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Rostad WL, Ports KA, Merrick M, Hughes L. The moment is now: Strengthening communities and families for the future of our nation. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2023; 144:106745. [PMID: 36466794 PMCID: PMC9704498 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has highlighted the historical lack of investment in the conditions that children need to thrive, and demonstrates how a crisis can exacerbate children's vulnerability to disease and violence. Exposure to early adversity already affects millions of children across the country and puts them at risk for poor outcomes. With the uncertainty of the pandemic, many more families are struggling and subsequently, more children are at risk for exposure to adversity. Preventing early adversity and promoting the prosperity of our nation requires assuring that all children, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, have what they need to reach their full health and life potential. Now is the time to address the social and structural conditions that contribute to the inequitable distribution of risk for some families and which contribute to their unequal burden and impacts of adversity, COVID-19, racial injustice, and other health crises. While many look forward to "a return to normal," returning to normal would be a missed opportunity to learn from our mistakes and ensure a bright future for our nation. We must invest in children and families for the future health of Americans.
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Latham-Mintus K, Deck MM, Nelson E. Aging with Incarceration Histories: An Intersectional Examination of Incarceration and Health Outcomes among Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 78:853-865. [PMID: 35767847 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experiences with incarceration are linked to poor mental and physical health across the life course. The purpose of this research is to examine whether incarceration histories are associated with worse physical and mental health among older adults. We apply an intersectionality framework and consider how the intersection of sexism and racism leads to unequal health outcomes following incarceration among women and people of color. METHODS We employ two measures of health (i.e., number of depressive symptoms and physical limitations) to broadly capture mental and physical health. Using data from Waves 11 and 12 of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we estimated a series of general linear models (GLM) to analyze differences in health by incarceration history, gender/sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Findings suggest that experiences with incarceration are associated with a greater number of physical limitations and more depressive symptoms among older men and women, net of sociodemographic characteristics, early-life conditions, and lifetime stressful events. Formerly incarcerated women, particularly women of color, had more physical limitations and depressive symptoms, relative to other groups. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that incarceration histories have far-reaching health implications. Older women of color with incarceration histories experience markedly high levels of physical limitations and depressive symptoms in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Nelson
- Medical Humanities and Health Studies Program, School of Liberal Arts, IUPUI
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3
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Altibi AM, Pallavi B, Liaqat H, Slota AA, Sheth R, Al Jebbawi L, George ME, LeDuc A, Abdallah E, Russell LR, Jain S, Shirvanian N, Masri A, Kak V. Characteristics and comparative clinical outcomes of prisoner versus non-prisoner populations hospitalized with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6488. [PMID: 33753786 PMCID: PMC7985211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prisons in the United States have become a hotbed for spreading COVID-19 among incarcerated individuals. COVID-19 cases among prisoners are on the rise, with more than 143,000 confirmed cases to date. However, there is paucity of data addressing clinical outcomes and mortality in prisoners hospitalized with COVID-19. An observational study of all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 10 and May 10, 2020 at two Henry Ford Health System hospitals in Michigan. Clinical outcomes were compared amongst hospitalized prisoners and non-prisoner patients. The primary outcomes were intubation rates, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox-regression models were used to investigate primary outcomes. Of the 706 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 66.7 ± 16.1 years, 57% males, and 44% black), 108 were prisoners and 598 were non-prisoners. Compared to non-prisoners, prisoners were more likely to present with fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and markedly elevated inflammatory markers. Prisoners were more commonly admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (26.9% vs. 18.7%), required vasopressors (24.1% vs. 9.9%), and intubated (25.0% vs. 15.2%). Prisoners had higher unadjusted inpatient mortality (29.6% vs. 20.1%) and 30-day mortality (34.3% vs. 24.6%). In the adjusted models, prisoner status was associated with higher in-hospital death (odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.33 to 4.05) and 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.33 to 3.00). In this cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, prisoner status was associated with more severe clinical presentation, higher rates of ICU admissions, vasopressors requirement, intubation, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Altibi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bhargava Pallavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit and West Bloomfield, MI, 48322, USA
| | - Hassan Liaqat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Alexander A Slota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Radhika Sheth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Lama Al Jebbawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Matthew E George
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Henry Ford West Bloomfield, West Bloomfield, MI, 48322, USA
| | - Allison LeDuc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Enas Abdallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Luke R Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Saniya Jain
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nariné Shirvanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA
| | - Ahmad Masri
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vivek Kak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Allegiance Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 205 N East Ave, Jackson, MI, 49201, USA.
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4
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Boen CE. Criminal Justice Contacts and Psychophysiological Functioning in Early Adulthood: Health Inequality in the Carceral State. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 61:290-306. [PMID: 32648484 PMCID: PMC8019323 DOI: 10.1177/0022146520936208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to the links between the criminal justice system and health, how criminal justice contacts shape health and contribute to racial health disparities remains to be better understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,488) and several analytic techniques-including a quasi-treatment-control design, treatment-weighting procedures, and mediation analyses-this study examines how criminal justice contacts shape inflammatory and depressive risk and contribute to black-white health gaps. Findings revealed that incarceration is associated with increased C-reactive protein and depressive risk, particularly for individuals who experienced long durations of incarceration. Arrests are also associated with mental health, and mediation analyses showed that racial disparities in arrests and incarceration were drivers of black-white gaps in depressive symptoms. Together, this study provides new evidence of the role of the criminal justice system in shaping health and patterning black-white health gaps from adolescence through early adulthood.
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Albertson EM, Scannell C, Ashtari N, Barnert E. Eliminating Gaps in Medicaid Coverage During Reentry After Incarceration. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:317-321. [PMID: 31944846 PMCID: PMC7002937 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This commentary explores the health and social challenges associated with gaps in Medicaid health insurance coverage for adults and youths exiting the US criminal justice system, and highlights some potential solutions.Because a high proportion of recently incarcerated people come from low-income backgrounds and experience a high burden of disease, the Medicaid program plays an important role in ensuring access to care for this population. However, the Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy, or "inmate exclusion," leads to Medicaid being terminated or suspended upon incarceration, often resulting in gaps in Medicaid coverage at release. These coverage gaps interact with individual-level and population-level factors to influence key health and social outcomes associated with recidivism.Ensuring Medicaid coverage upon release is an important, feasible component of structural change to alleviate health inequities and reduce recidivism. High-yield opportunities to ensure continuous coverage exist at the time of Medicaid suspension or termination and during incarceration prior to release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Michelle Albertson
- Elaine Michelle Albertson is with the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Christopher Scannell is with the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the National Clinician Scholars Program, University of California, Los Angeles. Neda Ashtari and Elizabeth Barnert are with the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Christopher Scannell
- Elaine Michelle Albertson is with the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Christopher Scannell is with the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the National Clinician Scholars Program, University of California, Los Angeles. Neda Ashtari and Elizabeth Barnert are with the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Neda Ashtari
- Elaine Michelle Albertson is with the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Christopher Scannell is with the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the National Clinician Scholars Program, University of California, Los Angeles. Neda Ashtari and Elizabeth Barnert are with the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Elaine Michelle Albertson is with the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. Christopher Scannell is with the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the National Clinician Scholars Program, University of California, Los Angeles. Neda Ashtari and Elizabeth Barnert are with the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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6
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White BA, West KJ, Fuller-Thomson E. Is exposure to family member incarceration during childhood linked to diabetes in adulthood? Findings from a representative community sample. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120905165. [PMID: 32076551 PMCID: PMC7003170 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120905165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Diabetes is a prevalent and serious public health problem, particularly among older adults. A robust literature has shown that adverse childhood experiences contribute to the development of health problems in later life, including diabetes. Family member incarceration during childhood is an under-investigated yet increasingly common adverse childhood experience in the United States. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family member incarceration during childhood and diabetes in adulthood, while considering the role of gender as well as the impact of a range of potential confounds. Methods: A large representative community sample of adults aged 40 and older (n = 8790 men, 14,255 women) was drawn from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2012 optional adverse childhood experiences module to investigate the association between family member incarceration during childhood and diabetes. For each gender, nine logistic regression analyses were conducted using distinct clusters of variables (e.g. socioeconomic status and health behaviors). Results: Among males, the odds of diabetes among those exposed to family member incarceration during childhood ranged from 2.00 to 1.59. In the fully adjusted model, they had elevated odds of 1.64 (95% confidence interval = 1.27, 2.11). Among women, the odds of diabetes was much lower, hovering around 1.00. Conclusion: Findings suggest that family member incarceration during childhood is associated with diabetes in men, even after adjusting for a wide range of potential risk factors (e.g. sociodemographics, health behaviors, healthcare access, and childhood risk factors). Future research should explore the mechanisms linking family member incarceration during childhood and long-term negative health outcomes in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A White
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Keri J West
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Goldman AW. Linked Lives in Double Jeopardy: Child Incarceration and Maternal Health at Midlife. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 60:398-415. [PMID: 31771356 DOI: 10.1177/0022146519882328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parents' relationships with their adult children play an important role in shaping mid and later life health. While these relationships are often sources of support, stressors in the lives of children can compromise parents' health as they age. I consider that a child's incarceration is also a stressor that could imperil parents' health through social, emotional, and economic strains that parents may experience as a result. Using data on 3,159 mothers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 in a series of lagged dependent variable regression models, I find that a child's incarceration is associated with declines in maternal health between ages 40 and 50. These associations are largest for mothers who had grandchildren by their child at the time of the child's incarceration. I close by discussing the implications of child incarceration for intergenerational ties and other social determinants of midlife health.
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8
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Filinson R, Ciambrone D. “Trying to blend in, what else can we do?” Intergenerational relationships among aged inmates. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2018.1500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Filinson
- Gerontology Center, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI, USA
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9
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Goldman AW. How much would eliminating drug crimes decrease racial/ethnic gaps in criminal conviction? SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2018; 76:65-76. [PMID: 30268284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, criminal justice contact has become an increasingly common event in early adulthood, and disproportionately so for African American men. Policymakers often argue that reducing drug-related conviction rates is among the easiest ways to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in incarceration. These arguments are often backed by statistics that convey the number of drug offenders in contact with the criminal justice system at a given point in time. Unfortunately, we know little about the extent to which over-time conviction risk and associated racial/ethnic disparities may be affected by drug-related policy changes. Using a novel application of the single decrement life table to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), I present a quantitative thought experiment to consider the extent to which the elimination of drug-related offenses would affect racial/ethnic disparities in men's cumulative probability of conviction by age 30. Consistent with prior research, results indicate that black men are at disproportionately higher risk of ever experiencing a drug-related conviction, and of experiencing a drug-related conviction at each conviction instance. More surprising, however, is the finding that while the removal of drug sentencing may significantly impact racial/ethnic disparities associated with conviction, only a relatively small proportion of those ever convicted would avoid conviction altogether in the absence of drug-related sentencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W Goldman
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 345 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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10
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Chertoff J, Stevenson P, Alnuaimat H. Sepsis Mortality in the U.S. Correctional System: An Underappreciated Disparity. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 24:337-341. [PMID: 30126314 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818792235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of incarceration on sepsis outcomes in the United States is infrequently described in the literature. This study sought to investigate whether being incarcerated affected mortality rates in sepsis. The retrospective study used data from October 1, 2013, to November 30, 2016, of patients admitted with a diagnosis of sepsis at a tertiary care center with a primary outcome of in-hospital mortality. The study cohort included 8,568 cases of sepsis, of which 8,448 were noninmates and 120 were inmates. Overall mortality was 15.7%; for noninmates, the rate was 15.3%, and for inmates, 42.5%. The risk of death among inmates was 2.8 times that of noninmates. Neither age, sex, nor race were significant confounders. Findings suggest a direct association between incarceration and sepsis mortality. Larger regional or nationwide case-control studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chertoff
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Alnuaimat
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Jalali F, Hashemi S, Kimiaei S, Hasani A, Jalali M. The Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Couple Therapy on Marital Satisfaction Among Married Prisoners and Their Wives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:3023-3037. [PMID: 28954570 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17733662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Solution-Focused Brief Couple Therapy (SFBCT) on marital satisfaction among married prisoners and their wives. The study design was semiexperimental with a pretest, a posttest, and a control group. Fifty couples (100 people) were selected by convenience sampling. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received the SFBCT, while the control group did not. The research measurement instrument comprised the ENRICHES Couple Scale (ECS). Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) models were used to test the study hypothesis. The results showed that marital satisfaction increased among prisoners and their wives. So the principles and techniques of SFBCT did have an effect on marital satisfaction of this particular group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jalali
- 1 Research Unit, Negahe Mosbat Social Health Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Hasani
- 1 Research Unit, Negahe Mosbat Social Health Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Manijeh Jalali
- 1 Research Unit, Negahe Mosbat Social Health Institute, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Moore KE, Gregorian MJ, Tangney JP, Folk JB, Stuewig JB, Salatino AC. Changes in Community Integration From Pre- to Post-incarceration: The Influence of Psychological and Criminal Justice Factors. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2018; 64:975-1000. [PMID: 34334800 PMCID: PMC8320755 DOI: 10.1177/0011128718756037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on changes in community integration from pre- to postincarceration has primarily focused on employment and is mixed, showing both deterioration and improvement. Research is needed to examine change in other areas, as well as predictive individual-level factors. We assessed changes in jail inmates' (n = 334) employment, source of income, residential stability, marital status, and volunteerism from pre- to post-incarceration, and analyzed individual-level predictors of change. On average, more inmates improved than deteriorated in community integration, with education and low criminal thinking predicting the greatest improvement. Across multiple areas, inmates' community integration does not appear to deteriorate from pre- to post-incarceration. Apparent improvements may reflect that people become incarcerated during times of crisis, regressing to baseline by 1 year postrelease.
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13
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Jäggi LJ, Mezuk B, Watkins DC, Jackson JS. The Relationship between Trauma, Arrest, and Incarceration History among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. SOCIETY AND MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 6:187-206. [PMID: 27795871 PMCID: PMC5079438 DOI: 10.1177/2156869316641730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior research indicates an association between exposure to trauma (e.g., being victimized) and perpetration of crime, especially in the context of chronic victimization. This study examines the relationship between trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and history of arrest and incarceration among a representative sample of black Americans from the National Survey of American Life (N = 5,189). One-third had a history of arrest, and 18 percent had a history of incarceration. Frequency of trauma exposure was associated with involvement with the criminal justice system. Relative to never experiencing trauma, experiencing ≥4 traumas was associated with elevated odds of arrest (odds ratio [OR] = 4.03), being jailed (OR = 5.15), and being imprisoned (OR = 4.41), all p <.01. PTSD was also associated with likelihood of incarceration among those with a history of trauma (OR = 2.18, p <.01). Both trauma exposure and trauma-associated psychopathology are associated with increased likelihood of arrest and incarceration in adulthood among black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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14
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Filinson R. A Day in the Life: How Time is Spent Doing Time among Older Inmates. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2016.1161339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Bailey ZD, Williams DR, Kawachi I, Okechukwu CA. Incarceration and adult weight gain in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Prev Med 2015; 81:380-6. [PMID: 26456214 PMCID: PMC4958024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States has the unenviable distinction of having both the highest obesity rate among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and the highest incarceration rate in the world. Further, both are socially patterned by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Incarceration involves various health behaviors that could influence adult weight trajectory. METHODS We evaluated the associations between history and duration of adult incarceration and weight gain using the National Survey of American Life (N=6082 adults residing in the 48 contiguous states between February 2001 and March 2003). We propensity score-matched individuals to control for the probability of having a history of incarceration. To examine the relation between prior incarceration and adult weight gain, we fit gender-stratified generalized estimating equations controlling for propensity of incarceration history, age, education, income, race/ethnicity, and marital status. RESULTS For males (N=563), incarceration was associated with about a 1.77 kg/m(2) lower gain in body mass index (BMI) during adulthood, after adjusting for age, education, income, race/ethnicity, and marital status in addition to the propensity of having a history of incarceration (95% CI: -2.63, -0.92). For females (N=286), no significant overall relationship was found between a history of incarceration and adult weight gain. In subgroup analyses among those with an incarceration history, we found no overall association between duration of incarceration and adult weight gain in men or women. In sensitivity analyses, neither tobacco smoking nor parity changed the results. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that incarceration is associated with a lower transition of weight gain in males, but not in females..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinzi D Bailey
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium, Institute of Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra A Okechukwu
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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The Effect of Incarceration on Midlife Health: A Life-Course Approach. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-015-9365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Dumont DM, Parker DR, Viner-Brown S, Clarke JG. Incarceration and perinatal smoking: a missed public health opportunity. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:648-53. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Dumont DM, Wildeman C, Lee H, Gjelsvik A, Valera PA, Clarke JG. Incarceration, maternal hardship, and perinatal health behaviors. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:2179-87. [PMID: 24615355 PMCID: PMC4161663 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parental incarceration is associated with mental and physical health problems in children, yet little research directly tests mechanisms through which parental incarceration could imperil child health. We hypothesized that the incarceration of a woman or her romantic partner in the year before birth constituted an additional hardship for already-disadvantaged women, and that these additionally vulnerable women were less likely to engage in positive perinatal health behaviors important to infant and early childhood development. We analyzed 2006-2010 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System to assess the association between incarceration in the year prior to the birth of a child and perinatal maternal hardships and behaviors. Women reporting incarceration of themselves or their partners in the year before birth of a child had .86 the odds (95 % CI .78-.95) of beginning prenatal care in the first trimester compared to women not reporting incarceration. They were nearly twice as likely to report partner abuse and were significantly more likely to rely on WIC and/or Medicaid for assistance during pregnancy. These associations persist after controlling for socioeconomic measures and other stressors, including homelessness and job loss. Incarceration of a woman or her partner in the year before birth is associated with higher odds of maternal hardship and poorer perinatal health behaviors. The unprecedented scale of incarceration in the US simultaneously presents an underutilized public health opportunity and constitutes a social determinant of health that may contribute to disparities in early childhood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Dumont
- Rhode Island Department of Health, At the time work was completed: The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Annie Gjelsvik
- Brown University, Providence, RI; 2. Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI,
| | - Pamela A. Valera
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY,
| | - Jennifer G. Clarke
- Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI; 2. Brown University, Providence, RI,
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19
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Krieger N. Discrimination and Health Inequities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2014; 44:643-710. [DOI: 10.2190/hs.44.4.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1999, only 20 studies in the public health literature employed instruments to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination. Fifteen years later, the number of empirical investigations on discrimination and health easily exceeds 500, with these studies increasingly global in scope and focused on major types of discrimination variously involving race/ethnicity, indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, and age, separately and in combination. And yet, as I also document, even as the number of investigations has dramatically expanded, the scope remains narrow: studies remain focused primarily on interpersonal discrimination, and scant research investigates the health impacts of structural discrimination, a gap consonant with the limited epidemiologic research on political systems and population health. Accordingly, to help advance the state of the field, this updated review article: ( a) briefly reviews definitions of discrimination, illustrated with examples from the United States; ( b) discusses theoretical insights useful for conceptualizing how discrimination can become embodied and produce health inequities, including via distortion of scientific knowledge; ( c) concisely summarizes extant evidence—both robust and inconsistent—linking discrimination and health; and ( d) addresses several key methodological controversies and challenges, including the need for careful attention to domains, pathways, level, and spatiotemporal scale, in historical context.
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20
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Turney K, Lee H, Comfort M. Discrimination and psychological distress among recently released male prisoners. Am J Mens Health 2013; 7:482-93. [PMID: 23553444 PMCID: PMC3862650 DOI: 10.1177/1557988313484056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Though theoretical perspectives suggest experiences of stigma and discrimination after release may be one pathway through which incarceration leads to poor mental health, little research considers the relationship between discrimination and mental health among former inmates. In this article, data from a sample of men recently released from prison to Oakland or San Francisco, California (N = 172), are used to consider how criminal record discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination are independently and cumulatively associated with psychological distress. Results indicate that (a) the frequency of criminal record discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination are similar; (b) both forms of discrimination are independently, negatively associated with psychological distress; and (c) the level of racial/ethnic discrimination does not alter the association between criminal record discrimination and psychological distress. The results highlight that criminal record discrimination is an important social stressor with negative implications for the mental health of previously incarcerated individuals.
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Gjelsvik A, Dumont DM, Nunn A. Incarceration of a household member and Hispanic health disparities: childhood exposure and adult chronic disease risk behaviors. Prev Chronic Dis 2013; 10:E69. [PMID: 23639764 PMCID: PMC3652716 DOI: 10.5888/pcd10.120281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incarceration of a household member has been linked to poor mental and behavioral health outcomes in children, but less is known about the health behaviors of these children once they reach adulthood. METHODS We analyzed data from 81,910 respondents to the 2009-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to identify associations between the childhood experience of having a household member incarcerated and adult smoking status, weight status, physical activity, and drinking patterns. We used multivariable logistic regression to control for sex, age, education, and additional adverse childhood events in the whole population and in separate models for Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black adults. We also assessed for having multiple risk behaviors. RESULTS People who lived with an incarcerated household member during childhood were more likely as adults than those who did not to engage in smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-1.77) and heavy drinking (AOR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.87), after controlling for demographics and additional adverse childhood events. Exposure to incarceration in the household as a child among Hispanic adults was associated with being a smoker, being a heavy drinker, and having multiple risk behaviors and among white adults was associated with being a smoker and having multiple risk behaviors; among black adults there were no significant associations. CONCLUSION Incarceration of a household member during childhood is associated with adult risk behaviors, and race/ethnicity may be a factor in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Gjelsvik
- Brown University, Box G-121S, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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22
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Nkansah-Amankra S, Agbanu SK, Miller RJ. Disparities in Health, Poverty, Incarceration, and Social Justice among Racial Groups in the United States: A Critical Review of Evidence of Close Links with Neoliberalism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2013; 43:217-40. [DOI: 10.2190/hs.43.2.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Problems of poverty, poor health, and incarceration are unevenly distributed among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. We argue that this is due, in part, to the ascendance of United States-style neoliberalism, a prevailing political and economic doctrine that shapes social policy, including public health and anti-poverty intervention strategies. Public health research most often associates inequalities in health outcomes, poverty, and incarceration with individual and cultural risk factors. Contextual links to structural inequality and the neoliberal doctrine animating state-sanctioned interventions are given less attention. The interrelationships among these are not clear in the extant literature. Less is known about public health and incarceration. Thus, the authors describe the linkages between neoliberalism, public health, and criminal justice outcomes. We suggest that neoliberalism exacerbates racial disparities in health, poverty, and incarceration in the United States. We conclude by calling for a new direction in public health research that advances a pro-poor public health agenda to improve the general well-being of disadvantaged groups.
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23
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Woods LN, Lanza AS, Dyson W, Gordon DM. The role of prevention in promoting continuity of health care in prisoner reentry initiatives. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:830-8. [PMID: 23488516 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most incarcerated individuals will return to the community, and their successful reentry requires consideration of their health and how their health will affect their families and communities. We propose the use of a prevention science framework that integrates universal, selective, and indicated strategies to facilitate the successful reentry of men released from prison. Understanding how health risks and disparities affect the transition from prison to the community will enhance reentry intervention efforts. To explore the application of the prevention rubric, we evaluated a community-based prisoner reentry initiative. The findings challenge all involved in reentry initiatives to reconceptualize prisoner reentry from a program model to a prevention model that considers multilevel risks to and facilitators of successful reentry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakeesha N Woods
- The Consultation Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Dumont DM, Gjelsvik A, Redmond N, Rich JD. Jails as Public Health Partners: Incarceration and Disparities Among Medically Underserved Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2013; 12:213-227. [PMID: 25374479 PMCID: PMC4217308 DOI: 10.3149/jmh.1203.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There were nearly 12 million admissions to U.S. jails in 2011, the majority of them Black or Hispanic. We analyzed data on men's health screenings from the last Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Inmates in Local Jails. Black and Hispanic men had the same or higher odds of reporting nearly all types of screenings compared to White male inmates. Because many prisoners are medically underserved, jails can be crucial public health partners in reducing disparities by identifying men in need of health care. The anticipated expansion of Medicaid eligibility in 2014 constitutes an important opportunity for correctional and public health authorities to work together to ensure linkage to care following release from incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Dumont
- The Miriam Hospital
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School
| | | | - Nicole Redmond
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Preventive Medicine
| | - Josiah D. Rich
- The Miriam Hospital
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School
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Bishop AJ, Randall GK, Merten MJ. Consideration of forgiveness to enhance the health status of older male prisoners confronting spiritual, social, or emotional vulnerability. J Appl Gerontol 2012; 33:998-1017. [PMID: 25332306 DOI: 10.1177/0733464812456632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants in this study included 261 men, aged 45 and older, residing within state-managed correctional facilities in Oklahoma. Path analysis was used to examine an integrated mediation model. Spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect had direct negative associations with forgiveness, controlling for age, race, education, and type of crime. Forgiveness also maintained a direct positive association with perceived health status, whereas depressive affect maintained a direct negative association with perceived health status. In addition, a significant indirect effect of depressive affect on perceived health through forgiveness emerged. Overall, the model explained 38% of the variance in forgiveness and 23% in perceived health. Greater spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect diminish forgiveness among older male prisoners, yet higher levels of forgiveness, are associated with greater perceived health.
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Rowell TL, Wu E, Hart CL, Haile R, El-Bassel N. Predictors of drug use in prison among incarcerated Black men. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2012; 38:593-7. [PMID: 22746253 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2012.694536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black men currently comprise a substantial percentage of prisoners in the United States. Drug dependence is common among prison populations, and US prisons are high-risk environments for drug use. Prison drug use exacerbates health problems disproportionately prevalent among Black men and prisoners. OBJECTIVES The goal of this research was to examine predictors of prison drug use among incarcerated Black men. METHODS This study examined drug use within the prison environment in a random sample of 134 Black men incarcerated in maximum-security correctional institution. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was used to measure illicit drug use history and the extent to which drug use occurred within the prison environment. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of the participants reported a history of illicit drug use. Overall, 20% (n 25) of the participants, or 25% of those with a history of drug use, reported using drugs during a time frame consistent with incarceration. Participants with lengthier histories of drug use (OR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2) and those who were incarcerated longer (OR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2) were more likely to use drugs in prison. Drug use in prison was associated with history of injection drug use and with probation/parole status when arrested. CONCLUSIONS Prisoners are engaging in illicit drug use while incarcerated, suggesting that they could benefit from harm reduction and drug treatment services offered during incarceration. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Drug treatment programs that address long-standing addictions and coping mechanisms for lengthy prison stays, specifically, would be especially useful for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawandra L Rowell
- HIV Center for Clinical & Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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Krieger N. Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: an ecosocial approach. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:936-44. [PMID: 22420803 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The scientific study of how discrimination harms health requires theoretically grounded methods. At issue is how discrimination, as one form of societal injustice, becomes embodied inequality and is manifested as health inequities. As clarified by ecosocial theory, methods must address the lived realities of discrimination as an exploitative and oppressive societal phenomenon operating at multiple levels and involving myriad pathways across both the life course and historical generations. An integrated embodied research approach hence must consider (1) the structural level-past and present de jure and de facto discrimination; (2) the individual level-issues of domains, nativity, and use of both explicit and implicit discrimination measures; and (3) how current research methods likely underestimate the impact of racism on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Krieger
- Department of Society, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bishop AJ, Merten MJ. Risk of Comorbid Health Impairment Among Older Male Inmates. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2011; 17:34-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1078345810385912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Bishop
- Human Development and Family Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Michael J. Merten
- Human Development and Family Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Wilmoth JM, London AS, Parker WM. Sex Differences in the Relationship between Military Service Status and Functional Limitations and Disabilities. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-010-9191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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