3.0-220.0 pg mg-1, r 2 > 0.999. The detection limits were 0.05 pg mg-1 and the recovery rates were >84%. The established methods were used for the detection of fentanyl drugs in human hairs, with high sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. These two methods can be used for the certification of fentanyl certified reference substances (CRMs). In the experiment, the developed hair CRMs, which will continue to be studied in the future, are expected to be used in forensic drug abuse detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fu Hai Su
- . Tel: +86 1064524787. Fax: +86 1064524787
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Caballero-Casero N, Beza GN, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based sample treatment workflow for determination of multi-class drugs of abuse in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Narváez A, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A, Mañes J. Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in hair: first large-scale pilot study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) represents the most accurate approach for assessing the exposure to mycotoxins, but traditional matrices fail to provide information about long-term exposure due to the rapid excretion rates and short half-lives of mycotoxins. Hair emerges as a promising matrix considering that contaminants can form stable links with hair components, such as keratins and melanin. Hence, the aim of the present study was to monitor the presence of up to ten mycotoxins (aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins) in human hair samples (n=100) through a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry. A prevalence of 43% at concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 106.1 ng/g was observed, being enniatins and aflatoxin B1 the most prevalent compounds. Co-occurrence of up to three mycotoxins was observed in 42% of the positive samples. Retrospective untargeted analysis of hair samples tentatively identified up to 128 mycotoxins and related metabolites. These results confirm the accumulation of toxicologically relevant mycotoxins in hair matrix, thus standing as a suitable matrix for assessing long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Narváez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Y. Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - A. Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development at University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - J. Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
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Novel quadrupole-time of flight-based methodology for determination of multiple mycotoxins in human hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1191:123117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scholz C, Cabalzar J, Kraemer T, Baumgartner MR. A Comprehensive Multi-Analyte Method for Hair Analysis: Substance-Specific Quantification Ranges and Tool for Task-Oriented Data Evaluation. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:701-712. [PMID: 32986078 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify a large number of analytes including opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics within a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement. Expected drug concentrations in hair are strongly substance dependent. Therefore, three different calibration ranges were implemented: 0.5 to 600 pg/mg (group 1), 10 to 12,000 pg/mg (group 2) and 50 to 60,000 pg/mg (group 3). In order to avoid saturation effects, different strategies were applied for selected transitions including the use of parent mass ions containing one or two 13C-isotopes and detuning of the declustering potential and/or collision energy. Drugs were extracted from pulverized hair by a two-step extraction protocol and measured by liquid chromatrography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC--MS-MS) using Scheduled MRM™ Algorithm Pro. In total, 275 MRM transitions including 43 deuterated standards were measured. The method has been fully validated according to international guidelines. A MultiQuant™ software based tool for task-oriented data evaluation was established, which allows extracting selected information from the measured data sets. The matrix effects and recoveries were within the allowed ranges for the majority of the analytes. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were for ∼72% of the analytes in the low-pg/mg range (0.5-5 pg/mg) and for ∼24% of the analytes between 10 and 50 pg/mg. These LLOQs considered cut-offs by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), if recommended. The herein established multi-analyte approach meets the specific requirements of forensic hair testing and can be used for the rapid and robust measurement of a wide range of psychoactive substances. The analyte-specific wide concentration ranges open up a wide field of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scholz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Cabalzar
- AB Sciex Switzerland GmbH, SCIEX, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland
| | - T Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Determination of cortisol in hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a short review. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1145-1155. [PMID: 34187201 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is considered a particularly relevant biomarker in the context of stress evaluation. This study aims to review of the available literature on the determination of cortisol in hair using LC-MS/MS. Currently, there is no standardized procedure for the measurement of cortisol concentrations in hair, and different sample preparation, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection conditions were described. Simple methanolic extraction, reversed-phase separation and MRM detection in negative ion mode are the most common employed analytical approaches. Reported assays presented acceptable sensitivity for clinical purposes. The increasing use of mass spectrometry in clinical laboratories may contribute to the establishment of LC-MS/MS as the method of choice for the determination of cortisol concentrations in hair.
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Gheddar L, Batt MO, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of furosemide in hair in a post-mortem case by UHPLC-MS/MS with guidance on interpretation. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:272-277. [PMID: 33027535 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Testing for drugs in hair raises several difficulties. Among them is the interpretation of the final concentration(s). In a post-mortem case, analyses revealed the presence of furosemide (12 ng/mL) in femoral blood, although it was not part of the victim's treatment. The prosecutor requested our laboratory to undertake an additional analysis in hair to obtain information about the use of furosemide. A specific method was therefore developed and validated to identify and quantify furosemide in hair by UHPLC-MS/MS. After decontamination of 30 mg of hair, incubation in acidic condition, extraction with ethyl acetate, the samples were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Furosemide was found in the victim's hair at 225 pg/mg. However, it was not possible to interpret this concentration due to the absence of data in the literature. Therefore, the authors performed a controlled study in two parts. In order to establish the basis of interpretation, several volunteers were tested (four after a single 20 mg administration and twenty-four under daily treatment). The first part indicated that a single dose is not detectable in hair using our method. The second part demonstrated concentrations ranging from 5 to 1110 pg/mg with no correlation between dosage and hair concentrations. The decedent's hair result was interpreted as repeated exposures. In the case of furosemide analysis, hair can provide information about its presence but cannot give information about dosage or frequency of use.
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Wen D, Shi Y, Zhang X, Xie B, Liu W, Yu F, Xiang P, Cong B, Ma C. Determination of barbiturates in hair samples by using a validated UHPLC-HRMS method: application in investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Sci Res 2019; 7:78-87. [PMID: 35341124 PMCID: PMC8942540 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1659474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Core Facility of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Xie
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenqiao Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
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Koren G, Bellaish E, Maman K. Withdrawn: Hair Analysis for Drug-Facilitated Crime: The Critical Role of Hair Growth Rate. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1574-1575. [PMID: 30695095 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis is increasingly used in detecting drug-facilitated crime (DFC) claiming success in identifying even single dose exposures. The calculation of accurate deposition time of the drug in hair is typically based on the assumption of mean hair growth of 1 cm/month. We describe a case of potential exposure to flunitrazepam. Assuming the literature average hair growth rate of 1 cm/month, the alleged victim had measurable amounts of the 7 amino flunitrazepam a month after the alleged drug exposure. However, in this case, due to hair dying, the true growth rate could be quantified at 1.5 cm/month. This difference has led to different interpretation from the one based on the average assumed hair growth of 1 cm/month. In conclusion, hair growth rate can be a critical variable in verifying the alleged time of drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Koren
- Maccabi Kahn Research Institute, 4 Koifman Street, 8th Floor, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Bellaish
- Israeli Ministry of Law, Nazeret Ilit, Israel 21735-070
| | - Karen Maman
- Israeli Ministry of Law, Nazeret Ilit, Israel 21735-070
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Usman M, Naseer A, Baig Y, Jamshaid T, Shahwar M, Khurshuid S. Forensic toxicological analysis of hair: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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