1
|
Hayrapetyan R, Lacour T, Luce A, Finot F, Chagnon MC, Séverin I. The cell transformation assay to assess potential carcinogenic properties of nanoparticles. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 791:108455. [PMID: 36933785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are present in many daily life products with particular physical-chemical properties (size, density, porosity, geometry …) giving very interesting technological properties. Their use is continuously growing and NPs represent a new challenge in terms of risk assessment, consumers being multi-exposed. Toxic effects have already been identified such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammatory effects, and immune reactions, some of which are leading to carcinogenesis. Cancer is a complex phenomenon implying multiple modes of action and key events, and prevention strategies in cancer include a proper assessment of the properties of NPs. Therefore, introduction of new agents like NPs into the market creates fresh regulatory challenges for an adequate safety evaluation and requires new tools. The Cell Transformation Assay (CTA) is an in vitro test able of highlighting key events of characteristic phases in the cancer process, initiation and promotion. This review presents the development of this test and its use with NPs. The article underlines also the critical issues to address for assessing NPs carcinogenic properties and approaches for improving its relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Hayrapetyan
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Théo Lacour
- GenEvolutioN - SEQENS' Lab Porcheville - Bâtiment 1, 2-8 rue de Rouen-ZI de Limay-Porcheville, F-78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Annette Luce
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francis Finot
- GenEvolutioN - SEQENS' Lab Porcheville - Bâtiment 1, 2-8 rue de Rouen-ZI de Limay-Porcheville, F-78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Séverin
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Decision making in next generation risk assessment for skin allergy: Using historical clinical experience to benchmark risk. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105219. [PMID: 35835397 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our aim is to develop and apply next generation approaches to skin allergy risk assessment that do not require new animal test data and better quantify uncertainties. Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation uses safety assessment factors to extrapolate from the point-of-departure to an acceptable human exposure level. It is currently unclear whether these safety assessment factors are appropriate when using non-animal test data to derive a point-of departure. Our skin allergy risk assessment model Defined Approach uses Bayesian statistics to infer a human-relevant metric of sensitiser potency with explicit quantification of uncertainty, using any combination of human repeat insult patch test, local lymph node assay, direct peptide reactivity assay, KeratinoSens™, h-CLAT or U-SENS™ data. Here we describe the incorporation of benchmark exposures pertaining to use of consumer products with clinical data supporting a high/low risk categorisation for skin sensitisation. Margins-of-exposure (potency estimate to consumer exposure level ratio) are regressed against the benchmark risk classifications, enabling derivation of a risk metric defined as the probability that an exposure is low risk. This approach circumvents the use of safety assessment factors and provides a simple and transparent mechanism whereby clinical experience can directly feed-back into risk assessment decisions.
Collapse
|
3
|
van Tongeren TC, Carmichael PL, Rietjens IM, Li H. Next Generation Risk Assessment of the Anti-Androgen Flutamide Including the Contribution of Its Active Metabolite Hydroxyflutamide. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:881235. [PMID: 35722059 PMCID: PMC9201820 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.881235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In next generation risk assessment (NGRA), non-animal approaches are used to quantify the chemical concentrations required to trigger bioactivity responses, in order to assure safe levels of human exposure. A limitation of many in vitro bioactivity assays, which are used in an NGRA context as new approach methodologies (NAMs), is that toxicokinetics, including biotransformation, are not adequately captured. The present study aimed to include, as a proof of principle, the bioactivity of the metabolite hydroxyflutamide (HF) in an NGRA approach to evaluate the safety of the anti-androgen flutamide (FLU), using the AR-CALUX assay to derive the NAM point of departure (PoD). The NGRA approach applied also included PBK modelling-facilitated quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The PBK model describing FLU and HF kinetics in humans was developed using GastroPlus™ and validated against human pharmacokinetic data. PBK model-facilitated QIVIVE was performed to translate the in vitro AR-CALUX derived concentration-response data to a corresponding in vivo dose-response curve for the anti-androgenicity of FLU, excluding and including the activity of HF (-HF and +HF, respectively). The in vivo benchmark dose 5% lower confidence limits (BMDL05) derived from the predicted in vivo dose-response curves for FLU, revealed a 440-fold lower BMDL05 when taking the bioactivity of HF into account. Subsequent comparison of the predicted BMDL05 values to the human therapeutic doses and historical animal derived PoDs, revealed that PBK modelling-facilitated QIVIVE that includes the bioactivity of the active metabolite is protective and provides a more appropriate PoD to assure human safety via NGRA, whereas excluding this would potentially result in an underestimation of the risk of FLU exposure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C.A. van Tongeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tessa C.A. van Tongeren,
| | - Paul L. Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Basili D, Reynolds J, Houghton J, Malcomber S, Chambers B, Liddell M, Muller I, White A, Shah I, Everett LJ, Middleton A, Bender A. Latent Variables Capture Pathway-Level Points of Departure in High-Throughput Toxicogenomic Data. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:670-683. [PMID: 35333521 PMCID: PMC9019810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Estimation
of points of departure (PoDs) from high-throughput transcriptomic
data (HTTr) represents a key step in the development of next-generation
risk assessment (NGRA). Current approaches mainly rely on single key
gene targets, which are constrained by the information currently available
in the knowledge base and make interpretation challenging as scientists
need to interpret PoDs for thousands of genes or hundreds of pathways.
In this work, we aimed to address these issues by developing a computational
workflow to investigate the pathway concentration–response
relationships in a way that is not fully constrained by known biology
and also facilitates interpretation. We employed the Pathway-Level
Information ExtractoR (PLIER) to identify latent variables (LVs) describing
biological activity and then investigated in vitro LVs’ concentration–response
relationships using the ToxCast pipeline. We applied this methodology
to a published transcriptomic concentration–response data set
for 44 chemicals in MCF-7 cells and showed that our workflow can capture
known biological activity and discriminate between estrogenic and
antiestrogenic compounds as well as activity not aligning with the
existing knowledge base, which may be relevant in a risk assessment
scenario. Moreover, we were able to identify the known estrogen activity
in compounds that are not well-established ER agonists/antagonists
supporting the use of the workflow in read-across. Next, we transferred
its application to chemical compounds tested in HepG2, HepaRG, and
MCF-7 cells and showed that PoD estimates are in strong agreement
with those estimated using a recently developed Bayesian approach
(cor = 0.89) and in weak agreement with those estimated using a well-established
approach such as BMDExpress2 (cor = 0.57). These results demonstrate
the effectiveness of using PLIER in a concentration–response
scenario to investigate pathway activity in a way that is not fully
constrained by the knowledge base and to ease the biological interpretation
and support the development of an NGRA framework with the ability
to improve current risk assessment strategies for chemicals using
new approach methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Bryant Chambers
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Logan J Everett
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alistair Middleton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gilmour N, Reynolds J, Przybylak K, Aleksic M, Aptula N, Baltazar MT, Cubberley R, Rajagopal R, Reynolds G, Spriggs S, Thorpe C, Windebank S, Maxwell G. Next generation risk assessment for skin allergy: Decision making using new approach methodologies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105159. [PMID: 35311660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our aim is to develop and apply next generation approaches to skin allergy risk assessment (SARA) that do not require new animal test data and better quantify uncertainties. Significant progress has been made in the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), non-animal test methods, for assessment of skin sensitisation and there is now focus on their application to derive potency information for use in Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA). The SARA model utilises a Bayesian statistical approach to infer a human-relevant metric of sensitiser potency and a measure of risk associated with a given consumer exposure based upon any combination of human repeat insult patch test, local lymph node, direct peptide reactivity assay, KeratinoSens™, h-CLAT or U-SENS™ data. Here we have applied the SARA model within our weight of evidence NGRA framework for skin allergy to three case study materials in four consumer products. Highlighting how to structure the risk assessment, apply NAMs to derive a point of departure and conclude on consumer safety risk. NGRA based upon NAMs were, for these exposures, at least as protective as the historical risk assessment approaches. Through such case studies we are building our confidence in using NAMs for skin allergy risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gilmour
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - J Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - K Przybylak
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - M Aleksic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - N Aptula
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - M T Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - R Cubberley
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - R Rajagopal
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - G Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - S Spriggs
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - C Thorpe
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - S Windebank
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - G Maxwell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Yuan H, Middleton A, Li J, Nicol B, Carmichael P, Guo J, Peng S, Zhang Q. Next generation risk assessment (NGRA): Bridging in vitro points-of-departure to human safety assessment using physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling - A case study of doxorubicin with dose metrics considerations. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 74:105171. [PMID: 33848589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using the chemical doxorubicin (DOX), the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dose metrics selection in the new approach method of integrating physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling and relevant human cell-based assays to inform a priori the point of departure for human health risk. We reviewed the literature on the clinical consequences of DOX treatment to identify dosing scenarios with no or mild cardiotoxicity observed. Key concentrations of DOX that induced cardiomyocyte toxicity in vitro were derived from studies of our own and others. A human population-based PBK model of DOX was developed and verified against pharmacokinetic data. The model was then used to predict plasma and extracellular and intracellular heart concentrations of DOX under selected clinical settings and compared with in vitro outcomes, based on several dose metrics: Cmax (maximum concentration) or AUC (area under concentration-time curve) in free or total form of DOX. We found when using in vitro assays to predict cardiotoxicity for DOX, AUC is a better indicator. Our study illustrates that when appropriate dose metrics are used, it is possible to combine PBK modelling with in vitro-derived toxicity information to define margins of safety and predict low-risk human exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Alistair Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baltazar MT, Cable S, Carmichael PL, Cubberley R, Cull T, Delagrange M, Dent MP, Hatherell S, Houghton J, Kukic P, Li H, Lee MY, Malcomber S, Middleton AM, Moxon TE, Nathanail AV, Nicol B, Pendlington R, Reynolds G, Reynolds J, White A, Westmoreland C. A Next-Generation Risk Assessment Case Study for Coumarin in Cosmetic Products. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:236-252. [PMID: 32275751 PMCID: PMC7357171 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-Generation Risk Assessment is defined as an exposure-led, hypothesis-driven risk assessment approach that integrates new approach methodologies (NAMs) to assure safety without the use of animal testing. These principles were applied to a hypothetical safety assessment of 0.1% coumarin in face cream and body lotion. For the purpose of evaluating the use of NAMs, existing animal and human data on coumarin were excluded. Internal concentrations (plasma Cmax) were estimated using a physiologically based kinetic model for dermally applied coumarin. Systemic toxicity was assessed using a battery of in vitro NAMs to identify points of departure (PoDs) for a variety of biological effects such as receptor-mediated and immunomodulatory effects (Eurofins SafetyScreen44 and BioMap Diversity 8 Panel, respectively), and general bioactivity (ToxCast data, an in vitro cell stress panel and high-throughput transcriptomics). In addition, in silico alerts for genotoxicity were followed up with the ToxTracker tool. The PoDs from the in vitro assays were plotted against the calculated in vivo exposure to calculate a margin of safety with associated uncertainty. The predicted Cmax values for face cream and body lotion were lower than all PoDs with margin of safety higher than 100. Furthermore, coumarin was not genotoxic, did not bind to any of the 44 receptors tested and did not show any immunomodulatory effects at consumer-relevant exposures. In conclusion, this case study demonstrated the value of integrating exposure science, computational modeling and in vitro bioactivity data, to reach a safety decision without animal data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Cable
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Tom Cull
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Mona Delagrange
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Matthew P Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sarah Hatherell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Predrag Kukic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Alistair M Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Thomas E Moxon
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Alexis V Nathanail
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Ruth Pendlington
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Georgia Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rezaykina AV, Petrova NP, Rotanov SV. Up-to-date laboratory methods for assessing the safety of perfumery and cosmetic products in the quality assurance system of the Russian Federation. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2016. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2016-92-2-41-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the developed countries as well as Russian Federation have a dynamically developing quality assurance system for testing the quality of laboratory tests and safety of perfumery and cosmetic products entering the market comprising a regulatory and legal framework, physical infrastructure and appropriate methodical basis and staff. At the same time, it is necessary to develop alternative test methods adjusted to perfumery and cosmetic products on a regular basis. In addition, it is necessary to optimize methods for ensuring standard sample preparation conditions in response to new forms of cosmetic products when determining microbiological, physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics, and more accurate observation methods for clinical and laboratory indices to be approved by supervising authorities.
Collapse
|
9
|
In vitro simulation of drug intestinal absorption. Int J Pharm 2012; 439:165-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
10
|
Creton S, Aardema MJ, Carmichael PL, Harvey JS, Martin FL, Newbold RF, O'Donovan MR, Pant K, Poth A, Sakai A, Sasaki K, Scott AD, Schechtman LM, Shen RR, Tanaka N, Yasaei H. Cell transformation assays for prediction of carcinogenic potential: state of the science and future research needs. Mutagenesis 2011; 27:93-101. [PMID: 21852270 PMCID: PMC3241940 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transformation assays (CTAs) have long been proposed as in vitro methods for the identification of potential chemical carcinogens. Despite showing good correlation with rodent bioassay data, concerns over the subjective nature of using morphological criteria for identifying transformed cells and a lack of understanding of the mechanistic basis of the assays has limited their acceptance for regulatory purposes. However, recent drivers to find alternative carcinogenicity assessment methodologies, such as the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, have fuelled renewed interest in CTAs. Research is currently ongoing to improve the objectivity of the assays, reveal the underlying molecular changes leading to transformation and explore the use of novel cell types. The UK NC3Rs held an international workshop in November 2010 to review the current state of the art in this field and provide directions for future research. This paper outlines the key points highlighted at this meeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Creton
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Balls M. Integrated Testing Strategies and the Prediction of Toxic Hazard. IN SILICO TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732093-00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20-30 years there has been a move towards reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing for industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care and household products, for economic, scientific and animal welfare reasons. The need for alternatives has been emphasised by the EU REACH regulation, which requires the evaluation of tens of thousands of new and existing chemicals, and also within the pharmaceutical industry owing to the increasing rate at which drugs are being withdrawn from the market due to adverse effects not detected during preclinical testing. Significant effort is being placed into the development of non-animal test procedures using existing data, bioinformatics, in chemico, in silico and in vitro approaches and ethical human studies. Information from these diverse sources needs to be used intelligently and selectively leading to the development of what have become known as Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS). In this chapter factors that need to be considered in the development, evaluation, acceptance and use of ITS will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Balls
- Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street Nottingham NG1 4EE UK
| |
Collapse
|