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Gholve CS, Shete Y, Rakshit S, Kulkarni S. Evaluation of Pendrin Expression Using Nuclear Imaging Modalities and Immunohistochemistry in Animal Thyroid Cancer Model. Indian J Nucl Med 2023; 38:328-333. [PMID: 38390539 PMCID: PMC10880853 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_46_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The impaired ability of thyroid cancer (TC) cells to uptake and concentrate iodine represents a major therapeutic challenge in malignant TC management. This has been reported probably due to reduced or loss of expression of pendrin in thyroid tumors. Aims In view of this, we evaluated the pendrin expression in the chemically induced (using N-bis[2-hydroxypropyl] nitrosamine [DHPN]) TC model in Wistar rats. Methods Uptake in the thyroid gland was evaluated by positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT) and scintigraphy imaging. Further histopathology (HP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for confirming malignancy. Results The altered uptake in the thyroid gland was observed by PET-CT and scintigraphy imaging. Significant pathological changes in the thyroid were observed using 2-deoxy-2-(fluorine-18) fluoro-D-glucose PET-CT, technetium-99m pertechnetate imaging, and reduced iodine-131 uptake (n = 4) in DHPN-induced animals compared to control indicative of thyroid cell proliferation. In treated groups, tissue HP revealed hyperplastic follicular to papillary cell proliferation with variable mitotic activity. The malignant nature of the tissue and variable uptake of the tracer were further reconfirmed by IHC. IHC revealed reduced pendrin expression in malignant thyroid tissue. Conclusions Hence, nuclear imaging techniques can be of aid in the early identification and evaluation of cellular changes during the early development of tumor models in laboratory animals. In conclusion, our study reveals that pendrin expression plays a vital role in thyroid uptake, and its reduction was observed in TC in a chemically induced TC model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogita Shete
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sutapa Rakshit
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Wu W, Liu Y, Li C, Zhuo F, Xu Z, Hong H, Sun H, Huang X, Yu X. Oxidative Stress Responses and Gene Transcription of Mice under Chronic-Exposure to 2,6-Dichlorobenzoquinone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13801. [PMID: 36360680 PMCID: PMC9656914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Dichlorobenzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), as an emerging disinfection by-production, was frequently detected and identified in the drinking water; however, limited information is available for the toxic effect of 2,6-DCBQ on mice. In the present study, adult mice were used to assess the impact of 2,6-DCBQ via measuring the responses of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), the key genes (Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutamate-L-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)) in the Nrf2-keap1 pathway, and lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde, MDA). Our results clearly indicated that 2,6-DCBQ decreased the activities of SOD and CAT, repressed the transcriptional levels of key genes in Nrf2-keap1 pathway, further caused oxidative damage on mice. These results provided evidence for assessing the threat of 2,6-DCBQ on human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chunze Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Fangyu Zhuo
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zexiong Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316021, China
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China
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3
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Uehara T, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. The DEN and CCl 4 -Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e211. [PMID: 34370903 PMCID: PMC8744072 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often as a complication of fibrosis or cirrhosis. Although most human studies of HCC provide crucial insights into the molecular signatures of HCC, they seldom address its etiology. Mouse models provide essential tools for investigating the pathogenesis of HCC, but the majority of rodent cancer models do not feature liver fibrosis. Detailed here is a protocol for an experimental mouse model of HCC that arises in association with advanced liver fibrosis. The disease model is induced by a single injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) at 2 weeks of age followed by repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) from 8 weeks of age for up to 14 consecutive weeks. A dramatic potentiation of liver tumor incidence is observed following administration of DEN and CCl4 , with 100% of mice developing liver tumors at 5 months of age. This model has been employed for studying the molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis and HCC development, as well as for cancer hazard/chemotherapy testing of drug candidates. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: The DEN and CCl4 -induced mouse model of fibrosis and inflammation-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Uehara
- Strategic Development Department, Shionogi & Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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4
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Ibrahim R, Brix A, Malarkey DE, Nyska A, Asif M, Ramot Y. Chemical-Induced Oral Squamous Cell Neoplasms in Rodents: An Overview of NTP 2-Year Cancer Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1062-1076. [PMID: 33576321 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321989956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the seventh most common malignancy worldwide, and lifestyle factors participate in its development. Rodent studies can help identify substances that contribute to its development and provide information on the early stages of carcinogenicity. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has conducted more than 500 short-term and 2-year toxicology and carcinogenicity studies in rodents, and some of the tested compounds resulted in oral cancer. Our goal was to review the NTP carcinogenic studies to describe those chemicals that have oral carcinogenic outcome in rodents. For this project, we reviewed the results from all NTP carcinogenicity studies and a board-certified veterinary pathologist reviewed the slides from all neoplasms in the oral cavity that were considered treatment related. We have identified 26 chemicals with an adverse effect in the oral cavity. Fourteen chemicals demonstrated clear evidence of carcinogenicity in the oral cavity. We provide information on the carcinogenic findings in rodents together with a detailed description of the morphologic aspects of the oral cancers and speculate that the carcinogenic effects can be induced by different pathological modes of action. The findings reviewed here provide indicators for potential oral carcinogenesis processes in rodent models, which can be further investigated in future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv and 26745Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Michal Asif
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Faculty of Medicine, 58884Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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S100A4 is a Biomarker of Tumorigenesis, EMT, Invasion, and Colonization of Host Organs in Experimental Malignant Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040939. [PMID: 32290283 PMCID: PMC7226589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that S100A4, a protein involved in communication between stromal cells and cancer cells, could be more involved than previously expected in cancer invasiveness. To investigate its cumulative value in the multistep process of the pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma (MM), SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragmentation spectra), an advanced and robust technique of quantitative proteomics, was used to analyze a collection of 26 preneoplastic and neoplastic rat mesothelial cell lines and models of MM with increasing invasiveness. Secondly, proteomic and histological analyses were conducted on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of liver metastases vs. primary tumor, and spleen from tumor-bearing rats vs. controls in the most invasive MM model. We found that S100A4, along with 12 other biomarkers, differentiated neoplastic from preneoplastic mesothelial cell lines, and invasive vs. non-invasive tumor cells in vitro, and MM tumors in vivo. Additionally, S100A4 was the only protein differentiating preneoplastic mesothelial cell lines with sarcomatoid vs. epithelioid morphology in relation to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition). Finally, S100A4 was the most significantly increased biomarker in liver metastases vs. primary tumor, and in the spleen colonized by MM cells. Overall, we showed that S100A4 was the only protein that showed increased abundance in all situations, highlighting its crucial role in all stages of MM pathogenesis.
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6
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Wang B, Guerrette Z, Whittaker MH, Ator J. Derivation of a No significant risk level (NSRL) for acrylamide. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:103-108. [PMID: 31816332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is included on the State of California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen. Acrylamide is found in cigarette smoke and in many types of foods, including breads, cereals, coffee, cookies, French fries, and potato chips. In 1990, California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) established a no significant risk level (NSRL) of 0.2 μg/day for acrylamide. Since then, multiple cancer studies have been published. In this report, we developed an updated NSRL for acrylamide. Using benchmark dose modeling and a weight-of-evidence, non-threshold approach to identify the most sensitive species, cancer slope factors (CSFs) were derived based on combined incidences of statistically significant neoplastic lesions in the Harderian gland, lung, and stomach in male mice. We then used a toxicokinetic (TK)-based scaling approach to convert the animal CSF to a human equivalent CSF, which served as the basis for the NSRL of 1.1 μg/day at the cancer risk level of 1 in 100,000. This NSRL can be used in quantitative exposure assessments to assess compliance with Proposition 65 to ascertain either the need for or exemption from the Proposition 65 labeling requirement and drinking water discharge prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Wang
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US.
| | - Zach Guerrette
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Margaret H Whittaker
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Jennifer Ator
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
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7
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Yauk CL, Harrill AH, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, van der Laan JW, Moggs J, Froetschl R, Sistare F, Pettit S. A cross-sector call to improve carcinogenicity risk assessment through use of genomic methodologies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104526. [PMID: 31726190 PMCID: PMC7891877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Robust genomic approaches are now available to realize improvements in efficiencies and translational relevance of cancer risk assessments for drugs and chemicals. Mechanistic and pathway data generated via genomics provide opportunities to advance beyond historical reliance on apical endpoints of uncertain human relevance. Published research and regulatory evaluations include many examples for which genomic data have been applied to address cancer risk assessment as a health protection endpoint. The alignment of mature, robust, reproducible, and affordable technologies with increasing demands for reduced animal testing sets the stage for this important transition. We present our shared vision for change from leading scientists from academic, government, nonprofit, and industrial sectors and chemical and pharmaceutical safety applications. This call to action builds upon a 2017 workshop on "Advances and Roadblocks for Use of Genomics in Cancer Risk Assessment." The authors propose a path for implementation of innovative cancer risk assessment including incorporating genomic signatures to assess mechanistic relevance of carcinogenicity and enhanced use of genomics in benchmark dose and point of departure evaluations. Novel opportunities for the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors to combine expertise, resources, and objectives to achieve a common goal of improved human health protection are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison H Harrill
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Roland Froetschl
- BfArM Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Syril Pettit
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Inbred mice are the most popular animals used for in vivo liver research. These mice are genetically defined, readily available, less expensive to maintain than larger animals, and enjoy a broad array of commercial reagents for scientific characterization. C57BL/6 mice are the most commonly used strain. However, other strains discussed, including BALB/c, C3H, A/J, and FVB/N, may be better suited to a particular disease model or line of investigation. Understanding the phenotypes of different inbred mouse strains facilitates informed decision making during experimental design. Model systems influenced by strain-dependent phenotype include tissue regeneration, drug-induced liver injury (DILI; e.g., acetaminophen), fibrosis (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, CCl₄), Fas-induced apoptosis, cholestasis, alcohol-induced liver disease and cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thoughtful consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of each inbred strain in a given model system will lead to more robust data and a clearer understanding of translational relevance to human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B. Rogers
- Department of Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Al-Neklawy AF. Does oral spirulina protect the cornea from formaldehyde exposure? Application to anatomy laboratories. Clin Anat 2018; 31:830-837. [PMID: 29732620 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the protective effect of spirulina on corneal injury after formaldehyde (FA) exposure was assessed. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I: 12 rats were divided into two subgroups: I-a (negative control) and I-b (positive control). Group II (spirulina group): six rats received spirulina via an oral gavage feeding needle at a daily dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. Group III (FA exposure group): six rats were subjected to 10% FA inhalation for 2 h per day for 2 weeks (5 days per week). Group IV (FA exposure group treated with spirulina): six rats were exposed to 10% FA as in group III, with co-administration of spirulina as in group II. After 2 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed; the corneas were dissected and processed for paraffin sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome (MTC), or avidin-biotin peroxidase, and examined by light microscopy. The sections of rat cornea exposed to FA (Group III) showed disorganized and compressed epithelium with erosions. Subepithelial mononuclear cell infiltration and invasion of blood vessels were also evident. Stromal collagen fibers were disorganized and widely separated. All these changes were ameliorated by administration of spirulina (Group IV). Corneal thickness was nearly normal in Group IV, statistically significantly less than in Group III. It was concluded that spirulina protects against FA-induced corneal injury in rats. Clin. Anat. 31:830-837, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Farid Al-Neklawy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Zhivagui M, Korenjak M, Zavadil J. Modelling Mutation Spectra of Human Carcinogens Using Experimental Systems. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:16-22. [PMID: 27754614 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutation spectra in cancer genomes provide information on the disease aetiology and the causality underlying the evolution and progression of cancer. Genome-wide mutation patterns reflect the effects of mutagenic insults and can thus reveal past carcinogen-specific exposures and inform hypotheses on the causative factors for specific cancer types. To identify mutation profiles in human cancers, single-gene studies were first employed, focusing mainly on the tumour suppressor gene TP53. Furthermore, experimental studies had been developed in model organisms. They allowed the characterization of the mutation patterns specific to known human carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or ultraviolet light. With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, mutation landscapes become revealed on a large scale, in human primary tumours and in experimental models, enabling deeper investigations of the functional and structural impact of mutations on the genome, including exposure-specific base-change fingerprints known as mutational signatures. These studies can now accelerate the identification of aetiological factors, contribute to carcinogen evaluation and classification and ultimately inform cancer prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zhivagui
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
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12
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McCreery MQ, Balmain A. Chemical Carcinogenesis Models of Cancer: Back to the Future. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over a century has elapsed since the first demonstration that exposure to chemicals in coal tar can cause cancer in animals. These observations provided an essential causal mechanistic link between environmental chemicals and increased risk of cancer in human populations. Mouse models of chemical carcinogenesis have since led to the concept of multistage tumor development through distinct stages of initiation, promotion, and progression and identified many of the genetic and biological events involved in these processes. Recent breakthroughs in DNA sequencing have now given us tools to dissect complete tumor genome architectures and revealed that chemically induced cancers in the mouse carry a high point mutation load and mutation signatures that reflect the causative agent used for tumor induction. Chemical carcinogenesis models may therefore provide a route to identify the causes of mutation signatures found in human cancers and further inform studies of therapeutic drug resistance and responses to immunotherapy, which are dependent on mutation load and genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Q. McCreery
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115;,
| | - Allan Balmain
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115;,
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13
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Youssef G, Wallace WAH, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a large animal model for human lung cancer. ILAR J 2016; 56:99-115. [PMID: 25991702 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has resulted in novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific groups of patients. Further studies are required to provide additional advances in diagnosis and treatment. Animal models are valuable tools for studying oncogenesis in lung cancer, particularly during the early stages of disease where tissues are rarely available from human cases. Mice have traditionally been used for studying lung cancer in vivo, and a variety of spontaneous and transgenic models are available. However, it is recognized that other species may also be informative for studies of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by retrovirus infection and has several features in common with adenocarcinoma of humans, including a similar histological appearance and activation of common cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the size and organization of human lungs are much closer to those of sheep lungs than to those of mice, which facilitates experimental approaches in sheep that are not available in mice. Thus OPA presents opportunities for studying lung tumor development that can complement conventional murine models. Here we describe the potential applications of OPA as a model for human lung adenocarcinoma with an emphasis on the various in vivo and in vitro experimental systems available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Youssef
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A H Wallace
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Harvey JB, Hong HHL, Bhusari S, Ton TV, Wang Y, Foley JF, Peddada SD, Hooth M, DeVito M, Nyska A, Pandiri AR, Hoenerhoff MJ. F344/NTac Rats Chronically Exposed to Bromodichloroacetic Acid Develop Mammary Adenocarcinomas With Mixed Luminal/Basal Phenotype and Tgfβ Dysregulation. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:170-81. [PMID: 25732176 PMCID: PMC7899196 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815571680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer mortality in women in the United States. A recent 2-year National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity study showed an increased incidence of proliferative mammary lesions (hyperplasia, fibroadenoma, adenocarcinoma) in F344/NTac rats exposed to bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCA), a disinfection by-product in finished drinking water with widespread human exposure. We hypothesized that the increase in mammary tumors observed in BDCA-exposed F344/NTac rats may be due to underlying molecular changes relevant for human breast cancer. The objective of the study was to compare (1) gene and protein expression and (2) mutation spectra of relevant human breast cancer genes between normal untreated mammary gland and mammary tumors from control and BDCA-exposed animals to identify molecular changes relevant for human cancer. Histologically, adenocarcinomas from control and BDCA-exposed animals were morphologically very similar, were estrogen/progesterone receptor positive, and displayed a mixed luminal/basal phenotype. Gene expression analysis showed a positive trend in the number of genes associated with human breast cancer, with proportionally more genes represented in the BDCA-treated tumor group. Additionally, a 5-gene signature representing possible Tgfβ pathway activation in BDCA-treated adenocarcinomas was observed, suggesting that this pathway may be involved in the increased incidence of mammary tumors in BDCA-exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Harvey
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H-H L Hong
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Bhusari
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T-V Ton
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Special Techniques Group, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J F Foley
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Special Techniques Group, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S D Peddada
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Hooth
- Program Operations Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M DeVito
- General Toxicology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Nyska
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A R Pandiri
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M J Hoenerhoff
- Investigative Pathology Group, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Abstract
Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region.
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Uehara T, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. The DEN and CCl4 -Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 66:14.30.1-14.30.10. [PMID: 25181010 PMCID: PMC4214366 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1430s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often as a complication of fibrosis or cirrhosis. While most human studies of HCC provide crucial insights into the molecular signatures of HCC, seldom do they address the etiology of HCC. Mouse models are essential tools for investigating the pathogenesis of HCC; however, the overwhelming majority of cancer models in rodents do not feature liver fibrosis. Detailed in this unit is a protocol for an experimental mouse model of HCC that arises in association with advanced liver fibrosis. The disease model is induced by a single injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) followed by repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). A dramatic potentiation of liver tumor incidence is observed following administration of DEN and CCl4 , with 100% of mice developing liver tumors at 5 months of age. This model can be employed for studying the molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis and HCC development, and in cancer hazard/chemotherapy testing of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Uehara
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; Phone: +1-870-543-7096; Fax: +1-870-543-7720
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431,corresponding author: Ivan Rusyn, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431; ; Phone/fax: +1-919-843-2596
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17
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Proctor DM, Suh M, Campleman SL, Thompson CM. Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures. Toxicology 2014; 325:160-79. [PMID: 25174529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is associated with increased lung cancer risk among workers in several industries, most notably chromate production workers exposed to high concentrations of Cr(VI) (≥100 μg/m(3)), for which clear exposure-response relationships and respiratory irritation and tissue damage have been reported. Data from this industry are used to assess lung cancer risk associated with environmental and current occupational exposures, occurring at concentrations that are significantly lower. There is considerable uncertainty in the low dose extrapolation of historical occupational epidemiology data to assess risk at current exposures because no published or well recognized mode of action (MOA) for Cr(VI)-induced lung tumors exists. We conducted a MOA analysis for Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer evaluating toxicokinetic and toxicological data in humans and rodents and mechanistic data to assess plausibility, dose-response, and temporal concordance for potential MOAs. Toxicokinetic data support that extracellular reduction of Cr(VI), which limits intracellular absorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, can be overwhelmed at high exposure levels. In vivo genotoxicity and mutagenicity data are mostly negative and do not support a mutagenic MOA. Further, both chronic bioassays and the epidemiologic literature support that lung cancer occurs at exposures that cause tissue damage. Based on this MOA analysis, the overall weight of evidence supports a MOA involving deposition and accumulation of particulate chromium in the bifurcations of the lung resulting in exceedance of clearance mechanisms and cellular absorption of Cr(VI). Once inside the cell, reduction of Cr(VI) results in oxidative stress and the formation of Cr ligands. Subsequent protein and DNA damage lead to tissue irritation, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. These effects, concomitant with increased cell proliferation, result in changes to DNA sequences and/or methylation status that can lead to tumorigenesis. This MOA supports the use of non-linear approaches when extrapolating lung cancer risk occurring at high concentration occupational exposures to environmentally-relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States.
| | - Sharan L Campleman
- University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
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18
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Zhao X, Zhu W, Zha W, Chen F, Wu Z, Liu Y, Huang M. Expression profiles and initial confirmation of long noncoding RNAs in Chinese patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1195-204. [PMID: 25061321 PMCID: PMC4085304 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s64033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue from Chinese patients using lncRNA expression microarray and preliminary analysis. Methods RNA extracted from three paired pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue specimens was used to synthesize double-stranded complementary DNA after labeling and hybridization. The complementary DNA was labeled and hybridized to the lncRNA expression microarray, and array data were analyzed for hierarchical clustering. Gene coexpression networks were constructed to identify interactions among genes. To validate the microarray findings, we measured the relative expression levels of four random differentially expressed lncRNAs in the same tissue used for microarray using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression level of one lncRNA, AK124939, in the paired pulmonary adenocarcinoma/adjacent noncancerous tissue of another 30 patients was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The experimental data were further analyzed and compared with clinical features. Results Of 39,000 lncRNAs investigated, 704 were differentially expressed in pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue; 385 were upregulated and 319 were downregulated compared with those in the adjacent noncancerous tissue (fold change ≥2 and ≤−2, P<0.05). AK124939 expression levels in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma tissue were lower than those found in well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma tissue (P=0.05). Conclusion There are significant differences in the lncRNA expression profiles in Chinese patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. LncRNAs such as AK124939 may be anticancer factors related to the progression of pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjian Zha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Ament Z, Waterman CL, West JA, Waterfield C, Currie RA, Wright J, Griffin JL. A metabolomics investigation of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity in the rat. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5775-90. [PMID: 24161236 DOI: 10.1021/pr4007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGCs) promote tumor growth by altering gene expression, which ultimately leads to cancer without directly causing a change in DNA sequence. As a result NGCs are not detected in mutagenesis assays. While there are proposed biomarkers of carcinogenic potential, the definitive identification of non-genotoxic carcinogens still rests with the rat and mouse long-term bioassay. Such assays are expensive and time-consuming and require a large number of animals, and their relevance to human health risk assessments is debatable. Metabolomics and lipidomics in combination with pathology and clinical chemistry were used to profile perturbations produced by 10 compounds that represented a range of rat non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGC), non-genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogens (non-NGC), and a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen. Each compound was administered at its maximum tolerated dose level for 7, 28, and 91 days to male Fisher 344 rats. Changes in liver metabolite concentration differentiated the treated groups across different time points. The most significant differences were driven by pharmacological mode of action, specifically by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonists. Despite these dominant effects, good predictions could be made when differentiating NGCs from non-NGCs. Predictive ability measured by leave one out cross validation was 87% and 77% after 28 days of dosing for NGCs and non-NGCs, respectively. Among the discriminatory metabolites we identified free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols, as well as precursors of eicosanoid and the products of reactive oxygen species linked to processes of inflammation, proliferation, and oxidative stress. Thus, metabolic profiling is able to identify changes due to the pharmacological mode of action of xenobiotics and contribute to early screening for non-genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ament
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research (MRC HNR), Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K. , The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K. , and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1QR, U.K
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20
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Edler L, Hart A, Greaves P, Carthew P, Coulet M, Boobis A, Williams GM, Smith B. Selection of appropriate tumour data sets for Benchmark Dose Modelling (BMD) and derivation of a Margin of Exposure (MoE) for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic: considerations of biological relevance of tumour type, data quality and uncertainty assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 70:264-89. [PMID: 24176677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses a number of concepts related to the selection and modelling of carcinogenicity data for the calculation of a Margin of Exposure. It follows up on the recommendations put forward by the International Life Sciences Institute - European branch in 2010 on the application of the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. The aims are to provide practical guidance on the relevance of animal tumour data for human carcinogenic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of tumour data for Benchmark Dose Modelling, and approaches for dealing with the uncertainty associated with the selection of data for modelling and, consequently, the derived Point of Departure (PoD) used to calculate the MoE. Although the concepts outlined in this article are interrelated, the background expertise needed to address each topic varies. For instance, the expertise needed to make a judgement on biological relevance of a specific tumour type is clearly different to that needed to determine the statistical uncertainty around the data used for modelling a benchmark dose. As such, each topic is dealt with separately to allow those with specialised knowledge to target key areas of guidance and provide a more in-depth discussion on each subject for those new to the concept of the Margin of Exposure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Edler
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andy Hart
- The Food and Environment Research Agency - FERA, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ York, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Greaves
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip Carthew
- Unilever, Colworth House Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Myriam Coulet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alan Boobis
- Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Ducane Road, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Basic Science Building, Room 413, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Firmenich, Rue de la Bergere 7, 1217-Meyrin 2, Switzerland.
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21
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Walker DM, Patrick O'Neill J, Tyson FL, Walker VE. The stress response resolution assay. I. Quantitative assessment of environmental agent/condition effects on cellular stress resolution outcomes in epithelium. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:268-280. [PMID: 23554083 DOI: 10.1002/em.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The events or factors that lead from normal cell function to conditions and diseases such as aging or cancer reflect complex interactions between cells and their environment. Cellular stress responses, a group of processes involved in homeostasis and adaptation to environmental change, contribute to cell survival under stress and can be resolved with damage avoidance or damage tolerance outcomes. To investigate the impact of environmental agents/conditions upon cellular stress response outcomes in epithelium, a novel quantitative assay, the "stress response resolution" (SRR) assay, was developed. The SRR assay consists of pretreatment with a test agent or vehicle followed later by a calibrated stress conditions exposure step (here, using 6-thioguanine). Pilot studies conducted with a spontaneously-immortalized murine mammary epithelial cell line pretreated with vehicle or 20 µg N-ethyl-N-nitrososurea/ml medium for 1 hr, or two hTERT-immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines pretreated with vehicle or 100 µM zidovudine/lamivudine for 12 days, found minimal alterations in cell morphology, survival, or cell function through 2 weeks post-exposure. However, when these pretreatments were followed 2 weeks later by exposure to calibrated stress conditions of limited duration (for 4 days), significant alterations in stress resolution were observed in pretreated cells compared with vehicle-treated control cells, with decreased damage avoidance survival outcomes in all cell lines and increased damage tolerance outcomes in two of three cell lines. These pilot study results suggest that sub-cytotoxic pretreatments with chemical mutagens have long-term adverse impact upon the ability of cells to resolve subsequent exposure to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Walker
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Herndon, VA, USA
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22
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Kratz F, Warnecke A. Finding the optimal balance: Challenges of improving conventional cancer chemotherapy using suitable combinations with nano-sized drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2012; 164:221-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kadekar S, Peddada S, Silins I, French JE, Högberg J, Stenius U. Gender differences in chemical carcinogenesis in National Toxicology Program 2-year bioassays. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:1160-8. [PMID: 22585941 PMCID: PMC4778959 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312446527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences in cancer incidences between men and women are often explained by either differences in environmental exposures or by influences of sex hormones. However, there are few studies on intrinsic gender differences in susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. We have analyzed the National Toxicology Program (NTP) database for sex differences in rat responses to chemical carcinogens. We found that the odds that male rat bioassays were assigned a higher level of evidence than female rat bioassays was 1.69 (p < .001). Of 278 carcinogenic chemicals in the database, 201 (72%) exhibited statistical gender differences (p ≤ .05) in at least one nonreproductive organ. One hundred thirty of these 201 chemicals induced gender-specific tumors in male rats and 59 in female rats. Sixty-eight chemicals induced tumors in males but no tumors in females. Less than one third (i.e., 19 chemicals) induced tumors in females but not males. Male-specific tumors included pancreatic and skin tumors, and female-specific tumors included lung tumors. For some tumor sites, these differences in gender susceptibility can be associated with literature data on sex hormone receptor expression. In conclusion, gender-specific tumors were common. The male dominance is in line with recent human data, and the male susceptibility to carcinogens should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kadekar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ilona Silins
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John E French
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3646-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Maronpot RR. Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece: The Role of the Toxicologic Pathologist in the Postgenomic Era. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:1082-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312446528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment? Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:91-106. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Beyer LA, Beck BD, Lewandowski TA. Historical perspective on the use of animal bioassays to predict carcinogenicity: Evolution in design and recognition of utility. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:321-38. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.541222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Andersen CL, Lamy P, Thorsen K, Kjeldsen E, Wikman F, Villesen P, Øster B, Laurberg S, Ørntoft TF. Frequent genomic loss at chr16p13.2 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1848-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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