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Wang C, Jin L. Microbial persisters and host: recent advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:658-670. [PMID: 36165023 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2125286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Microbial persisters are defined as the tiny sub-population of microorganisms that develop intrinsic strategies for survival with high tolerance to various antimicrobials. Currently, persister research remains in its infancy, and it is indeed a great challenge to precisely distinguish persister cells from other drug tolerant ones. Notably, the existence of persisters crucially contributes to prolonged antibiotic exposure time and treatment failure, yet there is the formation of antibiotic-resistant mutants. Further understanding on persisters is of profound importance for effective prevention and control of chronic infections/inflammation. The past two decades have witnessed rapid advances on the science, technologies and methodologies for persister investigations, along with deep knowledge about persisters and numerous anti-persister approaches developed. Whereas, various critical issues remain unsolved, such as what are the potential interaction profiles of persisters and host cells, and how to apply what we know about persisters to translational studies and clinical practice. Importantly, it is highly essential to better understand the multifaceted and complex cross-talk of microbial persisters with the host to develop novel tackling strategies for precision healthcare in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Fujikawa T, Tanimoto K, Kawashima Y, Ito T, Honda K, Takeda T, Sonobe A, Aoki N, Bai J, Tsutsumi T. Cholesteatoma has an altered microbiota with a higher abundance of Staphylococcus species. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:2011-2019. [PMID: 36544934 PMCID: PMC9764795 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the microbiota between cholesteatoma and chronic suppurative otitis media (COM) and to identify potential pathogens that explain the relevant phenotypes of cholesteatoma. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Surgical specimens collected from 20 cholesteatomas and nine COMs were treated to dissolve biofilms and subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and amplicon sequence variant-level analysis for microbiota profiling and quantitative comparison. Correlations between the relative abundance of potential pathogens and the volume of the primary resected cholesteatomas were examined. Results Differences in bacterial composition (beta diversity) were observed between cholesteatomas and COM (p = .002), with a higher abundance of Staphylococcus in cholesteatomas than in COM (p = .005). Common genera in the external auditory canal (EAC) flora, such as Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Cutibacterium, were predominant in both cholesteatoma and COM; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were increased in both diseases compared with the EAC flora. Furthermore, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were more abundant in cholesteatomas than in COM (p = 0.002). Linear discriminant analysis coupled with effect size measurements (LEfSe) identified four CoNS as potential biomarkers for cholesteatoma. The relative abundance of S. aureus, a potential pathogen, was positively correlated with cholesteatoma volume (r = .60, p = .02). Conclusion The microbiota of cholesteatoma and COM originated from EAC flora, but the bacterial composition was largely altered. Our results suggested that S. aureus infection is involved in cholesteatoma progression. Level of Evidence 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Fujikawa
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Genome Laboratory, Medical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Taku Ito
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Keiji Honda
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takamori Takeda
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Akane Sonobe
- Genome Laboratory, Medical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Natsuki Aoki
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Tsutsumi
- Department of OtolaryngologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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3
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The Role of Biofilms in Chronic Otitis Media-Active Squamosal Disease: An Evaluative Study. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1279-e1285. [PMID: 34528922 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the presence of biofilms in patients of chronic otitis media (COM)-active squamosal disease and to evaluate the microflora and clinical impact of biofilms. METHODS A total of 35 patients suffering from COM - active squamosal disease was studied. Cholesteatoma sample was collected at the time of mastoid surgery and the same was used to image for biofilms by scanning electron microscope. The said sample was also analyzed microbiologically. RESULTS Biofilms were present in 25 (72%) patients including 6 cases of fungal biofilms (24%). Biofilms were detected irrespective of the micro-organism growth. No statistically significant relationship was observed between biofilms and discharging ear and complications of COM. Though univariate analysis of our data found some correlation between duration of disease, the extent of cholesteatoma and ossicular necrosis but multivariate analysis revealed no such associations, thereby implying a doubtful association between these factors and biofilm. CONCLUSIONS Biofilms are an integral part of cholesteatoma ear disease and sometimes harbors fungal isolates.
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Parnell-Turner H, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS, Kelly Keating M, Bidot WA. Evaluation of the use of paired modified Wright's and periodic acid Schiff stains to identify microbial aggregates on cytological smears of dogs with microbial otitis externa and suspected biofilm. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:448-e122. [PMID: 34351013 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-organisms associated with canine otitis externa (OE) may cause biofilm-associated infections (BAI). A key component of biofilm is microbial aggregate and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) can stain polysaccharide EPS in human otitis media with effusion, but this has not been tested in canine OE. There is no cytological definition for microbial aggregate, and definitive methods for identifying BAI in a clinical setting in canine OE have not been defined. OBJECTIVES To establish whether PAS stain can identify polysaccharide matrix on cytological smears; and to determine the reproducibility of identification of microbial aggregates within a discrete area of stained matrix, using paired modified Wright's and PAS-stained smears. ANIMALS Forty privately-owned dogs presenting to a dermatological referral practice. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this prospective, cross-sectional study, three investigators independently and blindly classified 40 paired modified Wright's-PAS slide sets into groups: aggregate-associated infection (AAI) and non-AAI (n = 27); and control (n = 13). Agreement between investigators for presence of AAI was measured using Fleiss' kappa statistic (FK). Agreement between investigators and dermatologists for presence of AAI upon cytological evaluation, and suspected BAI based on clinical examination, was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic. RESULTS The matrix was confirmed to stain PAS-positive. Interinvestigator agreement for AAI was very good using PAS (0.82 FK) and fair using modified-Wright's (MW) (0.33 FK). Reproducible cytological features associated with AAI were the presence of: three or more distinct aggregates (0.76 FK); discrete areas of PAS-positive matrix (0.70 FK); and the presence of high-density material (0.70 FK) using PAS stain. CONCLUSION PAS can stain the extracellular matrix on otic smears, and a novel protocol for reproducible identification of cytological features such as microbial aggregates has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig E Griffin
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 5610 Kearny Mesa Road, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA
| | | | - M Kelly Keating
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2965 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA
| | - Willie A Bidot
- Office of Animal Resources, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
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5
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Günther F, Blessing B, Dapunt U, Mischnik A, Mutters NT. Ability of chlorhexidine, octenidine, polyhexanide and chloroxylenol to inhibit metabolism of biofilm-forming clinical multidrug-resistant organisms. J Infect Prev 2020; 22:12-18. [PMID: 33841557 DOI: 10.1177/1757177420963829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This in vitro study was designed to determine if standard antiseptics used for skin and environmental surface cleansing can disrupt the metabolic activity (as a measure of viability) of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates within their native biofilms. Methods Sixty clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria were selected for testing in different chlorhexidine gluconate, octenidine, polyhexanide and chloroxylenol concentrations. Metabolic inhibition of biofilm for each clinical isolate was analysed using a biofilm viability assay. Results Chlorhexidine gluconate (mean = 83.8% ± 9.8%) and octenidine (mean = 84.5% ± 6.8%) showed the greatest efficacy against biofilms of the tested microorganisms, with the greatest efficacies against MRSA. The antiseptics demonstrated the least efficacy against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion Chlorhexidine gluconate and octenidine showed the greatest level of bacterial metabolic inhibition and were statistically equivalent. Polyhexanide was more effective than chloroxylenol, but both were inferior to chlorhexidine gluconate and octenidine against the tested organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Günther
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Division of Infection Control, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Heidelberg University Hospital, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Blessing
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dapunt
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nico T Mutters
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Lucidi D, Fernandez IJ, Martone A, Molinari G, Bonali M, Villari D, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Presutti L. Use of IMAGE1 S technology for detection of cholesteatoma in endoscopic ear surgery: a retrospective case series on 45 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1373-1380. [PMID: 32666292 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of selected modalities of Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (IMAGE1 S) in differentiating cholesteatoma during endoscopic ear surgery (EES); to assess the potential usefulness of IMAGE1 S in recognition of cholesteatoma residuals at the end of EES. METHODS A retrospective study on 45 consecutive patients who underwent EES for cholesteatoma between March 2019 and November 2019 at a tertiary referral center was performed. For each case, Spectra A and Spectra B filters were applied intra-operatively. When examining the surgical field, a switch from white light (WL) to IMAGE1 S was performed to detect cholesteatoma and differentiate it from non-cholesteatomatous tissue. When the IMAGE1 S pattern was suspicious for the presence of cholesteatoma, images of the field under both enhancement modalities were taken and the targeted lesions were sent for histologic analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of IMAGE1 S were calculated. A final recognition of the surgical field using the selected filters was performed to detect any possible cholesteatomatous residuals. RESULTS Detection of cholesteatoma by IMAGE1 S selected filters revealed the following data: sensitivity 97%, specificity 95%, PPV 95%, NPV 97%. On three occasions, there was no correspondence between enhanced endoscopy and histology. In 5 out of 45 cases (11%), cholesteatoma residuals, which had not been identified at WL inspection at the end of the procedure, were detected by IMAGE1 S. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential role for IMAGE1 S Spectra A and B filters in EES for cholesteatoma surgery. We propose the integration of IMAGE1 S as a final overview of the surgical cavity for recognition of cholesteatomatous residuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lucidi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Ignacio Javier Fernandez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Martone
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Molinari
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Bonali
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Villari
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Alicandri-Ciufelli
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Presutti
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
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7
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Casazza G, Carlson ML, Shelton C, Gurgel RK. The Medially-Invasive Cholesteatoma: An Aggressive Subtype of a Common Pathology. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 130:38-46. [PMID: 32602346 DOI: 10.1177/0003489420937731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the outcomes of treatment for patients with cholesteatomas that are medially invasive to the otic capsule, petrous apex, and/or skull base. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Two tertiary care academic centers. PATIENTS Patients surgically managed for medially-invasive cholesteatoma at two tertiary care institutions from 2001 to 2017. INTERVENTIONS Surgical management of medially-invasive cholesteatomas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presenting symptoms, imaging, pre- and post-operative clinical course, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS Seven patients were identified. All patients had pre-operative radiographic evidence of invasive cholesteatoma with erosion into the otic capsule beyond just a lateral semicircular canal fistula. Five patients had a complex otologic history with multiple surgeries for recurrent cholesteatoma including three with prior canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries. Average age at the time of surgery was 41.3 years (range 20-83). Two patients underwent a hearing preservation approach to the skull base while all others underwent a surgical approach based on the extent of the lesion. Facial nerve function was maintained at the pre-operative level in all but one patient. No patient developed cholesteatoma recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The medially-invasive cholesteatoma demonstrates an aggressive, endophytic growth pattern, invading into the otic capsule or through the perilabyrinthine air cells to the petrous apex. Surgical resection remains the best treatment option for medially-invasive cholesteatoma. When CSF leak is a concern, a subtotal petrosectomy with closure of the ear is often necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Casazza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Clough Shelton
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard K Gurgel
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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8
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Brandenburg KS, Weaver AJ, Qian L, You T, Chen P, Karna SLR, Fourcaudot AB, Sebastian EA, Abercrombie JJ, Pineda U, Hong J, Wienandt NA, Leung KP. Development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds Using a Sprague-Dawley Rat Model. J Burn Care Res 2020; 40:44-57. [PMID: 30137429 PMCID: PMC6300396 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iry043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We used a modified Walker–Mason scald burn rat model to demonstrate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common opportunistic pathogen in the burn ward and notable biofilm former, establishes biofilms within deep partial-thickness burn wounds in rats. Deep partial-thickness burn wounds, ~10% of the TBSA, were created in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (350–450 g; n = 84). Immediately post-burn, 100 µl of P. aeruginosa in phosphate-buffered saline at 1 × 103, 1 × 104, or 1 × 105 cells/wound was spread over the burn surface . At 1, 3, 7, and 11 days post-burn, animals were euthanized and blood and tissue were collected for complete blood counts, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, biofilm gene expression, histology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and myeloperoxidase activity in the burn eschar. P. aeruginosa developed robust biofilm wound infections, plateauing at ~1 × 109 CFU/g burn tissue within 7 days regardless of inoculum size. Expression of Pseudomonas alginate genes and other virulence factors in the infected wound indicated formation of mature P. aeruginosa biofilm within the burn eschar. Compared to un-inoculated wounds, P. aeruginosa infection caused both local and systemic immune responses demonstrated by changes in systemic neutrophil counts, histology, and myeloperoxidase activity within the burn wound. Additionally, SEM showed P. aeruginosa enmeshed within an extracellular matrix on the burn surface as well as penetrating 500–600 µm deep into the eschar. P. aeruginosa establishes biofilms within deep partial-thickness burn wounds and invades deep into the burned tissue. This new in vivo biofilm infection model is valuable for testing novel anti-biofilm agents to advance burn care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Brandenburg
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alan J Weaver
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Liwu Qian
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tao You
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ping Chen
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - S L Rajasekhar Karna
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrea B Fourcaudot
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eliza A Sebastian
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Johnathan J Abercrombie
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Uzziel Pineda
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jinson Hong
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas.,Armed Forces Busan Hospital, Republic of Korea Army
| | | | - Kai P Leung
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate (DCTRTRD), U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
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Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020059. [PMID: 32028684 PMCID: PMC7167820 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the fact that bacterial biofilm may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease has led to an increased focus on identifying diseases that may be biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are typically chronic in nature, as biofilm-residing bacteria can be resilient to both the immune system, antibiotics, and other treatments. This is a comprehensive review describing biofilm diseases in the auditory, the cardiovascular, the digestive, the integumentary, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system. In most cases reviewed, the biofilms were identified through various imaging technics, in addition to other study approaches. The current knowledge on how biofilm may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease indicates a number of different mechanisms. This spans from biofilm being a mere reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, to playing a more active role, e.g., by contributing to inflammation. Observations also indicate that biofilm does not exclusively occur extracellularly, but may also be formed inside living cells. Furthermore, the presence of biofilm may contribute to development of cancer. In conclusion, this review shows that biofilm is part of many, probably most chronic infections. This is important knowledge for development of effective treatment strategies for such infections.
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10
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Torretta S, Drago L, Marchisio P, Ibba T, Pignataro L. Role of Biofilms in Children with Chronic Adenoiditis and Middle Ear Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050671. [PMID: 31086039 PMCID: PMC6571864 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic adenoiditis occurs frequently in children, and it is complicated by the subsequent development of recurrent or chronic middle ear diseases, such as recurrent acute otitis media, persistent otitis media with effusion and chronic otitis media, which may predispose a child to long-term functional sequalae and auditory impairment. Children with chronic adenoidal disease who fail to respond to traditional antibiotic therapy are usually candidates for surgery under general anaesthesia. It has been suggested that the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy in children with chronic adenoiditis is partially related to nasopharyngeal bacterial biofilms, which play a role in the development of chronic nasopharyngeal inflammation due to chronic adenoiditis, which is possibly associated with chronic or recurrent middle ear disease. This paper reviews the current evidence concerning the involvement of bacterial biofilms in the development of chronic adenoiditis and related middle ear infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Policlinico of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute and LITA Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, 20161 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Policlinico of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tullio Ibba
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Policlinico of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Policlinico of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Bunch PM, Kelly HR. Cholesteatoma. Neuroradiology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44549-8.00042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Lyu AR, Park YH. Blind Sac Approach Using Silastic Block for Cochlear Implantation in Patients with Cholesteatoma. J Audiol Otol 2017; 21:152-155. [PMID: 28942633 PMCID: PMC5621791 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2017.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implant (CI) surgery in cholesteatoma is challenging because of the risk of residual or recurrent infection. Although CI could be done with subtotal petrosectomy in single or staged surgery, this surgery needed additional surgical procedures to obliterate the mastoid cavity. This paper describes a new surgical technique for CI surgery in cholesteatoma without external auditory canal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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