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Ilbeigi K, Barata C, Barbosa J, Bertram MG, Caljon G, Costi MP, Kroll A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Thoré ES, Bundschuh M. Assessing Environmental Risks during the Drug Development Process for Parasitic Vector-Borne Diseases: A Critical Reflection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1026-1033. [PMID: 38533709 PMCID: PMC11019539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent nearly 20% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Moreover, the spread of VBDs is enhanced by global travel, urbanization, and climate change. Treatment of VBDs faces challenges due to limitations of existing drugs, as the potential for side effects in nontarget species raises significant environmental concerns. Consequently, considering environmental risks early in drug development processes is critically important. Here, we examine the environmental risk assessment process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and identify major gaps in the ecotoxicity data of these drugs. By highlighting the scarcity of ecotoxicological data for commonly used antiparasitic drugs, we stress the urgent need for considering the One Health concept. We advocate for employing predictive tools and nonanimal methodologies such as New Approach Methodologies at early stages of antiparasitic drug research and development. Furthermore, adopting progressive approaches to mitigate ecological risks requires the integration of nonstandard tests that account for real-world complexities and use environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Such a strategy is vital for a sustainable drug development process as it adheres to the principles of One Health, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute
of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Barbosa
- Blue
Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Bertram
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of
Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
| | - Eli S.J. Thoré
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- TRANSfarm - Science, Engineering,
& Technology Group, KU
Leuven, 3360 Lovenjoel, Belgium
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES
Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences,
RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Winter MJ. Cross-Species Extrapolation of Biological Data to Guide the Environmental Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals-The State of the Art and Future Priorities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:513-525. [PMID: 37067359 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The extrapolation of biological data across species is a key aspect of biomedical research and drug development. In this context, comparative biology considerations are applied with the goal of understanding human disease and guiding the development of effective and safe medicines. However, the widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment and the need to assess the risk posed to wildlife have prompted a renewed interest in the extrapolation of pharmacological and toxicological data across the entire tree of life. To address this challenge, a biological "read-across" approach, based on the use of mammalian data to inform toxicity predictions in wildlife species, has been proposed as an effective way to streamline the environmental safety assessment of pharmaceuticals. Yet, how effective has this approach been, and are we any closer to being able to accurately predict environmental risk based on known human risk? We discuss the main theoretical and experimental advancements achieved in the last 10 years of research in this field. We propose that a better understanding of the functional conservation of drug targets across species and of the quantitative relationship between target modulation and adverse effects should be considered as future research priorities. This pharmacodynamic focus should be complemented with the application of higher-throughput experimental and computational approaches to accelerate the prediction of internal exposure dynamics. The translation of comparative (eco)toxicology research into real-world applications, however, relies on the (limited) availability of experts with the skill set needed to navigate the complexity of the problem; hence, we also call for synergistic multistakeholder efforts to support and strengthen comparative toxicology research and education at a global level. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:513-525. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- Global Sustainability, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
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3
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Langan LM, Paparella M, Burden N, Constantine L, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Miller TH, Moe SJ, Owen SF, Schaffert A, Sikanen T. Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:559-574. [PMID: 36722131 PMCID: PMC10390655 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, 20 key questions related to hazard and exposure assessment and environmental and health risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the natural environment were identified. A decade later, this article examines the current level of knowledge around one of the lowest-ranking questions at that time, number 19: "Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods?" The inclusion of alternative methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal testing within the regulatory context of risk and hazard assessment of chemicals generally faces many hurdles, although this varies both by organism (human-centric vs. other), sector, and geographical region or country. Focusing on the past 10 years, only works that might reasonably be considered to contribute to advancements in the field of aquatic environmental risk assessment are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to methods of contemporary interest and importance, representing progress in (1) the development of methods which provide equivalent or better data compared with current in vivo methods such as bioaccumulation, (2) weight of evidence, or (3) -omic-based applications. Evolution and convergence of these risk assessment areas offer the basis for fundamental frameshifts in how data are collated and used for the protection of taxa across the breadth of the aquatic environment. Looking to the future, we are at a tipping point, with a need for a global and inclusive approach to establish consensus. Bringing together these methods (both new and old) for regulatory assessment and decision-making will require a concerted effort and orchestration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:559-574. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Martin Paparella
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NQ, UK
| | - Thomas H. Miller
- Centre for Pollution Research & Policy, Environmental Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - S. Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Alexandra Schaffert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
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4
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Hamilton CM, Winter MJ, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Tyler CR. Are synthetic glucocorticoids in the aquatic environment a risk to fish? Environ Int 2022; 162:107163. [PMID: 35240385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticosteroid, or glucocorticoid (GC), system is largely conserved across vertebrates and plays a central role in numerous vital physiological processes including bone development, immunomodulation, and modification of glucose metabolism and the induction of stress-related behaviours. As a result of their wide-ranging actions, synthetic GCs are widely prescribed for numerous human and veterinary therapeutic purposes and consequently have been detected extensively within the aquatic environment. Synthetic GCs designed for humans are pharmacologically active in non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, however they are generally detected in surface waters at low (ng/L) concentrations. In this review, we assess the potential environmental risk of synthetic GCs to fish by comparing available experimental data and effect levels in fish with those in mammals. We found the majority of compounds were predicted to have insignificant risk to fish, however some compounds were predicted to be of moderate and high risk to fish, although the dataset of compounds used for this analysis was small. Given the common mode of action and high level of inter-species target conservation exhibited amongst the GCs, we also give due consideration to the potential for mixture effects, which may be particularly significant when considering the potential for environmental impact from this class of pharmaceuticals. Finally, we also provide recommendations for further research to more fully understand the potential environmental impact of this relatively understudied group of commonly prescribed human and veterinary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Hamilton
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK.
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Clerbaux LA, Amigó N, Amorim MJ, Bal-Price A, Batista Leite S, Beronius A, Bezemer GFG, Bostroem AC, Carusi A, Coecke S, Concha R, Daskalopoulos EP, De Bernardi F, Edrosa E, Edwards SW, Filipovska J, Garcia-Reyero N, Gavins FNE, Halappanavar S, Hargreaves AJ, Hogberg HT, Huynh MT, Jacobson D, Josephs-Spaulding J, Kim YJ, Kong HJ, Krebs CE, Lam A, Landesmann B, Layton A, Lee YO, Macmillan DS, Mantovani A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Martens M, Masereeuw R, Mayasich SA, Mei LM, Mortensen H, Munoz Pineiro A, Nymark P, Ohayon E, Ojasi J, Paini A, Parissis N, Parvatam S, Pistollato F, Sachana M, Sørli JB, Sullivan KM, Sund J, Tanabe S, Tsaioun K, Vinken M, Viviani L, Waspe J, Willett C, Wittwehr C. COVID-19 through Adverse Outcome Pathways: Building networks to better understand the disease - 3rd CIAO AOP Design Workshop. ALTEX 2022; 39:322–335. [PMID: 35032963 PMCID: PMC10069302 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On April 28-29, 2021, 50 scientists from different fields of expertise met for the 3rd online CIAO workshop. The CIAO project “Modelling the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 using the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework” aims at building a holistic assembly of the available scientific knowledge on COVID-19 using the AOP framework. An individual AOP depicts the disease progression from the initial contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus through biological key events (KE) toward an adverse outcome such as respiratory distress, anosmia or multiorgan failure. Assembling the individual AOPs into a network highlights shared KEs as central biological nodes involved in multiple outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients. During the workshop, the KEs and AOPs established so far by the CIAO members were presented and positioned on a timeline of the disease course. Modulating factors influencing the progression and severity of the disease were also addressed as well as factors beyond purely biological phenomena. CIAO relies on an interdisciplinary crowdsourcing effort, therefore, approaches to expand the CIAO network by widening the crowd and reaching stakeholders were also discussed. To conclude the workshop, it was decided that the AOPs/KEs will be further consolidated, integrating virus variants and long COVID when relevant, while an outreach campaign will be launched to broaden the CIAO scientific crowd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Rachel Concha
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, Green Neuroscience Laboratory, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Francesca De Bernardi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Eizleayne Edrosa
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Felicity N E Gavins
- The Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine (CIRTM), Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helena T Hogberg
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mylène T Huynh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Young Jun Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hyun Joon Kong
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Ann Lam
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Oh Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- The Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine (CIRTM), Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Marvin Martens
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sally A Mayasich
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Aquatic Sciences Center at US EPA, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elan Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joshi Ojasi
- Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Surat Parvatam
- Centre for Predictive Human Model Systems Atal Incubation Centre - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Habsiguda, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jukka Sund
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Shihori Tanabe
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Katya Tsaioun
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Marmon P, Owen SF, Margiotta-Casaluci L. Pharmacology-informed prediction of the risk posed to fish by mixtures of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment. Environ Int 2021; 146:106222. [PMID: 33157376 PMCID: PMC7786791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment has raised concern that chronic exposure to these compounds may cause adverse effects in wild fish populations. This potential scenario has led some stakeholders to advocate a stricter regulation of NSAIDs, especially diclofenac. Considering their global clinical importance for the management of pain and inflammation, any regulation that may affect patient access to NSAIDs will have considerable implications for public health. The current environmental risk assessment of NSAIDs is driven by the results of a limited number of standard toxicity tests and does not take into account mechanistic and pharmacological considerations. Here we present a pharmacology-informed framework that enables the prediction of the risk posed to fish by 25 different NSAIDs and their dynamic mixtures. Using network pharmacology approaches, we demonstrated that these 25 NSAIDs display a significant mechanistic promiscuity that could enhance the risk of target-mediated mixture effects near environmentally relevant concentrations. Integrating NSAIDs pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, we provide highly specific predictions of the adverse phenotypes associated with exposure to NSAIDs, and we developed a visual multi-scale model to guide the interpretation of the toxicological relevance of any given set of NSAIDs exposure data. Our analysis demonstrated a non-negligible risk posed to fish by NSAID mixtures in situations of high drug use and low dilution of waste-water treatment plant effluents. We anticipate that this predictive framework will support the future regulatory environmental risk assessment of NSAIDs and increase the effectiveness of ecopharmacovigilance strategies. Moreover, it can facilitate the prediction of the toxicological risk posed by mixtures via the implementation of mechanistic considerations and could be readily extended to other classes of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Marmon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
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7
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Legler J, Zalko D, Jourdan F, Jacobs M, Fromenty B, Balaguer P, Bourguet W, Munic Kos V, Nadal A, Beausoleil C, Cristobal S, Remy S, Ermler S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Griffin JL, Blumberg B, Chesné C, Hoffmann S, Andersson PL, Kamstra JH. The GOLIATH Project: Towards an Internationally Harmonised Approach for Testing Metabolism Disrupting Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3480. [PMID: 32423144 PMCID: PMC7279023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this project report is to introduce the European "GOLIATH" project, a new research project which addresses one of the most urgent regulatory needs in the testing of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely the lack of methods for testing EDCs that disrupt metabolism and metabolic functions. These chemicals collectively referred to as "metabolism disrupting compounds" (MDCs) are natural and anthropogenic chemicals that can promote metabolic changes that can ultimately result in obesity, diabetes, and/or fatty liver in humans. This project report introduces the main approaches of the project and provides a focused review of the evidence of metabolic disruption for selected EDCs. GOLIATH will generate the world's first integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) specifically tailored to MDCs. GOLIATH will focus on the main cellular targets of metabolic disruption-hepatocytes, pancreatic endocrine cells, myocytes and adipocytes-and using an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework will provide key information on MDC-related mode of action by incorporating multi-omic analyses and translating results from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models and assays to adverse metabolic health outcomes in humans at real-life exposures. Given the importance of international acceptance of the developed test methods for regulatory use, GOLIATH will link with ongoing initiatives of the Organisation for Economic Development (OECD) for test method (pre-)validation, IATA, and AOP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniel Zalko
- INRAE Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Metabolism and Xenobiotics (MeX) Team, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (D.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Fabien Jourdan
- INRAE Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Metabolism and Xenobiotics (MeX) Team, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (D.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Miriam Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton OXON. OX11 0RQ, UK;
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) INSERM UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Université de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - William Bourguet
- Center for Structural Biochemistry (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Universitas Miguel Hernandez, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain;
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- ANSES, Direction de l’Evaluation des Risques, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort CEDEX, France;
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Sustainable Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, 2400 Mol, Belgium;
| | - Sibylle Ermler
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (S.E.); (L.M.-C.)
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (S.E.); (L.M.-C.)
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, 2011 BioSci 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA;
| | - Christophe Chesné
- Biopredic International, Parc d’Activité de la Bretèche Bâtiment A4, 35760 Saint Grégoire, France;
| | | | | | - Jorke H. Kamstra
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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8
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Mahony C, Ashton RS, Birk B, Boobis AR, Cull T, Daston GP, Ewart L, Knudsen TB, Manou I, Maurer-Stroh S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Müller BP, Nordlund P, Roberts RA, Steger-Hartmann T, Vandenbossche E, Viant MR, Vinken M, Whelan M, Zvonimir Z, Cronin MTD. New ideas for non-animal approaches to predict repeated-dose systemic toxicity: Report from an EPAA Blue Sky Workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104668. [PMID: 32335207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a 'Blue Sky Workshop' on new ideas for non-animal approaches to predict repeated-dose systemic toxicity. The aim of the Workshop was to formulate strategic ideas to improve and increase the applicability, implementation and acceptance of modern non-animal methods to determine systemic toxicity. The Workshop concluded that good progress is being made to assess repeated dose toxicity without animals taking advantage of existing knowledge in toxicology, thresholds of toxicological concern, adverse outcome pathways and read-across workflows. These approaches can be supported by New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) utilising modern molecular technologies and computational methods. Recommendations from the Workshop were based around the needs for better chemical safety assessment: how to strengthen the evidence base for decision making; to develop, standardise and harmonise NAMs for human toxicity; and the improvement in the applicability and acceptance of novel techniques. "Disruptive thinking" is required to reconsider chemical legislation, validation of NAMs and the opportunities to move away from reliance on animal tests. Case study practices and data sharing, ensuring reproducibility of NAMs, were viewed as crucial to the improvement of non-animal test approaches for systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randolph S Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53715, USA.
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Straβe 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Alan R Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tom Cull
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - George P Daston
- Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Veroli Consulting Limited, Cambridge, UK; Emulate Inc, 27 Dry Dock Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Irene Manou
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) Industry Secretariat, Belgium.
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Innovations in Chemical and Food Safety, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | | | | | - Pär Nordlund
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Ruth A Roberts
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Thomas Steger-Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstraβe 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy.
| | - Zvonar Zvonimir
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) Industry Secretariat, Belgium.
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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9
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Brooks BW, Sabo-Attwood T, Choi K, Kim S, Kostal J, LaLone CA, Langan LM, Margiotta-Casaluci L, You J, Zhang X. Toxicology Advances for 21 st Century Chemical Pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:312-316. [PMID: 34171027 PMCID: PMC7181993 DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution represents a leading threat to global health and ecosystems. Systems-based initiatives, including Planetary Health, EcoHealth, and One Health, require theoretical and translational platforms to address chemical pollution. Comparative and predictive toxicology are providing integrative approaches for identifying problematic contaminants, designing less hazardous alternatives, and reducing the impacts of chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Brooks
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jakub Kostal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Laura M Langan
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Ellis T, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Pottinger TG, Morris S, Reese RA, Sumpter JP, Scott AP. Immunoassays are not immune to errors: Examples from two studies of steroid output from freshwater trout farms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113226. [PMID: 31374286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A "reproducibility crisis" is widespread across scientific disciplines, where results and conclusions of studies are not supported by subsequent investigation. Here we provide a steroid immunoassay example where human errors generated unreproducible results and conclusions. Our study was triggered by a scientific report citing abnormally high concentrations (means of 4-79 ng L-1) of three natural sex steroids [11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2)] in water samples collected from two UK rivers over 4 years (2002-6). Furthermore, the data suggested that trout farms were a major source because reported steroid concentrations were 1.3-6 times higher downstream than upstream. We hypothesised that the reported levels were erroneous due to substances co-extracted from the water causing matrix effects (i.e. "false positives") during measurement by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). Thus, in collaboration with three other groups (including the one that had conducted the 2002-6 study), we carried out field sampling and assaying to examine this hypothesis. Water samples were collected in 2010 from the same sites and prepared for assay using an analogous method [C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by extract clean-up with aminopropyl SPE]. Additional quality control ("spiked" and "blank") samples were processed. Water extracts were assayed for steroids using radioimmunoassay (RIA) as well as EIA. Although there were statistically significant differences between EIA and RIA (and laboratories), there was no indication of matrix effects in the EIAs. Both the EIAs and RIAs (uncorrected for recovery) measured all three natural steroids at <0.6 ng L-1 in all river water samples, indicating that the trout farms were not a significant source of natural steroids. The differences between the two studies were considerable: E2 and T concentrations were ca. 100-fold lower and 11-KT ca. 1000-fold lower than those reported in the 2002-6 study. In the absence of evidence for any marked changes in husbandry practice (e.g. stock, diet) or environmental conditions (e.g. water flow rate) between the study periods, we concluded that calculation errors were probably made in the first (2002-6) study associated with confusion between extract and water sample concentrations. The second (2010) study also had several identified examples of calculation error (use of an incorrect standard curve; extrapolation below the minimum standard; confusion of assay dilutions during result work-up; failure to correct for loss during extraction) and an example of sample contamination. Similar and further errors have been noted in other studies. It must be recognised that assays do not provide absolute measurements and are prone to a variety of errors, so published steroid levels should be viewed with caution until independently confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Brunel University London, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Tom G Pottinger
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Fish Ecophysiology, Lake Ecosystem Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Steve Morris
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - R Allan Reese
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Brunel University London, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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11
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Rivetti C, Allen TEH, Brown JB, Butler E, Carmichael PL, Colbourne JK, Dent M, Falciani F, Gunnarsson L, Gutsell S, Harrill JA, Hodges G, Jennings P, Judson R, Kienzler A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Muller I, Owen SF, Rendal C, Russell PJ, Scott S, Sewell F, Shah I, Sorrel I, Viant MR, Westmoreland C, White A, Campos B. Vision of a near future: Bridging the human health-environment divide. Toward an integrated strategy to understand mechanisms across species for chemical safety assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104692. [PMID: 31669395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that application of mechanistic approaches to understand cross-species shared molecular targets and pathway conservation in the context of hazard characterization, provide significant opportunities in risk assessment (RA) for both human health and environmental safety. Specifically, it has been recognized that a more comprehensive and reliable understanding of similarities and differences in biological pathways across a variety of species will better enable cross-species extrapolation of potential adverse toxicological effects. Ultimately, this would also advance the generation and use of mechanistic data for both human health and environmental RA. A workshop brought together representatives from industry, academia and government to discuss how to improve the use of existing data, and to generate new NAMs data to derive better mechanistic understanding between humans and environmentally-relevant species, ultimately resulting in holistic chemical safety decisions. Thanks to a thorough dialogue among all participants, key challenges, current gaps and research needs were identified, and potential solutions proposed. This discussion highlighted the common objective to progress toward more predictive, mechanistically based, data-driven and animal-free chemical safety assessments. Overall, the participants recognized that there is no single approach which would provide all the answers for bridging the gap between mechanism-based human health and environmental RA, but acknowledged we now have the incentive, tools and data availability to address this concept, maximizing the potential for improvements in both human health and environmental RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rivetti
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E H Allen
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James B Brown
- Department of Genome Dynamics Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emma Butler
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - John K Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dent
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Falciani
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Gunnarsson
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua A Harrill
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilie Rendal
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Russell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Scott
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Sewell
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Shah
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Ian Sorrel
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Campos
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Dusza H, Moreira I, Winter MJ, Prior H. Development of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for cardiotoxicity mediated by the blockade of L-type calcium channels. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Rand-Weaver M, Winter MJ. Testing the Translational Power of the Zebrafish: An Interspecies Analysis of Responses to Cardiovascular Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31474857 PMCID: PMC6707810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is rapidly emerging as a promising alternative in vivo model for the detection of drug-induced cardiovascular effects. Despite its increasing popularity, the ability of this model to inform the drug development process is often limited by the uncertainties around the quantitative relevance of zebrafish responses compared with nonclinical mammalian species and ultimately humans. In this test of concept study, we provide a comparative quantitative analysis of the in vivo cardiovascular responses of zebrafish, rat, dog, and human to three model compounds (propranolol, losartan, and captopril), which act as modulators of two key systems (beta-adrenergic and renin–angiotensin systems) involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions. We used in vivo imaging techniques to generate novel experimental data of drug-mediated cardiovascular effects in zebrafish larvae. These data were combined with a database of interspecies mammalian responses (i.e., heart rate, blood flow, vessel diameter, and stroke volume) extracted from the literature to perform a meta-analysis of effect size and direction across multiple species. In spite of the high heterogeneity of study design parameters, our analysis highlighted that zebrafish and human responses were largely comparable in >80% of drug/endpoint combinations. However, it also revealed a high intraspecies variability, which, in some cases, prevented a conclusive interpretation of the drug-induced effect. Despite the shortcomings of our study, the meta-analysis approach, combined with a suitable data visualization strategy, enabled us to observe patterns of response that would likely remain undetected with more traditional methods of qualitative comparative analysis. We propose that expanding this approach to larger datasets encompassing multiple drugs and modes of action would enable a rigorous and systematic assessment of the applicability domain of the zebrafish from both a mechanistic and phenotypic standpoint. This will increase the confidence in its application for the early detection of adverse drug reactions in any major organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stewart F Owen
- Global Safety, Health & Environment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Rand-Weaver
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Winter
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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14
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Gunnarsson L, Snape JR, Verbruggen B, Owen SF, Kristiansson E, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Österlund T, Hutchinson K, Leverett D, Marks B, Tyler CR. Pharmacology beyond the patient - The environmental risks of human drugs. Environ Int 2019; 129:320-332. [PMID: 31150974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a growing global concern and although environmental risk assessment is required for approval of new drugs in Europe and the USA, the adequacy of the current triggers and the effects-based assessments has been questioned. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive analysis of all regulatory compliant aquatic ecotoxicity data and evaluate the current triggers and effects-based environmental assessments to facilitate the development of more efficient approaches for pharmaceuticals toxicity testing. METHODS Publicly-available regulatory compliant ecotoxicity data for drugs targeting human proteins was compiled together with pharmacological information including drug targets, Cmax and lipophilicity. Possible links between these factors and the ecotoxicity data for effects on, growth, mortality and/or reproduction, were evaluated. The environmental risks were then assessed based on a combined analysis of drug toxicity and predicted environmental concentrations based on European patient consumption data. RESULTS For most (88%) of the of 975 approved small molecule drugs targeting human proteins a complete set of regulatory compliant ecotoxicity data in the public domain was lacking, highlighting the need for both intelligent approaches to prioritize legacy human drugs for a tailored environmental risk assessment and a transparent database that captures environmental data. We show that presence/absence of drug-target orthologues are predictive of susceptible species for the more potent drugs. Drugs that target the endocrine system represent the highest potency and greatest risk. However, for most drugs (>80%) with a full set of ecotoxicity data, risk quotients assuming worst-case exposure assessments were below one in all European countries indicating low environmental risks for the endpoints assessed. CONCLUSION We believe that the presented analysis can guide improvements to current testing procedures, and provide valuable approaches for prioritising legacy drugs (i.e. those registered before 2006) for further ecotoxicity testing. For drugs where effects of possible concern (e.g. behaviour) are not captured in regulatory tests, additional mechanistic testing may be required to provide the highest confidence for avoiding environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gunnarsson
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jason R Snape
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK; School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, the University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Österlund
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Hutchinson
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Dean Leverett
- WCA, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7YR, UK
| | - Becky Marks
- WCA, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7YR, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK.
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15
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Tanoue R, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Huerta B, Runnalls TJ, Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Kunisue T, Tanabe S, Sumpter JP. Protecting the environment from psychoactive drugs: Problems for regulators illustrated by the possible effects of tramadol on fish behaviour. Sci Total Environ 2019; 664:915-926. [PMID: 30769315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is concern that psychoactive drugs present in the aquatic environment could affect the behaviour of fish, and other organisms, adversely. There is considerable experimental support for this concern, although the literature is not consistent. To investigate why, fish were exposed to three concentrations of the synthetic opiate tramadol for 23-24 days, and their anxiolytic behaviour in a novel tank diving test was assessed both before and after exposure. The results were difficult to interpret. The positive control drug, the anti-depressant fluoxetine, produced the expected results: exposed fish explored the novel tank more, and swam more slowly while doing so. An initial statistical analysis of the results provided relatively weak support for the conclusion that both the low and high concentrations of tramadol affected fish behaviour, but no evidence that the intermediate concentration did. To gain further insight, UK and Japanese experts in ecotoxicology were asked for their independent opinions on the data for tramadol. These were highly valuable. For example, about half the experts replied that a low concentration of a chemical can cause effects that higher concentrations do not, although a similar number did not believe this was possible. Based both on the inconclusive effects of tramadol on the behaviour of the fish and the very varied opinions of experts on the correct interpretation of those inconclusive data, it is obvious that more research on the behavioural effects of tramadol, and probably all other psychoactive drugs, on aquatic organisms is required before any meaningful risk assessments can be conducted. The relevance of these findings may apply much more widely than just the environmental risk assessment of psychoactive drugs. They suggest that much more rigorous training of research scientists and regulators is probably required if consensus decisions are to be reached that adequately protect the environment from chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tanoue
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Huerta
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Centre for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku Yayoi-cho 1-33, Chiba 263-0022, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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16
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Knapen D, Angrish MM, Fortin MC, Katsiadaki I, Leonard M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Munn S, O’Brien JM, Pollesch N, Smith LC, Zhang X, Villeneuve DL. Adverse outcome pathway networks I: Development and applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1723-1733. [PMID: 29488651 PMCID: PMC6004608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Based on the results of a Horizon Scanning exercise sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry that focused on advancing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, the development of guidance related to AOP network development was identified as a critical need. This not only included questions focusing directly on AOP networks, but also on related topics such as mixture toxicity assessment and the implementation of feedback loops within the AOP framework. A set of two articles has been developed to begin exploring these concepts. In the present article (part I), we consider the derivation of AOP networks in the context of how it differs from the development of individual AOPs. We then propose the use of filters and layers to tailor AOP networks to suit the needs of a given research question or application. We briefly introduce a number of analytical approaches that may be used to characterize the structure of AOP networks. These analytical concepts are further described in a dedicated, complementary article (part II). Finally, we present a number of case studies that illustrate concepts underlying the development, analysis, and application of AOP networks. The concepts described in the present article and in its companion article (which focuses on AOP network analytics) are intended to serve as a starting point for further development of the AOP network concept, and also to catalyze AOP network development and application by the different stakeholder communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1723-1733. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michelle M. Angrish
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marie C. Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Leonard
- L’Oréal Advanced Research, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jason M. O’Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Pollesch
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - L. Cody Smith
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Villeneuve DL, Angrish MM, Fortin MC, Katsiadaki I, Leonard M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Munn S, O’Brien JM, Pollesch NL, Smith LC, Zhang X, Knapen D. Adverse outcome pathway networks II: Network analytics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1734-1748. [PMID: 29492998 PMCID: PMC6010347 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological responses to stressors are more complex than the simple one-biological-perturbation to one-adverse-outcome model portrayed by individual adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Consequently, the AOP framework was designed to facilitate de facto development of AOP networks that can aid in the understanding and prediction of pleiotropic and interactive effects more common to environmentally realistic, complex exposure scenarios. The present study introduces nascent concepts related to the qualitative analysis of AOP networks. First, graph theory-based approaches for identifying important topological features are illustrated using 2 example AOP networks derived from existing AOP descriptions. Second, considerations for identifying the most significant path(s) through an AOP network from either a biological or risk assessment perspective are described. Finally, approaches for identifying interactions among AOPs that may result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic responses (or previously undefined emergent patterns of response) are introduced. Along with a companion article (part I), these concepts set the stage for the development of tools and case studies that will facilitate more rigorous analysis of AOP networks, and the utility of AOP network-based predictions, for use in research and regulatory decision-making. The present study addresses one of the major themes identified through a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Horizon Scanning effort focused on advancing the AOP framework. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1734-1748. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M. Angrish
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marie C. Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Leonard
- L’Oréal Advanced Research, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jason M. O’Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan L. Pollesch
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - L. Cody Smith
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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18
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Tanoue R, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Huerta B, Runnalls TJ, Nomiyama K, Kunisue T, Tanabe S, Sumpter JP. Uptake and Metabolism of Human Pharmaceuticals by Fish: A Case Study with the Opioid Analgesic Tramadol. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:12825-12835. [PMID: 28977743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent species-extrapolation approaches to the prediction of the potential effects of pharmaceuticals present in the environment on wild fish are based on the assumption that pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans and fish are comparable. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fathead minnows to the opiate pro-drug tramadol and examined uptake from the water into the blood and brain and the metabolism of the drug into its main metabolites. We found that plasma concentrations could be predicted reasonably accurately based on the lipophilicity of the drug once the pH of the water was taken into account. The concentrations of the drug and its main metabolites were higher in the brain than in the plasma, and the observed brain and plasma concentration ratios were within the range of values reported in mammalian species. This fish species was able to metabolize the pro-drug tramadol into the highly active metabolite O-desmethyl tramadol and the inactive metabolite N-desmethyl tramadol in a similar manner to that of mammals. However, we found that concentration ratios of O-desmethyl tramadol to tramadol were lower in the fish than values in most humans administered the drug. Our pharmacokinetic data of tramadol in fish help bridge the gap between widely available mammalian pharmacological data and potential effects on aquatic organisms and highlight the importance of understanding drug uptake and metabolism in fish to enable the full implementation of predictive toxicology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tanoue
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Huerta
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Huerta B, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Scholze M, Winter MJ, Barceló D, Sumpter JP. Anti-anxiety drugs and fish behavior: Establishing the link between internal concentrations of oxazepam and behavioral effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2782-2790. [PMID: 27061599 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs are frequently detected in the aquatic environment. The evolutionary conservation of the molecular targets of these drugs in fish suggests that they may elicit mode of action-mediated effects in fish as they do in humans, and the key open question is at what exposure concentrations these effects might occur. In the present study, the authors investigated the uptake and tissue distribution of the benzodiazepine oxazepam in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) after 28 d of waterborne exposure to 0.8 μg L-1 , 4.7 μg L-1 , and 30.6 μg L-1 . Successively, they explored the relationship between the internal concentrations of oxazepam and the effects on fish exploratory behavior quantified by performing 2 types of behavioral tests, the novel tank diving test and the shelter-seeking test. The highest internal concentrations of oxazepam were found in brain, followed by plasma and liver, whereas muscle presented the lowest values. Average concentrations measured in the plasma of fish from the 3 exposure groups were, respectively, 8.7 ± 5.7 μg L-1 , 30.3 ± 16.1 μg L-1 , and 98.8 ± 72.9 μg L-1 . Significant correlations between plasma and tissue concentrations of oxazepam were found in all 3 groups. Exposure of fish to 30.6 µg L-1 in water produced plasma concentrations within or just below the human therapeutic plasma concentration (HT PC) range in many individuals. Statistically significant behavioral effects in the novel tank diving test were observed in fish exposed to 4.7 μg L-1 . In this group, plasma concentrations of oxazepam were approximately one-third of the lowest HT PC value. No significant effects were observed in fish exposed to the lowest and highest concentrations. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of the species-specific behavior of fathead minnow and existing knowledge of oxazepam pharmacology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2782-2790. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
- London Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- London Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Martin Scholze
- London Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA CSIC, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P Sumpter
- London Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Huerta B, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Kugathas S, Barceló D, Rand-Weaver M, Sumpter JP. Internal exposure dynamics drive the Adverse Outcome Pathways of synthetic glucocorticoids in fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21978. [PMID: 26917256 PMCID: PMC4768075 DOI: 10.1038/srep21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework represents a valuable conceptual tool to systematically integrate existing toxicological knowledge from a mechanistic perspective to facilitate predictions of chemical-induced effects across species. However, its application for decision-making requires the transition from qualitative to quantitative AOP (qAOP). Here we used a fish model and the synthetic glucocorticoid beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) to investigate the role of chemical-specific properties, pharmacokinetics, and internal exposure dynamics in the development of qAOPs. We generated a qAOP network based on drug plasma concentrations and focused on immunodepression, skin androgenisation, disruption of gluconeogenesis and reproductive performance. We showed that internal exposure dynamics and chemical-specific properties influence the development of qAOPs and their predictive power. Comparing the effects of two different glucocorticoids, we highlight how relatively similar in vitro hazard-based indicators can lead to different in vivo risk. This discrepancy can be predicted by their different uptake potential, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles. We recommend that the development phase of qAOPs should include the application of species-specific uptake and physiologically-based PK/PD models. This integration will significantly enhance the predictive power, enabling a more accurate assessment of the risk and the reliable transferability of qAOPs across chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, London, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.,AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Subramanian Kugathas
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, London, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain.,Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariann Rand-Weaver
- Brunel University London, College of Health and Life Sciences, London, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - John P Sumpter
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, London, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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21
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Runnalls TJ, Beresford N, Kugathas S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Scholze M, Scott AP, Sumpter JP. From single chemicals to mixtures--reproductive effects of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on the fathead minnow. Aquat Toxicol 2015; 169:152-167. [PMID: 26551686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is polluted with thousands of chemicals. It is currently unclear which of these pose a significant threat to aquatic biota. The typical exposure scenario is now represented by a widespread blanket of contamination composed of myriads of individual pollutants-each typically present at a low concentration. The synthetic steroids, 17α-ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, have been widely reported to be present in the aquatic environment in the low ng to sub-ng/l range. They are widely used in contraceptive formulations, both individually and in combination. Our research employed the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 21 day 'pair-breeding' assay to assess reproductive output when pairs of fish were exposed to the single chemicals at low environmentally relevant concentrations, and then to a binary mixture of them. A variety of endpoints were assessed, including egg production, which was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by both the individual chemicals and the mixture. Significant, sex specific effects were also seen with both chemicals, at differing levels of biological organisation. Plasma concentrations of EE2 and levonorgestrel were predicted and in the case of levonorgestrel measured, and compared with the human therapeutic plasma concentrations (Read-Across approach) to support the interpretation of the results. A novel quantitative method was developed for the data analysis, which ensured a suitable endpoint for the comparative mixture assessment. This approach compares the reproductive performance from individual pairs of fish during chemical exposure to its pre-treatment performance. The responses from the empirical mixture study were compared to predictions derived from the single substance data. We hypothesised combined responses which were best described by the concept of concentration addition, and found no clear indications against this additivity expectation. However, the effect profiles support the current knowledge that both compounds act in different ways to reduce egg production in fish, and suggest that probably response addition (also called Independent action) is the more appropriate mixture model in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK.
| | - Nicola Beresford
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Subramaniam Kugathas
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB83PH, UK
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22
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Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Brooks BW. An integrated approach for prioritizing pharmaceuticals found in the environment for risk assessment, monitoring and advanced research. Chemosphere 2014; 115:4-12. [PMID: 24636702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), approved prior to enactment of detailed environmental risk assessment (ERA) guidance in the EU in 2006, have been detected in surface waters as a result of advancements in analytical technologies. Without adequate knowledge of the potential hazards these APIs may pose, assessing their environmental risk is challenging. As it would be impractical to commence hazard characterization and ERA en masse, several approaches to prioritizing substances for further attention have been published. Here, through the combination of three presentations given at a recent conference, "Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, Is there a problem?" (Nîmes, France, June 2013) we review several of these approaches, identify salient components, and present available techniques and tools that could facilitate a pragmatic, scientifically sound approach to prioritizing APIs for advanced study or ERA and, where warranted, fill critical data gaps through targeted, intelligent testing. We further present a modest proposal to facilitate future prioritization efforts and advanced research studies that incorporates mammalian pharmacology data (e.g., adverse outcomes pathways and the fish plasma model) and modeled exposure data based on pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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23
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Owen SF, Cumming RI, de Polo A, Winter MJ, Panter GH, Rand-Weaver M, Sumpter JP. Quantitative cross-species extrapolation between humans and fish: the case of the anti-depressant fluoxetine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110467. [PMID: 25338069 PMCID: PMC4206295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are an important model for the pharmacological and toxicological characterization of human pharmaceuticals in drug discovery, drug safety assessment and environmental toxicology. However, do fish respond to pharmaceuticals as humans do? To address this question, we provide a novel quantitative cross-species extrapolation approach (qCSE) based on the hypothesis that similar plasma concentrations of pharmaceuticals cause comparable target-mediated effects in both humans and fish at similar level of biological organization (Read-Across Hypothesis). To validate this hypothesis, the behavioural effects of the anti-depressant drug fluoxetine on the fish model fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were used as test case. Fish were exposed for 28 days to a range of measured water concentrations of fluoxetine (0.1, 1.0, 8.0, 16, 32, 64 µg/L) to produce plasma concentrations below, equal and above the range of Human Therapeutic Plasma Concentrations (HTPCs). Fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, were quantified in the plasma of individual fish and linked to behavioural anxiety-related endpoints. The minimum drug plasma concentrations that elicited anxiolytic responses in fish were above the upper value of the HTPC range, whereas no effects were observed at plasma concentrations below the HTPCs. In vivo metabolism of fluoxetine in humans and fish was similar, and displayed bi-phasic concentration-dependent kinetics driven by the auto-inhibitory dynamics and saturation of the enzymes that convert fluoxetine into norfluoxetine. The sensitivity of fish to fluoxetine was not so dissimilar from that of patients affected by general anxiety disorders. These results represent the first direct evidence of measured internal dose response effect of a pharmaceutical in fish, hence validating the Read-Across hypothesis applied to fluoxetine. Overall, this study demonstrates that the qCSE approach, anchored to internal drug concentrations, is a powerful tool to guide the assessment of the sensitivity of fish to pharmaceuticals, and strengthens the translational power of the cross-species extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, United Kingdom
| | - Rob I. Cumming
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna de Polo
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Winter
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, United Kingdom
| | - Grace H. Panter
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Rand-Weaver
- Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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25
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Rand-Weaver M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Patel A, Panter GH, Owen SF, Sumpter JP. The read-across hypothesis and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11384-95. [PMID: 24006913 PMCID: PMC3864244 DOI: 10.1021/es402065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment have received increased attention over the past decade, as they are ubiquitous in rivers and waterways. Concentrations are in sub-ng to low μg/L, well below acute toxic levels, but there are uncertainties regarding the effects of chronic exposures and there is a need to prioritise which pharmaceuticals may be of concern. The read-across hypothesis stipulates that a drug will have an effect in non-target organisms only if the molecular targets such as receptors and enzymes have been conserved, resulting in a (specific) pharmacological effect only if plasma concentrations are similar to human therapeutic concentrations. If this holds true for different classes of pharmaceuticals, it should be possible to predict the potential environmental impact from information obtained during the drug development process. This paper critically reviews the evidence for read-across, and finds that few studies include plasma concentrations and mode of action based effects. Thus, despite a large number of apparently relevant papers and a general acceptance of the hypothesis, there is an absence of documented evidence. There is a need for large-scale studies to generate robust data for testing the read-across hypothesis and developing predictive models, the only feasible approach to protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Rand-Weaver
- Biosciences, School
of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- (M.R.-W.) Phone: +44(0)1895
266297; fax: +44(0)1895 273545; e-mail:
| | | | - Alpa Patel
- Biosciences, School
of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute
for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Grace H. Panter
- AstraZeneca, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater
Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater
Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Sumpter
- Institute
for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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26
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Courant F, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Sumpter JP. Identification and quantification of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in the teleost fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:202-9. [PMID: 23831110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is one of the most physiologically important androgens in male vertebrates, with the exception of teleost fish, in which it is generally assumed that DHT does not play any major physiological role. However, this assumption is challenged by the fact that all the components involved in DHT biosynthesis and action are present and evolutionary conserved in teleost fish. In fact, testosterone (T) is converted into DHT by two isoforms of the enzyme steroid-5-alpha-reductase (5αR), and both 5αRs gene expression and enzymatic activity have been detected in several tissues of different teleost species, which also have an androgen receptor with high binding affinity to DHT. This body of evidence strongly suggest that DHT is synthesised by teleost fish. We investigated this hypothesis using the cyprinid fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as the experimental model. The study of the evolutionary and functional conservation of 5αRs in teleost fish was used to support the experimental approach, based on an ultrasensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method to identify and measure simultaneously T and DHT in fathead minnow biological fluids and tissues. The analyses were performed using plasma samples collected from both male and female adult fish and samples of testicular tissue collected from sexually mature males. Both T and DHT were identified and quantified in all the samples analysed, and in particular, the high concentrations of DHT quantified in the testes suggested that these organs are a likely site of synthesis of DHT in the teleost fathead minnow, as they are in mammals. These results may represent the basis for future studies aimed at elucidating the physiological role, if any, of DHT in teleost fish.
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Hannah RE, Sumpter JP. Mode of action of human pharmaceuticals in fish: the effects of the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, on reproduction as a case study. Aquat Toxicol 2013; 128-129:113-123. [PMID: 23280489 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of human pharmaceuticals have been detected in the aquatic environment, generally at low concentrations (sub-ng/L-low μg/L). In most cases, these compounds are characterised by highly specific modes of action, and the evolutionary conservation of drug targets in wildlife species suggests the possibility that pharmaceuticals present in the environment may cause toxicological effects by acting through the same targets as they do in humans. Our research addressed the question of whether or not dutasteride, a pharmaceutical used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, may cause adverse effects in a teleost fish, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), by inhibiting the activity of both isoforms of 5α-reductase (5αR), the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Mammalian pharmacological and toxicological information were used to guide the experimental design and the selection of relevant endpoints, according to the so-called "read-across approach", suggesting that dutasteride may affect male fertility and steroid hormone dynamics. Therefore, a 21-day reproduction study was conducted to determine the effects of dutasteride (10, 32 and 100 μg/L) on fish reproduction. Exposure to dutasteride significantly reduced fecundity of fish and affected several aspects of reproductive endocrine functions in both males and females. However, none of the observed adverse effects occurred at concentrations of exposure lower than 32 μg/L; this, together with the low volume of drug prescribed every year (10.34 kg in the UK in 2011), and the extremely low predicted environmental concentration (0.03 ng/L), suggest that, at present, the potential presence of dutasteride in the environment does not represent a threat to wild fish populations.
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Brian JV, Beresford N, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Sumpter JP. Preliminary data on the influence of rearing temperature on the growth and reproductive status of fathead minnows Pimephales promelas. J Fish Biol 2011; 79:80-8. [PMID: 21722112 PMCID: PMC3149128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into the influence of temperature on the growth and reproductive status of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas revealed that, while there was no clear effect of treatment on sex differentiation, ovarian tissue from female fish reared under the highest temperature regime contained large amounts of undefined tissue containing no germ cells. Furthermore, both male and female fish exhibited differences in length mass, condition and somatic indices, and in the expression of secondary sexual characteristics. The patterns observed are discussed in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Brian
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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Margiotta-Casaluci L, Sumpter JP. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:309-18. [PMID: 21354156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is one of the most physiologically important androgens in many male vertebrates, with the exception of teleost fish, in which 11-ketotestosterone (KT) is generally considered the major circulating male androgen. In the present study, we investigated the effects of KT and DHT on fathead minnow juveniles (Pimephales promelas), with the aim to compare the effects of the two androgens on critical physiological processes, such as somatic growth, male secondary sexual characteristics expression, and gonad maturation. Juvenile fish (60 days post-hatch) were exposed to 20 and 200 ng/L of KT and DHT for 45 days. Exposure to both androgens significantly stimulated somatic growth in both males (20 and 200 ng/L) and females (200 ng/L). Nuptial tubercle formation was induced by both KT and DHT, but only the latter, at 200 ng/L, caused the appearance of dorsal fin spot in 92% of males and 75% of females. Circulating plasma T concentrations showed a sex-specific response; a significant increase was recorded in exposed males and a decrease in females. Both androgens induced a significant advancement of the spermatogenic processes in males at 200 ng/L. In contrast, only DHT caused a severe disruption of ovarian physiology and morphology in females, inducing the development of spermatogenic tissue (intersex). These results show that in fathead minnow juveniles, DHT had in vivo androgenic potency comparable to KT in males, and higher than KT in females, suggesting a potential involvement of DHT in the mediation of fathead minnow androgenic responses.
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