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Gourmelon A, Hubert P, Grignard E, Baumann L, Munn S, Michel C. The benefits of validation of methods for toxicity testing outweigh its costs. ALTEX 2024. [PMID: 38501278 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2403051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The 4th Annual Forum on Endocrine Disrupters organized by the European Commission brought together authors of this article around the topic: "From bench to validated test guidelines: (pre)validation of test methods". Validation activities are meant to demonstrate the relevance and reliability of methods and approaches used in regulatory safety testing. These activities are essential to facilitate regulatory use, still they are largely underfunded and unattractive to the scientific community. In the last decade, there has been large amounts of funding invested in European research towards the development of approaches that can be used in regulatory decision-making, including for the identification of endocrine disrupters. There is a vast pool of candidate test methods for potential regulatory applications, but most of them will not be used due to the absence of consideration of their relevance and reliability outside the method developer's laboratory. The article explains the reasons why such a gap exists between the outputs of research projects and the uptake in a regulatory context. In parallel, there are also increasing expectations from the regulatory science community that validation becomes more efficient with respect to time and resources. This article shares some of the lessons learned and proposes paths forward for validation of new methods that are not intended as one-to-one replacements of animal studies. This includes submitting only mature methods for validation that were developed following good practices and good documentation, proposing a greater emphasis on well-documented transferability studies, and adopting a cost-sharing model between those who benefit from validated methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Baumann
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Environmental Health and Toxicology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Cécile Michel
- REACh-CLP-Endocrine Disrupters Unit, Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Carnesecchi E, Langezaal I, Browne P, Batista-Leite S, Campia I, Coecke S, Dagallier B, Deceuninck P, Dorne JLC, Tarazona JV, Le Goff F, Leinala E, Morath S, Munn S, Richardson J, Paini A, Wittwehr C. OECD harmonised template 201: Structuring and reporting mechanistic information to foster the integration of new approach methodologies for hazard and risk assessment of chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105426. [PMID: 37277057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union, the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) highlights the need to enhance the identification and assessment of substances of concern while reducing animal testing, thus fostering the development and use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) such as in silico, in vitro and in chemico. In the United States, the Tox21 strategy aims at shifting toxicological assessments away from traditional animal studies towards target-specific, mechanism-based and biological observations mainly obtained by using NAMs. Many other jurisdictions around the world are also increasing the use of NAMs. Hence, the provision of dedicated non-animal toxicological data and reporting formats as a basis for chemical risk assessment is necessary. Harmonising data reporting is crucial when aiming at re-using and sharing data for chemical risk assessment across jurisdictions. The OECD has developed a series of OECD Harmonised Templates (OHT), which are standard data formats designed for reporting information used for the risk assessment of chemicals relevant to their intrinsic properties, including effects on human health (e.g., toxicokinetics, skin sensitisation, repeated dose toxicity) and the environment (e.g., toxicity to test species and wildlife, biodegradation in soil, metabolism of residues in crops). The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the OHT standard format for reporting information under various chemical risk assessment regimes, and to provide users with practical guidance on the use of OHT 201, in particular to report test results on intermediate effects and mechanistic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Carnesecchi
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | | | - Patience Browne
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France
| | | | - Ivana Campia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Bertrand Dagallier
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France
| | | | - Jean Lou Cm Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Jose V Tarazona
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francois Le Goff
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Telakkakatu 6, P.O. Box 400, FI-0012, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Leinala
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France
| | | | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Jane Richardson
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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3
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Pistollato F, Madia F, Corvi R, Munn S, Grignard E, Paini A, Worth A, Bal-Price A, Prieto P, Casati S, Berggren E, Bopp SK, Zuang V. Current EU regulatory requirements for the assessment of chemicals and cosmetic products: challenges and opportunities for introducing new approach methodologies. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1867-1897. [PMID: 33851225 PMCID: PMC8166712 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and other EU regulations, such as REACH and the Cosmetic Products Regulation advocate for a change in the way toxicity testing is conducted. Whilst the Cosmetic Products Regulation bans animal testing altogether, REACH aims for a progressive shift from in vivo testing towards quantitative in vitro and computational approaches. Several endpoints can already be addressed using non-animal approaches including skin corrosion and irritation, serious eye damage and irritation, skin sensitisation, and mutagenicity and genotoxicity. However, for systemic effects such as acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity, evaluation of chemicals under REACH still heavily relies on animal tests. Here we summarise current EU regulatory requirements for the human health assessment of chemicals under REACH and the Cosmetic Products Regulation, considering the more critical endpoints and identifying the main challenges in introducing alternative methods into regulatory testing practice. This supports a recent initiative taken by the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM) to summarise current regulatory requirements specific for the assessment of chemicals and cosmetic products for several human health-related endpoints, with the aim of comparing different jurisdictions and coordinating the promotion and ultimately the implementation of non-animal approaches worldwide. Recent initiatives undertaken at European level to promote the 3Rs and the use of alternative methods in current regulatory practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistollato
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Federica Madia
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Sharon Munn
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Elise Grignard
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Alicia Paini
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Silvia Casati
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Elisabet Berggren
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Stephanie K Bopp
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Valérie Zuang
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Unit F3 Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749. TP126, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Grignard E, Håkansson H, Munn S. Regulatory needs and activities to address the retinoid system in the context of endocrine disruption: The European viewpoint. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:250-258. [PMID: 32171711 PMCID: PMC7322530 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption continues to be a matter of high concern, and a subject of intensive activities at the public, political, regulatory and academic levels. Currently, available regulatory test guidelines (TGs) relevant to the identification of endocrine disrupters are largely limited to estrogen, androgen, thyroid and steroidogenesis (EATS) pathways. Thus, there is an increasing interest and need to develop test methods, biomarkers, and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs), for identification and evaluation of endocrine disrupters in addition to the EATS pathways. An activity focusing on the retinoid system has been jointly initiated by the Swedish Chemicals Agency and the European Commission. The retinoid system is involved in fundamental life processes and has been described, in previous work at the OECD, as a system susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption, the disruption of which could contribute to the increasing incidence of certain disorders in humans and wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Grignard
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy.
| | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy.
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5
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Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer BJ, Bremer S, Casati S, Castell J, Combes R, Corvi R, Crespi CL, Cunningham ML, Elaut G, Eletti B, Freidig A, Gennari A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Guillouzo A, Hartung T, Hoet P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Munn S, Janssens W, Ladstetter B, Leahy D, Long A, Meneguz A, Monshouwer M, Morath S, Nagelkerke F, Pelkonen O, Ponti J, Prieto P, Richert L, Sabbioni E, Schaack B, Steiling W, Testai E, Vericat JA, Worth A. Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:49-84. [PMID: 16522150 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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6
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Bal-Price A, Pistollato F, Sachana M, Bopp SK, Munn S, Worth A. Strategies to improve the regulatory assessment of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) using in vitro methods. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:7-18. [PMID: 29476865 PMCID: PMC6095942 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the identification of chemicals that have the potential to induce developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is based on animal testing. Since at the regulatory level, systematic testing of DNT is not a standard requirement within the EU or USA chemical legislation safety assessment, DNT testing is only performed in higher tiered testing triggered based on chemical structure activity relationships or evidence of neurotoxicity in systemic acute or repeated dose toxicity studies. However, these triggers are rarely used and, in addition, do not always serve as reliable indicators of DNT, as they are generally based on observations in adult rodents. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing alternative methodologies that can reliably support identification of DNT triggers, and more rapidly and cost-effectively support the identification and characterization of chemicals with DNT potential. We propose to incorporate mechanistic knowledge and data derived from in vitro studies to support various regulatory applications including: (a) the identification of potential DNT triggers, (b) initial chemical screening and prioritization, (c) hazard identification and characterization, (d) chemical biological grouping, and (e) assessment of exposure to chemical mixtures. Ideally, currently available cellular neuronal/glial models derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) should be used as they allow evaluation of chemical impacts on key neurodevelopmental processes, by reproducing different windows of exposure during human brain development. A battery of DNT in vitro test methods derived from hiPSCs could generate valuable mechanistic data, speeding up the evaluation of thousands of compounds present in industrial, agricultural and consumer products that lack safety data on DNT potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | | | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France
| | | | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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7
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Andersson N, Arena M, Auteri D, Barmaz S, Grignard E, Kienzler A, Lepper P, Lostia AM, Munn S, Parra Morte JM, Pellizzato F, Tarazona J, Terron A, Van der Linden S. Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors in the context of Regulations (EU) No 528/2012 and (EC) No 1107/2009. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05311. [PMID: 32625944 PMCID: PMC7009395 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This Guidance describes how to perform hazard identification for endocrine‐disrupting properties by following the scientific criteria which are outlined in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/2100 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605 for biocidal products and plant protection products, respectively. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1447/full
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8
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Knapen D, Angrish MM, Fortin MC, Katsiadaki I, Leonard M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Munn S, O’Brien JM, Pollesch N, Smith LC, Zhang X, Villeneuve DL. Adverse outcome pathway networks I: Development and applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1723-1733. [PMID: 29488651 PMCID: PMC6004608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Based on the results of a Horizon Scanning exercise sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry that focused on advancing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, the development of guidance related to AOP network development was identified as a critical need. This not only included questions focusing directly on AOP networks, but also on related topics such as mixture toxicity assessment and the implementation of feedback loops within the AOP framework. A set of two articles has been developed to begin exploring these concepts. In the present article (part I), we consider the derivation of AOP networks in the context of how it differs from the development of individual AOPs. We then propose the use of filters and layers to tailor AOP networks to suit the needs of a given research question or application. We briefly introduce a number of analytical approaches that may be used to characterize the structure of AOP networks. These analytical concepts are further described in a dedicated, complementary article (part II). Finally, we present a number of case studies that illustrate concepts underlying the development, analysis, and application of AOP networks. The concepts described in the present article and in its companion article (which focuses on AOP network analytics) are intended to serve as a starting point for further development of the AOP network concept, and also to catalyze AOP network development and application by the different stakeholder communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1723-1733. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michelle M. Angrish
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marie C. Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Leonard
- L’Oréal Advanced Research, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jason M. O’Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Pollesch
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - L. Cody Smith
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Villeneuve DL, Angrish MM, Fortin MC, Katsiadaki I, Leonard M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Munn S, O’Brien JM, Pollesch NL, Smith LC, Zhang X, Knapen D. Adverse outcome pathway networks II: Network analytics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1734-1748. [PMID: 29492998 PMCID: PMC6010347 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological responses to stressors are more complex than the simple one-biological-perturbation to one-adverse-outcome model portrayed by individual adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Consequently, the AOP framework was designed to facilitate de facto development of AOP networks that can aid in the understanding and prediction of pleiotropic and interactive effects more common to environmentally realistic, complex exposure scenarios. The present study introduces nascent concepts related to the qualitative analysis of AOP networks. First, graph theory-based approaches for identifying important topological features are illustrated using 2 example AOP networks derived from existing AOP descriptions. Second, considerations for identifying the most significant path(s) through an AOP network from either a biological or risk assessment perspective are described. Finally, approaches for identifying interactions among AOPs that may result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic responses (or previously undefined emergent patterns of response) are introduced. Along with a companion article (part I), these concepts set the stage for the development of tools and case studies that will facilitate more rigorous analysis of AOP networks, and the utility of AOP network-based predictions, for use in research and regulatory decision-making. The present study addresses one of the major themes identified through a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Horizon Scanning effort focused on advancing the AOP framework. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1734-1748. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M. Angrish
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marie C. Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Leonard
- L’Oréal Advanced Research, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jason M. O’Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan L. Pollesch
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - L. Cody Smith
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Nepelska M, Odum J, Munn S. Adverse Outcome Pathway: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation and Reproductive Toxicity—Development and Application in Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors/Reproductive Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nepelska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, England
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
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LaLone CA, Ankley GT, Belanger SE, Embry MR, Hodges G, Knapen D, Munn S, Perkins EJ, Rudd MA, Villeneuve DL, Whelann M, Willett C, Zhang X, Markus H. Advancing the adverse outcome pathway framework-An international horizon scanning approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1411-1421. [PMID: 28543973 PMCID: PMC6156781 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to conduct whole-organism toxicity tests to understand chemical safety has been outpaced by the synthesis of new chemicals for a wide variety of commercial applications. As a result, scientists and risk assessors are turning to mechanistically based studies to increase efficiencies in chemical risk assessment and making greater use of in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate potential environmental and human health hazards. In this context, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework has gained traction in regulatory science because it offers an efficient and effective means for capturing available knowledge describing the linkage between mechanistic data and the apical toxicity end points required for regulatory assessments. A number of international activities have focused on AOP development and various applications to regulatory decision-making. These initiatives have prompted dialogue between research scientists and regulatory communities to consider how best to use the AOP framework. Although expert-facilitated discussions and AOP development have been critical in moving the science of AOPs forward, it was recognized that a survey of the broader scientific and regulatory communities would aid in identifying current limitations while guiding future initiatives for the AOP framework. To that end, a global horizon scanning exercise was conducted to solicit questions concerning the challenges or limitations that must be addressed to realize the full potential of the AOP framework in research and regulatory decision-making. The questions received fell into several broad topical areas: AOP networks, quantitative AOPs, collaboration on and communication of AOP knowledge, AOP discovery and development, chemical and cross-species extrapolation, exposure/toxicokinetics considerations, and AOP applications. Expert ranking was then used to prioritize questions for each category, where 4 broad themes emerged that could help inform and guide future AOP research and regulatory initiatives. In addition, frequently asked questions were identified and addressed by experts in the field. Answers to frequently asked questions will aid in addressing common misperceptions and will allow for clarification of AOP topics. The need for this type of clarification was highlighted with surprising frequency by our question submitters, indicating that improvements are needed in communicating the AOP framework among the scientific and regulatory communities. Overall, horizon scanning engaged the global scientific community to help identify key questions surrounding the AOP framework and guide the direction of future initiatives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1411-1421. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A. LaLone
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
- Corresponding Authors: ,
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Scott E. Belanger
- Environmental Safety and Sustainability, Global Product Stewardship, Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Michelle R. Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dries Knapen
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Edward J. Perkins
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Murray A. Rudd
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory College, E538 Math and Science Building, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Maurice Whelann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Catherine Willett
- The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hecker Markus
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3
- Corresponding Authors: ,
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Horvat T, Landesmann B, Lostia A, Vinken M, Munn S, Whelan M. Adverse outcome pathway development from protein alkylation to liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1523-1543. [PMID: 27542122 PMCID: PMC5364266 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In modern toxicology, substantial efforts are undertaken to develop alternative solutions for in vivo toxicity testing. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept could facilitate knowledge-based safety assessment of chemicals that does not rely exclusively on in vivo toxicity testing. The construction of an AOP is based on understanding toxicological processes at different levels of biological organisation. Here, we present the developed AOP for liver fibrosis and demonstrate a linkage between hepatic injury caused by chemical protein alkylation and the formation of liver fibrosis, supported by coherent and consistent scientific data. This long-term process, in which inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair occur simultaneously, results from the complex interplay between various hepatic cell types, receptors, and signalling pathways. Due to the complexity of the process, an adequate liver fibrosis cell model for in vitro evaluation of a chemical's fibrogenic potential is not yet available. Liver fibrosis poses an important human health issue that is also relevant for regulatory purposes. An AOP described with enough mechanistic detail might support chemical risk assessment by indicating early markers for downstream events and thus facilitating the development of an in vitro testing strategy. With this work, we demonstrate how the AOP framework can support the assembly and coherent display of distributed mechanistic information from the literature to support the use of alternative approaches for prediction of toxicity. This AOP was developed according to the guidance document on developing and assessing AOPs and its supplement, the users' handbook, issued by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Horvat
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Lostia
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sharon Munn
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Maurice Whelan
- Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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Kleinstreuer NC, Sullivan K, Allen D, Edwards S, Mendrick DL, Embry M, Matheson J, Rowlands JC, Munn S, Maull E, Casey W. Adverse outcome pathways: From research to regulation scientific workshop report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:39-50. [PMID: 26774756 PMCID: PMC11027510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) helps to organize existing knowledge on chemical mode of action, starting with a molecular initiating event such as receptor binding, continuing through key events, and ending with an adverse outcome such as reproductive impairment. AOPs can help identify knowledge gaps where more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, aid in chemical hazard characterization, and guide the development of new testing approaches that use fewer or no animals. A September 2014 workshop in Bethesda, Maryland considered how the AOP concept could improve regulatory assessments of chemical toxicity. Scientists from 21 countries, representing industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and special interest groups, attended the workshop, titled Adverse Outcome Pathways: From Research to Regulation. Workshop plenary presentations were followed by breakout sessions that considered regulatory acceptance of AOPs and AOP-based tools, criteria for building confidence in an AOP for regulatory use, and requirements to build quantitative AOPs and AOP networks. Discussions during the closing session emphasized a need to increase transparent and inclusive collaboration, especially with disciplines outside of toxicology. Additionally, to increase impact, working groups should be established to systematically prioritize and develop AOPs. Multiple collaborative projects and follow-up activities resulted from the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Edwards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Michelle Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Maull
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Berggren E, Amcoff P, Benigni R, Blackburn K, Carney E, Cronin M, Deluyker H, Gautier F, Judson RS, Kass GEN, Keller D, Knight D, Lilienblum W, Mahony C, Rusyn I, Schultz T, Schwarz M, Schüürmann G, White A, Burton J, Lostia AM, Munn S, Worth A. Chemical Safety Assessment Using Read-Across: Assessing the Use of Novel Testing Methods to Strengthen the Evidence Base for Decision Making. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123:1232-40. [PMID: 25956009 PMCID: PMC4671246 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety assessment for repeated dose toxicity is one of the largest challenges in the process to replace animal testing. This is also one of the proof of concept ambitions of SEURAT-1, the largest ever European Union research initiative on alternative testing, co-funded by the European Commission and Cosmetics Europe. This review is based on the discussion and outcome of a workshop organized on initiative of the SEURAT-1 consortium joined by a group of international experts with complementary knowledge to further develop traditional read-across and include new approach data. OBJECTIVES The aim of the suggested strategy for chemical read-across is to show how a traditional read-across based on structural similarities between source and target substance can be strengthened with additional evidence from new approach data--for example, information from in vitro molecular screening, "-omics" assays and computational models--to reach regulatory acceptance. METHODS We identified four read-across scenarios that cover typical human health assessment situations. For each such decision context, we suggested several chemical groups as examples to prove when read-across between group members is possible, considering both chemical and biological similarities. CONCLUSIONS We agreed to carry out the complete read-across exercise for at least one chemical category per read-across scenario in the context of SEURAT-1, and the results of this exercise will be completed and presented by the end of the research initiative in December 2015.
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Munn S, Gerloff K, Landesmann B, Palosaari T, Worth A, Whelan M. Using AOPs to predict Nanoparticle-induced liver toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Munn S, Landesmann B, Nepelska M, Price A, Rolaki A, Sachana M, Wittwehr C, Whelan M. Using AOPs to transition to alternative approaches to predict toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Villeneuve DL, Crump D, Garcia-Reyero N, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, LaLone CA, Landesmann B, Lettieri T, Munn S, Nepelska M, Ottinger MA, Vergauwen L, Whelan M. Adverse outcome pathway development II: best practices. Toxicol Sci 2015; 142:321-30. [PMID: 25466379 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of existing and emerging toxicological knowledge into adverse outcome pathway (AOP) descriptions can facilitate greater application of mechanistic data, including those derived through high-throughput in vitro, high content omics and imaging, and biomarker approaches, in risk-based decision making. The previously ad hoc process of AOP development is being formalized through development of internationally harmonized guidance and principles. The goal of this article was to outline the information content desired for formal AOP description and some rules of thumb and best practices intended to facilitate reuse and connectivity of elements of an AOP description in a knowledgebase and network context. For example, key events (KEs) are measurements of change in biological state that are indicative of progression of a perturbation toward a specified adverse outcome. Best practices for KE description suggest that each KE should be defined as an independent measurement made at a particular level of biological organization. The concept of "functional equivalence" can help guide both decisions about how many KEs to include in an AOP and the specificity with which they are defined. Likewise, in describing both KEs and evidence that supports a causal linkage or statistical association between them (ie, a key event relationship; KER), best practice is to build from and contribute to existing KE or KER descriptions in the AOP knowledgebase rather than creating redundant descriptions. The best practices proposed address many of the challenges and uncertainties related to AOP development and help promote a consistent and reliable, yet flexible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Villeneuve
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Doug Crump
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Markus Hecker
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
| | - Teresa Lettieri
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
| | - Sharon Munn
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
| | - Malgorzata Nepelska
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maurice Whelan
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SK S7N 5B3, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3, Institute for Genomics, Biocompu
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Villeneuve DL, Crump D, Garcia-Reyero N, Hecker M, Hutchinson TH, LaLone CA, Landesmann B, Lettieri T, Munn S, Nepelska M, Ottinger MA, Vergauwen L, Whelan M. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development I: strategies and principles. Toxicol Sci 2015; 142:312-20. [PMID: 25466378 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual framework that organizes existing knowledge concerning biologically plausible, and empirically supported, links between molecular-level perturbation of a biological system and an adverse outcome at a level of biological organization of regulatory relevance. Systematic organization of information into AOP frameworks has potential to improve regulatory decision-making through greater integration and more meaningful use of mechanistic data. However, for the scientific community to collectively develop a useful AOP knowledgebase that encompasses toxicological contexts of concern to human health and ecological risk assessment, it is critical that AOPs be developed in accordance with a consistent set of core principles. Based on the experiences and scientific discourse among a group of AOP practitioners, we propose a set of five fundamental principles that guide AOP development: (1) AOPs are not chemical specific; (2) AOPs are modular and composed of reusable components-notably key events (KEs) and key event relationships (KERs); (3) an individual AOP, composed of a single sequence of KEs and KERs, is a pragmatic unit of AOP development and evaluation; (4) networks composed of multiple AOPs that share common KEs and KERs are likely to be the functional unit of prediction for most real-world scenarios; and (5) AOPs are living documents that will evolve over time as new knowledge is generated. The goal of the present article was to introduce some strategies for AOP development and detail the rationale behind these 5 key principles. Consideration of these principles addresses many of the current uncertainties regarding the AOP framework and its application and is intended to foster greater consistency in AOP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Villeneuve
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Doug Crump
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Markus Hecker
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Teresa Lettieri
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sharon Munn
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Nepelska
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maurice Whelan
- *US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, Environment Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 Canada, Mississippi State University, Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B3, Canada, University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK, University of Minnesota, Water Resources Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77004, Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Harry R, Fraser-Irwin C, Mouat S, Gane E, Munn S, Evans HM. Long-term follow up of paediatric liver transplant recipients: outcomes following transfer to adult healthcare in New Zealand. Intern Med J 2015; 45:580-2. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Harry
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit (NZLTU); Auckland City Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
| | - C. Fraser-Irwin
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology; Starship Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
| | - S. Mouat
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology; Starship Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
| | - E. Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit (NZLTU); Auckland City Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
| | - S. Munn
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit (NZLTU); Auckland City Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
| | - H. M. Evans
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology; Starship Hospital; Auckland New Zealand
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Munn S. Low dose effects: The wider consequences for risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Meek ME, Boobis A, Cote I, Dellarco V, Fotakis G, Munn S, Seed J, Vickers C. New developments in the evolution and application of the WHO/IPCS framework on mode of action/species concordance analysis. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1-18. [PMID: 24166207 PMCID: PMC6701984 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety mode of action/human relevance framework has been updated to reflect the experience acquired in its application and extend its utility to emerging areas in toxicity testing and non-testing methods. The underlying principles have not changed, but the framework’s scope has been extended to enable integration of information at different levels of biological organization and reflect evolving experience in a much broader range of potential applications. Mode of action/species concordance analysis can also inform hypothesis-based data generation and research priorities in support of risk assessment. The modified framework is incorporated within a roadmap, with feedback loops encouraging continuous refinement of fit-for-purpose testing strategies and risk assessment. Important in this construct is consideration of dose–response relationships and species concordance analysis in weight of evidence. The modified Bradford Hill considerations have been updated and additionally articulated to reflect increasing experience in application for cases where the toxicological outcome of chemical exposure is known. The modified framework can be used as originally intended, where the toxicological effects of chemical exposure are known, or in hypothesizing effects resulting from chemical exposure, using information on putative key events in established modes of action from appropriate in vitro or in silico systems and other lines of evidence. This modified mode of action framework and accompanying roadmap and case examples are expected to contribute to improving transparency in explicitly addressing weight of evidence considerations in mode of action/species concordance analysis based on both conventional data sources and evolving methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Meek
- Chemical Risk Assessment, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 1 Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy.
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Beausoleil C, Ormsby JN, Gies A, Hass U, Heindel JJ, Holmer ML, Nielsen PJ, Munn S, Schoenfelder G. Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: science to practice workshop: workshop summary. Chemosphere 2013; 93:847-56. [PMID: 23932820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A workshop was held in Berlin September 12-14th 2012 to assess the state of the science of the data supporting low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses ("low dose hypothesis") for chemicals with endocrine activity (endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs). This workshop consisted of lectures to present the current state of the science of EDC action and also the risk assessment process. These lectures were followed by breakout sessions to integrate scientists from various backgrounds to discuss in an open and unbiased manner the data supporting the "low dose hypothesis". While no consensus was reached the robust discussions were helpful to inform both basic scientists and risk assessors on all the issues. There were a number of important ideas developed to help continue the discussion and improve communication over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beausoleil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Munn S, Goumenou M. Key scientific issues relevant to the identification and characterisation of endocrine disrupting substances—Report of the Endocrine Disrupters Expert Advisory Group. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Matas A, Ambagtsheer JAE, Gaston R, Gutmann T, Hippen B, Munn S, Ona ET, Radcliffe-Richards J, Reed A, Satel S, Weimar W, Danguilan R. A realistic proposal--incentives may increase donation--we need trials now! Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1957-8. [PMID: 22741757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Maxwell G, Kreysa J, Barroso J, Adriaens E, Alépée N, Berg N, Bremer S, Coecke S, Comenges JZ, Corvi R, Casati S, Dal Negro G, Marrec-Fairley M, Griesinger C, Halder M, Heisler E, Hirmann D, Kleensang A, Kopp-Schneider A, Lapenna S, Munn S, Prieto P, Schechtman L, Schultz T, Vidal JM, Worth A, Zuang V. Report of the EPAA–ECVAM Workshop on the Validation of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS). Altern Lab Anim 2012; 40:175-81. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) permits the combination of diverse types of chemical and toxicological data for the purposes of hazard identification and characterisation. In November 2008, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), together with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), held a workshop on Overcoming Barriers to Validation of Non-animal Partial Replacement Methods/Integrated Testing Strategies, in Ispra, Italy, to discuss the extent to which current ECVAM approaches to validation can be used to evaluate partial replacement in vitro test methods (i.e. as potential ITS components) and ITS themselves. The main conclusions of these discussions were that formal validation was only considered necessary for regulatory purposes (e.g. the replacement of a test guideline), and that current ECVAM approaches to validation should be adapted to accommodate such test methods (1). With these conclusions in mind, a follow-up EPAA–ECVAM workshop was held in October 2009, to discuss the extent to which existing validation principles are applicable to the validation of ITS test methods, and to develop a draft approach for the validation of such test methods and/or overall ITS for regulatory purposes. This report summarises the workshop discussions that started with a review of the current validation methodologies and the presentation of two case studies (skin sensitisation and acute toxicity), before covering the definition of ITS and their components, including their validation and regulatory acceptance. The following main conclusions/recommendations were made: that the validation of a partial replacement test method (for application as part of a testing strategy) should be differentiated from the validation of an in vitro test method for application as a stand-alone replacement, especially with regard to its predictive capacity; that, in the former case, the predictive capacity of the whole testing strategy (rather than of the individual test methods) would be more important, especially if the individual test methods had a high biological relevance; that ITS allowing for flexible and ad hoc approaches cannot be validated, whereas the validation of clearly defined ITS would be feasible, although practically quite difficult; and that test method developers should be encouraged to develop and submit to ECVAM not only full replacement test methods, but also partial replacement methods to be placed as parts of testing strategies. The added value from the formal validation of testing strategies, and the requirements needed in view of regulatory acceptance of the data, require further informed discussion within the EPAA forum on the basis of case studies provided by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Joachim Kreysa
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - João Barroso
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Bremer
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - José Z. Comenges
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Silvia Casati
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudius Griesinger
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Marlies Halder
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - André Kleensang
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Lapenna
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sharon Munn
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Len Schechtman
- Innovative Toxicology Consulting, LLC, Lake Worth, FL, USA
| | - Terry Schultz
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrew Worth
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Valérie Zuang
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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Abstract
Lymphoma is a recognized cause of liver damage and in rare instances presents as ALF. In such cases, the underlying malignancy is often difficult to detect. Historically, the prognosis has been poor. Cure has occasionally been achieved with chemotherapy alone. LT in this setting is controversial, but has contributed to successful outcomes, as in the case of the five-yr-old girl reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hope
- Department of Gastroenterology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Boobis AR, Doe JE, Heinrich-Hirsch B, (Bette) Meek ME, Munn S, Ruchirawat M, Schlatter J, Seed J, Vickers C. IPCS Framework for Analyzing the Relevance of a Noncancer Mode of Action for Humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:87-96. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440701749421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meek ME, Berry C, Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Hartley M, Munn S, Olin S, Schlatter J, Vickers C. Re: Guyton, Kathryn Z., Barone, Stanley, Jr., Brown, Rebecca C., Euling, Susan Y., Jinot, Jennifer, Makris, Susan (2008). Mode of action frameworks: a critical analysis. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 11(1): 16-31. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2008; 11:681-685. [PMID: 18821425 DOI: 10.1080/10937400801985648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Woon ST, Ameratunga R, Croxson M, Taylor G, Neas K, Edkins E, Browett P, Gane E, Munn S. Follicular lymphoma in a X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome carrier female. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:153-8. [PMID: 18702745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome is a rare primary immune-deficiency disorder caused by mutations of the SH2D1A or XIAP genes. Males with the disorder are usually in good health until contracting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) whereupon the majority of patients die from fulminant infectious mononucleosis, lymphoma or hypogammaglobulinaemia. This report describes a female carrier with an XLP phenotype who was retrospectively identified after her grandson died from the disorder. Subsequent genetic testing identified the patient's mother and affected maternal grandmother as XLP carriers. The family's medical records were significant. The proband had lymphoma at ages 2 and 8 and made a full recovery following treatment. Both the maternal grandmother and uncle died of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We were concerned that the XLP carrier mother may be predisposed to lymphoma if the normal X chromosome is skewed towards inactivation. The human androgen receptor assay detected random X chromosome inactivation in the carrier mother. EBV was not detected in the lymphoma tissues of the proband and his grandmother, confirming previous findings that EBV is not always associated with lymphoma in XLP. More significantly, our study highlights the importance of identifying XLP in families with a high incidence of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-T Woon
- Department of Virology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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Flann S, Moss R, Thompson T, Clement M, Powell K, Munn S. A cautionary tale. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:746-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Villamil F, Levy G, Grazi GL, Mies S, Samuel D, Sanjuan F, Rossi M, Lake J, Munn S, Mühlbacher F, Leonardi L, Cillo U. Long-term outcomes in liver transplant patients with hepatic C infection receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 2007; 38:2964-7. [PMID: 17112875 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Choice of calcineurin inhibitor may be a contributing factor to deteriorating patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus (HCV). In our multicenter, open-label LIS2T study, de novo liver transplant patients stratified by HCV status were randomized to cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Follow-up data were obtained in an observational study of 95 patients. Mean follow-up was 34 and 37 months, respectively, for cyclosporine-treated (n = 47) and tacrolimus-treated (n = 48) patients. In patients not receiving antiviral therapy, 22 of 31 given cyclosporine (72%) and 24 of 29 given tacrolimus (83%) had biochemical recurrence of HCV. In 68 patients with at least one biopsy, histological evidence of HCV-related hepatitis was present in 27 of 31 (87%) cyclosporine-treated patients and 37 of 37 (100%) tacrolimus-treated patients (P = .02, chi-square test). Three-year actuarial risk of fibrosis stage 2 was 66% with cyclosporine and 90% with tacrolimus; for fibrosis stage 3 or 4 it was 46% and 80%, respectively. Three graft losses were attributed to HCV recurrence in cyclosporine-treated patients and six in tacrolimus-treated patients. Tacrolimus may be associated with increased risk of histological HCV disease recurrence compared to cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Villamil
- Fundación Favoloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Papadavid E, Munn S, Chu A. A symmetrical pustular auricular eruption due to recurrent HSV infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1996.tb00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Recipients of organ and tissue transplants require lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Better understanding of the processes culminating in allograft rejection has led to novel approaches to modulating the immune response. Co-stimulatory signals between antigen-presenting and -responding cells are essential for a normal alloimmune response, and blockade of these pathways during initial graft-host interaction may be used to ameliorate or prevent a destructive response from proceeding. A large number of experimental studies now support this concept, and early clinical trials have been initiated. Despite some early difficulties and many unanswered questions, co-stimulatory blockade has major potential as a future immune-modulating mechanism for use in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartlett
- The New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland Hospital, New Zealand
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Munn S. "Doc, I don't wanna know!": patient-requested noninformed consent. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177:473. [PMID: 11461893 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.177.2.1770473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hibbard S, Tang PC, Latko R, Park JH, Munn S, Bolz S, Somerville A. Differential validity of the Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT between Asian Americans and Whites. Thematic Apperception Test. J Pers Assess 2000; 75:351-72. [PMID: 11117151 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) responses of 69 Asian American (hereafter, Asian) and 83 White students were coded for defenses according to the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991b) and studied for differential validity in predicting paper-and-pencil measures of relevant constructs. Three tests for differential validity were used: (a) differences between validity coefficients, (b) interactions between predictor and ethnicity in criterion prediction, and (c) differences between groups in mean prediction errors using a common regression equation. Modest differential validity was found. It was surprising that the DMM scales were slightly stronger predictors of their criteria among Asians than among Whites and when a common predictor was used, desirable criteria were overpredicted for Asians, whereas undesirable ones were overpredicted for Whites. The results were not affected by acculturation level or English vocabulary among the Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hibbard
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, USA
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Bartlett A, McCall J, Ameratunga R, Munn S. The kinetics of CD154 (CD40L) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects in liver allograft recipients and X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Clin Transplant 2000; 14:520-8. [PMID: 11127303 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.2000.140602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The costimulatory pathways play a key role in T cell activation during allograft rejection (AR). Inhibition of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD154 (CD40 ligand) has been effective in producing long-term allograft survival in rodents and non-human primates. The role of the CD40-CD154 pathway in human orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has not been examined. AIM To describe the patterns of CD154, CD69 and CD152 (CTLA4) expression in OLT recipients and to determine their temporal relationship to AR. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 15 OLT allograft recipients just prior to and for seven consecutive days postoperatively. Gene and protein expression of CD154, CD69 and CD154 were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry (FC), respectively. RESULTS FC failed to demonstrate an up-regulation of CD154 and CD152 protein expression during the first postoperative week. Intracellular FC did not increase the sensitivity. There was an increased level of CD3+ CD8+ T cells expressing CD69 at the time of rejection compared to that on day 0. RT-PCR demonstrated a sporadic expression of CD154 and CD69 mRNA, with no correlation to episodes of acute cellular rejection. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs revealed an impaired up-regulation of CD154 in patients receiving conventional immunosuppression compared to healthy controls. The assays were validated using positive and negative controls, including a family with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. CONCLUSION We found no evidence of spontaneous CD154 gene or protein expression in PBMCs associated with acute rejection episodes following OLT. Immunosuppression resulted in impaired responses to ex vivo stimulation. Lymphocyte costimulatory pathways play a critical role in mediating acute allograft rejection. However, we found no evidence of spontaneous CD154 gene or protein expression in PBMCs associated with acute rejection episodes following OLT. Furthermore, stimulation in vitro resulted in less up-regulation of CD154 than for healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartlett
- The Department of Surgery, The Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Gane E, McCall J, Munn S. Live donor liver transplantation for adults--should we? N Z Med J 2000; 113:363. [PMID: 11130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland Hospital
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Munn S. Live donors for liver transplantation? N Z Med J 2000; 113:86. [PMID: 10855586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Gane E, Munn S. Indications for liver transplantation. N Z Med J 1998; 111:177-9. [PMID: 9640315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland
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Abstract
Cutaneous involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) occurs in 50% of cases and may be the presenting feature. It is, therefore, important to recognize the wide spectrum of clinical disease that this disorder may adopt in the skin. Cutaneous involvement is not necessarily a benign feature and many patients progress to multi-system disease. There are a number of treatments available for cutaneous LCH. The rationale is to start with the simplest treatment and progress to systemic or interventional therapy as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Munn
- Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Pørksen N, Munn S, Steers J, Veldhuis JD, Butler PC. Effects of glucose ingestion versus infusion on pulsatile insulin secretion. The incretin effect is achieved by amplification of insulin secretory burst mass. Diabetes 1996; 45:1317-23. [PMID: 8826965 DOI: 10.2337/diab.45.10.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present studies, we used a recently validated canine model to determine 1) if glucose ingestion stimulates insulin secretion by amplifying the pulsatile component of insulin release, and if so, 2) whether this effect is achieved preferentially through burst mass or frequency modulation, and 3) if the mechanism of incretin effect of insulin secretion is mediated via the pulsatile mode of secretion. We report that 30 g of glucose ingestion stimulates an approximately 550% increase in the overall rate of insulin secretion (1.8 +/- 0.2 to 11.6 +/- 1.5 pmol.kg-1.min-1), which is achieved via an approximately 400% increase in the mass of insulin secreted per burst (202 +/- 38 to 1,003 +/- 147 pmol/pulse, P < 0.001) and a approximately 40% increase in burst frequency (8.7 +/- 0.5 to 12.3 +/- 0.6 pulse/h, P < 0.001). Of the insulin secreted after glucose ingestion, 68% (+/-4) was released in discrete secretory bursts. Further analyses showed that the incretin effect of ingested (GPO) versus infused glucose (GIV) is achieved through regulation of pulsatile insulin secretion. Glucose ingestion led to an approximately 70% greater rate of insulin secretion than intravenous glucose delivery (10.0 +/- 1.6 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.9 pmol.kg-1.min-1, P < 0.005, GPO vs. GIV). This incretin effect was achieved by the specific mechanism of an approximately 70% greater pulse mass (930 +/- 196 vs. 558 +/- 97 pmol/pulse, P < 0.02, GPO vs. GIV) but with a comparable pulse frequency (13.1 +/- 0.9 vs. 12.0 +/- 0.5 pulses/h, P = 0.14, n = 9 dogs, GPO vs. GIV). We conclude that in vivo glucose regulates overall insulin secretion almost exclusively by amplification of the pulsatile mode of insulin secretion, and that the incretin effect is achieved by preferential enhancement of insulin secretory burst mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pørksen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Papadavid E, Yu RC, Munn S, Chu AC. Strict anatomical coexistence of vitiligo and psoriasis vulgaris--a Koebner phenomenon? Clin Exp Dermatol 1996; 21:138-40. [PMID: 8759203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a patient who developed typical psoriatic plaques covering completely or partly the vitiliginous areas of her skin. Her psoriasis was strictly limited to the vitiliginous patches with no involvement of the normal skin. Strict anatomical coexistence of both diseases is extremely rare and suggests a causal mechanism, possibly due to a Koebner phenomenon, but genetic and environmental factors may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papadavid
- Unit of Dermatology, Hammersmith Hospital, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK
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Pørksen N, Munn S, Steers J, Veldhuis JD, Butler PC. Impact of sampling technique on appraisal of pulsatile insulin secretion by deconvolution and cluster analysis. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:E1106-14. [PMID: 8572204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.6.e1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the optimal experimental conditions for assessing pulsatile insulin secretion in vivo. To address this, we employed a recently validated canine model (n = 12) to determine the consequences of 1) sampling from the systemic circulation (SC) vs. the portal vein (PV), 2) sampling intensity and duration, and 3) deconvolution vs. cluster analysis on assessing pulsatile insulin secretion. PV vs. SC sampling resulted in a approximately 40% higher pulse frequency by deconvolution (9.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 6.6 +/- 0.9 pulses/h, P < 0.02) and cluster analysis (7.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.6 pulses/h, P < 0.01) due to a higher signal-to-noise ratio (19 +/- 4.8 PV vs. 12 +/- 1.8 SC). PV sampling also disclosed a higher calculated contribution of the pulsatile vs. nonpulsatile mode of delivery to total insulin secretion (57 +/- 4 vs. 28 +/- 5%, P < 0.001). Analysis of the relevance of sampling intensity revealed that 1-min data yielded a markedly higher estimate of pulse frequency with PV sampling than 2-min data (9.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.5, P < 0.02, deconvolution; 7.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.6 pulses/h, P < 0.001, cluster). Optimal sampling duration was shown to be 40 min or more. We conclude that the resolving power of the analytical tool, the anatomic site of blood withdrawal, the frequency of blood sampling, and the duration of the total observation interval all significantly influence estimated insulin secretory pulse frequency and the fraction of insulin secreted in pulses. With the assumption that PV 1-min insulin data constitute the "gold standard," our in vivo inferences of 7.5-9.0 insulin pulses/h closely recapitulate in vitro islet secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pørksen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Gender-stereotypical responses and critical health information were examined in this posttest-only experiment. Thirty-eight university women students and staff were randomly assigned to a gender-stereotyped or a nonstereotyped health interview. Gender-biased cues were embedded in three of the five questions in the gender-stereotyped interview. Women in the gender-stereotyped interview responded with significantly more gender-stereotypical responses. However, no subjects felt affected by the gender-biased cues. Findings suggest that women affirm gender-biased questions asked in health interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D McDonald
- University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, Storrs 06269-2026, USA
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